The Zebrafish as a Model Organism to Study Development of the Immune System

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 81, Issue , 2003, Pages 253-330

  Traver, David ^a   Herbomel, Philippe ^b   Patton, E Elizabeth ^a   Murphey, Ryan D ^a   Yoder, Jeffrey A ^c,d,e   Litman, Gary W ^d,e   Catic, André ^a   Amemiya, Chris T ^f   Zon, Leonard I ^a   Trede, Nikolaus S ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^d H LEE MOFFITT CANCER CENTER AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^f BENAROYA RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR;

B LYMPHOCYTE; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE MUTATION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC SCREENING; GENOMICS; GRANULOCYTE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PANCREAS; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPLEEN; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR GENE; THYMUS; ZEBRA FISH;

EID: 10744222611     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(03)81007-6     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Amsterdam, A., Burgess, S., Golling, G., Chen, W., Sun, Z., Townsend, K., Farrington, S., Haldi, M., and Hopkins, N. (1999). A large-scale insertional mutagenesis screen in zebrafish. Genes Dev. 13, 2713-2724.
2. Anderson, G., Jenkinson, E. J., Moore, N. C., and Owen, J. J. (1993). MHC class II-positive epithelium and mesenchyme cells are both required for T cell development in the thymus. Nature 362, 70-73.
3. Ando, H., and Mishina, M. (1998). Efficient mutagenesis of zebrafish by a DNA cross-linking agent. Neurosci. Lett. 244, 81-84.
4. Aparicio, S., Chapman, J., Stupka, E., Putnam, N., Chia, J. M., Dehal, P., Christoffels, A., Rash, S., Hoon, S., Smit, A., Gelpke, M. D., Roach, J., Oh, T., Ho, I. Y., Wong, M., Detter, C., Vèrhoef, F., Predki, P., Tay, A., Lucas, S., Richardson, P., Smith, S. F., Clark, M. S., Edwards, Y. J., Doggett, N., Zharkikh, A., Tavtigian, S. V., Pruss, D., Barnstead, M., Evans, C., Baden, H., Powell, J., Glusman, G., Rowen, L., Hood, L., Tan, Y. H., Elgar, G., Hawkins, T., Venkatesh, B., Rokhsar, D., and Brenner, S. (2002). Whole-genome shotgun assembly and analysis of the genome of Fuga rubripes. Science 297, 1301-1310.
5. Barcena, A., Galy, A. H., Punnonen, J., Muench, M. O., Schols, D., Roncarolo, M. G., de Vries, J. E., and Spits, H. (1994). Lymphoid and myeloid differentiation of fetal liver CD34+lineage-cells in human thymic organ culture. J. Exp. Med. 180, 123-132.
6. Barreda, D. R., Neumann, N. F., and Belosevic, M. (2000). Flow cytometric analysis of PKH26-labeled goldfish kidney-derived macrophages. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 24, 395-406.
7. Barten, R., Torkar, M., Haude, A., Trowsdale, J., and Wilson, M. J. (2001). Divergent and convergent evolution of NK-cell receptors. Trends. Immunol. 22, 52-57.
8. Beattie, C. E., Melancon, E., and Eisen, J. S. (2000). Mutations in the stumpy gene reveal intermediate targets for zebrafish motor axons. Development 127, 2653-2662.
9. Beattie, C. E., Raible, D. W., Henion, P. D., and Eisen, J. S. (1999). Early pressure screens. Methods Cell. Biol. 60, 71-86.
10. Belcourt, D. R., Okawara, Y., Fryer, J. N., and Bennett, H. P. (1995). Immunocytochemical localization of granulin-1 to mononuclear phagocytic cells of the teleost fish Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57, 94-100.
11. Bengten, E., Wilson, M., Miller, N. W., Clem, L. W., Pilstrom, L., and Warr, G. W. (2000). "Immunoglobulin isotypes: structure, function and genetics," Heidelberg, Springer Verlag, pp. 189-220.
12. Bennett, C. M., Kanki, J. P., Rhodes, J., Liu, T. X., Paw, B. H., Kieran, M. W., Langenau, D. M., Delahaye-Brown, A., Zon, L. I., Fleming, M. D., and Look, A. T. (2001). Myelopoiesis in the zebrafish, Danio retio. Blood 98, 643-651.
13. Bockman, D. E., and Kirby, M. L. (1984). Dependence of thymus development on derivatives of 'the neural crest. Science 223, 498-500.
14. Brownlie, A., Donovan, A., Pratt, S. J., Paw, B. H., Oates, A. C., Brugnara, C., Witkowska, H. E., Sassa, S., and Zon, L. I. (1998). Positional cloning of the zebrafish sauternes gene: a model for congenital sideroblastic anaemia. Nat. Genet. 20, 244-250.
15. Cantoni, C., Bottino, C., Vitale, M., Pessino, A., Augugliaro, R., Malaspina, A., Parolini, S., Moretta, L., Moretta, A., and Biassoni, R. (1999). NKp44, a triggering receptor involved in tumor cell lysis by activated human natural killer cells, is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. J. Exp. Med. 189, 787-796.
16. Castillo, A., Razquin, B. E., Lopez-Fierro, P., Alvarez, F., Zapata, A., and Villena, A. J. (1990). Enzyme- and immuno-histochemical study of the thymic stroma in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Richardson. Thymus 15, 153-166.
17. Cerwenka, A., and Lanier, L. L. (2001). Natural killer cells, viruses and cancer. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1, 41-49.
18. Chan, J., Bayliss, P. E., Wood, J. M., and Roberts, T. M. (2002). Dissection of angiogenic signaling in zebrafish using a chemical genetic approach. Cancer Cell. 1, 257-267.
19. Chen, J. N., Haffter, P., Odenthal, J., Vogelsang, E., Brand, M., van Eeden, F. J., Furutani-Seiki, M., Granato, M., Hammerschmidt, M., Heisenberg, C. P., Jiang, Y. J., Kane, D. A., Kelsh, R. N., Mullins, M. C., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1996). Mutations affecting the cardiovascular system and other internal organs in zebrafish. Development 123, 293-302.
20. Chen, W., Burgess, S., Golling, G., Amsterdam, A., and Hopkins, N. (2002). High-throughput selection of retrovirus producer cell lines leads to markedly improved efficiency of germ line-transmissible insertions in zebra fish. J. Virol. 76, 2192-2198.
21. Childs, S., Weinstein, B. M., Mohideen, M. A., Donohue, S., Bonkovsky, H., and Fishman, M. C. (2000). Zebrafish dracula encodes ferrochelatase and its mutation provides a model for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Curr. Biol. 10, 1001-1004.
22. Chilmonczyk, S. (1992). The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 2, 181-200.
23. Cho, N. K., Keyes, L., Johnson, E., Heller, J., Ryner, L., Karim, F., and Krasnow, M. A. (2002). Developmental control of blood cell migration by the Drosophila VEGF pathway. Cell 108, 865-876.
24. Cioffi, C. C., Middleton, D. L., Wilson, M. R., Miller, N. W., Clem, L. W., and Warr, G. W. (2001). An IgH enhancer that drives transcription through basic helix-loop-helix and Oct transcription factor binding motifs. Functional analysis of the E(mu)3′ enhancer of the catfish. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 27825-27830.
25. Clouthier, D. E., Hosoda, K., Richardson, J. A., Williams, S. C., Yanagisawa, H., Kuwaki, T., Kumada, M., Hammer, R. E., and Yanagisawa, M. (1998). Cranial and cardiac neural crest defects in endothelin-A receptor-deficient mice. Development 125, 813-824.
26. Cohen, N. (1977). "The Lymphocyte Structure and Function," New York, Marcel Dekker, pp. 149-202.
27. Conway, S. J., Henderson, D. J., and Copp, A. J. (1997). Pax3 is required for cardiac neural crest migration in the mouse: evidence from the splotch (Sp2H) mutant. Development 124, 505-514.
28. Cuadros, M. A., Coltey, P., Carmen Nieto, M., and Martin, C. (1992). Demonstration of a phagocytic cell system belonging to the hemopoietic lineage and originating from the yolk sac in the early avian embryo. Development 115, 157-168.
29. Cuadros, M. A., Martin, C., Coltey, P., Almendros, A., and Navascues, J. (1993). First appearance, distribution, and origin of macrophages in the early development of the avian central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 330, 113-129.
30. Cumano, A., Dieterlen-Lievre, F., and Godin, I. (1996). Lymphoid potential, probed before circulation in mouse, is restricted to caudal intraembryonic splanchnopleura. Cell 86, 907-916.
31. Cumano, A., Dieterlen-Lievre, F., and Godin, I. (2000). The splanchnopleura/AGM region is the prime site for the generation of multipotent hemopoietic precursors, in the mouse embryo. Vaccine 18, 1621-1623.
32. Daggfeldt, A., Bengten, E., and Pilstrom, L. (1993). A cluster type organization of the loci of the immunoglobulin light chain in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) indicated by nucleotide sequences of cDNAs and hybridization analysis. Immunogenetics 38, 199-209.
33. Danilova, N., Hohman, V. S., Kim, E. H., and Steiner, L. A. (2000). Immunoglobulin variable-region diversity in the zebrafish. Immunogenetics 52, 81-91.
34. Danilova, N., and Steiner, L. A. (2002). B cells develop in the zebrafish pancreas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13711-13716.
35. De Guerra, A., and Charlemagne, J. (1997). Genomic organization of the TcR beta-chain diversity (Dbeta) and joining (Jbeta) segments in the rainbow trout: presence of many repeated sequences. Mol. Immunol. 34, 653-662.
36. de Hostos, E. L. (1999). The coronin family of actin-associated proteins. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 345-350.
37. Donovan, A., Brownlie, A., Dorschner, M. O., Zhou, Y., Pratt, S. J., Paw, B. H., Phillips, R. B., Thisse, C., Thisse, B., and Zon, L. I. (2002). The zebrafish mutant gene chardonnay (cdy) encodes divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Blood 100, 4655-4659.
38. Donovan, A., Brownlie, A., Zhou, Y., Shepard, J., Pratt, S. J., Moynihan, J., Paw, B. H., Drejer, A., Barut, B., Zapata, A., Law, T. C., Brugnara, C., Lux, S. E., Pinkus, G. S., Pinkus, J. L., Kingsley, P. D., Palis, J., Fleming, M. D., Andrews, N. C., and Zon, L. I. (2000). Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter. Nature 403, 776-781.
39. Dooley, K., and Zon, L. I. (2000). Zebrafish: a model system for the study of human disease. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10, 252-256.
40. Driever, W., and Fishman, M. C. (1996). The zebrafish: heritable disorders in transparent embryos. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 1788-1794.
41. Driever, W., Solnica-Krezel, L., Schier, A. F., Neuhauss, S. C., Malicki, J., Stemple, D. L., Stainier, D. Y., Zwartkruis, F., Abdelilah, S., Rangini, Z., Belak, J., and Boggs, C. (1996). A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish. Development 123, 37-46.
42. Du Pasquier, L., and Flajnik, M. (1998). "Origin and evolution of the vertebrate immune system," New York, Raven Press Ltd., pp. 199-233.
43. Du Pasquier, L., Wilson, M., Greenberg, A. S., and Flajnik, M. F. (1998). Somatic mutation in ectothermic vertebrates: musings on selection and origins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 229, 199-216.
44. Ekker, S. C., and Larson, J. D. (2001). Morphant technology in model developmental systems. Genesis 30, 89-93.
45. Ellis, A. E. (2001). Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 827-839.
46. Ellsaesser, C. F., Bly, J. E., and Clem, L. W. (1988). Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: the thymus of the channel catfish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 12, 787-799.
47. Engelsma, M. Y., Stet, R. J., Schipper, H., and Verburg-van Kemenade, B. M. (2001). Regulation of interleukin 1 beta RNA expression in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 195-203.
48. Espelid, S., Halse, M., Solem, S. T., and Jorgensen, T. O. (2001). Immunoglobulin genes and antibody responses in the spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11, 399-413.
49. Evans, D. L., Graves, S. S., Cobb, D., and Dawe, D. L. (1984). Nonspecific cytotoxic cells in fish (Ictalurus punctatus). II. Parameters of target cell lysis and specificity. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 8, 303-312.
50. Ezekowitz, R. A., Sim, R. B., MacPherson, G. G., and Gordon, S. (1985). Interaction of human monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes with zymosan in vitro. Role of type 3 complement receptors and macrophage-derived complement. J. Clin. Invest. 76, 2368-2376.
51. Farber, S. A., Pack, M., Ho, S. Y., Johnson, I. D., Wagner, D. S., Dosch, R., Mullins, M. C., Hendrickson, H. S., Hendrickson, E. K., and Halpern, M. E. (2001). Genetic analysis of digestive physiology using fluorescent phospholipid reporters. Science 292, 1385-1388.
52. Feldman, B., Gates, M. A., Egan, E. S., Dougan, S. T., Rennebeck, G., Sirotkin, H. I., Schier, A. F., and Talbot, W. S. (1998). Zebrafish organizer development and germ-layer formation require nodal-related signals. Nature 395, 181-185.
53. Fischer, A. (2001). Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an experimental model for molecular medicine. Lancet 357, 1863-1869.
54. Fischer, A., and Malissen, B. (1998). Natural and engineered disorders of lymphocyte development. Science 280, 237-243.
55. Fischer, C., Bouneau, L., Ozouf-Costaz, C., Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T., Weissenbach, J., and Bernot, A. (2002). Conservation of the T cell receptor alpha/delta linkage in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis. Genomics 79, 241-248.
56. Flajnik, M. F. (2002). Comparative analyses of immunoglobulin genes: surprises and portents. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 688-698.
57. Fournier-Betz, V., Quentel, C., Lamour, F., and LeVen, A. (2000). Immunocytochemical detection of Ig-positive cells in blood, lymphoid organs and the gut associated lymphoid tissue of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10, 187-202.
58. Fujiki, K., Shin, D. H., Nakao, M., and Yano, T. (2000). Molecular cloning and expression analysis of carp (Cyprinus carpio) interleukin-1 beta, high affinity immunoglobulin E Fc receptor gamma subunit and serum amyloid A. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10, 229-242.
59. Georgopoulos, K., Bigby, M., Wang, J. H., Molnar, A., Wu, P., Winandy, S., and Sharpe, A. (1994). The Ikaros gene is required for the development of all lymphoid lineages. Cell 79, 143-156.
60. Gering, M., Rodaway, A. R., Gottgens, B., Patient, R. K., and Green, A. R. (1998). The SCL gene specifies haemangioblast development from early mesoderm. EMBO J. 17, 4029-4045.
61. Ginsel, L. A. (1993). In Horton, M. A. (ed.), "Blood Cell Biochemistry," Vol. 5, New York, Plenum Press, pp. 87-113.
62. Golling, G., Amsterdam, A., Sun, Z., Antonelli, M., Maldonado, E., Chen, W., Burgess, S., Haldi, M., Artzt, K., Farrington, S., Lin, S. Y., Nissen, R. M., and Hopkins, N. (2002). Insertional mutagenesis in zebrafish rapidly identifies genes essential for early vertebrate development. Nat. Genet. 31, 135-140.
63. Gongora, R., Figueroa, F., and Klein, J. (1998). Independent duplications of Bf and C3 complement genes in the zebrafish. Scand. J. Immunol. 48, 651-658.
64. Gordon, S. (1995). The macrophage. Bioessays 17, 977-986.
65. Gray, M., Moens, C. B., Amacher, S. L., Eisen, J. S., and Beattie, C. E. (2001). Zebrafish deadly seven functions in neurogenesis. Dev. Biol. 237, 306-323.
66. Greenlee, A. R., Brown, R. A., and Ristow, S. S. (1991). Nonspecific cytotoxic cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kill YAC-1 targets by both necrotic and apoptic mechanisms. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 15, 153-164.
67. Gregory, M., and Jagadeeswaran, P. (2002). Selective labeling of zebrafish thrombocytes: quantitation of thrombocyte function and detection during development. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 28, 418-427.
68. Grunwald, D. J., and Eisen, J. S. (2002). Headwaters of the zebrafish-emergence of a new model vertebrate. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 717-724.
69. Gu, H., Marth, J. D., Orban, P. C., Mossmann, H., and Rajewsky, K. (1994). Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science 265, 103-106.
70. Habeck, H., Odenthal, J., Walderich, B., Maischein, H., and Schulte-Merker, S. (2002). Analysis of a zebrafish VEGF receptor mutant reveals specific disruption of angiogenesis. Curr. Biol. 12, 1405-1412.
71. Haffter, P., Granato, M., Brand, M., Mullins, M. C., Hammerschmidt, M., Kane, D. A., Odenthal, J., van Eeden, F. J., Jiang, Y. J., Heisenberg, C. P., Kelsh, R. N., Furutani-Seiki, M., Vogelsang, E., Beuchle, D., Schach, U., Fabian, C., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1996). The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 123, 1-36.
72. Hagen, M., Filosa, M. F., and Youson, J. H. (1983). Immunocytochemical localization of antibody-producing cells in adult lamprey. Immunol. Lett. 6, 87-92.
73. Hagmann, M., Bruggmann, R., Xue, L., Georgiev, O., Schaffner, W., Rungger, D., Spaniol, P., and Gerster, T. (1998). Homologous recombination and DNA-end joining reactions in zygotes and early embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Drosophila melanogaster. Biol. Chem. 379, 673-681.
74. Haire, R. N., Miracle, A. L., Rast, J. P., and Litman, G. W. (2000). Members of the Ikaros gene family are present in early representative vertebrates. J. Immunol. 165, 306-312.
75. Hammerschmidt, M., Pelegri, F., Mullins, M. C., Kane, D. A., van Eeden, F. J., Granato, M., Brand, M., Furutani-Seiki, M., Haffter, P., Heisenberg, C. P., Jiang, Y. J., Kelsh, R. N., Odenthal, J., Warga, R. M., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1996). Dino and mercedes, two genes regulating dorsal development in the zebrafish embryo. Development 123, 95-102.
76. Han, S., Zheng, B., Schatz, D. G., Spanopoulou, E., and Kelsoe, G. (1996). Neoteny in lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 expression in germinal center B cells. Science 274, 2094-2097.
77. Hansen, J. D. (1997). Characterization of rainbow trout terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase structure and expression. TdT and RAG1 co-expression define the trout primary lymphoid tissues. Immunogenetics 46, 367-375.
78. Hansen, J. D., and La Patra, S. (2002). Induction of the rainbow trout MHC class I pathway during acute IHNV infection. Immunogenetics 54, 654-661.
79. Hansen, J. D., and McBlane, J. F. (2000). Recombination-activating genes, transposition, and the lymphoid-specific combinatorial immune system: a common evolutionary connection. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 248, 111-135.
80. Hansen, J. D., and Strassburger, P. (2000). Description of an ectothermic TCR coreceptor, CD8 alpha, in rainbow trout. J. Immunol. 164, 3132-3139.
81. Hansen, J. D., and Zapata, A. G. (1998). Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians. Immunol. Rev. 166, 199-220.
82. Hawke, N. A., Rast, J. P., and Litman, G. W. (1996). Extensive diversity of transcribed TCR-beta in phylogenetically primitive vertebrate. J. Immunol. 156, 2458-2464.
83. Hawke, N. A., Yoder, J. A., Haire, R. N., Mueller, M. G., Litman, R. T., Miracle, A. L., Stuge, T., Shen, L., Miller, N., and Litman, G. W. (2001). Extraordinary variation in a diversified family of immune-type receptor genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13832-13837.
84. Hawke, N. A., Yoder, J. A., and Litman, G. W. (1999). Expanding our understanding of immunoglobulin, T cell antigen receptor, and novel immune-type receptor genes: a subset of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Immunogenetics 50, 124-133.
85. Heasman, J. (2002). Morpholino oligos: making sense of antisense? Dev. Biol. 243, 209-214.
86. Herbomel, P., Thisse, B., and Thisse, C. (1999). Ontogeny and behaviour of early macrophages in the zebrafish embryo. Development 126, 3735-3745.
87. Herbomel, P., Thisse, B., and Thisse, C. (2001). Zebrafish early macrophages colonize cephalic mesenchyme and developing brain, retina, and epidermis through a M-CSF receptor-dependent invasive process. Dev. Biol. 238, 274-288.
88. Herraez, M. P., and Zapata, A. G. (1991). Structural characterization of the melano-macrophage centres (MMC) of goldfish Carassius auratus. Eur. J. Morphol. 29, 89-102.
89. Hetzer-Egger, C., Schorpp, M., Haas-Assenbaum, A., Balling, R., Peters, H., and Boehm, T. (2002). Thymopoiesis requires Pax9 function in thymic epithelial cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 1175-1181.
90. Hogan, R. J., Stuge, T. B., Clem, L. W., Miller, N. W., and Chinchar, V. G. (1996). Anti-viral cytotoxic cells in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 20, 115-127.
91. Hoshijima, K., Metherall, J. E., and Grunwald, D. J. (2002). A protein disulfide isomerase expressed in the embryonic midline is required for left/right asymmetries. Genes Dev. 16, 2518-2529.
92. Huang, H., Liu, N., and Lin, S. (2001). Pdx-1 knockdown reduces insulin promoter activity in zebrafish. Genesis 30, 134-136.
93. Jagadeeswaran, P., Gregory, M., Johnson, S., and Thankavel, B. (2000). Haemostatic screening and identification of zebrafish mutants with coagulation pathway defects: an approach to identifying novel haemostatic genes in man. Br. J. Haematol. 110, 946-956.
94. Jagadeeswaran, P., Sheehan, J. P., Craig, F. E., and Troyer, D. (1999). Identification and characterization of zebrafish thrombocytes. Br. J. Haematol. 107, 731-738.
95. Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary, J. H., 3rd, and Evans, D. L. (2001). The non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor (NCCRP-1): molecular organization and signaling properties. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 701-711.
96. Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary, J. H., 3rd, Warren, J., McGraw, R. A., and Evans, D. L. (1997). Molecular characterization of a protozoan parasite target antigen recognized by nonspecific cytotoxic cells. Cell Immunol. 176, 93-102.
97. Jessen, J. R., Jessen, T. N., Vogel, S. S., and Lin, S. (2001). Concurrent expression of recombination activating genes 1 and 2 in zebrafish olfactory sensory neurons. Genesis 29, 156-162.
98. Jessen, J. R., Willett, C. E., and Lin, S. (1999). Artificial chromosome transgenesis reveals long-distance negative regulation of rag1 in zebrafish. Nat. Genet. 23, 15-16.
99. Johnson, S. L., and Weston, J. A. (1995). Temperature-sensitive mutations that cause stage-specific defects in Zebrafish fin regeneration. Genetics 141, 1583-1595.
100. Kampmeier, O. F. (1969). "Evolution and Comparative Morphology of the Lymphatic System," Springfield, IL, Thomas, pp. 232-265.
101. Kimmel, C. B. (1989). Genetics and early development of zebrafish. Trends Genet. 5, 283-288.
102. Klein, J., Sato, A., and Mayer, W. E. (1999). "The Major Histocompatibility Complex: Evolution, Structure, and Function," Tokyo, Springer, pp. 3-26.
103. Knabe, W., and Kuhn, H. (1999). The earliest invasion of macrophages into the developing brain and eye of the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri. Anat. Embryol. (Berlin) 200, 393-402.
104. Knapik, E. W. (2000). ENU mutagenesis in zebrafish-from genes to complex diseases. Mamm. Genome 11, 511-519.
105. Kramer, C., Mayr, T., Nowak, M., Schumacher, J., Runke, G., Bauer, H., Wagner, D. S., Schmid, B., Imai, Y., Talbot, W. S., Mullins, M. C., and Hammerschmidt, M. (2002). Maternally supplied Smad5 is required for ventral specification in zebrafish embryos prior to zygotic Bmp signaling. Dev. Biol. 250, 263-279.
106. Kurata, O., Okamoto, N., and Ikeda, Y. (1995). Neutrophilic granulocytes in carp, Cyprinus carpio, possess a spontaneous cytotoxic activity. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19, 315-325.
107. Kurihara, Y., Kurihara, H., Suzuki, H., Kodama, T., Maemura, K., Nagai, R., Oda, H., Kuwaki, T., Cao, W. H., Kamada, N. et al. (1994). Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 368, 703-710.
108. Kurz, H., and Christ, B. (1998). Embryonic CNS macrophages and microglia do not stem from circulating, but from extravascular precursors. Glia 22, 98-102.
109. Lai, L., Kolber-Simonds, D., Park, K. W., Cheong, H. T., Greenstein, J. L., Im, G. S., Samuel, M., Bonk, A., Rieke, A., Day, B. N., Murphy, C. N., Carter, D. B., Hawley, R. J., and Prather, R. S. (2002). Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science 295, 1089-1092.
110. Lam, S. H., Chua, H. L., Gong, Z., Wen, Z., Lam, T. J., and Sin, Y. M. (2002). Morphologic transformation of the thymus in developing zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 225, 87-94.
111. Langenau, D. M., Palomero, T., Kanki, J. P., Ferrando, A. A., Zhou, Y., Zon, L. I., and Look, A. T. (2002). Molecular cloning and developmental expression of Tlx (Hox11) genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mech. Dev. 117, 243-248.
112. Le Meur, M., Gerlinger, P., Benoist, C., and Mathis, D. (1985). Correcting an immune-response deficiency by creating E alpha gene transgenic mice. Nature 316, 38-42.
113. Lee, K. Y., Huang, H., Ju, B., Yang, Z., and Lin, S. (2002a). Cloned zebrafish by nuclear transfer from long-term-cultured cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 795-799.
114. Lee, S. S., Tranchina, D., Ohta, Y., Flajnik, M. F., and Hsu, E. (2002b). Hypermutation in shark immunoglobulin light chain genes results in contiguous substitutions. Immunity 16, 571-582.
115. Leenen, P. J. M., and Campbell, P. A. (1993). In Horton, M. A. (ed.), "Blood cell biochemistry," Vol. 5, New York, Plenum Press, pp. 29-85.
116. Lele, Z., Bakkers, J., and Hammerschmidt, M. (2001). Morpholino phenocopies of the swirl, snailhouse, somitabun, minifin, silberblick, and pipetail mutations. Genesis 30, 190-194.
117. Lichanska, A. M., Browne, C. M., Henkel, G. W., Murphy, K. M., Ostrowski, M. C., McKercher, S. R., Maki, R. A., and Hume, D. A. (1999). Differentiation of the mononuclear phagocyte system during mouse embryogenesis: the role of transcription factor PU.1. Blood 94, 127-138.
118. Lieschke, G. J., Oates, A. C., Crowhurst, M. O., Ward, A. C., and Layton, J. E. (2001). Morphologic and functional characterization of granulocytes and macrophages in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Blood 98, 3087-3096.
119. Lieschke, G. J., Oates, A. C., Paw, B. H., Thompson, M. A., Hall, N. E., Ward, A. C., Ho, R. K., Zon, L. I., and Layton, J. E. (2002). Zebrafish SPI-1 (PU.1) marks a site of myeloid development independent of primitive erythropoiesis: implications for axial patterning. Dev. Biol. 246, 274-295.
120. Litman, G. W., Anderson, M. K., and Rast, J. P. (1999). Evolution of antigen binding receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 109-147.
121. Litman, G. W., Hawke, N. A., and Yoder, J. A. (2001). Novel immune-type receptor genes. Immunol. Rev. 181, 250-259.
122. Litman, G. W., Hinds, K., Berger, L., Murphy, K., and Litman, R. (1985). Structure and organization of immunoglobulin VH genes in Heterodontus, a phylogenetically primitive shark. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 9, 749-758.
123. Liu, F., and Wen, Z. (2002). Cloning and expression pattern of the lysozyme C gene in zebrafish. Mech. Dev. 113, 69-72.
124. Long, Q., Meng, A., Wang, H., Jessen, J. R., Farrell, M. J., and Lin, S. (1997). GATA-1 expression pattern can be recapitulated in living transgenic zebrafish using GFP reporter gene. Development 124, 4105-4111.
125. Lyons, A. B. (1999). Divided we stand: tracking cell proliferation with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 77, 509-515.
126. Lyons, S. E., Shue, B. C., Lei, L., Oates, A. C., Zon, L. I., and Liu, P. P. (2001a). Molecular cloning, genetic mapping, and expression analysis of four zebrafish c/ebp genes. Gene 281, 4, 3-51.
127. Lyons, S. E., Shue, B. C., Oates, A. C., Zon, L. I., and Liu, P. P. (2001b). A novel myeloid-restricted zebrafish CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein with a potent transcriptional activation domain. Blood 97, 2611-2617.
128. Ma, C., Fan, L., Ganassin, R., Bols, N., and Collodi, P. (2001). Production of zebrafish germ-line chimeras from embryo cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2461-2466.
129. Magor, B. G., Ross, D. A., Middleton, D. L., and Warr, G. W. (1997). Functional motifs in the IgH enhancer of the channel catfish, Immunogenetics 46, 192-198.
130. Magor, B. G., Wilson, M. R., Miller, N. W., Clem, L. W., Middleton, D. L., and Warr, G. W. (1994). An Ig heavy chain enhancer of the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus: evolutionary conservation of function but not structure. J. Immunol. 153, 5556-5563.
131. Manley, N. R. (2000). Thymus organogenesis and molecular mechanisms of thymic epithelial cell differentiation. Semin. Immunol. 12, 421-428.
132. Manley, N. R., and Capecchi, M. R. (1995). The role of Hoxa-3 in mouse thymus and thyroid development. Development 121, 1989-2003.
133. Marchalonis, J. J. (1977). "Immunity in Evolution," London, Arnold.
134. Matsunaga, T., and Rahman, A. (2001). In search of the origin of the thymus: the thymus and GALT may be evolutionarily related. Scand. J. Immunol. 53, 1-6.
135. Mayer, W. E., O'Huigin, C., Tichy, H., Terzic, J., and Saraga-Babic, M. (2002a). Identification of two Ikaros-like transcription factors in lamprey. Scand. J. Immunol. 55, 162-170.
136. Mayer, W. E., Uinuk-Ool, T., Tichy, H., Gartland, L. A., Klein, J., and Cooper, M. D. (2002b). Isolation and characterization of lymphocyte-like cells from a lamprey. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14350-14355.
137. McCallum, C. M., Comai, L., Greene, E. A., and Henikoff, S. (2000). Targeted screening for induced mutations. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 455-457.
138. McCreath, K. J., Howcroft, J., Campbell, K. H., Colman, A., Schnieke, A. E., and Kind, A. J. (2000). Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature 405, 1066-1069.
139. McQueen, K. L., and Parham, P. (2002). Variable receptors controlling activation and inhibition of NK cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14, 615-621.
140. Metchnikoff, E. (1892). "Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l'inflammation," Paris, Masson.
141. Miller, C. T., Schilling, T. F., Lee, K., Parker, J., and Kimmel, C. B. (2000). Sucker encodes a zebrafish endothelin-1 required for ventral pharyngeal arch development. Development 127, 3815-3828.
142. Miller, N. W., Bly, J. E., van Ginkel, F., Ellsaesser, C. F., and Clem, L. W. (1987). Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: identification and separation of functionally distinct subpopulations of channel catfish lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 11,
143. Miller, N. W., Sizemore, R. C., and Clem, L. W. (1985). Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: the cellular requirements for in vitro antibody responses of channel catfish leukocytes. J. Immunol. 134, 2884-2888.
144. Montosi, G., Donovan, A., Totaro, A., Garuti, C., Pignatti, E., Cassanelli, S., Trenor, C. C., Gasparini, P., Andrews, N. C., and Pietrangelo, A. (2001). Autosomal-dominant hemochromatosis is associated with a mutation in the ferroportin (SLC11A3) gene. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 619-623.
145. Mullins, M. C., Hammerschmidt, M., Haffter, P., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1994). Large-scale mutagenesis in the zebrafish: in search of genes controlling development in a vertebrate. Curr. Biol. 4, 189-202.
146. Mullins, M. C., Hammerschmidt, M., Kane, D. A., Odenthal, J., Brand, M., van Eeden, F. J., Furutani-Seiki, M., Granato, M., Haffter, P., Heisenberg, C. P., Jiang, Y. J., Kelsh, R. N., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1996). Genes establishing dorsoventral pattern formation in the zebrafish embryo: the ventral specifying genes. Development 123, 81-93.
147. Nakanishi, T., and Ototake, M. (1999). The graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in the ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 23, 15-26.
148. Nakao, M., Mutsuro, J., Obo, R., Fujiki, K., Nonaka, M., and Yano, T. (2000). Molecular cloning and protein analysis of divergent forms of the complement component C3 from a bony fish, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio): presence of variants lacking the catalytic histidine. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 858-866.
149. Nasevicius, A., and Ekker, S. C. (2000). Effective targeted gene 'knockdown' in zebrafish. Nat. Genet. 26, 216-220.
150. Nehls, M., Kyewski, B., Messerle, M., Waldschutz, R., Schuddekopf, K., Smith, A. J., and Boehm, T. (1996). Two genetically separable steps in the differentiation of thymic epithelium. Science 272, 886-889.
151. Nelson, J. S. (1984). "Fishes of the World," New York, John Wiley & Sons.
152. Neumann, N. F., Stafford, J. L., Barreda, D., Ainsworth, A. J., and Belosevic, M. (2001). Antimicrobial mechanisms of fish phagocytes and their role in host defense. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 807-825.
153. Njajou, O. T., Vaessen, N., Joosse, M., Berghuis, B., van Dongen, J. W., Breuning, M. H., Snijders, P. J., Rutten, W. P., Sandkuijl, L. A., Oostra, B. A., van Duijn, C. M., and Heutink, P. (2001). A mutation in SLC11A3 is associated with autosomal dominant hemochromatosis. Nat. Genet. 28, 213-214.
154. Nonaka, M. (2000). Origin and evolution of the complement system. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 248, 37-50.
155. Oates, A. C., Bruce, A. E., and Ho, R. K. (2000). Too much interference: injection of double-stranded RNA has nonspecific effects in the zebrafish embryo. Dev. Biol. 224, 20-28.
156. Oleykowski, C. A., Bronson Mullins, C. R., Godwin, A. K., and Yeung, A. T. (1998). Mutation detection using a novel plant endonuclease. Nucl. Acids Res. 26, 4597-4602.
157. Ono, H., Klein, D., Vincek, V., Figueroa, F., O'Huigin, C., Tichy, H., and Klein, J. (1992). Major histocompatibility complex class II genes of zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11886-11890.
158. Palm, R. C., Jr., Landolt, M. L., and Busch, R. A. (1998). Route of vaccine administration: effects on the specific humoral response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Aquat. Organ 33, 157-166.
159. Pardanaud, L., Luton, D., Prigent, M., Bourcheix, L. M., Catala, M., and Dieterlen-Lievre, F. (1996). Two distinct endothelial lineages in ontogeny, one of them related to hemopoiesis. Development 122, 1363-1371.
160. Parichy, D. M., Ransom, D. G., Paw, B., Zon, L. I., and Johnson, S. L. (2000). An orthologue of the kit-related gene fms is required for development of neural crest-derived xanthophores and a subpopulation of adult melanocytes in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 127, 3031-3044.
161. Parichy, D. M., and Turner, J. M. (2003). Temporal and cellular requirements for fms signaling during zebrafish adult pigment pattern development. Development 130, 117-133.
162. Parish, C. R. (1999). Fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration and proliferation studies. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 77, 499-508.
163. Patton, E. E., and Zon, L. I. (2001). The art and design of genetic screens: zebrafish. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 956-966.
164. Pende, D., Parolini, S., Pessino, A., Sivori, S., Augugliaro, R., Morelli, L., Marcenaro, E., Accame, L., Malaspina, A., Biassoni, R., Bottino, C., Moretta, L., and Moretta, A. (1999). Identification and molecular characterization of NKp30, a novel triggering receptor involved in natural cytotoxicity mediated by human natural killer cells. J. Exp. Med. 190, 1505-1516.
165. Pessino, A., Sivori, S., Bottino, C., Malaspina, A., Morelli, L., Moretta, L., Biassoni, R., and Moretta, A. (1998). Molecular cloning of NKp46: a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in triggering of natural cytotoxicity. J. Exp. Med. 188, 953-960.
166. Peters, H., Neubuser, A., Kratochwil, K., and Balling, R. (1998). Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Genes Dev. 12, 2735-2747.
167. Peterson, R. T., Link, B. A., Dowling, J. E., and Schreiber, S. L. (2000). Small molecule developmental screens reveal the logic and timing of vertebrate development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12965-12969.
168. Peterson, R. T., Mably, J. D., Chen, J. N., and Fishman, M. C. (2001). Convergence of distinct pathways to heart patterning revealed by the small molecule concentramide and the mutation heart-and-soul. Curr. Biol. 11, 1481-1491.
169. Picchietti, S., Terribili, F. R., Mastrolia, L., Scapigliati, G., and Abelli, L. (1997). Expression of lymphocyte antigenic determinants in developing gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Anat. Embryol. (Berlin) 196, 457-463.
170. Piotrowski, T., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (2000). The endoderm plays an important role in patterning the segmented pharyngeal region in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Dev. Biol. 225, 339-356.
171. Plasterk, R. (1998). V(D)J recombination. Ragtime jumping. Nature 394, 718-719.
172. Poss, K. D., Nechiporuk, A., Hillam, A. M., Johnson, S. L., and Keating, M. T. (2002). Mps1 defines a proximal blastemal proliferative compartment essential for zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 129, 5141-5149.
173. Press, C. M., Jorgensen, T., Miller, N. W., Ellis, A., Robertsen, B., Hordvik, I., Charlemagne, J., Pilström, L., Lie, O., U., G., Morizot, D. C., T. J., M., Tatner, M. F., Ingram, G. A., Koch, C., Rombout, J. H., Joosten, E. P., and Lumsden, J. S. (1998) "Immunology of fishes", San Diego, Academic Press.
174. Rajewsky, K., Gu, H., Kuhn, R., Betz, U. A., Muller, W., Roes, J., and Schwenk, F. (1996). Conditional gene targeting. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 600-603.
175. Ransom, D. G., Haffter, P., Odenthal, J., Brownlie, A., Vogelsang, E., Kelsh, R. N., Brand, M., van Eeden, F. J., Furutani-Seiki, M., Granato, M., Hammerschmidt, M., Heisenberg, C. P., Jiang, Y. J., Kane, D. A., Mullins, M. C., and Nusslein-Volhard, C. (1996). Characterization of zebrafish mutants with defects in embryonic hematopoiesis. Development 123, 311-319.
176. Rast, J. P., Anderson, M. K., Strong, S. J., Luer, C., Litman, R. T., and Litman, G. W. (1997). Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta T cell antigen receptor genes arose early in vertebrate phylogeny. Immunity 6, 1-11.
177. Rast, J. P., Haire, R. N., Litman, R. T., Pross, S., and Litman, G. W. (1995). Identification and characterization of T cell antigen receptor-related genes in phylogenetically diverse vertebrate species. Immunogenetics 42, 204-212.
178. Ravetch, J. V., and Lanier, L. L. (2000). Immune inhibitory receptors. Science 290, 84-89.
179. Reide, O. B. (1998). Mast cells/eosinophilic granule cells of teleostean fish: a review focusing on staining properties and functional responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunol. 8, 489-513.
180. Rideout, W. M., 3rd, Hochedlinger, K., Kyba, M., Daley, G. Q., and Jaenisch, R. (2002). Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 109, 17-27.
181. Riley, B. B., and Grunwald, D. J. (1995). Efficient induction of point mutations allowing recovery of specific locus mutations in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5997-6001.
182. Roberts, C. W., Shutter, J. R., and Korsmeyer, S. J. (1994). Hox11 controls the genesis of the spleen. Nature 368, 747-749.
183. Rodewald, H.-R. (2003). "Epithelial stem/progenitor cells in thymus organogenesis," Totowa, NJ, Humana Press.
184. Rodewald, H. R., Kretzschmar, K., Takeda, S., Hohl, C., and Dessing, M. (1994). Identification of pro-thymocytes in murine fetal blood: T lineage commitment can precede thymus colonization. EMBO J. 13, 4229-4240.
185. Rodrigues, P. N., Hermsen, T. T., Rombout, J. H., Egberts, E., and Stet, R. J. (1995). Detection of MHC class II transcripts in lymphoid tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19, 483-496.
186. Romano, N., Abelli, L., Mastrolia, L., and Scapigliati, G. (1997). Immunocytochemical detection and cytomorphology of lymphocyte subpopulations in a teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax. Cell Tissue Res. 289, 163-171.
187. Romano, N., Fanelli, M., Maria Del Papa, G., Scapigliati, G., and Mastrolia, L. (1999a). Histological and cytological studies on the developing thymus of sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo. J. Anat. 194, 39-50.
188. Romano, N., Taverne-Thiele, A. J., Fanelli, M., Baldassini, M. R., Abelli, L., Mastrolia, L., Van Muiswinkel, W. B., and Rombout, J. H. (1999b). Ontogeny of the thymus in a teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio L.: developing thymocytes in the epithelial microenvironment. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 23, 123-137.
189. Rombout, J. H., Taverne-Thiele, A. J., and Villena, M. I. (1993). The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an immunocytochemical analysis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 17, 55-66.
190. Rong, Y. S., and Golic, K. G. (2001). A targeted gene knockout in Drosophila. Genetics 157, 1307-1312.
191. Rowley, A. F., Hunt, T. C., Page, M., and Mainwaring, G. (1988). "Fish," Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 19-127.
192. Schlake, T., Schorpp, M., Nehls, M., and Boehm, T. (1997). The nude gene encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding protein with homologs in organisms that lack an anticipatory immune system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3842-3847.
193. Schorpp, M., Leicht, M., Nold, E., Hammerschmidt, M., Haas-Assenbaum, A., Wiest, W., and Boehm, T. (2002). A zebrafish orthologue (whnb) of the mouse nude gene is expressed in the epithelial compartment of the embryonic thymic rudiment. Mech. Dev. 118, 179-185.
194. Schorpp, M., Wiest, W., Egger, C., Hammerschmidt, M., Schlake, T., and Boehm, T. (2000). Genetic dissection of thymus development. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 251, 119-124.
195. Secombes, C. J., and Fletcher, T. C. (1992). The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 2, 53-71.
196. Secombes, C. J., Wang, T., Hong, S., Peddie, S., Crampe, M., Laing, K. J., Cunningham, C., and Zou, J. (2001). Cytokines and innate immunity of fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 713-723.
197. Shafizadeh, E., Paw, B. H., Foott, H., Liao, E. C., Barut, B. A., Cope, J. J., Zon, L. I., and Lin, S. (2002). Characterization of zebrafish merlot/chablis as non-mammalian vertebrate models for severe congenital anemia due to protein 4.1 deficiency. Development 129, 4359-4370.
198. Sharp, G. J., Pettitt, T. R., Rowley, A. F., and Secombes, C. J. (1992). Lipoxin-induced migration of fish leukocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 51, 140-145.
199. Sheehan, J., Templer, M., Gregory, M., Hanumanthaiah, R., Troyer, D., Phan, T., Thankavel, B., and Jagadeeswaran, P. (2001). Demonstration of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in teleostei: identification of zebrafish coagulation factor VII. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8768-8773.
200. Shen, L., Stuge, T. B., Zhou, H., Khayat, M., Barker, K. S., Quiniou, S. M., Wilson, M., Bengten, E., Chinchar, V. G., Clem, L. W., and Miller, N. W. (2002). Channel catfish cytotoxic cells: a mini-review. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 26, 141-149.
201. Shinohara, T., and Honjo, T. (1997). Studies in vitro on the mechanism of the epithelial/mesenchymal interaction in the early fetal thymus. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 522-529.
202. Shintani, S., Terzic, J., Sato, A., Saraga-Babic, M., O'Huigin, C., Tichy, H., and Klein, J. (2000). Do lampreys have lymphocytes? The Spi evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7417-7422.
203. Silphaduang, U., and Noga, E. J. (2001). Peptide antibiotics in mast cells of fish. Nature 414, 268-269.
204. Smith, S. J., Kotecha, S., Towers, N., Latinkic, B. V., and Mohun, T. J. (2002). XPOX2-peroxidase expression and the XLURP-1 promoter reveal the site of embryonic myeloid cell development in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 117, 173-186.
205. Solnica-Krezel, L., Schier, A. F., and Driever, W. (1994). Efficient recovery of ENU-induced mutations from the zebrafish germline. Genetics 136, 1401-1420.
206. Sorokin, S. P., Hoyt, R. F., Jr., Blunt, D. G., and McNelly, N. A. (1992a). Macrophage development: II. Early ontogeny of macrophage populations in brain, liver, and lungs of rat embryos as revealed by a lectin marker. Anat. Rec. 232, 527-550.
207. Sorokin, S. P., McNelly, N. A., and Hoyt, R. F., Jr. (1992b). CFU-rAM, the origin of lung macrophages, and the macrophage lineage. Am. J. Physiol. 263, L299-L307.
208. Stainier, D. Y., Fouquet, B., Chen, J. N., Warren, K. S., Weinstein, B. M., Meiler, S. E., Mohideen, M. A., Neuhauss, S. C., Solnica-Krezel, L., Schier, A. F., Zwartkruis, F., Stemple, D. L., Malicki, J., Driever, W., and Fishman, M. C. (1996). Mutations affecting the formation and function of the cardiovascular system in the zebrafish embryo. Development 123, 285-292.
209. Streisinger, G., Walker, C., Dower, N., Knauber, D., and Singer, F. (1981). Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Nature 291, 293-296.
210. Strong, S. J., Mueller, M. G., Litman, R. T., Hawke, N. A., Haire, R. N., Miracle, A. L., Rast, J. P., Amemiya, C. T., and Litman, G. W. (1999). A novel multigene family encodes diversified variable regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 15080-15085.
211. Su, D. M., and Manley, N. R. (2000). Hoxa3 and pax1 transcription factors regulate the ability of fetal thymic epithelial cells to promote thymocyte development. J. Immunol. 164, 5753-5760.
212. Sultmann, H., Mayer, W. E., Figueroa, F., O'Huigin, C., and Klein, J. (1993). Zebrafish Mhc class II alpha chain-encoding genes: polymorphism, expression, and function. Immunogenetics 38, 408-420.
213. Summerton, J., and Weller, D. (1997). Morpholino antisense oligomers: design, preparation, and properties. Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug. Dev. 7, 187-195.
214. Suniara, R. K., Jenkinson, E. J., and Owen, J. J. (2000). An essential role for thymic mesenchyme in early T cell development. J. Exp. Med. 191, 1051-1056.
215. Suzuki, K., Nishihata, J., Arai, Y., Honma, N., Yamamoto, K., Irimura, T., and Toyoshima, S. (1995). Molecular cloning of a novel actin-binding protein, p57, with a WD repeat and a leucine zipper motif. FEBS Lett. 364, 283-288.
216. Takahashi, K., Naito, M., and Takeya, M. (1996). Development and heterogeneity of macrophages and their related cells through their differentiation pathways. Pathol. Int. 46, 473-485.
217. Takahashi, K., Yamamura, F., and Naito, M. (1989). Differentiation, maturation, and proliferation of macrophages in the mouse yolk sac: a light-microscopic, enzyme-cytochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. J. Leukoc. Biol. 45, 87-96.
218. Takeuchi, H., Figueroa, F., O'Huigin, C., and Klein, J. (1995). Cloning and characterization of class I Mhc genes of the zebrafish, Brachydanio ferio. Immunogenetics 42, 77-84.
219. Talbot, W. S., and Schier, A. F. (1999). Positional cloning of mutated zebrafish genes. Methods Cell. Biol. 60, 259-286.
220. Tepass, U., Fessler, L. I., Aziz, A., and Hartenstein, V. (1994). Embryonic origin of hemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila. Development 120, 1829-1837.
221. Thisse, C., and Zon, L. I. (2002). Organogenesis-heart and blood formation from the zebrafish point of view. Science 295, 457-462.
222. Thompson, M. A., Ransom, D. G., Pratt, S. J., MacLennan, H., Kieran, M. W., Detrich, H. W., 3rd, Vail, B., Huber, T. L., Paw, B., Brownlie, A. J., Oates, A. C., Fritz, A., Gates, M. A., Amores, A., Bahary, N., Talbot, W. S., Her, H., Beier, D. R., Postlethwait, J. H., and Zon, L. I. (1998). The cloche and spadetail genes differentially affect hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis. Dev. Biol. 197, 248-269.
223. Thorgaard, G. H., Bailey, G. S., Williams, D., Buhler, D. R., Kaattari, S. L., Ristow, S. S., Hansen, J. D., Winton, J. R., Bartholomew, J. L., Nagler, J. J., Walsh, P. J., Vijayan, M. M., Devlin, R. H., Hardy, R. W., Overturf, K. E., Young, W. P., Robison, B. D., Rexroad, C., and Palti, Y. (2002). Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 133, 609-646.
224. Tonegawa, S. (1983). Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature 302, 575-581.
225. Trede, N. S., Zapata, A., and Zon, L. I. (2001). Fishing for lymphoid genes. Trends Immunol. 22, 302-307.
226. Trede, N. S., and Zon, L. I. (1998). Development of T cells during fish embryogenesis. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22, 253-263.
227. Turner, R. J. (1994). "Mammals," Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 173-213.
228. Uhrberg, M., Valiante, N. M., Shum, B. P., Shilling, H. G., Lienert-Weidenbach, K., Corliss, B., Tyan, D., Lanier, L. L., and Parham, P. (1997). Human diversity in killer cell inhibitory receptor genes. Immunity 7, 753-763.
229. Uinuk-Ool, T., Mayer, W. E., Sato, A., Dongak, R., Cooper, M. D., and Klein, J. (2002). Lamprey lymphocyte-like cells express homologs of genes involved in immunologically relevant activities of mammalian lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14356-14361.
230. Vilches, C., and Parham, P. (2002). KIR: diverse, rapidly evolving receptors of innate and adaptive immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 20, 217-251.
231. Wakamatsu, Y., Pristyazhnyuk, S., Kinoshita, M., Tanaka, M., and Ozato, K. (2001). The see-through medaka: a fish model that is transparent throughout life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10046-10050.
232. Walker, C. (1999). Haploid screens and gamma-ray mutagenesis. Methods Cell. Biol. 60, 43-70.
233. Wang, H., Long, Q., Marty, S. D., Sassa, S., and Lin, S. (1998). A zebrafish model for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. Nat. Genet. 20, 239-243.
234. Wargelius, A., Ellingsen, S., and Fjose, A. (1999). Double-stranded RNA induces specific developmental defects in zebrafish embryos. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 263, 156-161.
235. Warr, G. W. (1995). The immunoglobulin genes of fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19, 1-12.
236. Weinstein, B. M., Schier, A. F., Abdelilah, S., Malicki, J., Solnica-Krezel, L., Stemple, D. L., Stainier, D. Y., Zwartkruis, F., Driever, W., and Fishman, M. C. (1996). Hematopoietic mutations in the zebrafish. Development 123, 303-309.
237. Wienholds, E., Schulte-Merker, S., Walderich, B., and Plasterk, R. H. (2002). Target-selected inactivation of the zebrafish rag1 gene. Science 297, 99-102.
238. Willett, C. E., Cortes, A., Zuasti, A., and Zapata, A. G. (1999). Early hematopoiesis and developing lymphoid organs in the zebrafish. Dev. Dyn. 214, 323-336.
239. Willett, C. E., Kawasaki, H., Amemiya, C. T., Lin, S., and Steiner, L. A. (2001). Ikaros expression as a marker for lymphoid progenitors during zebrafish development. Dev. Dyn. 222, 694-698.
240. Willett, C. E., Zapata, A. G., Hopkins, N., and Steiner, L. A. (1997). Expression of zebrafish rag genes during early development identifies the thymus. Dev. Biol. 182, 331-341.
241. Wilson, M. R., Zhou, H., Bengten, E., Clem, L. W., Stuge, T. B., Warr, G. W., and Miller, N. W. (1998). T cell receptors in channel catfish: structure and expression of TCR alpha and beta genes. Mol. Immunol. 35, 545-557.
242. Xu, X., Meiler, S. E., Zhong, T. P., Mohideen, M., Crossley, D. A., Burggren, W. W., and Fishman, M. C. (2002). Cardiomyopathy in zebrafish due to mutation in an alternatively spliced exon of titin. Nat. Genet. 30, 205-209.
243. Yamamura, K., Kikutani, H., Folsom, V., Clayton, L. K., Kimoto, M., Akira, S., Kashiwamura, S., Tonegawa, S., and Kishimoto, T. (1985). Functional expression of a microinjected Ed alpha gene in C57BL/6 transgenic mice. Nature 316, 67-69.
244. Yanagisawa, H., Yanagisawa, M., Kapur, R. P., Richardson, J. A., Williams, S. C., Clouthier, D. E., de Wit, D., Emoto, N., and Hammer, R. E. (1998). Dual genetic pathways of endothelin-mediated intercellular signaling revealed by targeted disruption of endothelin converting enzyme-1 gene. Development 125, 825-836.
245. Yee, N. S., Yusuff, S., and Pack, M. (2001). Zebrafish pdx1 morphant displays defects in pancreas development and digestive organ chirality, and potentially identifies a multipotent pancreas progenitor cell. Genesis 30, 137-140.
246. Yoder, J. A., and Litman, G. W. (2000). Immune-type diversity in the absence of somatic rearrangement. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 248, 271-282.
247. Yoder, J. A., Mueller, M. G., Nichols, K. M., Ristow, S. S., Thorgaard, G. H., Ota, T., and Litman, G. W. (2002a). Cloning novel immune-type inhibitory receptors from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Immunogenetics 54, 662-670.
248. Yoder, J. A., Mueller, M. G., Wei, S., Corliss, B. C., Prather, D. M., Willis, T., Litman, R. T., Djeu, J. Y., and Litman, G. W. (2001). Immune-type receptor genes in zebrafish share genetic and functional properties with genes encoded by the mammalian leukocyte receptor cluster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6771-6776.
249. Yoder, J. A., Nielsen, M. E., Amemiya, C. T., and Litman, G. W. (2002b). Zebrafish as an immunological model system. Microbes Infect. 4, 1469-1478.
250. Yoder, M. C., Hiatt, K., Dutt, P., Mukherjee, P., Bodine, D. M., and Orlic, D. (1997). Characterization of definitive lymphohematopoietic stem cells in the day 9 murine yolk sac. Immunity 7, 335-344.
251. Yoshida, S. H., Stuge, T. B., Miller, N. W., and Clem, L. W. (1995). Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity: cytotoxic activity of channel catfish peripheral blood leukocytes directed against allogeneic targets. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19, 71-77.
252. Zapata, A., and Amemiya, C. T. (2000). Phylogeny of lower vertebrates and their immunological structures. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 248, 67-107.
253. Zapata, A., Ardavin, C. F., Gomariz, R. P., and Leceta, J. (1981). Plasma cells in the ammocoete of Petromyzon marinus. Cell Tissue Res. 221, 203-208.
254. Zapata, A., Fange, R., Mattisson, A., and Villena, A. (1984). Plasma cells in adult Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. Cell Tissue Res. 235, 691-693.
255. Zapata, A. G., Chibà, A., and Varas, A. (1996). "Cells and tissues of immune system of fish," Vancouver, Academic Press, pp. 1-62.
256. Zapata, A. G., and Cooper, E. L. (1990). "The Immune System: Comparative Histopathology," Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.
257. Zarkadis, I. K., Mastellos, D., and Lambris, J. D. (2001). Phylogenetic aspects of the complement system. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25, 745-762.
258. Zhao, Z., Cao, Y., Li, M., and Meng, A. (2001). Double-stranded RNA injection produces nonspecific defects in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 229, 215-223.
259. Zijlstra, M., Li, E., Sajjadi, F., Subramani, S., and Jaenisch, R. (1989). Germ-line transmission of a disrupted beta 2-microglobulin gene produced by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Nature 342, 435-438.