Nutritional control, gene regulation, and transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 151-168

  Linares, Ana ^a   Perales, S ^a   Palomino Morales, R J ^a   Castillo, M ^a   Alejandre, M J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Extracellular matrix; Gene regulation; Nutritional control; Proliferation; Smooth muscle cells; SREBP

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ARGININE; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL ESTER; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MEMBRANE ENZYME; MEVALONIC ACID; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PALM OIL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; SIMVASTATIN; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTICOAGULATION; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTERY INTIMA; ARTERY MEDIA; ARTERY WALL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL DIET; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; FEEDING; FOAM CELL; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOGENESIS; MACROPHAGE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYTOSKELETON; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FOAM CELLS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; SCAVENGER RECEPTORS, CLASS E; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEINS;

EID: 33748601593     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152906778249545     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. Ross, R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature, 1993, 362(6423), 801-809.
2. Owens, G. K., Kumar, M. S., Wamhoff, B. R. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol. Rev., 2004, 84(3), 767-801.
3. Masuda, J., Ross, R. Atherogenesis during low level hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis, 1990, 10(2), 164-177.
4. Masuda, J., Ross, R. Atherogenesis during low level hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. II. Fatty streak conversion to fibrous plaque. Arteriosclerosis, 1990, 10(2), 178-187.
5. Faggiotto, A., Ross, R., Harker, L. Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis, 1984, 4(4), 323-340.
6. Mora, R., Lupu, F., Simionescu, N. Prelesional events in atherogenesis. Colocalization of apolipoprotein B, unesterified cholesterol and extracellular phospholipid liposomes in the aorta of hyperlipidemic rabbit. Atherosclerosis, 1987, 67(2-3), 143-154.
7. Tsukada, T., Rosenfeld, M., Ross, R., Gown, A. M. Immunocyto-chemical analysis of cellular components in atherosclerotic lesions. Use of monoclonal antibodies with the Watanabe and fat-fed rabbit. Arteriosclerosis, 1986, 6(6), 601-613.
8. Carazo, A., Alejandre, J., Diaz, R., Rios, A., Castillo, M., Linares, A. Changes in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells isolated from chicks upon cholesterol feeding. Lipids, 1998, 33(2), 181-190.
9. Davies, M. J., Woolf, N., Rowles, P. M., Pepper, J. Morphology of the endothelium over atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. Br. Heart J., 1988, 60(6), 459-464.
10. Majesky, M. W., Daemen, M. J., Schwartz, S. M. Alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene expression in rat aorta. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265(2), 1082-1088.
11. Nilsson, J., von Euler, A. M., Dalsgaard, C. J. Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K. Nature, 1985, 315(6014), 61-63.
12. Moncada, S., Higgs, E. A. Nitric oxide from L-arginine: a bioregulatory system, Elsevier Science Pub. Co.: New York, 1990.
13. Sjolund, M., Hedin, U., Sejersen, T., Heldin, C. H., Thyberg, J. Arterial smooth muscle cells express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A chain mRNA, secrete a PDGF-like mitogen, and bind exogenous PDGF in a phenotype- and growth state-dependent manner. J. Cell. Biol., 1988, 106(2), 403-413.
14. Campbell, J. H., Campbell, G. R. The role of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 1994, 5(5), 323-330.
15. Chamley-Campbell, J., Campbell, G. R., Ross, R. The smooth muscle cell in culture. Physiol. Rev., 1979, 59(1), 1-61.
16. Bochaton-Piallat, M. L., Ropraz, P., Gabbiani, F., Gabbiani, G. Phenotypic heterogeneity of rat arterial smooth muscle cell clones. Implications for the development of experimental intimal thickening. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16(6), 815-820.
17. Perez-Reyes, N., Halbert, C. L., Smith, P. P., Benditt, E. P., McDougall, J. K. Immortalization of primary human smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992, 89(4), 1224-1228.
18. Dusserre, E., Bourdillon, M. C., Ciavatti, M., Covacho, C., Renaud, S. Lipid biosynthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells is related to their phenotype. Lipids, 1993, 28(7), 589-592.
19. Frid, M. G., Moiseeva, E. P., Stenmark, K. R. Multiple phenotypically distinct smooth muscle cell populations exist in the adult and developing bovine pulmonary arterial media in vivo. Circ. Res., 1994, 75(4), 669-681.
20. Lau, H. K. Regulation of proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors in two smooth muscle cell phenotypes. Cardiovasc. Res., 1999, 43(4), 1049-159.
21. Worth, N. F., Rolfe, B. E., Song, J., Campbell, G. R. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation in culture is associated with reorganisation of contractile and cytoskeletal proteins. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2001, 49(3), 130-145.
22. Huang, H., Kamm, R. D., So, P. T., Lee, R. T. Receptor-based differences in human aortic smooth muscle cell membrane stiffness. Hypertension, 2001, 38(5), 1158-61.
23. Hynes, R. O. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell, 1992, 69(1), 11-25.
24. Ruoslahti, E., Reed, J. C. Anchorage dependence, integrins, and apoptosis. Cell, 1994, 77(4), 477-478.
25. Ben-Ze'ev, A. Application of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in the study of cytoskeletal protein regulation during growth activation and differentiation. Electrophoresis, 1990, 11(3), 191-200.
26. Campbell, G. R., Campbell, J. H., Manderson, J. A., Horrigan, S., Rennick, R. E. Arterial smooth muscle. A multifunctional mesenchymal cell. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 1988, 112(10), 977-986.
27. Mayne, R. In Connective Tissue Disease: Molecular Pathology of the Extracellular Matrix, Uitto, J.; Perejda, A.J., Eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1987; pp. 163-183.
28. Hedin, U. Extracellular matrix components and integrins in the control of arterial smooth muscle cell structure and function. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 1994, 1(Suppl 1), S39-46.
29. Hay, E. Cell Biology of the Extracellular Matrix, 2nd Edition. Plenum Press: New York, 1983.
30. Hawkes, S., Wang, J. The Extracellular Matrix. Academic Press: New York, 1982.
31. Robert, L., Labat-Robert, J., Hornebeck, W. In Atherosclerosis Review, Gotto, A. M.; Paolletti R., Eds.; Raven Press: New York, 1986, pp. 143-170.
32. Labat-Robert, J. In Front Matrix Biology, Labat-Robert, J. T. R., Robert, L., Eds.; Karger: Basel, 1986, Vol. 11, pp. 17-29.
33. Kleinman, H. K., Philp, D., Hoffman, M. P. Role of the extracellular matrix in morphogenesis. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 2003, 14, 526-532.
34. Liao, J. K. Endothelium and acute coronary syndromes. Clin. Chem., 1998, 44(8 Pt 2), 1799-1808.
35. MacIsaac, A. I., Thomas, J. D., Topol, E. J. Toward the quiescent coronary plaque. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1993, 22(4), 1228-1241.
36. Harris, E. D., Krane, S. M. Collagenases (second of three parts). N. Engl. J. Med., 1974, 291(12), 605-609.
37. Lee, T., Esemuede, N., Sumpio, B. E., Gahtan, V. Thrombospondin-1 induces matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Vasc. Surg., 2003, 38(1), 147-154.
38. Ross, R. Rous-Whipple Award Lecture. Atherosclerosis: a defense mechanism gone awry. Am. J. Pathol., 1993, 143(4), 987-1002.
39. Mulvany, M. J., Baumbach, G. L., Aalkjaer, C., Heagerty, A. M., Korsgaard, N., Schiffrin, E. L., Heistad, D. D. Vascular remodeling. Hypertension, 1996, 28(3), 505-506.
40. Owens, G. K. Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Physiol. Rev., 1995, 75(3), 487-517.
41. Tan, E. M., Glassberg, E., Olsen, D. R., Noveral, J. P., Unger, G. A., Peltonen, J., Chu, M. L., Levine, E., Sollberg, S. Extracellular matrix gene expression by human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Matrix, 1991, 11(6), 380-387.
42. Turley, E. A. Extracellular matrix remodeling: multiple paradigms in vascular disease. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(1), 2-4.
43. Chaponnier, C., Kocher, O., Gabbiani, G. Modulation of gelsolin content in rat aortic smooth muscle cells during development, experimental intimal thickening and culture. An immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Eur. J. Biochem., 1990, 190(3), 559-565.
44. Asundi, V., Cowan, K., Matzura, D., Wagner, W., Dreher, K. L. Characterization of extracellular matrix proteoglycan transcripts expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1990, 52(1), 98-104.
45. Dreher, K. L., Asundi, V., Matzura, D., Cowan, K. Vascular smooth muscle biglycan represents a highly conserved proteoglycan within the arterial wall. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1990, 53(2), 296-304.
46. Wight, T. N., Ross, R. Proteoglycans in primate arteries. I. Ultrastructural localization and distribution in the intima. J. Cell Biol., 1975, 67(3), 660-674.
47. Ross, R., Klebanoff, S. J. The smooth muscle cell. I. In vivo synthesis of connective tissue proteins. J. Cell Biol., 1971, 50(1), 159-171.
48. Burke, J. M., Balian, G., Ross, R., Bornstein, P. Synthesis of types I and III procollagen and collagen by monkey aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro. Biochemistry, 1977, 16(14), 3243-3249.
49. Layman, D. L., Epstein, E. H., Dodson, R. F., Titus, J. L. Biosynthesis of type I and III collagens by cultured smooth muscle cells from human aorta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1977, 74(2), 671-675.
50. Cavalot, F., Anfossi, G., Russo, I., Mularoni, E., Massucco, P., Mattiello, L., Burzacca, S., Hahn, A. W., Trovati, M. Nonenzymatic glycation of fibronectin impairs adhesive and proliferative properties of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Metabolism, 1996, 45(3), 285-292.
51. Hinek, A., Botney, M. D., Mecham, R. P., Parks, W. C. Inhibition of tropoelastin expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Connect. Tissue. Res., 1991, 26(3), 155-166.
52. Zern, M. A., Schwartz, E., Giambrone, M. A., Blumenfeld, O. O. Ascorbate-generated endogenous extracellular matrix affects cell protein synthesis in calf aortic smooth muscle cells. Exp. Cell Res., 1985, 160(2), 307-318.
53. Figueroa, J. E., Oubre, J., Vijayagopal, P. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells proteoglycan synthesis by the extracellular matrix. J. Cell. Physiol., 2004, 198(2), 302-309.
54. Meyers, C. D., Tannock, L. R., Wight, T. N., Chait, A. Statin-exposed vascular smooth muscle cells secrete proteoglycans with decreased binding affinity for LDL. J. Lipid Res., 2003, 44(11), 2152-2160.
55. Corda, S., Samuel, J.L., Rappaport, L. Extracellular matrix and growth factor during heart growth. Heart F. Rev., 2000, 5, 119-130.
56. Campbell, G. R., Campbell, J. H. Smooth muscle phenotypic changes in arterial wall homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 1985, 42(2), 139-162.
57. Chamley-Campbell, J. H., Campbell, G. R., Ross, R. Phenotype-dependent response of cultured aortic smooth muscle to serum mitogens. J. Cell Biol., 1981, 89(2), 379-383.
58. Seyama, Y., Wachi, H. Atherosclerosis and Matrix Dystrophy. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2004, 11, 236-245.
59. Thyberg, J., Nilsson, J., Palmberg, L., Sjolund, M. Adult human arterial smooth muscle cells in primary culture. Modulation from contractile to synthetic phenotype. Cell Tissue Res., 1985, 239(1), 69-74.
60. McCullagh, K. A., Balian, G. Collagen characterisation and cell transformation in human atherosclerosis. Nature, 1975, 258(5530), 73-75.
61. Murata, K., Motayama, T., Kotake, C. Collagen types in various layers of the human aorta and their changes with the atherosclerotic process. Atherosclerosis, 1986, 60(3), 251-262.
62. Murata, K., Motayama, T. and Kotake, C. Atherosclerosis, 1986, 60, 251-262.
63. Liau, G., Chan, L. M. Regulation of extracellular matrix RNA levels in cultured smooth muscle cells. Relationship to cellular quiescence. J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264(17), 10315-10320.
64. Ang, A. H., Tachas, G., Campbell, J. H., Bateman, J. F., Campbell, G. R. Collagen synthesis by cultured rabbit aortic smooth-muscle cells. Alteration with phenotype. Biochem. J., 1990, 265(2), 461-469.
65. Seyama, Y., Wachi, H. Atherosclerosis and matrix dystrophy. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2004, 11(5), 236-245.
66. Tajima, S. In Molecules to diseases, Ninomiya, Y.; Olsen B.R.; Ooyama, T, Eds.; Japan Scientific Societies Press: Tokyo, 1998; pp. 109-121.
67. Wachi, H., Seyama, Y., Yamashita, S., Tajima, S. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of elastin gene in cultured chick vascular smooth-muscle cells. Biochem. J., 1995, 309(Pt 2), 575-579.
68. Sugitani, H., Wachi, H., Tajima, S., Seyama, Y. Nitric oxide stimulates elastin expression in chick aortic smooth muscle cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2001, 24(5), 461-464.
69. Wachi, H., Sugitani, H., Tajima, S., Seyama, Y. Endothelin-1 Down-Regulates Expression of Tropoelastin and Lysyl Oxidase mRNA in Cultured Chick Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. J.Health Sci., 2001, 47, 525-532.
70. Hedin, U., Thyberg, J. Plasma fibronectin promotes modulation of arterial smooth-muscle cells from contractile to synthetic phenotype. Differentiation, 1987, 33(3), 239-246.
71. Morla, A. O., Mogford, J. E. Control of smooth muscle cell proliferation and phenotype by integrin signaling through focal adhesion kinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 272(1), 298-302.
72. Thie, M., Schlumberger, W., Rauterberg, J., Robenek, H. Mechanical confinement inhibits collagen synthesis in gel-cultured fibroblasts. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1989, 48(2), 294-302.
73. Franzblau, C., Faris, B. Biosynthesis of insoluble elastin in cell and organ cultures. Methods Enzymol, 1982, 82(Pt A), 615-637.
74. Majack, R. A., Cook, S. C., Bornstein, P. Control of smooth muscle cell growth by components of the extracellular matrix: autocrine role for thrombospondin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83(23), 9050-9054.
75. Bernstein, L. R., Antoniades, H., Zetter, B. R. Migration of cultured vascular cells in response to plasma and platelet-derived factors. J. Cell. Sci., 1982, 56, 71-82.
76. Gospodarowicz, D., Ill, C. R. Do plasma and serum have different abilities to promote cell growth? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1980, 77(5), 2726-2730.
77. Majack, R. A., Bornstein, P. Heparin regulates the collagen phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells: induced synthesis of an Mr 60,000 collagen. J. Cell Biol., 1985, 100(2), 613-619.
78. Majack, R. A., Clowes, A. W. Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration by heparin-like glycosaminoglycans. J. Cell Physiol., 1984, 118(3), 253-256.
79. Clowes, A. W., Karnowsky, M. J. Suppression by heparin of smooth muscle cell roliferation in injured arteries. Nature, 1977, 265(5595), 625-626.
80. Reilly, C. F., Kindy, M. S., Brown, K. E., Rosenberg, R. D., Sonenshein, G. E. Heparin prevents vascular smooth muscle cell progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264(12), 6990-5.
81. Majack, R. A., Bornstein, P. Heparin regulates the collagen phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells: induced synthesis of an Mr 60,000 collagen. J. Cell Biol., 1985, 100(2), 613-619.
82. Bell, E., Ivarsson, B., Merrill, C. Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1979, 76(3), 1274-1278.
83. Nakagawa, S., Pawelek, P., Grinnell, F. Long-term culture of fibroblasts in contracted collagen gels: effects on cell growth and biosynthetic activity. J. Invest. Dermatol., 1989, 93(6), 792-8.
84. Schlumberger, W., Thie, M., Rauterberg, J., Kresse, H., Robenek, H. Deposition and ultrastructural organization of collagen and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of gel-cultured fibroblasts. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1989, 50(1), 100-110.
85. Thie, M., Schlumberger, W., Semich, R., Rauterberg, J., Robenek, H. Aortic smooth muscle cells in collagen lattice culture: effects on ultrastructure, proliferation and collagen synthesis. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 1991, 55(2), 295-304.
86. Bissell, M. J., Barcellos-Hoff, M. H. The influence of extracellular matrix on gene expression: is structure the message? J. Cell. Sci. Suppl., 1987, 8, 327-343.
87. Wolinsky, H., Long-term effects of hypertension on the rat aortic wall and their relation to concurrent aging changes. Morphological and chemical studies. Circ. Res., 1972, 30(3), 301-309.
88. Olivetti, G., Melissari, M., Marchetti, G., Anversa, P. Quantitative structural changes of the rat thoracic aorta in early spontaneous hypertension. Tissue composition, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res., 1982, 51(1), 19-26.
89. Grande, J., Davis, H. R., Bates, S., Mathews, M. B., Glagov, S. Effect of an elastin growth substrate on cholesteryl ester synthesis and foam cell formation by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Aterosclerosis, 1987, 68(1-2), 87-93.
90. Grande, J. P., Glagov, S., Bates, S. R., Horwitz, A. L., Mathews, M. B. Effect of normolipemic and hyperlipemic serum on biosynthetic response to cyclic stretching of aortic smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis, 1989, 9(4), 446-452.
91. Kitahara, M., Kanaki, T., Toyoda, K., Miyakoshi, C., Tanaka, S., Tamaki, T., Saito, Y. NK-104, a newly developed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, suppresses neointimal thickening by inhibiting smooth muscle cell growth and fibronectin production in balloon-injured rabbit carotid artery. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1998, 77(2), 117-128.
92. Morishita, R., Tomita, N., Ogihara, T. HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: stabilization of coronary artery plaque. Curr. Drug Targets, 2002, 3(5), 379-385.
93. Assoian, R. K., Marcantonio, E. E. The extracellular matrix as a cell cycle control element in atherosclerosis and restenosis. J. Clin. Invest., 1996, 98(11), 2436-2439.
94. Chang, M. W., Barr, E., Seltzer, J., Jiang, Y. Q., Nabel, G. J., Nabel, E. G., Parmacek, M. S., Leiden, J. M. Cytostatic gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders with a constitutively active form of the retinoblastoma gene product. Science, 1995, 267(5197), 518-522.
95. McCarthy, N. J., Bennett, M. R. The regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Cardiovasc. Res., 2000, 45(3), 747-755.
96. Gordon, D., Reidy, M. A., Benditt, E. P., Schwartz, S. M. Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87(12), 4600-4604.
97. Ross, R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340(2), 115-126.
98. Kockx, M.M., Knaapen, W.M. The role of apoptosis in vascular disease. J. Pathol., 2000, 190(3), 267-280.
99. Bennett, M. R., Littlewood, T. D., Schwartz, S. M., Weissberg, P. L. Increased sensitivity of human vascular smooth muscle cells from atherosclerotic plaques to p53-mediated apoptosis. Circ. Res., 1997, 81(4), 591-599.
100. Kockx, M. M., Herman, A. G. Apoptosis in atherosclerosis: beneficial or detrimental? Cardiovasc. Res., 2000, 45(3), 736-746.
101. Rekhter, M. D. Collagen synthesis in atherosclerosis: too much and not enough. Cardiovasc. Res., 1999, 41(2), 376-384.
102. Kockx, M. M., De Meyer, G. R., Muhring, J., Jacob, W., Bult, H., Herman, A. G. Apoptosis and related proteins in different stages of human atherosclerotic plaques.
103. Flynn, P. D., Byrne, C. D., Baglin, T. P., Weissberg, P. L., Bennett, M. R. Thrombin generation by apoptotic vascular smooth muscle cells. Blood, 1997, 89(12), 4378-4384.
104. Bennett, M. R. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular remodelling and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Cardiovasc. Res., 1999, 41(2), 361-368.
105. Krajewska, M., Wang, H. G., Krajewski, S., Zapata, J. M., Shabaik, A., Gascoyne, R., Reed, J. C. Immunohistochemical analysis of in vivo patterns of expression of CPP32 (Caspase-3), a cell death protease. Cancer Res., 1997, 57(8), 1605-1613.
106. Hueber, A. O., Evan, G. I. Traps to catch unwary oncogenes. Trends Genet., 1998, 14(9), 364-367.
107. Schonbeck, U., Herzberg, M., Petersen, A., Wohlenberg, C., Gerdes, J., Flad, H. D., Loppnow, H. Human vascular smooth muscle cells express interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE), but inhibit processing of the interleukin-1beta precursor by ICE. J. Exp. Med., 1997, 185(7), 1287-1294.
108. Katayose, D., Wersto, R., Cowan, K., Seth, P. Consequences of p53 gene expression by adenovirus vector on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 215, (2), 446-451.
109. Guevara, N. V., Kim, H. S., Antonova, E. I., Chan, L. The absence of p53 accelerates atherosclerosis by increasing cell proliferation in vivo. Nat. Med., 1999, 5(3), 335-339.
110. Bennett, M. R., Evan, G. I., Schwartz, S. M. Apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by p53-dependent and - independent pathways. Circ. Res., 1995, 77(2), 266-273.
111. Anderson, R. G. The caveolae membrane system. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1998, 67, 199-225.
112. Simons, K., Ikonen, E. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature, 1997, 387(6633), 569-572.
113. Anderson, R.G.W. Joe, Goldstein and Mike Brown: from cholesterol homeostasis to new paradigms in membrane biology. Trends Cell Biol., 2003, 13(10), 534-539.
114. Devaux, P. F. Lipid transmembrane asymmetry and flip-flop in biological membranes and in lipid bilayers. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 1993, 3, 489-494.
115. Liscum, L., Underwood, K. W. Intracellular cholesterol transport and compartmentation. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270(26), 15443-15446.
116. Mead, J. F., Alfin-Slater, D. R., Howton, G., Popják, G. In Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Nutrition; Mead, J. F.; Alfin-Slater, D. R.; Howton, G.; Popják, G., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, 1986; pp. 295-367.
117. Alejandre, M. J., Ramirez, H., Linares, A., Garcia-Peregrin, E. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase from neonatal chick. Int. J. Biochem., 1983, 15(8), 1077-1080.
118. Gould, R. G., Taylor, C. B., Hagerman, J. S., Warner, I., Campbell, D. J., Cholesterol metabolism. I. Effect of dietary cholesterol on the synthesis of cholesterol in dog tissue in vitro. J. Biol. Chem., 1953, 201(2), 519-528.
119. Aguilera, J. A., Linares, A., Arce, V., Garcia-Peregrin, E. Effect of dietary cholesterol on mevalonate metabolism by sterol and nonsterol pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1984, 122(3), 945-948.
120. Adams C. M., Reitz, J., De Brabander, J.K., Feramisco, J.D., Li, L., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J.L. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279 (50), 52772-52780.
121. Peet, D. J., Janowski, B. A., Mangelsdorf, D. J. The LXRs: a new class of oxysterol receptors. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 1998, 8(5), 571-575.
122. Dusserre, E., Bourdillon, M. C., Pulcini, T., Berthezene, F. Decrease in high density lipoprotein binding sites is associated with decrease in intracellular cholesterol efflux in dedifferentiated aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1994, 1212(2), 235-244.
123. Duserre, E., Bourdillon, M.C., Pulcini, T., Berzethene, F. Decrease in high density lipoprotein binding sites is associated with decrease in intracellular cholesterol efflux in dedifferentiated aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1994, 1212(2), 235-244
124. Minor, L. K., Rothblat, G. H., Glick, J. M. Triglyceride and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in a cell culture model of smooth muscle foam cells. J. Lipid Res., 1989, 30(2), 189-197.
125. Rong, J. X., Shapiro, M., Trogan, E., Fisher, E. A. Transdifferentiation of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells to a macrophage-like state after cholesterol loading. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 2003, 100 (23), 13531-13536.
126. Carazo, A., Alejandre, M. J., Louktibi, A., Linares, A. The reversal of the inhibition on lipids synthesis by L-659,699 in arterial smooth muscle cells cultures. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2001, 221(1-2), 25-31.
127. Carazo, A., Alejandre, M. J., Suarez, M. D., Linares, A. Alterations in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase mRNA concentration in cultured chick aortic smooth muscle cells. Lipids, 2000, 35(6), 587-593.
128. Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell, 1997, 89(3), 331-340.
129. Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science, 1986, 232(4746), 34-47.
130. Edwards, P. A., Ericsson, J. Sterols and isoprenoids: signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1999, 68, 157-185.
131. Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature, 1990, 343(6257), 425-430.
132. Yokoyama, C., Wang, X., Briggs, M. R., Admon, A., Wu, J., Hua, X., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene. Cell, 1993, 75(1), 187-197.
133. Hua, X., Yokoyama, C., Wu, J., Briggs, M. R., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L., Wang, X. SREBP-2, a second basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that stimulates transcription by binding to a sterol regulatory element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90(24), 11603-11607.
134. Tontonoz, P., Kim, J. B., Graves, R. A., Spiegelman, B. M. ADD1: a novel helix-loop-helix transcription factor associated with adipocyte determination and differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1993, 13(8), 4753-4759.
135. Edwards, P. A., Tabor, D., Kast, H. R., Venkateswaran, A. Regulation of gene expression by SREBP and SCAP. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000, 1529(1-3), 103-113.
136. Flier, J. S., Hollenberg, A. N. ADD-1 provides major new insight into the mechanism of insulin action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96(25), 14191-1492.
137. Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96(20), 11041-11048.
138. Hua, X., Nohturfft, A., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. Sterol resistance in CHO cells traced to point mutation in SREBP cleavage-activating protein. Cell, 1996, 87(3), 415-426.
139. Osborne, T. F. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs): key regulators of nutritional homeostasis and insulin action. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(42), 32379-32382.
140. Hua, X., Wu, J., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S., Hobbs, H. H. Structure of the human gene encoding sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBF1) and localization of SREBF1 and SREBF2 to chromosomes 17p11.2 and 22q13. Genomics, 1995, 25(3), 667-673.
141. Shimano, H., Horton, J. D., Shimomura, I., Hammer, R. E., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. Isoform 1c of sterol regulatory element binding protein is less active than isoform 1a in livers of transgenic mice and in cultured cells. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 99(5), 846-854.
142. Oliner, J. D., Andresen, J. M., Hansen, S. K., Zhou, S., Tjian, R. SREBP transcriptional activity is mediated through an interaction with the CREB-binding protein. Genes. Dev., 1996, 10(22), 2903-2911.
143. Ericsson, J., Edwards, P. A. CBP is required for sterol-regulated and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-regulated transcription. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(28), 17865-17870.
144. Kwok, R. P., Lundblad, J. R., Chrivia, J. C., Richards, J. P., Bachinger, H. P., Brennan, R. G., Roberts, S. G., Green, M. R., Goodman, R. H. Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB. Nature, 1994, 370(6486), 223-226.
145. Edwards, P. A., Ericsson, J. Signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway: mechanisms of action and possible roles in human disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 1998, 9(5), 433-440.
146. Magana, M. M., Osborne, T. F. Two tandem binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins are required for sterol regulation of fatty-acid synthase promoter. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271(51), 32689-32694.
147. Rodriguez, C., Raposo, B., Martinez-Gonzalez, J., Llorente-Cortes, V., Vilahur, G., Badimon, L. Modulation of ERG25 expression by LDL in vascular cells. Cardiovasc. Res., 2003, 58(1), 178-185.
148. Rodriguez, C., Martinez-Gonzalez, J., Sanchez-Gomez, S., Badimon, L. LDL downregulates CYP51 in porcine vascular endothelial cells and in the arterial wall through a sterol regulatory element binding protein-2-dependent mechanism. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(3), 268-74.
149. Assaf, S., Hazard, D., Pitel, F., Morisson, M., Alizadeh, M., Gondret, F., Diot, C., Vignal, A., Douaire, M., Lagarrigue, S. Cloning of cDNA encoding the nuclear form of chicken sterol response element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), chromosomal localization, and tissue expression of chicken SREBP-1 and -2 genes. Poult. Sci., 2003, 82(1), 54-61.
150. Robinet, P., Vedie, B., Chironi, G., Gariepy, J., Simon, A., Moatti, N., Paul, J. L. Characterization of polymorphic structure of SREBP-2 gene: role in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 168(2), 381-387.
151. Rios, D. L., Vargas, A. F., Torres, M. R., Zago, A. J., Callegari-Jacques, S. M., Hutz, M. H. Interaction between SREBP-1a and APOB polymorphisms influences total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin. Genet., 2003, 63(5), 380-385.
152. Vedie, B., Jeunemaitre, X., Megnien, J. L., Atger, V., Simon, A., Moatti, N. A new DNA polymorphism in the 5' untranslated region of the human SREBP-1a is related to development of atherosclerosis in high cardiovascular risk population. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 154(3), 589-597.
153. Shimomura, I., Shimano, H., Korn, B. S., Bashmakov, Y., Horton, J. D. Nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins activate genes responible for the entire program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in transgenic mouse liver. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(52), 35299-35306.
154. Wang, X., Sato, R., Brown, M. S., Hua, X., Goldstein, J. L. SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis. Cell, 1994, 77(1), 53-62.
155. Horton, J. D., Shimomura, I., Brown, M. S., Hammer, R. E., Goldstein, J. L., Shimano, H. Activation of cholesterol synthesis in preference to fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue of transgenic mice overproducing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101(11), 2331-2339.
156. Lin, T., Zeng, L., Liu, Y., DeFea, K., Schwartz, M. A., Chien, S., Shyy, J. Y. Rho-ROCK-LIMK-cofilin pathway regulates shear stress activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins. Circ. Res., 2003, 92(12), 1296-1304.
157. Adams, C. M., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. Cholesterol-induced conformational change in SCAP enhanced by Insig proteins and mimicked by cationic amphiphiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100(19), 10647-10652.
158. Gimpl, G., Burger, K., Fahrenholz, F. A closer look at the cholesterol sensor. Trends Biochem. Sci., 2002, 27(12), 596-599.
159. Nohturfft A., Brown, M. S, Goldstein, J. L. Sterols regulate processing of carbohydrate chains of wild-type SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), but not sterol-resistant mutants Y298C or D443N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95(22), 12848-12853.
160. Osborne, T. F., Rosenfeld, J. M. Related membrane domains in proteins of sterol sensing and cell signaling provide a glimpse of treasures still buried within the dynamic realm of intracellular metabolic regulation. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 1998, 9(2), 137-140.
161. Gil, G., Faust, J. R., Chin, D. J., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. Membrane-bound domain of HMG CoA reductase is required for sterol-enhanced degradation of the enzyme. Cell, 1985, 41(1), 249-258.
162. Kumagai, H., Chun, K. T., Simoni, R. D. Molecular dissection of the role of the membrane domain in the regulated degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270(32), 19107-19113.
163. Liu, J., Zhang, F., Li, C., Lin, M., Briggs, M. R. Synergistic activation of human LDL receptor expression by SCAP ligand and cytokine oncostatin M. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(1), 90-96.
164. Deakin, S., Leviev, I., Guernier, S., James, R. W. Simvastatin modulates expression of the PON1 gene and increases serum paraoxonase: a role for sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(11), 2083-2089.
165. Liao, J. K. Role of statin pleiotropism in acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl., 2003, 134, 51-57.
166. Mulhaupt, F., Matter, C. M., Kwak, B. R., Pelli, G., Veillard, N. R., Burger, F., Graber, P., Luscher, T. F., Mach, F. Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce CD40 expression in human vascular cells. Cardiovasc. Res., 2003, 59(3), 755-766.
167. Parthasarathy, S., Steinberg, D., Witztum, J. L. The role of oxidized low-density lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Med., 1992, 43, 219-225.
168. Sukhanov, S., Hua Song, Y., Delafontaine, P. Global analysis of differentially expressed genes in oxidized LDL-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, 306(2), 443-449.
169. Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 1983, 52, 223-261.
170. Rohrer, L., Freeman, M., Kodama, T., Penman, M., Krieger, M. Coiled-coil fibrous domains mediate ligand binding by macrophage scavenger receptor type II. Nature, 1990, 343(6258), 570-572.
171. Kodama, T., Freeman, M., Rohrer, L., Zabrecky, J., Matsudaira, P., Krieger, M. Type I macrophage scavenger receptor contains alpha-helical and collagen-like coiled coils. Nature, 1990, 343(6258), 531-535.
172. Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L. Atherosclerosis. Scavenging for receptors. Nature, 1990, 343(6258), 508-509.
173. Pitas, R. E. Expression of the acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor by rabbit fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Up-regulation by phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265(21), 12722-12727.
174. Matsumoto, K., Hirano, K., Nozaki, S., Takamoto, A., Nishida, M.,
175. Draude, G., Hrboticky, N., Lorenz, R. L. The expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) on human vascular smooth muscle cells and monocytes and its down-regulation by lovastatin. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1999, 57(4), 383-386.
176. Rommeswinkel, M., Severs, N. J., Koster, M., Robenek, H. Repression of the macrophage scavenger receptor in macrophage-smooth muscle cell heterokaryons. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1995, 15(5), 601-611.
177. Shimaoka, T., Kume, N., Minami, M., Hayashida, K., Kataoka, H., Kita, T., Yonehara, S. Molecular cloning of a novel scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, SR-PSOX, on macrophages. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(52), 40663-40666.
178. Li, H., Freeman, M. W., Libby, P. Regulation of smooth muscle cell scavenger receptor expression in vivo by atherogenic diets and in vitro by cytokines. J. Clin. Invest., 1995, 95(1), 122-133.
179. Inaba, T., Yamada, N., Gotoda, T., Shimano, H., Shimada, M., Momomura, K., Kadowaki, T., Motoyoshi, K., Tsukada, T., Morisaki, N., Saito, Y., Yoshida, S., Takuku, F., Yasaki, Y. Expression of M-CSF receptor encoded by c-fms on smooth muscle cells derived from arteriosclerotic lesion. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267(8), 5693-5699.
180. Kume, N., Moriwaki, H., Kataoka, H., Minami, M., Murase, T., Sawamura, T., Masaki, T., Kita, T. Inducible expression of LOX-1, a novel receptor for oxidized LDL, in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000, 902, 323-327.
181. Minami, M., Kume, N., Shimaoka, T., Kataoka, H., Hayashida, K., Akiyama, Y., Nagata, I., Ando, K., Nobuyoshi, M., Hanyuu, M., Komeda, M., Yonehara, S., Kita, T. Expression of SR-PSOX, a novel cell-surface scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized LDL in human atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21(11), 1796-1800.
182. Kataoka, H., Kume, N., Miyamoto, S., Minami, M., Morimoto, M., Hayashida, K., Hashimoto, N., Kita, T. Oxidized LDL modulates Bax/Bcl-2 through the lectinlike Ox-LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21(6), 955-960.
183. Kume, N., Kita, T. Roles of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 and its soluble forms in atherogenesis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2001, 12(4), 419-423.
184. Zingg, J. M., Ricciarelli, R., Andorno, E., Azzi, A. Novel 5′ exon of scavenger receptor CD36 is expressed in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2002, 22(3), 412-417.
185. Imachi, H., Murao, K., Cao, W. M., Ohyama, T., Sato, M., Sasaguri, Y., Ishida, T., Takahara, J. Expression of HDL receptor, CLA-1 in human smooth-muscle cells and effect of interferon-gamma on its regulation. Horm. Metab. Res., 2001, 33(7), 389-393.
186. Inoue, I., Katayama, S. The possible therapeutic actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) agonists, PPAR gamma agonists, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and calcium (Ca)-antagonists on vascular endothelial cells. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord., 2004, 4(1), 35-52.
187. Ambrosi, P., Villani, P., Habib, G., Bouvenot, G. The statins: new properties. Therapie, 2003, 58(1), 15-21.
188. Gibbons, G. F. From gallstones to genes: two hundred years of sterol research. A tribute to George J. Schroepfer Jr. Lipids, 2002, 37(12), 1153-1162.
189. Goodridge, A. G. Dietary regulation of gene expression: enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1987, 7, 157-185.
190. Foretz, M., Pacot, C., Dugail, I., Lemarchand, P., Guichard, C., Le Liepvre, X., Berthelier-Lubrano, C., Spiegelman, B., Kim, J. B., Ferre, P., Foufelle, F. ADD1/SREBP-1c is required in the activation of hepatic lipogenic gene expression by glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1999, 19(5), 3760-3768.
191. Kim, J. B., Sarraf, P., Wright, M., Yao, K. M., Mueller, E., Solanes, G., Lowell, B. B., Spiegelman, B. M. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101(1), 1-9.
192. Yabe, D., Komuro, R., Liang, G., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S. Liver-specific mRNA for Insig-2 down-regulated by insulin: implications for fatty acid synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100(6), 3155-3160.
193. Shin, D. J., Osborne, T. F. Thyroid hormone regulation and cholesterol metabolism are connected through Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2). J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(36), 34114-34118.
194. Xu, J., Nakamura, M. T., Cho, H. P., Clarke, S. D. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression is suppressed by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. A mechanism for the coordinate suppression of lipogenic genes by polyunsaturated fats. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(33), 23577-83.
195. Kim, H. J., Takahashi, M., Ezaki, O. Fish oil feeding decreases mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) by down-regulation of SREBP-1c mRNA in mouse liver. A possible mechanism for down-regulation of lipogenic enzyme mrnas. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(36), 25892-25898.
196. Mater, M. K., Thelen, A. P., Pan, D. A., Jump, D. B. Sterol response element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) is involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid suppression of hepatic S14 gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(46), 32725-32732.
197. Yahagi, N., Shimano, H., Hasty, A. H., Amemiya-Kudo, M., Okazaki, H., Tamura, Y., Iizuka, Y., Shionoiri, F., Ohashi, K., Osuga, J., Harada, K., Gotoda, T., Nagai, R., Ishibashi, S., Yamada, N. A crucial role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 in the regulation of lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274(50), 35840-35844.
198. Field, F. J., Born, E., Mathur, S. N. Fatty acid flux suppresses fatty acid synthesis in hamster intestine independently of SREBP-1 expression. J. Lipid Res., 2003, 44(6), 1199-1208.
199. Puri, V., Jefferson, J. R., Singh, R. D., Wheatley, C. L., Marks, D. L., Pagano, R. E. Sphingolipid storage induces accumulation of intracellular cholesterol by stimulating SREBP-1 cleavage. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(23), 20961-20970.
200. Skrinska, V. A., Konieczkowski, M., Gerrity, R. G., Galang, C. F., Rebec, M. V. Suppression of foam cell lesions in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by inhibition of thromboxane A2 synthesis. Arteriosclerosis, 1988, 8(4), 359-367.
201. Cooke, J. P., Singer, A. H., Tsao, P., Zera, P., Rowan, R. A., Billingham, M. E. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 9(3), 1168-1172.
202. Hogan, M., Cerami, A., Bucala, R. Advanced glycosylation endproducts block the antiproliferative effect of nitric oxide. Role in the vascular and renal complications of diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 90(3), 1110-1115.
203. Schiffrin, E. L., Amiri, F., Benkirane, K., Iglarz, M., Diep, Q. N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: vascular and cardiac effects in hypertension. Hypertension, 2003, 42(4), 664-668.
204. Bruemmer, D., Yin, F., Liu, J., Berger, J. P., Sakai, T., Blaschke, F., Fleck, E., Van Herle, A. J., Forman, B. M., Law, R. E. Regulation of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 (GADD45) by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res., 2003, 93(4), e38-47.
205. Beltowski, J., Wojcicka, G., Jamroz, A.[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in pathophysiology of the circulatory system and prospective use of agonists of these receptors in therapy]. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw., 2003, 57(2), 199-217.
206. Chen, Y. E., Fu, M., Zhang, J., Zhu, X., Lin, Y., Akinbami, M. A., Song, Q. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and the cardiovascular system. Vitam. Horm., 2003, 66, 157-188.
207. Camejo, G. PPAR agonists in the treatment of insulin resistance and associated arterial disease. Int. J. Clin. Pract. Suppl., 2003, 134, 36-44.
208. Fu, M., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Zhu, X., Zhao, L., Ahmad, M., Ehrengruber, M. U., Chen, Y. E. Early stimulation and late inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) gene expression by transforming growth factor beta in human aortic smooth muscle cells: role of early growth-response factor-1 (Egr-1), activator protein 1 (AP1) and Smads. Biochem. J., 2003, 370(Pt 3), 1019-1025.
209. Ichiki, T., Tokunou, T., Fukuyama, K., Iino, N., Masuda, S., Takeshita, A. 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 and thiazolidinediones transactivate epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 323(2), 402-408.
210. Schiffrin, E. L. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cardiovascular remodeling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2005, 288(3), H1037-1043