Immunopathogenesis of infection with the visceralizing Leishmania species

Microbial Pathogenesis

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 147-160

  Wilson, Mary E ^a,d   Jeronimo, Selma M B ^b   Pearson, Richard D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTE   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1 ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 10; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

BRAIN MALARIA; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; LEISHMANIA; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIA CHAGASI; LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA INFANTUM; LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA MEXICANA; LEISHMANIA PANAMENSIS; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; LIVER; MICROBIAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN LEISHMANIASIS; SKIN TEST; SPLEEN; SYMPTOM; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

LEISHMANIA MAJOR; LEISHMANIA SP.; MURINAE;

EID: 15744396294     PISSN: 08824010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2004.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. I.L. Mauricio, J.R. Stothard, and M.A. Miles The strange case of Leishmania chagasi Parasitol Today 16 5 2000 188 189
2. H. Noyes, M. Chance, C. Ponce, E. Ponce, and R. Maingon Leishmania chagasi: genotypically similar parasites from Honduras cause both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans Exp Parasitol 85 1997 264 273
3. Y.B. Mebrahtu, G. Van Eys, I. Guizani, P.G. Lawyer, H. Pamba, and D. Koech Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani s.l. in Kenya Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 1993 598 601
4. C. Ponce, E. Ponce, A. Morrison, A. Cruz, R. Kreutzer, and D. McMahon-Pratt Leishmania donovani chagasi: new clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras Lancet 337 1991 67 70
5. A. Barral, D. Pedral-Sampaio, G. Grimaldi Jr, H. Momen, D. McMahon-Pratt, and A. Ribeiro de Jesus Leishmaniasis in Bahia, Brazil: evidence that Leishmania amazonensis produces a wide spectrum of clinical disease Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 1991 536 546
6. D.E. Jones, L.U. Buxbaum, and P. Scott IL-4 independent inhibition of IL-12 responsiveness during Leishmania amazonensis infection J Immunol 165 2000 364 372
7. J. Ji, J. Sun, and L. Soong Impaired expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at early stages of infection with Leishmania amazonensis Infect Immun 71 8 2003 4278 4288
8. T.R. Mosmann, and R.L. Coffman Th1 and Th2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties Annu Rev Immunol 7 1989 145 173
9. + lymphocytes in vivo during healing and progressive murine leishmaniasis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 1991 7011 7015
10. P. Scott, P. Natovitz, R.L. Coffman, E. Pearce, and A. Sher Immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis. T cell lines that transfer protective immunity or exacerbation belong to different T helper subsets and respond to distinct parasite antigens J Exp Med 168 1988 1675 1684
11. P. Scott IL-12: initiation cytokine for cell-mediated immunity Science 260 1993 496 497
12. M.L. Guler, J.D. Gorham, C.-S. Hsieh, A.J. Mackey, R.G. Steen, and W.F. Dietrich Genetic susceptibility to Leishmania: IL-12 responsiveness in Th1 cell development Science 271 1996 984 987
13. D. Jones, M.M. Elloso, L. Showe, D. Willimans, G. Trinchieri, and P. Scott Differential regulation of the interleukin-12 receptor during the innate immune response to Leishmania major Infect Immun 66 8 1998 3818 3824
14. P. Launois, H. Himmelrich, F. Tacchini-Cottier, G. Milon, and J.A. Louis New insight into the mechanisms underlying Th2 cell development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB/c mice Microbes Infect 1 1999 59 64
15. + T Cells Instructs Th2 development and susceptibility to Leishmania major in BALB/c mice Immunity 6 1997 541 549
16. V. Julia, M. Rassoulzadegan, and N. Glaichenhaus Resistance to Leishmania major induced by tolerance to a single antigen Science 274 1996 421 423
17. A.A. Barbosa Jr, Z.A. Andrade, and S.G. Reed The pathology of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in resistant and susceptible lines of inbred mice Braz J Med Res 20 1987 63 70
18. A.K. Ghosh, and D.K. Ghosh Infection pattern of leishmaniasis in hamsters produced by recent isolates from kala-azar patients in India Indian J Med Res 86 1987 14 19
19. P.C. Melby, R. Chandrashekar, W. Zhao, and J.E. Coe The hamster as a model of human visceral leishmaniasis: progressive disease and impaired generation of nitric oxide in the face of prominent Th1-like cytokine response J Immunol 166 2001 1912 1920
20. A. Sartori, M.C. Roque-Barreira, J. Coe, and A. Campos-Neto Immune complex glomerulonephritis in experimental kala-azar II: detection and characterization of parasite antigens and antibodies eluted from kidneys of Leishmania donovani-infected hamsters Clin Exp Immunol 87 1991 386 392
21. R.D. Pearson, and Ad.Q. Sousa Clinical spectrum of leishmaniasis Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 1 13
22. R.M. Gorczynski Nature of resistance to leishmaniasis in experimental rodents Dev Comp Immunol 6 1982 199 207
23. B.A. Mock, A.H. Fortier, M. Potter, and C.A. Nacy Genetic control of systemic Leishmania major infections: dissociation of intrahepatic amastigote replication from control by the Lsh gene Infect Immun 50 1985 588 591
24. S.M. Vidal, D. Malo, K. Vogan, E. Skamene, and P. Gros Natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites: isolation of a candidate for Bcg Cell 73 1993 469 485
25. P.C. Melby, A. Tabares, B.I. Restrepo, A.E. Cardona, H.S. McGuff, and J.M. Teale Leishmania donovani: evoluation and architecture of the splenic cellular immune response related to control of infection Exp Parasitol 99 2001 17 25
26. M.E. Wilson, M. Sandor, A.M. Blum, B.M. Young, A. Metwali, and D. Elliott Local suppression of IFN-γ in hepatic granulomas correlates with tissue-specific replication of Leishmania chagasi J Immunol 156 1996 2231 2239
27. H.W. Murray Granulomatous inflammation: host antimicrobial defense in the tissues in visceral leishmaniasis J.I. Gallin R. Snyderman Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates 1999 977 994
28. J.J. Stern, M.J. Oca, B.Y. Rubin, S.L. Anderson, and H.W. Murray Role of L3T4+ and LYT-2+ cells in experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 140 1988 3971 3977
29. M.C.T. Tumang, C. Keogh, L.L. Moldawer, D.C. Helfgott, R. Teitelbaum, and J. Hariprashad Role and effect of TNF-α in experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 153 1994 768 775
30. M.E. Wilson, T.J. Recker, N. Rodriguez, B.M. Young, K.K. Burnell, and J.A. Streit The TGF-β response to Leishmania chagasi in the absence of IL-12 Eur J Immunol 32 2002 3556 3565
31. C.R. Engwerda, M.L. Murphy, S.E.J. Cotterell, S.C. Smelt, and P.M. Kaye Neutralization of IL-12 demonstrates the existence of discrete organ-specific phases in the control of Leishmania donovani Eur J Immunol 28 1998 669 680
32. P.M. Kaye, A.J. Curry, and J.M. Blackwell Differential production of Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines does not determine the genetically controlled or vaccine-induced rate of cure in murine visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 146 1991 2763 2770
33. J. Lehmann, K.-H. Enssle, I. Lehmann, A. Emmendorfer, and M.-L. Lohmann-Matthes The capacity to produce IFN-gamma rather than the presence of interleukin-4 determines the resistance and the degree of susceptibility to Leishmania donovani infection in mice J Interferon Cytokine Res 20 1 2000 63 77
34. G.D. Miralles, M.Y. Stoeckle, D.F. McDermott, F.D. Finkelman, and H.W. Murray Th1 and Th2 cell-associated cytokines in experimental visceral leishmaniasis Infect Immun 62 1994 1058 1063
35. A. Satoskar, H. Bluethmann, and J. Alexander Disruption of the murine interleukin-4 gene inhibits disease progression during Leishmania mexicana infection but does not increase control of Leishmania donovani infection Infect Immun 63 1995 4894 4899
36. M.E. Wilson, D.J. Innes, Ad.Q. Sousa, and R.D. Pearson Early histopathology of experimental infection with Leishmania donovani in hamsters J Parasitol 73 1987 55 63
37. S. Ahmed, M. Colmenares, L. Soong, K. Goldsmith-Pestana, L. Mustnermann, and R. Molina Intradermal infection model for pathogenesis and vaccine studies of murine visceral leishmaniasis Infect Immun 71 2003 401 410
38. K.E. Squires, M. Kirsch, S.C. Silverstein, A. Acosta, M.J. McElraith, and H.W. Murray Defect in the tissue cellular immune response: experimental visceral leishmaniasis in euthymic C57BL/6 ep/ep mice Infect Immun 58 1990 3893 3898
39. K.E. Squires, R.D. Schreiber, M.J. McElraith, B.Y. Rubin, S.L. Anderson, and H.W. Murray Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: role of endogenous IFN-g in host defense and tissue granulomatous response J Immunol 143 1989 4244 4249
40. C.R. Engwerda, and P.M. Kaye Organ-specific immune response associated with infectious disease Immunol Today 21 2000 73 78
41. P.M. Kaye The immunology of visceral leishmaniasis: current status J.P. Farrell Leishmania 2002 Kluwer Academic Boston 137 150
42. Y. Belkaid, S. Mendez, R. Lira, N. Kadambi, G. Milon, and D. Sacks A natural model of Leishmania major infection reveals a prolonged 'silent' phase of parasite amplification in the skin before the onset of lesion formation and immunity J Immunol 165 2000 969 977
43. M.J. McElraith, H.W. Murray, and Z.A. Cohn The dynamics of granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Exp Med 167 1988 1927 1937
44. H.W. Murray, K.E. Squires, C.D. Miralles, M.Y. Stoeckle, A.M. Granger, A. Granelli-Piperno, and C. Bogdan Acquired resistance and granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 148 1992 1858 1863
45. I. Müller Role of T cell subsets during the recall of immunologic memory to Leishmania major Eur J Immunol 22 1992 3063 3069
46. M.E. Wilson, B.M. Young, B.L. Davidson, K.A. Mente, and S.E. McGowan The importance of transforming growth factor-β in murine visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 161 1998 6148 6155
47. A.Y. Park, B.D. Hondowicz, M. Kopf, and P. Scott The role of IL-12 in maintaining resistance to Leishmania major J Immunol 168 2002 5771 5777
48. P.M.A. Gorak, C.R. Engwerda, and P.M. Kaye Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce IL-12 immediately following Leishmania donovani infection Eur J Immunol 28 2 1998 687 695
49. J. Mauël, S.B. Corradin, and Y.B. Rouiller Nitrogen and oxygen metabolites and the killing of Leishmania by activated murine macrophages Res Immunol 7 1991 577 580
50. S.J. Green, C.A. Nacy, and M.S. Meltzer Cytokine-induced synthesis of nitrogen oxides in macrophages: a protective host response to Leishmania and other intracellular pathogens J Leuk Biol 50 1991 93 103
51. K.R. Gantt, T.L. Goldman, M.A. Miller, M.L. McCormick, S.M.B. Jeronimo, and E.T. Nascimento Oxidative responses of human and murine macrophages during phagocytosis of Leishmania chagasi J Immunol 167 2001 893 901
52. C.A. Janeway, P. Travers, M. Walport, and M. Shlomchik Immunobiology 5 ed. 2001 Garland Publishing New York
53. N. Sato, S.K. Ahuja, M. Quinones, V. Kostecki, R.L. Reddick, and P.C. Melby CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is Required for Langerhans Cell Migration and Localization of T Helper Cell Type 1 (Th1)-inducing Dendritic Cells: Absence of CCR2 Shifts the Leishmania major-resistant Phenotype to a Susceptible State Dominated by Th2 Cytokines, B Cell Outgrowth, and Sustained Neutrophilic Inflammation J Exp Med 192 2000 205 218
54. M.L. Murphy, S.E. Cotterell, P.M.A. Gorak, C.R. Engwerda, and P.M. Kaye Blockade of CTLA-4 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen, Leishmania donovani J Immunol 161 1998 4153 4160
55. N.A. Gomes, and G.A. DosReis The dual role of CTLA-4 in Leishmania infection Trends Parasitol 17 2001 487 491
56. N.A. Gomes, C.R. Gattass, V. Barreto-de-Souza, M.E. Wilson, and G.A. DosReis Transforming growth factor beta regulates CTLA-4 suppression of cellular immunity in murine Kala-Azar J Immunol 164 2000 2001 2008
57. L. Gorelik, P.E. Fields, and R.A. Flavell TGF-β inhibits Th type 2 development through inhibition of GATA-3 expression J Immunol 165 2000 4773 4777
58. J.D. Gorham, M.L. Guler, D. Fenoglio, U. Gubler, and K.M. Murphy Low dose TGF-β attenuates IL-12 responsiveness in murine Th cells J Immunol 161 1998 1664 1670
59. J.J. Letterio, and A.B. Roberts Regulation of immune responses by TGF-β Annu Rev Immunol 16 1998 137 161
60. T.M. Andrade, E.M. Carvalho, and H. Rocha Bacterial infections in patients with visceral leishmaniasis J Infect Dis 162 1990 1354 1359
61. R. Badaro, D. Benson, M.C. Eulalio, M. Freire, S. Cunha, and E.M. Netto rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis J Infect Dis 173 3 1996 758 761
62. R.F.S. Braz, E.T. Nascimento, D.R.A. Martins, M.E. Wilson, R.D. Pearson, and S.G. Reed The sensitivity and specificity of Leishmania chagasi recombinant K39 antigen in the diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis and in differentiating active from subclinical infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 2002 344 348
63. R. Badaro, T.C. Jones, E.M. Carvalho, D. Sampaio, S.G. Reed, and A. Barral New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis J Infect Dis 154 1986 1003 1011
64. M. Ho, D.K. Koech, and A.D. Bryceson Immunosuppression in Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis Clin Exp Immunol 51 2 1983 207 214
65. R. Badaro, T.C. Jones, R. Lorenco, B.J. Cerf, D. Sampaio, and E.M. Carvalho A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil J Infect Dis 154 1986 639 649
66. E.M. Carvalho, A. Barral, D. Pedral-Sampaio, M. Barral-Netto, R. Badaró, and H. Rocha Immunologic markers of clinical evolution in children recently infected with Leishmania donovani chagasi J Infect Dis 165 1992 535 540
67. H.W. Ghalib, J.A. Whittle, M. Kubin, F.A. Hashim, A.M. El-Hassan, and K.H. Grabstein IL-12 enhances Th1-type responses in human Leishmania donovani infections J Immunol 154 1995 4623 4629
68. O. Bacellar, J. Guerreiro, M. Barral-Netto, C.H. Costa, R.L. Coffman, and W.D. Johnson Interleukin-12 restores interferon-γ production and cytotoxic responses in visceral leishmaniasis J Infect Dis 173 1996 1515 1518
69. E.M. Carvalho, O. Bacellar, A. Barral, R. Badaro, and W.D. Johnson Antigen-specific immunosuppression in visceral leishmaniasis is cell mediated J Clin Invest 83 1989 860 864
70. C.L. Karp, S.H. El-Safi, T.A. Wynn, M.M.H. Satti, A.M. Kordofani, and F.A. Hashim In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar. Marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma J Clin Invest 91 1993 1644 1648
71. H.W. Ghalib, M.R. Piuvezam, Y.A.W. Skeiky, M. Siddig, F.A. Hashim, and A.M. El-Hassan Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections J Clin Invest 92 1993 324 329
72. A.M. Atta, A. D'Oliveira Jr, J. Correa, M.L.B. Atta, R.P. Almeida, and E. Carvalho Anti-Leishmania IgE antibodies: a marker of active disease in visceral leishmaniasis Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 1998 426 430
73. E.M. Carvalho, O. Bacellar, C. Brownell, T. Regis, R.L. Coffman, and S.G. Reed Restoration of IFN-gamma production and lymphocyte proliferation in visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 152 1994 5949 5956
74. K. Kemp, M. Kemp, A. Kharazmi, A. Ismail, J.A.L. Kurtzhals, and L. Hviid Leishmania-specific T cells expressing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-10 upon activation are expanded in individuals cured of visceral leishmaniasis Clin Exp Immunol 116 1999 500 504
75. D.K. Sang, J.H. Ouma, C.C. John, C.C. Whalen, C.L. King, and A.A.F. Mahmoud Increased levels of soluble interleukin-4 receptor in the sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis J Infect Dis 179 1999 743 746
76. T. Van der Poll, E.E. Zijlstra, and M. Mevissen Interleukin 6 during active visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment Clin Immunol Immunopathol 77 1995 111 114
77. M. Barral-Netto, A. Barral, S.B. Santos, E.M. Carvalho, R. Badaro, and H. Rocha Soluble IL-2 receptor as an agent of serum-mediated suppression in human visceral leishmaniasis J Immunol 147 1991 281 284
78. E.T. Nascimento, K.R. Gantt, N. Pontes, O. Bacelar, V.E. Luz, M.E. Wilson, E.M. Carvalho, J. Aleixo, R.D. Pearson, and S.M.B. Jeronimo TGF-b in acute visceral leishmaniasis Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 2 2002 262
79. S.M.B. Jeronimo, M.J. Teixeira, Ad.Q. Sousa, P. Thielking, R.D. Pearson, and T.G. Evans Natural history of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in northeastern Brazil: long term follow-up Clin Infect Dis 30 2000 608 609
80. Jeronimo SMB, Braz RFS, Cheng C, Lacerda HG, Nascimento ET, Bezerra FL, et al. The spectrum of infection with Leishmania chagasi, the protozoan causing visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. Scand J Infect Dis; in press.
81. B.A. Mock, and C.A. Nacy Hormonal modulation of sex differences in resistance to Leishmania major systemic infections Infect Immun 56 1988 3316 3319
82. J. Alexander Sex differences and cross-immunity in DBA/2 mice infected with L. mexicana and L. major Parasitology 96 2 2003 297 302
83. B.L. Travi, Y. Osorio, P.C. Melby, B. Chandrasekar, L. Arteaga, and N.G. Saravia Gender is a major determinant of the clinical evolution and immune response in hamsters infected with Leishmania spp Infect Immun 70 5 2002 2288 2296
84. R.P. Anuradha, R. Pal, and J.C. Katiyar Sex-influenced population kinetics of Leishmania donovani in hamsters Indian J Exp Biol 28 1990 876 879
85. A. Brittingham, C.J. Morrison, W.R. McMaster, B.S. McGwire, K.-P. Chang, and D.M. Mosser Role of Leishmania protease gp63 in complement fixation, cell adhesion, and resistance to complement-mediated lysis J Immunol 155 1995 3102 3111
86. A.S. Hey, T.G. Theander, L. Hviid, S.M. Hazrati, M. Kemp, and A. Kharazmi The major surface glycoprotein (gp63) from Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani cleaves CD4 molecules on human T cells J Immunol 152 1994 4542 4548
87. S. Corradin, A. Ransijn, G. Corradin, M.A. Roggero, A.A.P. Schmitz, and P. Schneider MARCKS-related protein (MRP) is a substrate for the Leishmania major surface protease leishmanolysin (GP63) J Biol Chem 274 36 1999 25411 25418
88. A. Descoteaux Leishmania cysteine proteinases: virulence factors in quest of a function Parasitol Today 14 6 1998 220 221
89. G. Bart, M.J. Frame, R. Carter, G.H. Coombs, and J. Mottram Cathepsin B-like cysteine proteinase-deficient mutants of Leishmania mexicana Mol Biochem Parasitol 88 1997 53 61
90. M.J. Frame, J.C. Mottram, and G.H. Coombs Analysis of the roles of cysteine proteinases of Leishmania mexicana in the host-parasite interaction Parasitology 121 2000 367 377
91. J. Alexander, G.H. Coombs, and J.C. Mottram Leishmania mexicana cysteine proteinase-deficient mutants have attenuated virulence for mice and potentiate a Th1 response J Immunol 161 1998 6794 6801
92. + T Cell Differentiation from Th2 to Th1 by treatment of Cathepsin B inhibitor in experimental leishmaniasis J Immunol 161 1998 2120 2127
93. L. Das, N. Datta, S. Bandyopadhyay, and P.K. Das Successful therapy of lethal murine visceral leishmaniasis with cystatin involves up-regulation of nitric oxide and a favorable T Cell response J Immunol 166 2001 4020 4028
94. C.S. Hirsch, J.J. Ellner, R. Blinkhorn, and Z. Toossi In vitro restoration of T cell responses in tuberculosis and augmentation of monocyte effector function against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by natural inhibitors of transforming growth factor β Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1997 3926 3931
95. M. Barral-Netto, A. Barral, C.E. Brownell, Y.A.W. Skeiky, L.R. Ellingsworth, D.R. Twardzik, and S.G. Reed Transforming growth factor-β in leishmanial infection: a parasite escape mechanism Science 257 1992 545 548
96. A. Barral, M. Barral-Netto, E.C. Yong, C.E. Brownell, D.R. Twardzik, and S.G. Reed Transforming growth factor β as a virulence mechanism for Leishmania braziliensis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 1993 3442 3446
97. J. Li, C.A. Hunter, and J.P. Farrell Anti-TGF-β treatment promotes rapid healing of Leishmania major infection in mice by enhancing in vivo nitric oxide production J Immunol 162 1999 974 979
98. V. Rodrigues Jr, J.S. Da Silva, and A. Campos-Neto Transforming growth factor β and immunosuppression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis Infect Immun 66 1998 1233 1236
99. A. Somanna, V. Mundodi, and L. Gedamu Functional analysis of cathepsin B-like cysteine proteases from Leishmania donovani complex: evidence for the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta J Biol Chem 277 28 2002 25305 25312
100. K.R. Gantt, S. Schultz-Cherry, N. Rodriguez, S.M.B. Jeronimo, E.T. Nascimento, and T.L. Goldman Activation of TGF-β by Leishmania chagasi: importance for parasite survival in macrophages J Immunol 170 2003 2613 2620
101. T. Ilg Proteophosphoglycans of Leishmania Parasitol Today 16 11 2000 489 497
102. A.C. Cunningham Parasitic adaptive mechanisms in infection by Leishmania Exp Mol Pathol 72 2002 132 141
103. M.A. Panaro, M. Panunzio, E. Jirillo, A. Marangi, and O. Brandonisio Parasite escape mechanisms: the role of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan on the human phagocyte functions. A review Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 17 1995 595 605
104. S.J. Turco, and A. Descoteaux The lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania parasites Annu Rev Microbiol 46 1992 65 94
105. F.Y. Liew, Y. Li, D. Moss, C. Parkinson, M.V. Rogers, and S. Moncada Resistance to Leishmania major infection correlates with the induction of nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages Eur J Immunol 21 1991 3009 3014
106. A. Diefenbach, H. Schindler, N. Donhauser, E. Lorenz, T. Laskay, and J. MacMicking Type 1 interferon (IFNα/β) and type 2 nitric oxide synthase regulate the innate immune response to a protozoan parasite Immunity 8 1998 77 87
107. M.U. Shiloh, J.D. MacMicking, S. Nicholson, J.E. Brause, S. Potter, and M. Marino Phenotype of mice and macrophages deficient in both phagocyte oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase Immunity 10 1999 29 38
108. H.W. Murray, and C.F. Nathan Macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo: reactive nitrogen versus oxygen intermediates in the killing of intracellular visceral Leishmania donovani J Exp Med 189 1999 741 746
109. F.Y. Liew, X.-Q. Wei, and L. Proudfoot Cytokines and nitric oxide as effector molecules against parasitic infections Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 352 1997 1311 1315
110. H.W. Murray, and R.F. Teitelbaum l-arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates and the antimicrobial effect of activated human mononuclear phagocytes J Infect Dis 165 1992 513 517
111. I. Vouldoukis, V. Riveros-Moreno, B. Dugas, F. Ouaaz, P. Becherel, and P. Debre The killing of Leishmania major by human macrophages is mediated by nitric oxide induced after ligation of the FceRII/CD23 surface antigen Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 1995 7804 7808
112. A. Diefenbach, H. Schindler, M. Rollinghoff, W.M. Yokoyama, and C. Bogdan Requirement for type 2NO synthase for IL-12 signaling in innate immunity Science 284 1999 951 955
113. A.M. Koay, J.W. Christman, B.H. Segal, A. Venkatakrishnan, T.R. Blackwell, and S.M. Holland Impaired pulmonary NF-κB activation in response to lipopolysaccharide in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice Infect Immun 69 10 2001 5991 5996
114. S. Devadas, L. Zaritskaya, S.G. Rhee, L. Oberley, and M.S. Williams Discrete generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by T cell receptor stimulation: selective regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and Fas ligand expression J Exp Med 195 1 2002 59 70
115. V. Iniesta, L.C. Gomez-Nieto, and I. Corraliza The inhibition of arginase by N-hydroxy-l-arginine controls the growth of Leishmania inside macrophages J Exp Med 193 6 2001 777 783
116. S.C. Roberts, M.J. Tancer, M.R. Polinsky, K.M. Gibson, O. Heby, and B. Ullman Arginase plays a pivoatal role in polyamine precursor metabolism in Leishmania: characterizatrion of gene deletion mutants J Biol Chem 279 2004 23668 23678
117. D.M. Mosser The many faces of macrophage activation J Leuk Biol 73 2003 209 212
118. D. Nandan, R. Lo, and N.E. Reiner Activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibits c-FOS and nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani Infect Immun 67 8 1999 4055 4063
119. D. Nandan, and N.E. Reiner Attenuation of gamma interferon-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in mononuclear phagocytes infected with Leishmania donovani: selective inhibition of signaling through Janus kinases and Stat1 Infect Immun 63 1995 4495 4500
120. G. Forget, K.A. Siminovitch, S. Brochu, S. Rivest, D. Radzioch, and M. Olivier Role of host phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the development of murine leishmaniasis J Immunol 31 2001 3185 3196
121. L.H. Harrison, T.G. Naidu, J.S. Drew, J.E. de Alencar, and R.D. Pearson Reciprocal relationships between undernutrition and the parasitic disease visceral leishmaniasis Rev Infect Dis 8 1986 447 453
122. G.M. Anstead, B. Chandrasekar, W. Zhao, J. Yang, L.E. Perez, and P.C. Melby Matlnutrition alters the innate immune response and increases early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection Infect Immun 69 2001 4709 4718
123. J. Alvar Leishmaniasis and the AIDS co-infection: the Spanish example Parasitol Today 10 1994 160 163
124. T.G. Evans, J. Teixeira, A.D. Sousa, and R.D. Pearson Short report: extended follow-up of the natural history of persons infected with Leishmania chagasi Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 1995 360 361
125. D.J. Bradley, B.A. Taylor, J. Blackwell, E.P. Evans, and J. Freeman Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. III. Mapping of the locus controlling susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the mouse Clin Exp Immunol 37 1979 7 14
126. J. Blackwell, J. Freeman, and D. Bradley Influence of H-2 complex on acquired resistance to Leishmania donovani infection in mice Nature 283 1980 72 74
127. J.M. Blackwell Genetic susceptibility to leishmanial infections: studies in mice and man Parasitology 112 1996 S67 S74
128. M. Roberts, B.A. Mock, and J.M. Blackwell Mapping of genes controlling Leishmania major infection in CXS recombinant inbred mice Eur J Immunogenet 20 1993 349 362
129. J.D. Gorham, M.L. Güler, R.G. Steen, A.J. Mackey, M.J. Daly, and K. Frederick Genetic mapping of a murine locus controlling development of T helper 1/T helper 2 type responses Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 1996 12467 12472
130. P. Demant, M. Lipoldová, M. Svobodová, M. Güler, K. Murphy, and J. Gorham Resistance to Leishmania major in mice Science 274 1996 1392 1393
131. A.M. Beebe, S. Mauze, N.J. Schork, and R.L. Coffman Serial backcross mapping of multiple loci associated with resistance to Leishmania major in mice Immunity 6 1997 551 557
132. L.J. Roberts, T.M. Baldwin, T.P. Speed, E. Handman, and S.J. Foote Chromosomes X, 9, and the H2 locus interact epistatically to control Leishmania major infection Eur J Immunol 29 1999 3047 3050
133. L.J. Roberts, T.M. Baldwin, J.M. Curtis, E. Handman, and S.J. Foote Resistance to Leishmania major is linked to the H2 region on chromosome 17 and to chromosome 9 J Exp Med 185 9 1997 1705 1710
134. M. Lipoldovà, M. Svobodová, M. Krulová, H. Havelková, J. Badalová, and E. Nohýnková Susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in mice: multiple loci and heterogeneity of immunopathological phenotypes Genes Immun 1 2000 200 206
135. A.M. El Hassan, E.E. Ziljstra, A. Ismael, and H.W. Ghalib Recent observations on the epidemiology of kala-azar in the eastern and central states of the Sudan Trop Geogr Med 47 1995 151 156
136. M.E. Ibrahim, B. Lambson, A. Osman, N. Daifalla, H. Yousif, and D.A. Al Naeem Kala-azar in a high transmission foci: an ethnic and geographical dimension Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 1999 941 944
137. A. Alcais, L. Abel, C. David, M.E. Torrez, P. Flandre, and J.P. Dedet Evidence for a major gene controlling susceptibility to tegumentary leishmaniasis in a recently exposed Bolivian population Am J Hum Genet 61 1997 968 979
138. M.A. Shaw, C.R. Davies, E.A. Llanos-Cuentas, and A. Collins Human genetic susceptibility and infection with Leishmania peruviana Am J Hum Genet 57 1995 1159 1168
139. M.F. Feitosa, E. Axevedo, A.M. Lima, and H. Krieger Genetic causes involved in Leishmania chagasi infection in Northeastern Brazil Genet Mol Biol 22 1 1999 1 5
140. C.S. Peacock, A. Collins, M.-A. Shaw, F. Silveira, J. Costa, and C.H. Coste Genetic epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil Genet Epidemiol 20 2001 383 396
141. J.M. Blackwell Genetics of host resistance and susceptibility to intramacrophage pathogens: a study of multicase families of tuberculosis, leprosy and leishmaniasis in North-eastern Brazil Int J Parasitol 28 1998 21 28
142. M. Cabrera, M.A. Shaw, C. Sharples, H. Williams, M. Castes, and J. Convit Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis J Exp Med 182 1995 1259 1264
143. B. Bucheton, L. Abel, M.M. Kheir, A. Mirgani, S.H. El-Safi, and C. Chevillard Genetic control of visceral leishmaniasis in a Sudanese population: candidate gene testing indicates a linkage to the NRAMP1 region Genes Immun 4 2003 104 109
144. H.S. Mohamed, M.E. Ibrahim, E.N. Miller, C.S. Peacock, E.A.G. Khalil, and H.J. Cordell Genetic susceptibilty to visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1 Genes Immun 4 2003 351 355
145. B. Bucheton, L. Abel, S. El-Safi, M.M. Kheir, S. Pavek, and A. Lemanique A major susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12 plays a critical role in the control of kala-azar Am J Hum Genet 73 2003 1052 1060
146. T.M. Karplus, S.M.B. Jeronimo, H. Chang, B.K. Helms, T.L. Burns, and J.C. Murray An association between the TNF locus and the clinical outcome of Leishmania chagasi infection Infect Immun 70 2002 6919 6925
147. M.L. Petzl-Erler, M.P. Belich, and F. Queiroz-Telles Association of mucosal leishmaniasis with HLA Hum Immunol 32 1991 254 260
148. D. Barbier, F. Demenais, J.F. Lefait, B. David, M. Blanc, and J. Hors Susceptibility to human cutaneous leishmaniasis and HLA, Gm, Km markers Tissue Antigens 30 1987 63 67
149. M.L. Lara, Z. Layrisse, J.V. Scorza, E. Garcia, Z. Stoikow, and J. Granados Immunogenetics of human American cutaneous leishmaniasis Hum Immunol 30 1991 129 135
150. C.S. Peacock, C.B. Sanjeevi, M.-A. Shaw, A. Collins, R.D. Campbell, and R. March Genetic analysis of multicase families of visceral leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil: no major role for class II or class III regions of HLA Genes Immun 3 350 2002 358
151. W. McGuire, A.V.S. Hill, C.E.M. Allsopp, B.M. Greenwood, and D. Kwiatkowski Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria Nature 371 1994 508 511
152. C.L. Verweij Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms as severity markers in rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rhem Dis 58 Suppl 1 1999 120 126
153. A.G. Wilson, J.A. Symons, T.L. McDowell, H.O. McDevitt, and G.W. Duff Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor α promoter on transcriptional activation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1997 3195 3199
154. G. Bouma, J.B.A. Crusius, M.O. Pool, J.J. Kolkman, B.M.E. Von Blomberg, and P.J. Kostense Secretion of tumour necrosis factor α and lymphtoxin α in relation to polymorphisms in the TNF genes and HLA-DR alleles. Relevance for inflammatory bowel disease Scand J Immunol 43 1996 456 463
155. A.H. Hajeer, and I.V. Hugchinson TNF-a gene polymorphism: clinical and biological implications Microsc Res Tech 50 2000 216 228
156. R.D. Pearson, and Ad.Q. Sousa Leishmania species: visceral (kala-azar), cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis G.L. Mandell J.E. Bennett R. Dolin Principles and practice of infectious diseases 1995 Churchill Livingstone New York 2428 2442