Anandamide and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 140, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 790-801

  Ross, Ruth A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anandamide; Cannabinoid; Endocannabinoid; Endovanilloid; Lipoxygenase; TRPV1; Vanilloid

Indexed keywords

12 HYDROPEROXYEICOSATETRAENOYL ACID; 2,3 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 3 (MORPHOLINOMETHYL) 6 (1 NAPHTHOYL)PYRROLO[1,2,3 DE][1,4]BENZOXAZINE; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; 5,8,11,14 ICOSATETRAYNOIC ACID; ALCOHOL; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANANDAMIDE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ARACHIDONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BAICALEIN; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CAPSAICIN; CAPSAZEPINE; ENZYME INHIBITOR; FATTY ACID AMIDASE INHIBITOR; LEUKOTRIENE B4; LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITOR; N (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)ARACHIDONAMIDE; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; PARTIAL AGONIST; RECEPTOR RESERVE; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; RIMONABANT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANILLOID RECEPTOR; VANILLOID TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL V1 RECEPTOR;

BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG TRANSPORT; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SHORT SURVEY; TEMPERATURE;

ANIMALS; ARACHIDONIC ACIDS; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; HUMANS; POLYUNSATURATED ALKAMIDES; RECEPTORS, CANNABINOID; RECEPTORS, DRUG;

EID: 0344873175     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705467     Document Type: Short Survey

References (108)

1. AHERN, G.P. & PREMKUMAR, L.S. (2002). Voltage-dependent priming of rat vanilloid receptor: effects of agonist and protein kinase C activation. J. Physiol.-London, 545, 441-451.
2. AHLUWALIA, J., URBAN, L., BEVAN, S., CAPOGNA, M. & NAGY, I. (2002). Cannabinoid 1 receptors are expressed by nerve growth factor-and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive primary sensory neurones. Neuroscience, 110, 747-753.
3. AHLUWALIA, J., URBAN, L., CAPOGNA, M., BEVAN, S. & NAGY, I. (2000). Cannabinoid 1 receptors are expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons. Neuroscience, 100, 685-688.
4. AHLUWALIA, J., YAQOOB, M., URBAN, L., BEVAN, S. & NAGY, I. (2003). Activation of capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones induces anandamide production and release. J. Neurochem., 84, 585-591.
5. AL-HAYANI, A., WEASE, K.N., ROSS, R.A., PERTWEE, R.G. & DAVIES, S.N. (2001). The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide activates vanilloid receptors in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuropharmacology, 41, 1000-1005.
6. AMAYA, F., OH-HASHI, K., NARUSE, Y., IIJIMA, N., UEDA, M., SHIMOSATO, G., TOMINAGA, M., TANAKA, Y. & TANAKA, M. (2003). Local inflammation increases vanilloid receptor-1 expression within distinct subgroups of DRG neurones. Brain Res., 963, 190-196.
7. ANDERSSON, D.A., ADNER, M., HOGESTATT, E.D. & ZYGMUNT, P.M. (2002). Mechanisms underlying tissue selectivity of anandamide and other vanilloid receptor agonists. Mol. Pharmacol., 62, 705-713.
8. BENHAM, C.D., DAVIS, J.B. & RANDALL, A.D. (2002). Vanilloid and TRP channels: a family of lipid-gated cation channels. Neuropharmacology, 42, 873-888.
9. BOGER, D.L., SATO, H., LERNER, A.E., HEDRICK, M.P., FECIK, R.A., MIYAUCHI, H., WILKIE, G.D., AUSTIN, B.J., PATRICELLI, M.P. & CRAVATT, B.F. (2000). Exceptionally potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: the enzyme responsible for degradation of endogenous oleamide and anandamide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 5044-5049.
10. BORGHINI, I., ANIA-LAHUERTA, A. & REGAZZI, R. (1994). α, βI, βII, δ and ε protein kinase C isoforms and compound activity in sciatic nerve of normal and diabetic rats. J. Neurochem., 62, 686-696.
11. +, K-ATPase activity and glutathione content in diabetic animals. Diabetologia, 42, 1120-1130.
12. CARR, M.J., KOLLARIK, M., MEEKER, S.N. & UNDEM, B.J. (2002). A role for TRPV1 in bradykinin-induced excitation of vagal airway afferent nerve terminals. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 304, 1275-1279.
13. CESARE, P., DEKKER, L.V., SARDINI, A., PARKER, P.J. & MCNAUGHTON, P.A. (1999). Specific involvement of PKC-ε in sensitization of the neuronal response to painful heat. Neuron, 23, 617-624.
14. CHUANG, H.H., PRESCOTT, E.D., KONG, H.Y., SHIELDS, S., JORDT, S.E., BASBAUM, A.I., CHAO, M.V. & JULIUS, D. (2001). Bradykinin and nerve growth factor release the capsaicin receptor from PtdIns(4,5)P-2-mediated inhibition. Nature, 411, 957-962.
15. CRAIB, S.J., ELLINGTON, H.C., PERTWEE, R.G. & ROSS, R.A. (2001). A possible role of lipoxygenase in the activation of vanilloid receptors by anandamide in the guinea-pig isolated bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol., 134, 30-37.
16. CRAVATT, B.F., DEMAREST, K., PATRICELLI, M.P., BRACEY, M.H., GIANG, D.K., MARTIN, B.R. & LICHTMAN, A.H. (2001). Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 9371-9376.
17. DAVIES, S.N., PERTWEE, R.G. & RIEDEL, G. (2002). Functions of cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology, 42, 993-1007.
18. DE PETROCELLIS, L., BISOGNO, T., MACCARRONE, M., DAVIS, J.B., FINAZZI-AGRO, A. & DI MARZO, V. (2001a). The activity of anandamide at vanilloid VR1 receptors requires facilitated transport across the cell membrane and is limited by intracellular metabolism. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 12856-12863.
19. DE PETROCELLIS, L., DAVIS, J.B. & DI MARZO, V. (2001b). Palmitoylethanolamide enhances anandamide stimulation of human vanilloid VR1 receptors. FEBS Lett., 506, 253-256.
20. DE PETROCELLIS, L., HARRISON, S., BISOGNO, T., TOGNETTO, M., BRANDI, I., SMITH, G.D., CREMINON, C., DAVIS, J.B., GEPPETTI, P. & DI MARZO, V. (2001c). The vanilloid receptor (VR1)-mediated effects of anandamide are potently enhanced by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Neurochem., 77, 1660-1663.
21. DE PETROCELLIS, L., ORLANDO, P. & DI MARZO, V. (1995). Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinomimetic substance, modulates rat brain protein kinase C in vitro. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 36, 1127-1133.
22. DI MARZO, V. (2002). Foreword-endocannabinoids in the new millennium. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 91-92.
23. DI MARZO, V., BISOGNO, T. & DE PETROCELLIS, L. (2001). Anandamide: some like it hot. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 22, 346-349.
24. DI MARZO, V., BLUMBERG, P.M. & SZALLASI, A. (2002a). Endovanilloid signaling in pain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 12, 372-379.
25. DI MARZO, V., DE PETROCELLIS, L., FEZZA, F., LIGRESTI, A. & BISOGNO, T. (2002b). Anandamide receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 377-391.
26. DI MARZO, V., FONTANA, A., CADAS, H., SCHINELLI, S., CIMINO, G., SCHWARTZ, J.C. & PIOMELLI, D. (1994). Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons. Nature, 372, 686-691.
27. EDGEMOND, W.S., HILLARD, C.J., FALCK, J.R., KEARN, C.S. & CAMPBELL, W.B. (1998). Human platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes synthesize oxygenated derivatives of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide): their affinities for cannabinoid receptors and pathways of inactivation. Mol. Pharmacol., 54, 180-188.
28. ELLINGTON, H.C., COTTER, M.A., CAMERON, N.E. & ROSS, R.A. (2002). The effect of cannabinoids on capsaicin-evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from the isolated paw skin of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Neuropharmacology, 42, 966-975.
29. FARQUHAR-SMITH, W.P., EGERTOVA, M., BRADBURY, E.J., MCMAHON, S.B., RICE, A.S.C. & ELPHICK, M.R. (2000). Cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression in rat spinal cord. Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 15, 510-521.
30. GARCIA, D.E., BROWN, S., HILLE, B. & MACKIE, K. (1998). Protein kinase C disrupts cannabinoid actions by phosphorylation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. J. Neurosci., 18, 2834-2841.
31. GERAGHTY, D.P. & MAZZONE, S.B. (2002). Respiratory actions of vanilloid receptor agonists in the nucleus of the solitary tract: comparison of resiniferatoxin with non-pungent agents and anandamide. Br. J. Pharmacol., 137, 919-927.
32. GLASER, S., ABUMRAD, N.A., FATADE, F., KACZOCHA, M., STUDHOLME, K.M. & DEUTSCH, D. (2003). Evidence against the presence of an anandamide transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 4269-4274.
33. GOMEZ DEL PULGAR, T., DE CEBALLOS, M.L., GUZMAN, M. & VELASCO, G. (2002). Cannabinoids protect astrocytes from ceramide-induced apoptosis through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 36527.
34. HÁJOS, N. & FREUND, T.F. (2002a). Pharmacological separation of cannabinoid sensitive receptors on hippocampal excitatory and inhibitory fibers. Neuropharmacolgy, 43, 503-510.
35. HÁJOS, N. & FREUND, T.F. (2002b). Distinct cannabinoid sensitive receptors regulate hippocampal excitation and inhibition. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 121, 73-82.
36. HARRIS, D., MCCULLOCH, A.I., KENDALL, D.A. & RANDALL, M.D. (2002). Characterization of vasorelaxant responses to anandamide in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. J. Physiol., 539, 893-902.
37. HERMANN, H., DE PETROCELLIS, L., BISOGNO, T., SCHIANO MORIELLO, A., LUTZ, B. & DI MARZO, V. (2003). Dual effect of cannabinoid CB1 receptor stimulation on a vanilloid VR1 receptor-mediated response. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 60, 607-616.
38. + channels. Receptors Channels, 6, 363-374.
39. HÖGESTÄTT, E.D. & ZYGMUNT, P.M. (2002). Cardiovascular pharmacology of anandamide. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 343-351.
40. HUANG, S.M., BISOGNO, T., TREVISANI, M., AL-HAYANI, A., DE PETROCELLIS, L., FEZZA, F., TOGNETTO, M., PETROS, T.J., KREY, J.F., CHU, C.J., MILLER, J.D., DAVIES, S.N., GEPPETTI, P., WALKER, J.M. & DI MARZO, V. (2002). An endogenous capsaicin-like substance with high potency at recombinant and native vanilloid VR1 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 8400-8405.
41. HUDSON, L.J., BEVAN, S., WOTHERSPOON, G., GENTRY, C., FOX, A.M. & WINTER, J. (2001). VR1 protein expression increases in undamaged DRG neurons after partial nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2105-2114.
42. HURST, D.P., LYNCH, D.L., BARNETT-NORRIS, J., HYATT, S.M., SELTZMAN, H.H., ZHONG, M., SONG, Z.H., NIE, J.J., LEWIS, D. & REGGIO, P.H. (2002). N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H- pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716A) interaction with LYS 3.28(192) is crucial for its inverse agonism at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol., 62, 1274-1287.
43. HWANG, S.W., HAWOON, C., KWAK, J., LEE, S.-Y., KANG, C.-J., JUNG, J., CHO, S., MIN, K.H., SUH, Y.-G., KIM, G. & OH, U. (2000). Direct activation of capsaicin receptors by products of lipoxygenase: endogenous capsaicin-like substances. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 6155-6160.
44. HWANG, S.W. & OH, U. (2002). Hot channels in airways: pharmacology of the vanilloid receptor. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2, 235-242.
45. IVERSEN, L. & CHAPMAN, V. (2002). Cannabinoids: a real prospect for pain relief? Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2, 50-55.
46. JERMAN, J.C., GRAY, J., BROUGH, S.J., OOI, L., OWEN, D., DAVIS, J.B. & SMART, D. (2002). Comparison of effects of anandamide at recombinant and endogenous rat vanilloid receptors. Br. J. Anesthesia, 89, 882-887.
47. JIA, Y.L., MCLEOD, R.L., WANG, X., PARRA, L.E., EGAN, R.W. & HEY, J.A. (2002). Anandamide induces cough in conscious guinea-pigs through VR1 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 137, 831-836.
48. JORDT, S.E. & JULIUS, D. (2002). Molecular basis for species specificity to 'hot' chili peppers. Cell, 108, 421-430.
49. JUNG, J., HWANG, S.W., KWAK, J., LEE, S.Y., KANG, C.J., KIM, W.B., KIM, D. & OH, U. (1999). Capsaicin binds to the intracellular domain of the capsaicin-activated ion channel. J. Neurosci., 19, 529-538.
50. KAGAYA, M., LAMB, J., ROBBINS, J., PAGE, C.P. & SPINA, D. (2002). Characterization of the anandamide induced depolarization of guinea-pig isolated vagus nerve. Br. J. Pharmacol., 137, 39-48.
51. KAMEI, J., ZUSHIDA, K., MORITA, K., SASAKI, M. & TANAKA, S.I. (2001). Role of vanilloid VR1 receptor in thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 422, 83-86.
52. 2+ influx in intermediate-size primary afferent neurons of adult rats. Neuroscience, 115, 613-625.
53. KOYA, D. & KING, G.L. (1998). Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes, 47, 859-866.
54. KOZAK, K.R. & MARNETT, L.J. (2002). Oxidative metabolism of endocannabinoids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 211-220.
55. LEVER, I.J. & MALCANGIO, M. (2002). CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A increases capsaicin-evoked release of substance P from the adult mouse spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol., 135, 21-24.
56. MACCARRONE, M., BARI, M., LORENZON, T., BISOGNO, T., DI MARZO, V. & FINAZZI-AGRO, A. (2000a). Anandamide uptake by human endothelial cells and its regulation by nitric oxide. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 13484-13492.
57. MACCARRONE, M., FIORUCCI, L., ERBA, F., BARI, M., FINAZZIAGRO, A. & ASCOLI, F. (2000b). Human mast cells take up and hydrolyze anandamide under the control of 5-lipoxygenase and do not express cannabinoid receptors. FEBS Lett., 468, 176-180.
58. MACCARRONE, M., LORENZON, T., BARI, M., MELINO, G. & FINAZZI-AGRO, A. (2000c). Anandamide induces apoptosis in human cells via vanilloid receptors - evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 31938-31935.
59. MACCARRONE, M., SALVATI, S., BARI, M. & FINAZZI-AGRO, A. (2000d). Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase by activating the lipoxygenase pathway of the arachidonate cascade. Biophys. Res. Commun., 278, 576-583.
60. MANG, C.F., ERBELDING, D. & KILBINGER, H. (2001). Differential effects of anandamide on acetylcholine release in the guinea-pig ileum mediated via vanilloid and non-CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 134, 161-167.
61. MARINELLI, S., DI MARZO, V., BERRETTA, N., MATIAS, I., MACCARRONE, M., BERNARDI, G. & MERCURI, N.B. (2003). Presynaptic facilitation of glutamatergic synapses to dopaminergic neurones of the rat substantia nigra by endogenous stimulation of vanilloid receptors. J. Neurosci., 23, 3136-3144.
62. MARINELLI, S., VAUGHAN, C.W., CHRISTIE, M.J. & CONNOR, M. (2002). Capsaicin activation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the rat locus coeruleus in vitro. J. Physiol., 543, 531-540.
63. MARSHALL, I.C.B., OWEN, D.E., CRIPPS, T.V., DAVIS, J.B., MCNULTY, S. & SMART, D. (2003). Activation of vanilloid receptor 1 by resiniferatoxin mobilizes calcium from inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive stores. Br. J. Pharmacol., 138, 172-176.
64. MARTIN, W.J., LIU, H., WANG, H., MALMBERG, A.B. & BASBAUM, A.I. (1999). Inflammation-induced up-regulation of protein kinase Cγ immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord correlates with enhanced nociceptive processing. Neuroscience, 88, 1267-1274.
65. MCCLEAN, P.G., ASTON, D., SARKAR, D. & AHLUWALIA, A. (2002). Protease-activated receptor-2 activation causes EDHF-like coronary vasodilation. Circ. Res., 90, 465-472.
66. MCVEY, D.C., SCHMID, P.C., SCHMID, H.H.O. & VIGNA, S.R. (2002). Endocannabinoids induce ileitis in rats via the capsaicin receptor (VR1). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 304, 713-722.
67. MELCK, D., BISOGNO, T., DE PETROCELLIS, L., CHUANG, H.H., JULIUS, D., BIFULCO, M. & DI MARZO, V. (1999). Unsaturated long-chain N-acyl-vanillyl-amides (N-AVAMs): vanilloid receptor ligands that inhibit anandamide-facilitated transport and bind to CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 262, 275-284.
68. MEZEY, E., TOTH, Z.E., CORTRIGHT, D.N., ARZUBI, M.K., KRAUSE, J.E., ELDE, R., GOU, A., BLUMBERG, P.M. & SZALLASI, A. (2000). Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc. Nat. Acad. U.S.A., 97, 3655-3660.
69. MORISSET, V., AHLUWALIA, J., NAGY, I. & URBAN, L. (2001). Possible mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 429, 93-100.
70. NAGY, I., AHLUWALIA, J. & URBAN, L. (2002). Dual effect of anandamide on nociceptive primary sensory neurones. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 2002, 65.
71. 2+ signals in cerebellar granule neurons in culture. J. Neurosci., 19, 8765-8777.
72. NUMAZAKI, M., TOMINAGA, T., TOYOOKA, H. & TOMINAGA, M. (2002). Phosphorylation of capsaicin receptor VR1 by protein kinase C and identification of two target serine residues. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 13375-13378.
73. OLAH, Z., KARAI, L. & IADAROLA, M.J. (2001). Anandamide activates vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) at acidic pH in dorsal root ganglia neurons and cells ectopically expressing VR1. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 31163-31170.
74. OLAH, Z., KARAI, L. & IADAROLA, M.J. (2002). Protein kinase C alpha is required for vanilloid receptor 1 activation - evidence for multiple signaling pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 35752-35759.
75. ORLIAC, M.L., PERONI, R., CELUCH, S.M. & ADLER-GRACHINSKY, E. (2003). Potentiation of anandamide effects in mesenteric beds isolated from endotoxemic rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 304, 179-184.
76. PAROLARO, D., MASSI, P., RUBINO, T. & MONTI, E. (2002). Endocannabinoids in the immune system and cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 319-332.
77. PERTWEE, R.G. (2003). Inverse agonism at cannabinoid receptors. In: Esteve Foundation Symposium X. Inverse Agonism. Amsterdam: Elsevier, (in press).
78. PERTWEE, R.G. & ROSS, R.A. (2002). Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 101-121.
79. PIOMELLI, D. (2001). The ligand that came from within. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 22, 17-19.
80. PREMKUMAR, L.S. & AHERN, G.P. (2000). Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C. Nature, 408, 985-990.
81. RALEVIC, V., KENDALL, D.A., JERMAN, J.C., MIDDLEMISS, D.N. & SMART, D. (2001). Cannabinoid activation of recombinant and endogenous vanilloid receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 424, 211-219.
82. RALEVIC, V., KENDALL, D.A., RANDALL, M.D. & SMART, D. (2002). Cannabinoid modulation of sensory neurotransmission via cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors: roles in regulation of cardiovascular function. Life Sci., 71, 2577-2594.
83. RANDALL, M.D., HARRIS, D., KENDALL, D.A. & RALEVIC, V. (2002). Cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids. Pharmacol. Ther., 95, 191-202.
84. RICE, A.S.C., FARQUHAR-SMITH, W.P. & NAGY, I. (2002). Endocannabinoids and pain: spinal and peripheral analgesia in inflammation and neuropathy. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 243-256.
85. RICHARDSON, J.D., KILO, S. & HARGREAVES, K.M. (1998). Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via interaction with peripheral CB1 receptors. Pain, 75, 111-119.
86. ROBERTS, L.A., CHRISTIE, M.J. & CONNOR, M. (2002). Anandamide is a partial agonist at native vanilloid receptors in acutely isolated mouse trigeminal sensory neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol., 137, 421-428.
87. ROSS, R.A., COUTTS, A.A., MCFARLANE, S., IRVING, A.J., PERTWEE, R.G., MACEWAN, D.J. & SCOTT, R.H. (2001a). Actions of cannabinoid receptor ligands on rat cultured sensory neurones: implications for antinociception. Neuropharmacology, 40, 221-232.
88. 2 ethanolamide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 301, 900-907.
89. ROSS, R.A., GIBSON, T.M., BROCKIE, H.C., LESLIE, M., PASHMI, G., CRAIB, S.J., DI MARZO, V. & PERTWEE, R.G. (2001b). Structure - activity relationship for the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, and certain of its analogues at vanilloid receptors in transfected cells and vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol., 132, 631-640.
90. SAVIDGE, J., DAVIS, C., SHAH, K., COLLEY, S., PHILLIPS, E., RANASINGHE, S., WINTER, J., KOTSONIS, P., RANG, H. & MCINTYRE, P. (2002). Cloning and functional characterization of the guinea pig vanilloid receptor 1. Neuropharmacology, 43, 450-456.
91. SHIN, J., CHO, H., HWANG, S.W., JUNG, J., SHIN, C.Y., LEE, S.-Y., KIM, S.H., LEE, M.G., CHOI, Y.H., KIM, J., HABER, N.A., REICHLING, D.B., KHASAR, S., LEVINE, J.D. & OH, U. (2002). Bradykinin-12-lipoxygenase-VR1 signalling pathway for inflammatory hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 10150-10155.
92. SMART, D., GUNTHORPE, M.J., JERMAN, J.C., NASIR, S., GRAY, J., MUIR, A.I., CHAMBERS, J.K., RANDALL, A.D. & DAVIS, J.B. (2000). The endogenous lipid anandamide is a full agonist at the human vanilloid receptor (hVR1). Br. J. Pharmacol., 129, 227-230.
93. SMART, D., JERMAN, J.C., GUNTHORPE, M.J., BROUGH, S.J., RANSON, J., CAIRNS, W., HAYES, P.D., RANDALL, A.D. & DAVIS, J.B. (2001). Characterisation using FLIPR of human vanilloid VR1 receptor pharmacology. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 417, 51-58.
94. SMART, D., JONSSON, K.O., VANDEVOORDE, S., LAMBERT, D.M. & FOWLER, C.J. (2002). 'Entourage' effects of N-acyl ethanolamines at human vanilloid receptors. Comparison of effects upon anandamide-induced vanilloid receptor activation and upon anandamide metabolism. Br. J. Pharmacol., 136, 452-458.
95. SPRAGUE, J., HARRISON, C., ROWBOTHAM, D.J., SMART, D. & LAMBERT, D.G. (2001). Temperature-dependent activation of recombinant rat vanilloid VR1 receptors expressed in HEK293 cells by capsaicin and anandamide. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 423, 121-125.
96. SPINA, D. & PAGE, C.P. (2002). Asthma - a need for a re-think? TIPS, 23, 311-315.
97. SZALLASI, A. (2002). Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in health and disease. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 118, 110-121.
98. TREVISANI, M., SMART, D., GUNTHORPE, M.J., TOGNETTO, M., BARBIERI, M., CAMPI, B., AMADESI, S., GRAY, J., JERMAN, J.C., BROUGH, S.J., OWEN, D., SMITH, G.D., RANDALL, A.D., HARRISON, S., BIANCHI, A., DAVIS, J.B. & GEPPETTI, P. (2002). Ethanol elicits and potentiates nociceptor responses via the vanilloid receptor-1. Nat. Neurosci., 5, 546-551.
99. TOGNETTO, M., AMADESI, S., HARRISON, S., CREMINON, C., TREVISANI, M., CARRERAS, M., MATERA, M., GEPPETTI, P. & BIANCHI, A. (2001). Anandamide excites central terminals of dorsal root ganglion neurons via vanilloid receptor-1 activation. J. Neurosci., 21, 1104-1109.
100. TUCKER, R.C., KAGAYA, M., PAGE, C.P. & SPINA, D. (2001). The endogenous cannabinoid agonist, anandamide stimulates sensory nerves in guinea-pig airways. Br. J. Pharmacol., 132, 1127-1135.
101. VAN DER STELT, M., VAN KUIK, J.A., BARI, M., VAN ZADELHOFF, G., LEEFLANG, B.R., VELDINK, G.A., FINAZZI-AGRO, A., VLIEGENTHART, J.F.G. & MACCARRONE, M. (2002). Oxygenated metabolites of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: conformational analysis and interaction with cannabinoid receptors, membrane transporter, and fatty acid amide hydrolase. J. Med. Chem., 45, 3709-3720.
102. VELLANI, V., MAPPLEBECK, S., MORIONDO, A., DAVIS, J.B. & MCNAUGHTON, P.A. (2001). Protein kinase C activation potentiates gating of the vanilloid receptor VR1 by capsaicin, protons, heat and anandamide. J. Physiol., 534, 813-825.
103. WALKER, J.M. & HUANG, S.M. (2002). Endocannabinoids in pain modulation. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 66, 235-242.
104. WARDLE, K.A., RANSON, J. & SANGER, G.J. (1997). Pharmacological characterisation of the vanilloid receptor in the rat dorsal spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol., 121, 1012-1016.
105. WINSTON, J., TOMA, H., SHENOY, M. & PASRICHA, P.J. (2001). Nerve growth factor regulates VR-1 mRNA levels in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion neurones. Pain, 89, 181-186.
106. WINTER, J., FORBES, C.A. & CAMPBELL, E.A. (1988). Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates adult rat cultured dorsal root ganglion neuron responses to excitotoxin capsaicin. Neuron, 1, 972-981.
107. YIANGOU, Y., FACER, P., DYER, N.H., CHAN, C.L., KNOWLES, C., WILLIAMS, N.S. & ANAD, P. (2001). Vanilloid receptor 1 immunoreactivity in inflamed human bowel. Lancet, 357, 1338-1339.
108. ZYGMUNT, P.M., PETERSSON, J., ANDERSSON, D.A., CHUANG, H., SΦRGÅRD, M., DI MARZO, V., JULIUS, D. & HÖGESTÄTT, E.D. (1999). Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature, 400, 452-457.