메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 553-564

The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; ACETAZOLAMIDE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLONAZEPAM; DIAZEPAM; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETHOTOIN; ETIRACETAM; FELBAMATE; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LORAZEPAM; MEPHENYTOIN; MESUXIMIDE; MIDAZOLAM; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; PROPOFOL; SODIUM CHANNEL; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; TRIMETHADIONE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN; ZONISAMIDE;

EID: 3042798891     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn1430     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (1019)

References (144)
  • 1
    • 3142774111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions
    • in the press
    • Rogawski, M. A. & Löscher, W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nature Med. (in the press). A review of the actions of AEDs in conditions other than epilepsy, focusing on disease-related ion channel plasticity and long-term effects on signalling pathways.
    • Nature Med
    • Rogawski, M.A.1    Löscher, W.2
  • 2
    • 0035425653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of expressed KCNQ potassium currents and native neuronal M-type potassium currents by the anti-convulsant drug retigabine
    • Tatulian, L., Delmas, P., Abogadie, F. C. & Brown, D. A. Activation of expressed KCNQ potassium currents and native neuronal M-type potassium currents by the anti-convulsant drug retigabine. J. Neurosci. 21, 5535-5545 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. , vol.21 , pp. 5535-5545
    • Tatulian, L.1    Delmas, P.2    Abogadie, F.C.3    Brown, D.A.4
  • 3
    • 3042832610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds Pullan, L. & Patel, J.) (Humana, Totowa, New Jersey)
    • Rogawski, M. A. in Neurotherautics: Emerging Strategies (eds Pullan, L. & Patel, J.) 193-273 (Humana, Totowa, New Jersey, 1996).
    • (1996) Neurotherautics: Emerging Strategies , pp. 193-273
    • Rogawski, M.A.1
  • 4
    • 0028142808 scopus 로고
    • Oxcarbazepine: Preclinical anticonvulsant profile and putative mechanisms of action
    • Schmutz, M., Brugger, F., Gentsch, C., McLean, M. J. & Olpe, H. R. Oxcarbazepine: preclinical anticonvulsant profile and putative mechanisms of action. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl. 5), S47-50 (1994).
    • (1994) Epilepsia , vol.35 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Schmutz, M.1    Brugger, F.2    Gentsch, C.3    McLean, M.J.4    Olpe, H.R.5
  • 5
    • 0035873841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of glutamate release by BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024, two novel derivatives of carbamazepine, due to blockade of sodium but not calcium channels
    • Ambrósio, A. F. et al. Inhibition of glutamate release by BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024, two novel derivatives of carbamazepine, due to blockade of sodium but not calcium channels. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61, 1271-1275 (2001).
    • (2001) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.61 , pp. 1271-1275
    • Ambrósio, A.F.1
  • 6
    • 0023186374 scopus 로고
    • Zonisamide enhances slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola
    • Schauf, C. L. Zonisamide enhances slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola. Brain Res. 413, 185-188 (1987).
    • (1987) Brain Res. , vol.413 , pp. 185-188
    • Schauf, C.L.1
  • 9
    • 0027223365 scopus 로고
    • Valproate and sodium currents in cultured hippocampal neurons
    • Van den Berg, R. J., Kok, P. & Voskuyl, R. A. Valproate and sodium currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Exp. Brain. Res. 93, 279-287 (1993).
    • (1993) Exp. Brain. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 279-287
    • Van Den Berg, R.J.1    Kok, P.2    Voskuyl, R.A.3
  • 10
    • 0031882178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiologic analysis of the actions of valproate on pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal slice
    • Albus, H. & Williamson, R. Electrophysiologic analysis of the actions of valproate on pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal slice. Epilepsia 39, 124-139 (1998).
    • (1998) Epilepsia , vol.39 , pp. 124-139
    • Albus, H.1    Williamson, R.2
  • 12
    • 0035141164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channel expressed in a stable mammalian cell line
    • + channel expressed in a stable mammalian cell line. Pflugers Arch. 441, 425-433 (2001). In this paper, studies using human brain type IIA voltage-gated sodium channels stably expressed in CHO cells showed voltage- and use-dependent block by phenytoin and lamotrigine, but not valproate and gabapentin.
    • (2001) Pflugers Arch , vol.441 , pp. 425-433
    • Xie, X.1
  • 13
    • 0037669865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channels in hippocampal neurons of control and chronically epileptic rats
    • + channels in hippocampal neurons of control and chronically epileptic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 2648-2658 (2003).
    • (2003) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.17 , pp. 2648-2658
    • Remy, S.1    Urban, B.W.2    Elger, C.E.3    Beck, H.4
  • 14
    • 0021913947 scopus 로고
    • Voltage clamp analysis of the inhibitory actions of diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells
    • Willow, M., Gonoi, T. & Catterall, W. A. Voltage clamp analysis of the inhibitory actions of diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine on voltage-sensitive sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 27, 549-558 (1985).
    • (1985) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.27 , pp. 549-558
    • Willow, M.1    Gonoi, T.2    Catterall, W.A.3
  • 15
    • 0021325805 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the block of sodium channels by phenytoin in mouse neuroblastoma cells
    • Matsuki, N., Quandt, F. N., Ten Eick, R. E. & Yeh, J. Z. Characterization of the block of sodium channels by phenytoin in mouse neuroblastoma cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 228, 523-530 (1984).
    • (1984) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.228 , pp. 523-530
    • Matsuki, N.1    Quandt, F.N.2    Ten Eick, R.E.3    Yeh, J.Z.4
  • 16
    • 0025827588 scopus 로고
    • + channels, expressed in mammalian cell line, by local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs
    • + channels, expressed in mammalian cell line, by local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs. Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 756-765 (1991). Characterization of the actions of phenytoin and carbamazepine on recombinant rat brain sodium channels.
    • (1991) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.40 , pp. 756-765
    • Ragsdale, D.S.1    Scheuer, T.2    Catterall, W.A.3
  • 18
    • 0022900644 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptc drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action
    • Leach, M. J., Marden, C. M. & Miller, A. A. Pharmacological studies on lamotrigine, a novel potential antiepileptc drug: II. Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action. Epilepsia 27, 490-497 (1986).
    • (1986) Epilepsia , vol.27 , pp. 490-497
    • Leach, M.J.1    Marden, C.M.2    Miller, A.A.3
  • 19
    • 0033713305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective depression of low-release probability excitatory synapses by sodium channel blockers
    • Prakriya, M. & Mennerick, S. Selective depression of low-release probability excitatory synapses by sodium channel blockers. Neuron 26, 671-682 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.26 , pp. 671-682
    • Prakriya, M.1    Mennerick, S.2
  • 20
    • 0038721687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of sodium channel inactivation
    • Goldin, A. L. Mechanisms of sodium channel inactivation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 284-290 (2003).
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.13 , pp. 284-290
    • Goldin, A.L.1
  • 21
    • 0029986053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + current and slow cumulative spike adaptation in mouse and guinea-pig neocortical neurones in slices
    • + current and slow cumulative spike adaptation in mouse and guinea-pig neocortical neurones in slices. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 493, 83-97 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.493 , pp. 83-97
    • Fleidervish, I.A.1    Friedman, A.2    Gutnick, M.J.3
  • 22
    • 0023755828 scopus 로고
    • Modification of slow inactivation of single sodium channels by phenytoin in neuroblastoma cells
    • Quandt, F. N. Modification of slow inactivation of single sodium channels by phenytoin in neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 34, 557-565 (1988). Analysis of phenytoin block of single sodium channels in membrane patches.
    • (1988) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.34 , pp. 557-565
    • Quandt, F.N.1
  • 23
    • 0028258554 scopus 로고
    • + channels must deactivate to recover from inactivation
    • + channels must deactivate to recover from inactivation. Neuron 12, 819-829 (1994). A demonstration that phenytoin stabilizes sodium channels of hippocampal neurons in a nonconducting state, distinct from fast inactivation, from which recovery is slow and requires the channel to deactivate.
    • (1994) Neuron , vol.12 , pp. 819-829
    • Kuo, C.C.1    Bean, B.P.2
  • 24
    • 0035478007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional effects of two voltage-gated sodium channel mutations that cause generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 2
    • Spampanato, J., Escayg, A., Meisler, M. H. & Goldin, A. L. Functional effects of two voltage-gated sodium channel mutations that cause generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus type 2. J. Neurosci. 21, 7481-7490 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. , vol.21 , pp. 7481-7490
    • Spampanato, J.1    Escayg, A.2    Meisler, M.H.3    Goldin, A.L.4
  • 25
    • 0034954467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced inactivation and acceleration of activation of the sodium channel associated with epilepsy in man
    • Alekov, A. K., Rahman, M. M., Mitrovic, N., Lehmann-Hom, F. & Lerche, H. Enhanced inactivation and acceleration of activation of the sodium channel associated with epilepsy in man. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 2171-2176 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. J. Neurosci. , vol.13 , pp. 2171-2176
    • Alekov, A.K.1    Rahman, M.M.2    Mitrovic, N.3    Lehmann-Hom, F.4    Lerche, H.5
  • 26
    • 3042792173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased neuronal firing in computer simulations of sodium channel mutations that cause generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
    • Spampanato, J., Aradi, I., Soltesz, I. & Goldin, A. L. Increased neuronal firing in computer simulations of sodium channel mutations that cause generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2040-2050 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.91 , pp. 2040-2050
    • Spampanato, J.1    Aradi, I.2    Soltesz, I.3    Goldin, A.L.4
  • 27
    • 0016085859 scopus 로고
    • Progressive encephalopathy due to chronic hydantoin intoxication
    • Vallarta, J. M., Bell, D. B. & Reichert, A. Progressive encephalopathy due to chronic hydantoin intoxication. Am. J. Dis. Child. 128, 27-34 (1974).
    • (1974) Am. J. Dis. Child. , vol.128 , pp. 27-34
    • Vallarta, J.M.1    Bell, D.B.2    Reichert, A.3
  • 28
    • 0345698731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limbic epileptogenesis alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Sprague-Dawley rats
    • Löscher, W., Cramer, S. & Ebert, U. Limbic epileptogenesis alters the anticonvulsant efficacy of phenytoin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Epilepsy Res. 31, 175-186 (1998).
    • (1998) Epilepsy Res. , vol.31 , pp. 175-186
    • Löscher, W.1    Cramer, S.2    Ebert, U.3
  • 29
    • 0028072470 scopus 로고
    • Slow binding of phenytoin to inactivated sodium channels in rat hippocampal neurons
    • Kuo, C. C. & Bean, B. P. Slow binding of phenytoin to inactivated sodium channels in rat hippocampal neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 716-725 (1994). Phenytoin is found to bind tightly to the fast inactivated state of sodium channels but binding occurs slowly, a key characteristic enabling phenytoin to disrupt epileptic discharges with minimal effects on normal firing activity.
    • (1994) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.46 , pp. 716-725
    • Kuo, C.C.1    Bean, B.P.2
  • 30
    • 0030787547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channels in rat hippocampal neurones
    • + channels in rat hippocampal neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 121, 1231-1238 (1997).
    • (1997) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.121 , pp. 1231-1238
    • Kuo, C.C.1    Lu, L.2
  • 31
    • 0004203209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds Levy, R. H., Mattson, R. H., Meldrum, B. S. & Perucca, E.) (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia)
    • Bazil, C. W. & Pedley, T. A. In Antiepileptic Drugs, 5th Edition (eds Levy, R. H., Mattson, R. H., Meldrum, B. S. & Perucca, E.) 22-35 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2002).
    • (2002) Antiepileptic Drugs, 5th Edition , pp. 22-35
    • Bazil, C.W.1    Pedley, T.A.2
  • 32
    • 0031754721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channels
    • + channels. Mol. Pharmacol. 54, 712-721 (1998). Studies with mixtures of the main sodium channel-blocking anticonvulsants demonstrate that these drugs bind to a similar recognition site on the inactivated conformation of the channel.
    • (1998) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.54 , pp. 712-721
    • Kuo, C.C.1
  • 34
    • 0037373028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential interactions of lamotrigine and related drugs with transmembrane segment IVS6 of voltage-gated sodium channels
    • Liu, G. et al. Differential interactions of lamotrigine and related drugs with transmembrane segment IVS6 of voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuropharmacology 44, 413-422 (2003). Site-directed mutagenesis reveals residues of the IVS6 transmembrane segment of the sodium channel that represent points of interaction for lamotrigine.
    • (2003) Neuropharmacology , vol.44 , pp. 413-422
    • Liu, G.1
  • 35
    • 0035808309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channel α-subunit
    • + channel α-subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 20-27 (2001). Site-directed mutagenesis reveals residues of the IIIS6 transmembrane segment of the sodium channel that represent points of interaction for lamotrigine and the local anesthetic etidocaine.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 20-27
    • Yarov-Yarovoy, V.1
  • 36
    • 0029044707 scopus 로고
    • A critical role for transmembrane segment IVS6 of the sodium channel α-subunit in fast inactivation
    • McPhee, J. C., Ragsdale, D. S., Scheuer, T. & Catterall, W. A. A critical role for transmembrane segment IVS6 of the sodium channel α-subunit in fast inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12025-12034 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.270 , pp. 12025-12034
    • McPhee, J.C.1    Ragsdale, D.S.2    Scheuer, T.3    Catterall, W.A.4
  • 38
    • 0037075226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subthreshold sodium current from rapidly inactivating sodium channels drives spontaneous firing of tuberomammillary neurons
    • Taddese, A. & Bean, B. P. Subthreshold sodium current from rapidly inactivating sodium channels drives spontaneous firing of tuberomammillary neurons. Neuron 33, 587-600 (2002).
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.33 , pp. 587-600
    • Taddese, A.1    Bean, B.P.2
  • 39
    • 0035297711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D1/D5 dopamine receptor activation differently modulates rapidly inactivating and persistent sodium currents in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons
    • Maurice, N., Tkatch, T., Meisler, M., Sprunger, L. K. & Surmeier, D. J. D1/D5 dopamine receptor activation differently modulates rapidly inactivating and persistent sodium currents in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 2268-2277 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. , vol.21 , pp. 2268-2277
    • Maurice, N.1    Tkatch, T.2    Meisler, M.3    Sprunger, L.K.4    Surmeier, D.J.5
  • 40
    • 0030857906 scopus 로고
    • Late sodium channel openings underlying epileptiform activity are preferentially diminished by the anticonvulsant phenytoin
    • Segal, M. M. & Douglas, A. F. Late sodium channel openings underlying epileptiform activity are preferentially diminished by the anticonvulsant phenytoin. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 3021-3034 (1977). This paper shows that the tetrodotoxin-sensitive, persistent sodium current that results from rare late openings of voltage-gated sodium channels is more sensitive to phenytoin than is the transient current. Such late openings are hypothesized to be important in initiating and continuing epileptiform activity.
    • (1977) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.77 , pp. 3021-3034
    • Segal, M.M.1    Douglas, A.F.2
  • 41
    • 0029051044 scopus 로고
    • + current of mammalian CNS neurones
    • + current of mammalian CNS neurones. Neuroreport 6, 1778-1780 (1995).
    • (1995) Neuroreport , vol.6 , pp. 1778-1780
    • Chao, T.I.1    Alzheimer, C.2
  • 43
    • 2342573680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the persistent sodium current a specific target of anti-absence drugs?
    • Niespodziany, I., Klitgaard, H. & Georg Margineanu, D. Is the persistent sodium current a specific target of anti-absence drugs? Neuroreport 15, 1049-1052 (2004).
    • (2004) Neuroreport , vol.15 , pp. 1049-1052
    • Niespodziany, I.1    Klitgaard, H.2    Georg Margineanu, D.3
  • 44
    • 0035898234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium currents in isolated rat CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule neurones in the post-status epilepticus model of epilepsy
    • Ketelaars, S. O., Gorter, J. A., van Vliet, E. A., Lopes da Silva, F. H. & Wadman, W. J. Sodium currents in isolated rat CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule neurones in the post-status epilepticus model of epilepsy. Neuroscience 105, 109-120 (2001).
    • (2001) Neuroscience , vol.105 , pp. 109-120
    • Ketelaars, S.O.1    Gorter, J.A.2    Van Vliet, E.A.3    Lopes Da Silva, F.H.4    Wadman, W.J.5
  • 45
    • 0037725036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + channels following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat dentate granule cells
    • + channels following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat dentate granule cells. Neuroscience 119, 323-333 (2003).
    • (2003) Neuroscience , vol.119 , pp. 323-333
    • Ellerkmann, R.K.1
  • 46
    • 0346734200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased persistent sodium currents in rat entorhinal cortex layer V neurons in a post-status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy
    • Agrawal, N., Alonso, A. & Ragsdale, D. S. Increased persistent sodium currents in rat entorhinal cortex layer V neurons in a post-status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 44, 1601-1604 (2003).
    • (2003) Epilepsia , vol.44 , pp. 1601-1604
    • Agrawal, N.1    Alonso, A.2    Ragsdale, D.S.3
  • 47
    • 0032511067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • mRNA coding for voltage-gated sodium channel β2 subunit in rat central nervous system: Cellular distribution and changes following kainate-induced seizures
    • Gastaldi, M., Robaglia-Schlupp, A., Massacrier, A., Planells, R. & Cau, P. mRNA coding for voltage-gated sodium channel β2 subunit in rat central nervous system: cellular distribution and changes following kainate-induced seizures. Neurosci. Lett. 249, 53-56 (1998).
    • (1998) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.249 , pp. 53-56
    • Gastaldi, M.1    Robaglia-Schlupp, A.2    Massacrier, A.3    Planells, R.4    Cau, P.5
  • 48
    • 0037071896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of an inherited epilepsy
    • Lossin, C., Wang, D. W., Rhodes, T. H., Vanoye, C. G. & George, A. L. Jr. Molecular basis of an inherited epilepsy. Neuron 34, 877-884 (2002). Recombinant human voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A was coexpressed in cultured mammalian cells with human accessory subunits β1 and β2. GEFS+ mutations T875M, W1204R and R1648H in SCN1A were found to alter channel inactivation, resulting in persistent inward sodium current. This gain-of-function abnormality is hypothesized to represent the biophysical mechanism that is responsible for the epileptic phenotype.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.34 , pp. 877-884
    • Lossin, C.1    Wang, D.W.2    Rhodes, T.H.3    Vanoye, C.G.4    George Jr., A.L.5
  • 50
    • 0031732501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium channels coupled to glutamate release
    • Tumer, T. J. Calcium channels coupled to glutamate release. Prog. Brain. Res. 116, 3-14 (1998).
    • (1998) Prog. Brain. Res. , vol.116 , pp. 3-14
    • Tumer, T.J.1
  • 51
    • 0029975930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2δ subunit of a calcium channel
    • 3H]gabapentin with high affinity is solubilized and purified; the partial N-terminal amino-acid sequence is identical to the calcium channel α2δ-subunit.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 5768-5776
    • Gee, N.S.1
  • 53
    • 14444278052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of novel ligands for the gabapentin binding site on the α2δ subunit of a calcium channel and their evaluation as anticonvulsant agents
    • Bryans, J. S. et al. Identification of novel ligands for the gabapentin binding site on the α2δ subunit of a calcium channel and their evaluation as anticonvulsant agents. J. Med. Chem. 4, 1838-1845 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Med. Chem. , vol.4 , pp. 1838-1845
    • Bryans, J.S.1
  • 55
    • 0033567166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of α2δ and other accessory subunits on expression and properties of the calcium channel α1G
    • Dolphin, A. C. et al. The effect of α2δ and other accessory subunits on expression and properties of the calcium channel α1G. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 519, 35-45 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.519 , pp. 35-45
    • Dolphin, A.C.1
  • 56
    • 0038045158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auxiliary subunits: Essential components of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex
    • Arikkath, J. & Campbell, K. P. Auxiliary subunits: essential components of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13, 298-307 (2003).
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.13 , pp. 298-307
    • Arikkath, J.1    Campbell, K.P.2
  • 57
    • 0032566528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and deletion mutagenesis of the α2δ calcium channel subunit from porcine cerebral cortex
    • Brown, J. P. & Gee, N. S. Cloning and deletion mutagenesis of the α2δ calcium channel subunit from porcine cerebral cortex. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25458-25465 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.273 , pp. 25458-25465
    • Brown, J.P.1    Gee, N.S.2
  • 58
    • 0033198905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural requirement of the calcium channel subunit α2δ for gabapentin binding
    • Wang, M., Offord, J., Oxender, D. L. & Su, T.-Z. Structural requirement of the calcium channel subunit α2δ for gabapentin binding. Biochem. J. 342, 313-320 (1999).
    • (1999) Biochem. J. , vol.342 , pp. 313-320
    • Wang, M.1    Offord, J.2    Oxender, D.L.3    Su, T.-Z.4
  • 59
    • 0036118498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ channel currents in cultured sensory neurones is dependent on culture conditions and channel subunit expression
    • 2+ channel currents in cultured sensory neurones is dependent on culture conditions and channel subunit expression. Neuropharmacology 42, 353-366 (2002).
    • (2002) Neuropharmacology , vol.42 , pp. 353-366
    • Martin, D.J.1
  • 60
    • 0036155045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin inhibits high-threshold calcium channel currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones
    • Sutton, K. G., Martin, D. J., Pinnock, R. D., Lee, K. & Scott, R. H. Gabapentin inhibits high-threshold calcium channel currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 135, 257-265 (2002).
    • (2002) Brit. J. Pharmacol. , vol.135 , pp. 257-265
    • Sutton, K.G.1    Martin, D.J.2    Pinnock, R.D.3    Lee, K.4    Scott, R.H.5
  • 61
    • 0036148724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin decreases membrane calcium currents in injured as well as in control mammalian primary afferent neurons
    • Sarantopoulos, C., McCallum, B., Kwok, W. M. & Hogan, Q. Gabapentin decreases membrane calcium currents in injured as well as in control mammalian primary afferent neurons. Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. 27, 47-57 (2002).
    • (2002) Reg. Anesth. Pain. Med. , vol.27 , pp. 47-57
    • Sarantopoulos, C.1    McCallum, B.2    Kwok, W.M.3    Hogan, Q.4
  • 62
    • 0033965974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-evoked glutamate release from rat neocortical and hippocampal slices by gabapentin
    • +-evoked glutamate release from rat neocortical and hippocampal slices by gabapentin. Neurosci. Lett. 280, 107-110 (2000).
    • (2000) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.280 , pp. 107-110
    • Dooley, D.J.1    Mieske, C.A.2    Borosky, S.A.3
  • 63
    • 0034175744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin affects glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission in the rat dorsal horn
    • Shimoyama, M., Shimoyama, N. & Hori, Y. Gabapentin affects glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission in the rat dorsal horn. Pain 85, 405-414 (2000).
    • (2000) Pain , vol.85 , pp. 405-414
    • Shimoyama, M.1    Shimoyama, N.2    Hori, Y.3
  • 64
    • 0025764823 scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin increases aminooxyacetic acid-induced GABA accumulation in several regions of rat brain
    • Löscher, W., Honack, D. & Taylor, C. P. Gabapentin increases aminooxyacetic acid-induced GABA accumulation in several regions of rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 128, 150-154 (1991).
    • (1991) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.128 , pp. 150-154
    • Löscher, W.1    Honack, D.2    Taylor, C.P.3
  • 65
    • 0005925167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients
    • Petroff, O. A., Hyder, F., Rothman, D. L. & Mattson, R. H. Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia 41, 675-680 (2000).
    • (2000) Epilepsia , vol.41 , pp. 675-680
    • Petroff, O.A.1    Hyder, F.2    Rothman, D.L.3    Mattson, R.H.4
  • 66
    • 0035990460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gabapentin and vigabatrin increase GABA in the human neocortical slice
    • Errante, L. D., Williamson, A., Spencer, D. D. & Petroff, O. A. Gabapentin and vigabatrin increase GABA in the human neocortical slice. Epilepsy Res. 49, 203-210 (2002).
    • (2002) Epilepsy Res. , vol.49 , pp. 203-210
    • Errante, L.D.1    Williamson, A.2    Spencer, D.D.3    Petroff, O.A.4
  • 69
    • 0030454477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of N-type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones
    • Wang, S.-J., Huang, C.-C., Hsu, K.-S., Tsai, J.-J. & Gean, P.-W. Inhibition of N-type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones. Neuroreport 7, 3037-3040 (1996).
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 3037-3040
    • Wang, S.-J.1    Huang, C.-C.2    Hsu, K.-S.3    Tsai, J.-J.4    Gean, P.-W.5
  • 70
    • 0034883899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ currents
    • 2+ currents. Seizure 10, 279-286 (2001).
    • (2001) Seizure , vol.10 , pp. 279-286
    • Zona, C.1
  • 72
    • 0036193683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam
    • Lukyanetz, E. A., Shkryl, V. M. & Kostyuk, P. G. Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam. Epilepsia 43, 9-18 (2002).
    • (2002) Epilepsia , vol.43 , pp. 9-18
    • Lukyanetz, E.A.1    Shkryl, V.M.2    Kostyuk, P.G.3
  • 73
    • 0037207469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels
    • Perez-Reyes, E. Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels. Physiol. Rev. 83, 117-161 (2003).
    • (2003) Physiol. Rev. , vol.83 , pp. 117-161
    • Perez-Reyes, E.1
  • 74
    • 0029917477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-threshold calcium currents in central nervous system neurons
    • Huguenard, J. R. Low-threshold calcium currents in central nervous system neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 58, 329-358 (1996).
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Physiol. , vol.58 , pp. 329-358
    • Huguenard, J.R.1
  • 75
    • 0024454150 scopus 로고
    • T-type calcium channels mediate the transition between tonic and phasic firing in thalamic neurons
    • Suzuki, S. & Rogawski, M. A. T-type calcium channels mediate the transition between tonic and phasic firing in thalamic neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7228-7232 (1989).
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 7228-7232
    • Suzuki, S.1    Rogawski, M.A.2
  • 76
    • 0033560089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential distribution of three members of a gene family encoding low voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels
    • Talley, E. M. et al. Differential distribution of three members of a gene family encoding low voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels. J. Neurosci. 19, 1895-1911 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 1895-1911
    • Talley, E.M.1
  • 77
    • 0034879821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ channels
    • 2+ channels. Neuron 31, 35-45 (2001).
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.31 , pp. 35-45
    • Kim, D.1
  • 78
    • 0028946378 scopus 로고
    • Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy
    • Tsakiridou, E., Bertollini, L., de Curtis, M., Avanzini, G. & Pape, H. C. Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 15, 3110-3117 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 3110-3117
    • Tsakiridou, E.1    Bertollini, L.2    De Curtis, M.3    Avanzini, G.4    Pape, H.C.5
  • 79
    • 0342905034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-voltage-activated calcium channel subunit expression in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat
    • Talley, E. M., Solorzano, G., Depaulis, A., Perez-Reyes, E. & Bayliss, D. A. Low-voltage-activated calcium channel subunit expression in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 75, 159-165 (2000).
    • (2000) Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. , vol.75 , pp. 159-165
    • Talley, E.M.1    Solorzano, G.2    Depaulis, A.3    Perez-Reyes, E.4    Bayliss, D.A.5
  • 80
    • 0041343159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between genetic variation of CACNA 1H and childhood absence epilepsy
    • Chen, Y. et al. Association between genetic variation of CACNA1H and childhood absence epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 54, 239-243 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. Neurol. , vol.54 , pp. 239-243
    • Chen, Y.1
  • 81
    • 1642323362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • v3.2 T-type calcium channel associated with childhood absence epilepsy
    • v3.2 T-type calcium channel associated with childhood absence epilepsy. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 9881-9684 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 9881-9684
    • Khosravani, H.1
  • 82
    • 1642372685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation of CACNA1H in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
    • Heron, S. E. et al. Genetic variation of CACNA1H in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Ann. Neurol. 55, 595-596 (2004).
    • (2004) Ann. Neurol. , vol.55 , pp. 595-596
    • Heron, S.E.1
  • 83
    • 0024324889 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic relay neurons
    • Coulter, D. A., Huguenard, J. R. & Prince, D. A. Characterization of ethosuximide reduction of low-threshold calcium current in thalamic relay neurons. Ann. Neurol. 25, 582-593 (1989). The inhibitory effect of ethosuximide on T-type calcium channels is hypothesized to account for its anti-absence activity.
    • (1989) Ann. Neurol. , vol.25 , pp. 582-593
    • Coulter, D.A.1    Huguenard, J.R.2    Prince, D.A.3
  • 84
    • 0034752796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Block of cloned human T-type calcium channels by succinimide antiepileptic drugs
    • Gomora, J. C., Daud, A. N., Weiergräber, M. & Perez-Reyes, E. Block of cloned human T-type calcium channels by succinimide antiepileptic drugs. Mol. Pharmacol. 60, 1121-1132 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.60 , pp. 1121-1132
    • Gomora, J.C.1    Daud, A.N.2    Weiergräber, M.3    Perez-Reyes, E.4
  • 85
    • 0022540479 scopus 로고
    • Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture
    • McLean, M. J. & Macdonald, R. L. Sodium valproate, but not ethosuximide, produces use- and voltage-dependent limitation of high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of mouse central neurons in cell culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237, 1001-1011 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.237 , pp. 1001-1011
    • McLean, M.J.1    Macdonald, R.L.2
  • 86
    • 0032125478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the action of the anti-absence drug ethosuximide in the rat and cat thalamus
    • Leresche, N. et al. On the action of the anti-absence drug ethosuximide in the rat and cat thalamus. J. Neurosci. 16, 4842-4853 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Neurosci. , vol.16 , pp. 4842-4853
    • Leresche, N.1
  • 87
    • 0345549501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical-area specific block of genetically determined absence seizures by ethosuximide
    • Manning, J. P., Richards, D. A., Leresche, N., Crunelli, V. & Bowery, N. G. Cortical-area specific block of genetically determined absence seizures by ethosuximide. Neuroscience 123, 5-9 (2004).
    • (2004) Neuroscience , vol.123 , pp. 5-9
    • Manning, J.P.1    Richards, D.A.2    Leresche, N.3    Crunelli, V.4    Bowery, N.G.5
  • 88
    • 0030035708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of T-type calcium channel blockade by zonisamide
    • Kito, M., Maehara, M. & Watanabe, K. Mechanisms of T-type calcium channel blockade by zonisamide. Seizure 5, 115-119 (1996).
    • (1996) Seizure , vol.5 , pp. 115-119
    • Kito, M.1    Maehara, M.2    Watanabe, K.3
  • 89
    • 0032195844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency-dependent synaptic depression and the balance of excitation and inhibition in the neocortex
    • Galarreta, M. & Hestrin, S. Frequency-dependent synaptic depression and the balance of excitation and inhibition in the neocortex. Nature Neurosci. 1, 587-594 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature Neurosci. , vol.1 , pp. 587-594
    • Galarreta, M.1    Hestrin, S.2
  • 90
    • 0023162358 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control of local excitatory circuits in the guinea-pig hippocampus
    • Miles, R. & Wong, R. K. Inhibitory control of local excitatory circuits in the guinea-pig hippocampus. J. Physiol. (Lond) 388, 611-629 (1987).
    • (1987) J. Physiol. (Lond) , vol.388 , pp. 611-629
    • Miles, R.1    Wong, R.K.2
  • 91
    • 0035033520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor γ2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures
    • A receptor subunits as a genetic basis of epilepsy.
    • (2001) Nature Genet. , vol.28 , pp. 49-52
    • Wallace, R.H.1
  • 92
    • 0035030766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor dysfunction in epilepsy: A mutation in the γ2-subunit gene
    • A receptor dysfunction in epilepsy: a mutation in the γ2-subunit gene. Nature Genet. 28, 46-48 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature Genet. , vol.28 , pp. 46-48
    • Baulac, S.1
  • 93
    • 0036318060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A splice-site mutation in GABRG2 associated with childhood absence epilepsy and febrile convulsions
    • Kananura, C. et al. A splice-site mutation in GABRG2 associated with childhood absence epilepsy and febrile convulsions. Arch. Neurol. 59, 1137-1141 (2002).
    • (2002) Arch. Neurol. , vol.59 , pp. 1137-1141
    • Kananura, C.1
  • 94
    • 0036155260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A-receptor γ2 subunit in a family with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
    • A-receptor γ2 subunit in a family with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 530-536 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 530-536
    • Harkin, L.A.1
  • 96
    • 18544364797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
    • Cossette, P. et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nature Genet. 31, 184-189 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Genet. , vol.31 , pp. 184-189
    • Cossette, P.1
  • 97
    • 0017904443 scopus 로고
    • Characterization and ionic basis of GABA-induced depolarizations recorded in vitro from cat primary afferent neurones
    • Gallagher, J. P., Higashi, H. & Nishi, S. Characterization and ionic basis of GABA-induced depolarizations recorded in vitro from cat primary afferent neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 275, 263-282 (1978).
    • (1978) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.275 , pp. 263-282
    • Gallagher, J.P.1    Higashi, H.2    Nishi, S.3
  • 98
    • 0024827553 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions on GABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons
    • Akaike, N., Inomata, N. & Yakushiji, T. Differential effects of extra- and intracellular anions on GABA-activated currents in bullfrog sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 1388-1399 (1989).
    • (1989) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.62 , pp. 1388-1399
    • Akaike, N.1    Inomata, N.2    Yakushiji, T.3
  • 99
    • 0023162271 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones
    • Bormann, J., Hamill, O. P. & Sakmann, B. Mechanism of anion permeation through channels gated by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid in mouse cultured spinal neurones. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 385, 243-286 (1987).
    • (1987) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.385 , pp. 243-286
    • Bormann, J.1    Hamill, O.P.2    Sakmann, B.3
  • 100
    • 0033592682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor subtypes
    • A receptors containing the α1 subunit.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 796-800
    • Rudolph, U.1
  • 102
    • 0035057513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptors in hippocampal neurons
    • A receptors in hippocampal neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 59, 814-824 (2001).
    • (2001) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.59 , pp. 814-824
    • Bai, D.1
  • 103
    • 0038206590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor subtype-specific modulation of the synchrony and duration of thalamic oscillations
    • A receptor subtype-specific modulation of the synchrony and duration of thalamic oscillations. J. Neurosci. 23, 3649-3657 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 3649-3657
    • Sohal, V.S.1    Keist, R.2    Rudolph, U.3    Huguenard, J.R.4
  • 105
    • 0030906095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barbiturate-like actions of the propanediol dicarbamates felbamate and meprobamate
    • Rho, J. M., Donevan, S. D. & Rogawski, M. A. Barbiturate-like actions of the propanediol dicarbamates felbamate and meprobamate. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280, 1383-1391 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.280 , pp. 1383-1391
    • Rho, J.M.1    Donevan, S.D.2    Rogawski, M.A.3
  • 106
    • 0030758984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topiramate enhances GABA-mediated chloride flux and GABA-evoked chloride currents in murine brain neurons and increases seizure threshold
    • White, H. S., Brown, S. D., Woodhead, J. H., Skeen, G. A. & Wolf, H. H. Topiramate enhances GABA-mediated chloride flux and GABA-evoked chloride currents in murine brain neurons and increases seizure threshold. Epilepsy Res. 28, 167-179 (1997).
    • (1997) Epilepsy Res. , vol.28 , pp. 167-179
    • White, H.S.1    Brown, S.D.2    Woodhead, J.H.3    Skeen, G.A.4    Wolf, H.H.5
  • 107
    • 0034119079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes to modulation by topiramate
    • A receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes to modulation by topiramate. Epilepsia 41 (Suppl. 1), S25-29 (2000).
    • (2000) Epilepsia , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Gordey, M.1    DeLorey, T.M.2    Olsen, R.W.3
  • 108
    • 0025723984 scopus 로고
    • Chemistry of the inactivation of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin
    • De Biase, D., Barra, D. Bossa, F., Pucci, P. & John, R. A. Chemistry of the inactivation of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase by the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20056-20061 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.266 , pp. 20056-20061
    • De Biase, D.1    Barra, D.2    Bossa, F.3    Pucci, P.4    John, R.A.5
  • 109
    • 0028351099 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of vigabatrin, γ-acetylenic GABA, aminooxyacetic acid, and valproate on levels of various amino acids in rat brain regions and plasma. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's
    • Löscher, W. & Horstermann, D. Differential effects of vigabatrin, γ-acetylenic GABA, aminooxyacetic acid, and valproate on levels of various amino acids in rat brain regions and plasma. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 349, 270-278 (1994).
    • (1994) Arch. Pharmacol. , vol.349 , pp. 270-278
    • Löscher, W.1    Horstermann, D.2
  • 110
    • 0033991226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of the activity-dependent suppression of GABA-mediated inhibition in hippocampal slices from γ-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin)-pretreated rats
    • Jackson, M. F., Esplin, B. & Čapek, R. Reversal of the activity-dependent suppression of GABA-mediated inhibition in hippocampal slices from γ-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin)-pretreated rats. Neuropharmacology 39, 65-74 (2000).
    • (2000) Neuropharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 65-74
    • Jackson, M.F.1    Esplin, B.2    Čapek, R.3
  • 111
    • 0034900683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical reduction of synaptic inhibition by vigabatrin
    • Overstreet, L. S. & Westbrook, G. L. Paradoxical reduction of synaptic inhibition by vigabatrin. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 596-603 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.86 , pp. 596-603
    • Overstreet, L.S.1    Westbrook, G.L.2
  • 112
    • 0037389053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigabatrin induces tonic inhibition via GABA transporter reversal without increasing vesicular GABA release
    • Wu, Y., Wang, W. & Richerson, G. B. Vigabatrin induces tonic inhibition via GABA transporter reversal without increasing vesicular GABA release. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 2021-2034 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.89 , pp. 2021-2034
    • Wu, Y.1    Wang, W.2    Richerson, G.B.3
  • 113
    • 0141676728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic equilibrium of neurotransmitter transporters: Not just for reuptake anymore
    • Richerson, G. B. & Wu, Y. Dynamic equilibrium of neurotransmitter transporters: not just for reuptake anymore. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 1363-1374 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.90 , pp. 1363-1374
    • Richerson, G.B.1    Wu, Y.2
  • 114
    • 0018835655 scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhibitors of GABA transaminase on the synthesis, binding, uptake, and metabolism of GABA
    • Löscher, W. Effect of inhibitors of GABA transaminase on the synthesis, binding, uptake, and metabolism of GABA. J. Neurochem. 34, 1603-1608 (1980).
    • (1980) J. Neurochem. , vol.34 , pp. 1603-1608
    • Löscher, W.1
  • 115
    • 17944367990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B(1)
    • B(1). Neuron 31, 47-58 (2001).
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.31 , pp. 47-58
    • Schuler, V.1
  • 117
    • 0028999957 scopus 로고
    • A review of the preclinical pharmacology of tiagabine: A potent and selective anticonvulsant GABA uptake inhibitor
    • Suzdak, P. D. & Jansen, J. A. A review of the preclinical pharmacology of tiagabine: a potent and selective anticonvulsant GABA uptake inhibitor. Epilepsia 36, 612-626 (1995).
    • (1995) Epilepsia , vol.36 , pp. 612-626
    • Suzdak, P.D.1    Jansen, J.A.2
  • 118
    • 0026771403 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slice cultures
    • Thompson, S. M. & Gahwiler, B. H. Effects of the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine on inhibitory synaptic potentials in rat hippocampal slice cultures. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 1698-1701 (1992). Recordings from CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells demonstrate that tiagabine greatly prolongs the duration of monasynaptic inhibitory synaptic potentials and can also inhibit epileptiform bursting.
    • (1992) J. Neurophysiol. , vol.67 , pp. 1698-1701
    • Thompson, S.M.1    Gahwiler, B.H.2
  • 119
    • 0032211438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laminar difference in GABA uptake and GAT-1 expression in rat CA1
    • Engel, D. et al. Laminar difference in GABA uptake and GAT-1 expression in rat CA1. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 512, 643-649 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Physiol. (Lond.) , vol.512 , pp. 643-649
    • Engel, D.1
  • 120
    • 0032878369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity-dependent enhancement of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic responses following inhibition of GABA uptake by tiagabine
    • Jackson, M. F., Esplin, B. & Čapek, R. Activity-dependent enhancement of hyperpolarizing and depolarizing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic responses following inhibition of GABA uptake by tiagabine. Epilepsy Res. 37, 25-36 (1999).
    • (1999) Epilepsy Res. , vol.37 , pp. 25-36
    • Jackson, M.F.1    Esplin, B.2    Čapek, R.3
  • 123
    • 0037279320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GluR5 kainate receptors, seizures, and the amygdala
    • Rogawski, M. A. et al. GluR5 kainate receptors, seizures, and the amygdala. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 985, 150-162 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.985 , pp. 150-162
    • Rogawski, M.A.1
  • 124
    • 0031673209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refractory status epilepticus: Response to ketamine
    • Sheth, R. D. & Gidal, B. E. Refractory status epilepticus: response to ketamine. Neurology 51, 1765-1766 (1998).
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.51 , pp. 1765-1766
    • Sheth, R.D.1    Gidal, B.E.2
  • 125
    • 0141500684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical sensitivity in refractory status epilepticus
    • Boyd, S. G. & Dan, B. Cortical sensitivity in refractory status epilepticus. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111 (Suppl. 1), S156-164 (2000).
    • (2000) Clin. Neurophysiol. , vol.111 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Boyd, S.G.1    Dan, B.2
  • 126
    • 0141493917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral ketamine in paediatric non-convulsive status epilepticus
    • Mewasingh, L. D. et al. Oral ketamine in paediatric non-convulsive status epilepticus. Seizure 12, 483-489 (2003).
    • (2003) Seizure , vol.12 , pp. 483-489
    • Mewasingh, L.D.1
  • 127
    • 0029027873 scopus 로고
    • Felbamate block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
    • Subramaniam, S. et al. Felbamate block of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273, 878-886 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.273 , pp. 878-886
    • Subramaniam, S.1
  • 128
    • 1642457196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate currents by felbamate: A gating modifier with selective binding to the desensitized channels
    • Kuo, C. C., Lin, B. J., Chang, H. R. & Hsieh, C. P. Use-dependent inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate currents by felbamate: a gating modifier with selective binding to the desensitized channels. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 370-380 (2004).
    • (2004) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.65 , pp. 370-380
    • Kuo, C.C.1    Lin, B.J.2    Chang, H.R.3    Hsieh, C.P.4
  • 129
    • 0032937917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subtype-selective antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by felbamate: Insights into the mechanism of action
    • Kleckner, N. W., Glazewski, J. C., Chen, C. C. & Moscrip, T. D. Subtype-selective antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by felbamate: insights into the mechanism of action. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289, 886-894 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.289 , pp. 886-894
    • Kleckner, N.W.1    Glazewski, J.C.2    Chen, C.C.3    Moscrip, T.D.4
  • 130
    • 0033957224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Felbamate block of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: Selectivity for the NR 2B subunit
    • Harty, T. P. & Rogawski, M. A. Felbamate block of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: selectivity for the NR2B subunit. Epilepsy Res. 39, 47-55 (2000).
    • (2000) Epilepsy Res. , vol.39 , pp. 47-55
    • Harty, T.P.1    Rogawski, M.A.2
  • 131
    • 0032712791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kainate receptor pharmacology and physiology
    • Bleakman, D. Kainate receptor pharmacology and physiology. Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. 56, 558-566 (1999).
    • (1999) Cell. Mol. Life. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 558-566
    • Bleakman, D.1
  • 133
    • 0036321170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K5-containing kainate receptors prevent pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures
    • K5-containing kainate receptors prevent pilocarpine-induced limbic seizures. Nature Neurosci. 5, 796-804 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 796-804
    • Smolders, I.1
  • 134
    • 0043127452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective antagonism of GluR5 kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic currents by topiramate in rat basolateral amygdala neurons
    • Gryder, D. S. & Rogawski, M. A. Selective antagonism of GluR5 kainate-receptor-mediated synaptic currents by topiramate in rat basolateral amygdala neurons. J. Neurosci. 23, 7069-7074 (2003). A demonstration that topiramate inhibits AMPA and kainate receptor mediated synaptic excitation, but is more potent and effective against the kainate receptor-mediated component.
    • (2003) J. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 7069-7074
    • Gryder, D.S.1    Rogawski, M.A.2
  • 135
    • 1942436861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topiramate selectively protects against seizures induced by ATPA, a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist
    • Kaminski, R. M., Banerjee, M. & Rogawski, M. A. Topiramate selectively protects against seizures induced by ATPA, a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology 46, 1097-1104 (2004).
    • (2004) Neuropharmacology , vol.46 , pp. 1097-1104
    • Kaminski, R.M.1    Banerjee, M.2    Rogawski, M.A.3
  • 136
    • 0036347772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. A comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and models with spontaneous recurrent seizures
    • Löscher, W. Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. A comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and models with spontaneous recurrent seizures. Epilepsy Res. 50,105-123 (2002).
    • (2002) Epilepsy Res. , vol.50 , pp. 105-123
    • Löscher, W.1
  • 137
    • 0037069303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models of epileptogenesis
    • White, H. S. Animal models of epileptogenesis. Neurology 59 (Suppl. 5), S7-14 (2002).
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • White, H.S.1
  • 138
    • 26344432149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam
    • in the press
    • Lynch, B. A. et al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (in the press).
    • Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
    • Lynch, B.A.1
  • 140
    • 0033910736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coding and noncoding variation of the human calcium-channel β4-subunit gene CACNB4 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and episodic ataxia
    • Escayg, A. et al. Coding and noncoding variation of the human calcium-channel β4-subunit gene CACNB4 in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and episodic ataxia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 1531-1539 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.66 , pp. 1531-1539
    • Escayg, A.1
  • 141
    • 0035828406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human epilepsy associated with dysfunction of the brain P/Q-type calcium channel
    • Jouvenceau A. et al. Human epilepsy associated with dysfunction of the brain P/Q-type calcium channel. Lancet 358, 801-807 (2001).
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 801-807
    • Jouvenceau, A.1
  • 142
    • 0037065565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 2, and migraine
    • Holtmann, M., Opp, J., Tokarzewski, M. & Kom-Merker, E. Human epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 2, and migraine. Lancet 359, 170-171 (2002).
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 170-171
    • Holtmann, M.1    Opp, J.2    Tokarzewski, M.3    Kom-Merker, E.4
  • 143
    • 0036922940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis to characterise a region in the calcium channel gene CACNA1A associated with idiopathic generalised epilepsy
    • Chioza, B. et al. Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis to characterise a region in the calcium channel gene CACNA1A associated with idiopathic generalised epilepsy. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10, 857-864 (2002).
    • (2002) Eur. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.10 , pp. 857-864
    • Chioza, B.1
  • 144
    • 0035826838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1B calcium channel gene CACNA1A and idiopathic generalized epilepsy
    • 1B calcium channel gene CACNA1A and idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology 56, 1245-1246 (2001).
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1245-1246
    • Chioza, B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.