Quantum cascade transitions in nanostructures

Advances in Physics

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 455-521

  Chakraborty, Tapash ^a   Apalkov, Vadim M ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAND STRUCTURE; ELECTRON RESONANCE; ELECTRON TRANSITIONS; MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS; POTENTIAL ENERGY; QUANTUM THEORY; RELAXATION PROCESSES; SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WELLS; SOLID STATE LASERS;

ELECTRON RELAXATION MODES; INTERSUBBAND RESONANCE; QUANTUM CASCADE LASER; QUANTUM CASCADE TRANSITIONS; QUANTUM DOT CASCADE STRUCTURE;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

EID: 0242305163     PISSN: 00018732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0001873031000119619     Document Type: Article

References (223)

1. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Sirtori, C., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1994, Science, 264, 553.
2. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco, D. L., and Sivco, A. Y., 2000, Semiconductors and Semimetals, 66, 1.
3. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1995, Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 538.
4. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1995, Appl. Phys. Lett., 67, 3057.
5. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Chu, S. G., and Cho, A. Y., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 680.
6. Gmachl, C., Capasso,F., Tredicucci, A., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1998, Electron Lett., 34, 1103.
7. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco,D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1996, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 3680.
8. Faist, J., Sirtori, C., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1998, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, 1100.
9. Gmachl, C., Faist, J., Baillargeon, J. N., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco, D. L., Chu, S. N. G., and Cho, A. Y., 1997, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 9, 1090.
10. Gmachl, C., Capasso, F., Faist, J., Hutchinson, A. L., Tredicucci, A., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Chu, S. N. G., and Cho, A. Y., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 1430.
11. Slivken, S., Huang, Z., Evans, A., and Ragezhi, M. 2002, Appl. Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 4091.
12. Chakraborty, T., 1999, Quantum Dots (Amsterdam: Elsevier).
13. Chakraborty, T., 1992, Comments Condens. Matter Phys., 16, 35.
14. Gmachl, C., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., and Cho, A. Y., 2001, Rep. Prog. Phys., 64, 1533.
15. Levine, B. F., 1993, J. Appl. Phys., 74, R1.
16. Wang, K. L., and Karunasiri, R. P. G., 1993, in Semiconductor Quantum Wells, and Superlattices for Long-Wavelength Infrared Detectors, M. O. Manasreh (Ed.) (Artech House).
17. Helm, M., 2000 Semiconductors, and Semimetals, 62, 1.
18. West, L. C., and Eglash, S. J., 1985, Appl. Phys. Lett., 46, 1156.
19. Challis, L. J., 1992, Contemporary Phys., 33, 111.
20. Ando, T., Fowler, A. B., and Stern, F., 1982, Rev. Mod. Phys., 54, 437.
21. Bloss, W. L., 1989, J. Appl. Phys., 66, 3639.
22. Ferreira, R., and Bastard, G., 1989, Phys. Rev. B, 40, 1074.
23. Seilmeier, A., Hübner, H.-J., Abstreiter, G., Weimann, G., and Schlapp, W., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1345.
24. Tatham, M. C., Ryan, J. F., and Foxon, C. T., 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 1637.
25. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Chu, S. N. G., and Cho, A. Y., 1993, Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 1354.
26. Lee, S.-C., and Galbraith, I., 1999, Phys. Rev. B, 59, 15796.
27. Slutzky, M., Entin-Wohlman, O., Berk, Y., and Palevski, A., 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 53, 4065.
28. Oberli, D. Y., Wake, D. R., Klein, M. V., Klem, J., Henderson, T., and Morkoç, H., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 696.
29. Lee, S.-C., Galbraith, I., and Pidgeon, C. R., 1995, Phys. Rev. B, 52, 1874.
30. Murdin, B. N., Heiss, W., Langerak, C. J. G. M., Lee, S.-C., Galbraith, I., Strasser, G., Gornik, E., Helm, M., and Pidgeon, C. R., 1997, Phys. Rev. B, 55, 5171.
31. Dür, M., Goodnick, S. M., and Lugli, P., 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 54, 17794.
32. Köhler, R., Iotti, R. C., Tredicucci, A., and Rossi, F., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 3920.
33. Köhler, R., Tredicucci, A., Beltram, F., Beere, H. E., Linfield, E. H., Davies, A. G., Ritchie, D. A., Iotti, R. C., and Rossi, F., 2002, Nature, 417, 156.
34. Rochat, M., Ajili, L., Willenberg, H., Faist, J., Beere, H., Davies, A. G., Linfield, E. H., and Ritchie, D., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 1381.
35. Kazarinov, R. F., and Suris, R. A., 1971, Sov. Phys. Semicond., 5, 707.
36. Capasso, F., Mohammed, K., and Cho, A. Y., 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 22, 1853.
37. Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Sivco, C., Chu, S. N. G., and Cho, A. Y., 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 2901.
38. Sirtori, C., Capasso, F., Faist, J., and Scandolo, S., 1994, Phys. Rev. B, 50, 8663.
39. Strasser, G., Kruck, P., Helm, M., Heyman, J. N., Hvozdara, L., and Gornik, E., 1997, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 2892.
40. Li, Y. B., Cockburn, J. W., Skolnick, M. S., Birkett, M. J., Duck, J. P., Grey, R., and Hill, G., 1997, Electron. Lett., 33, 1874.
41. Kruck, P., Strasser, G., Helm, M., Hvozdara, L., and Gornik, E., 1998, Physica E, 2, 449.
42. Gauthier-Lafaye, O., Boucaud, P., Julien, F. H., Prazeres, R., Glotin, F., Ortega, J.-M., Thierry-Mieg, V., Planel, R., Leburton, J. P., and Berger, V., 1997, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 3197.
43. Gauthier-Lafaye, O., Julien, F. H., Cabaret, S., Lourtioz, J. M., Strasser, G., Gornik, E., Helm, M., and Bois, P., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 1537.
44. Sirtori, C., Kruck, P., Barbieri, S., Collot, P., Nagle, J., Beck, M., Faist, J., and Oesterle, U., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 3486.
45. Keightley, P. T., Wilson, L. R., Cockburn, J. W., Skolnick, M. S., Clark, J. C., Grey, R., Hill, G., and Hopkinson, M., 2000, Physica E, 7, 8.
46. Hvozdara, L., Gianordoli, S., Strasser, G., Schrenk, W., Unterrainer, K., Gornik, E., Murthy, Ch. S. S. S., Kraft, M., Pustogow, V., and Mizaikoff, B., 2000, Physica E, 7, 37.
47. Kruck, P., Page, H., Sirtori, C., Barbieri, S., Stellmacher, M., and Nagle, J., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3340.
48. Page, H., Becker, C., Robertson, A., Glastre, G., Oritz, V., and Sirtori, C., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 3529.
49. Helm, M., and Unterrainer, K. (Eds), 2000, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, Physica E, 7.
50. Capasso, F., Tredicucci, A., Gmachl, C., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Cho, A. Y., and Scamarcio, G., 1999, J. Selected Topics in Quant. Electron., 5, 792.
51. Tredicucci, A., Capasso, F., Gmachl, C., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Cho, A. Y., Faist, J., and Scamarcio, G., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 2388.
52. Tredicucci, A., Gmachl, C., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 638.
53. Strasser, G., Gianordoli, S., Hvozdara, L., Screnk, W., Unterrainer, K., and Gornik, E., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 1345.
54. Anders, S., Schrenk, W., Gornik, E., and Strasser, G., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 1864.
55. Yang, R. Q., Yang, B. H., Zhang, D., Lin, C.-H., Murry, S. J., Wu, H., and Pei, S. S., 1997, Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 2409.
56. Yang, B. H., Zhang, D., Yang, R. Q., Lin, C.-H., Murry, S. J., and Pei, S. S., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 2220.
57. Bradshaw, J. L., Yang, R. Q., Bruno, J. D., Pham, J. T., and Worthman, D. E., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 2362.
58. Yang, R. Q., Bruno, J. D., Bradshaw, J. L., Pham, J. T., and Worthman, D. E., 2000, Physica E, 2, 69.
59. Olafsen, L. J., Aifer, E. H., Vurgaftman, I., Bewley, W. W.,Felix, C. L., Meyer, J. R., Zhang, D., Lin, C.-H., and Pei, S. S., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 2370.
60. Ohtani, K., and Ohno, H., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 1409.
61. Gmachl, C., Tredicucci, A., Sivco, D. L., Hutchinson, A. L., Capasso, F., and Cho, A. Y., 1999, Science 286, 749.
62. Gmachl, C., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Hutchinson, A. L., Capasso, F., and Cho, A. Y., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 572.
63. Ulbrich, N., Scarpa, G., Böhm, G., Abstreiter, G., and Amann, M.-C., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 4312.
64. Bormann, I., Brunner, K., Hackenbuchner, S., Zandler, G., Abstreiter, G., Schmult, S., and Wegscheider, W., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 2260.
65. Ulrich, J., Kreuter, J., Schrenk, W., Strasser, G., and Unterrainer, K., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 3691.
66. Iotti, R. C., and Rossi, F., 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 146603.
67. Capasso, F., Gmachl, C., Tredicucci, A., Hutchinson, A. L., Sivco, D. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1999, Opt. Photonics News, 10, 31.
68. Gmachl, C., Capasso, F., Kohler, R., Trdicucci, A., Hutchinson, A. L., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., and Cho, A. Y., 2000, IEEE Circuits & Devices, 16, 10.
69. Capasso, F., Gmachl, C., Sivco, D. L., and Cho, A. Y., 1999, Phys. World, 12, 27.
70. Capasso, F., Gmachl, C., Sivco, D. L., and Cho, A. Y., 2002, Phys. Today, May, p. 34.
71. Webster, C. R., Flesch, G. J., Scott, D. C., Swanson, J., May, R. D., Woodward, W. S., Gmachl, C., Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Hutchinson, A. L., and Cho, A. Y., 2001, Appl. Opt., 40, 321.
72. Bewley, W. W., Lee, H., Vurgaftman, I., Menna, R. J., Felix, C. L., Martinelli, R. U., Stokes, D. W., Garbuzov, D. Z., Meyer, J. R., Maiorov, M., Connoly, J. C., Sugg, A. R., and Olsen, G. H., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 256.
73. Lane, B., Wu, Z., Stein, A., Diaz, J., and Razeghi, M., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 3438.
74. Menzel, L., Kosterev, A. A., Curl, R. F., Tittel, F. K., Gmachl, C. Capasso, F., Sivco, D. L., Baillargeon, J. N., Hutchinson, A. L., Cho, A. Y., and Urban, W., 2001, Appl. Phys. B, 72, 859.
75. Martini, R., Gmachl, C., Falciglia, J., Curti, F. G., Bethea, C. G., Capasso, F., Whittaker, E. A., Paiella, R., Tredicucci, A., Hutchinson, A. L., Sivco, D. L., and Cho, A. Y., 2001, Electron. Lett., 37, 191.
76. Blaser, S., Hofstetter, D., Beck, M., and Faist, J., 2001, Electron. Lett., 37, 778.
77. Blank, A., and Feng, S., 1993, J. Appl. Phys., 74, 4795.
78. Kastalsky, A., and Efros, A. L., 1991, J. Appl. Phys., 69, 841.
79. Ulrich, J., Zobl, R., Unterrainer, K., Strasser, G., and Gornik, E., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 19.
80. Blaser, S., Diehl, L., Beck, M., and Faist, J., 2000, Physica E, 7, 33.
81. Apalkov, V. M., and Chakraborty, T., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 697.
82. Apalkov, V. M., and Chakraborty, T., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 1973.
83. Beinvogl, W., Kamgar, A., and Koch, J. F., 1976, Phys. Rev. B, 14, 4274.
84. Warburton, R. J., Gauer, C., Wixforth, A., Kotthaus, J. P., Brar B., and Kroemer, H., 1996, Superlattices, and Microstructures, 19, 365.
85. Blaser, S., 2001, private communication.
86. Diehl, L., 1999, Diploma Thesis, University of Neuchâtel.
87. Schöl, E. (Ed.), 1998, Theory of transport properties of semiconductor nanostructures (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers).
88. Chakraborty, T., and Pietiläinen, P., 1995, The Quantum Hall Effects, 2nd edn (New York: Springer).
89. Ando, T., 1979, Phys. Rev. B, 19, 2106.
90. Beinvogl, W., and Koch, J. F., 1978, Phys. Rev. Lett., 40, 1736.
91. Clark, R. G., Haynes, S. R., Suckling, A. M., Mallett, J. R., Wright, P. A., Harris, J. J., and Foxon, C. T., 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett., 62, 1536.
92. Eisenstein,J. P., Störmer, H. L., Pfeiffer, L., and West, K. W., 1989, Phys. Rev. Lett., 62, 1540.
93. Ceperley, D. M., and Alder, B. J., 1980, Phys. Rev. Lett., 45, 566.
94. Smirnov, D., Le'otin, J., Drachenko, O., Galibert, J., Page, H., and Sirtori,C. 2001 Physica B, 298, 348.
95. Smirnov, D., Drachenko, O., Leotin, J., Page, H., Becker, C., Sirtori, C., Apalkov, V., and Chakraborty, T., 2002 Phys. Rev. B, 66, 125317.
96. Najda, S. P., Takeyama, S., Miura, N., Pfeffer, P., and Zawadzki, W., 1989 Phys. Rev. 40, 6189.
97. Becker, C., Sirtori, C., Drachenko,O., Rylkov, V., Smirnov, D., and Leotin, J., 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 2941.
98. Gantmakher, V. F., and Levinson, U. B., 1987 Carrier Scattering in Metals, and Semiconductors (Amsterdam: North-Holland).
99. Benedict, K. A., Hills, R. K., and Mellor, C. J., 1999 Phys. Rev. B, 60, 10984.
100. Maksym, P. A., 1992 in High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Physics III, edited by G. Landwehr (Springer).
101. Mori, N., and Ando, T., 1989 Phys. Rev. B, 40, 6175.
102. Bockelmann, U., and Bastard, G., 1990 Phys. Rev. B, 42, 8947.
103. Smirnov, D., Becker, C., Drachenko, O., Rylkov, V. V., Page, H., Leotin, J. and Sirtori, C., 2002 Phys. Rev. B, 66, 121305 (R).
104. Tarucha, S., Austing, D. G., Honda, T., Van der Hage, R., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., 1997 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 36 part I, 3917.
105. Maimon, S., Finkman, E., Bahir, G., Schachman, S. E., Garcia, J. M., and Petroff, P. M., 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2003.
106. Jimenez, J. L., Fonseca, L. R. C., Brady, D. J., Leburton, J. P., Wohlert, D. E., and Cheng, K. Y., 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 3558.
107. Kim. S., Mohseni, H., Erdtmann, M., Michel, E., Jelen, C., and Razeghi, M., 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 963.
108. Grundmann, M., 2000 Physica E, 5, 167.
109. Bimberg, D., Grundmann, M., and Ledentsov, N. N., 1999 Quantum Dot Heterostructures (Wiley).
110. Yusa, G., and Sakaki, H., 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 345.
111. Finley, J. J., Skalitz, M., Arzberger, M., Zrenner, A., Böhm, G., and Abstreiter,G., 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2618.
112. Bruchez Jr.,M., Moronne, M., Gin, P., Weiss, S., and Alivisatos, A. P., 1998 Science 281, 2013.
113. Chan, W. C. W., and Nie, S., 1998 Science 281, 2016.
114. Lundstrom, T., Schoenfeld, W., Lee, H., and Petroff, P. M., 1999 Science 286, 2312.
115. Schoenfeld, W. V., Lundstrom, T., Petroff, P. M., and Gershoni, D., 1999 Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 2194.
116. Welker, M., Knüpfer, B., Malzer, S., Döhler, G. H., Gulden, K. H., Moser, M., and Riel, P., 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett., 71, 3561.
117. Loss, D., and DiVicenzo, D. P., 1998 Phys. Rev. A, 57, 120.
118. Molotkov, S. N., and Nazin, S. S., 1996 JETP Lett., 63, 687.
119. Weisbuch, C., and Vinter, B., 1991 Quantum Semiconductor Structure (Academic Press).
120. Davies, J. H., 1998 The Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors (Cambridge University Press).
121. Kelly, M. J., and Nicholas, R. J., 1985 Rep. Prog. Phys., 48, 1702.
122. Maksym, P. A., and Chakraborty, T. 1990 Phys. rev. Lett., 65, 108.
123. Gudmundsson, V., Brataas, A., Grambow, P., Meurer, B., Kurth, T., and Heitmann, D., 1995 Phys. Rev. B, 51, 17744.
124. Kotthaus, J., and Heitmann, D., 1993 Phys. Today, June, p. 56.
125. Tarucha, S., Austing, D. G., Honda, T., Van der Hage, R. J., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 3613.
126. Leonard, D. Krishnamurthy, M., Reaves, C. M., Denbaars, S. P., and Petroff, P. M., 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 3203.
127. Medeiros-Ribeiro, G., Leonard, D., and Petroff, P. M., 1995 Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 1767.
128. Miller, B. T., Hansen, W., Manus, S., Luyken, R. J., Lorke, A., Kotthaus, J. P., Huant, S., Medeiros-Ribeiro, G., and Petroff, P. M., 1997, Phys. Rev. B, 56, 6764.
129. Lorke, A., and Luyken, R. J., 1998, Physica B, 256, 424.
130. Lorke, A., Luyken, R. J., Govorov, A. O., Kotthaus, J. P., Garcia, J. M., and Petroff, P. M., 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 2223.
131. Halonen, V., Pietilinen, P., and Chakraborty, T., 1996 Europhys. Lett., 33, 377.
132. Niemelä, K., Pietiläinen, P., Hyvönen, P., and Chakraborty, T., 1996, Europhys. Lett., 36, 533.
133. Chakraborty, T., and Pietiläinen, P., 1989, Phys. Rev. B, 39, 7971.
134. Chakraborty, T., and Pietiläinen, P., 1990, Phys. Rev. B, 41, 10862.
135. Kouwenhoven, L. P., Oosterkamp, T. H., Tarucha, S., Austing, D. G., and Honda, T., 1998, Physica B, 249-251, 191.
136. Kouwenhoven, L. P., Austing, D. G., and Tarucha, S., 2001. Rep. Prog. Phys., 64, 701.
137. Eto, M., 1997, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3924.
138. Ezaki, T., Mori, N., and Hamaguchi, C., 1997, Phys. Rev. B, 56, 6428.
139. Ezaki, T., Sugumoto, Y., Mori, N., and Hamaguchi, C., 1998, Physica B, 249-251, 238.
140. Tanaka, Y., and Akera, H., 1997, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 66, 15.
141. Austing, D. G., Honda, T., Muraki, K., Tokura, Y., and Tarucha, S., 1998, Physica B, 249-251, 206.
142. Tamura, H., 1998, Physica B, 249-251, 210.
143. Asano, Y. 1998, Phys. Rev. B, 58, 1414.
144. Weinmann, D., Hausler, W., and Kramer, B., 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 984.
145. Rontani, M., Rossi, F., Manghi, F., and Molinari, E., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 72, 957.
146. Madhav, A. V., and Chakraborty, T., 1994, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 8163.
147. Austing, D. G., Sasaki, S., Tarucha, S., Reimann, S. M., Koskinen, M., and Manninen, M., 1999, Phys. Rev. B, 60, 11514.
148. Fujito, M., Natori, A., and Yasunaga, H., 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 53, 9952.
149. Natori, A., Sugimoto, Y., and Fujito, M., 1997, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3960.
150. Macucci, M., Hess, K., and Iafrate, G. J., 1993, Phys. Rev. B, 48, 17354.
151. Macucci, M., 1997, Physica E, 1, 7.
152. Fock, V., 1928, Z. Physik, 47, 446.
153. Darwin, C. G., 1930, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 27, 86.
154. Schmidt, T., 1997, Dissertation, Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart.
155. Peeters, F. M., 1990, Phys. Rev. B, 42, 1486.
156. Demel, T., Heitmann, D., Grambow, P., and Ploog, K., 1990, Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 788.
157. Chakraborty, T., and Halonen, V., and Pietilänen, P., 1991, Phys. Rev. B, 43, 14289.
158. Maksym, P. A., and Chakraborty, T., 1992, Phys. Rev. B, 45, 1947.
159. Wagner, M., Merkt, U., and Chaplik, A. V., 1992, Phys. Rev. B, 45, 1951.
160. Maksym, P. A. 1993, Physica B, 184, 385.
161. Ashoori, R. C., Stormer, H. L., Weiner, J. S., Pfeiffer, L. N., Baldwin, K. W., and West, K. W., 1993, Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 613.
162. Su, B., Goldman, V. J., and Cunningham, J. E., 1992, Phys. Rev. B, 46, 7644.
163. Yoffe, A. D., 2001 Adv. Phys., 50, 1.
164. Alivisatos, A. P., 1995, MRS Bull., 20, 23.
165. Tans, S. J., Devoret, M. H., Dai, H., Thess, A., Smalley, R. E., Geerligs, L. J., and Dekker, C., 1997, Nature, 386, 474.
166. Cobden, D. H., Bockrath, M., Chopra, N. G., Zettl, A., McEuen, P. L. Rinzler, A., Thess, A., and Smalley, R. E., 1998, Physica B, 249-251, 132.
167. Chico, L., Sancho, M. P. L., and Munoz, M. C., 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 1278.
168. Kong, J., Zhou, C., Yenilmez, E., and Dai, H., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 3977.
169. Park, J., and McEuen, P. L. 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 1363.
170. Ishibashi, K., Suzuki, M., Ida, T., and Aoyagi, Y., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 1864.
171. Nygard, J., and Cobden, D. H., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 4216.
172. Thornton, T. J., 1994, Rep. Prog. Phys., 57, 311.
173. Kouwenhoven, L. P., Marcus, C. M., McEuen, P. L., Tarucha, S., Westervelt, R. M., and Wingreen, N. S., 1997, in Mesoscopic Electron Transport, edited by Sohn, L. L. et al. (Dordrecht: Kluwer).
174. Klein, D. L., Roth, R., Lim, A. K., Alivisatos, A. P., and McEuen, P. L., 1997, Nature, 389, 699.
175. Cleland, A. N., Esteve, D., Urbina, C., and Devoret, M. H., 1992, Appl. Phys. Lett., 61, 2820.
176. Komiyama, S., Astafiev, O., Antonov, V., Kutsuwa, T., and Hirai, H., 2000, Nature, 403, 405.
177. Shields, A. J., O'Sullivan, M. P., Farrer, I., Ritchie, D. A., Hogg, R. A., Leadbeater, H. L., Norman, C. E., and Pepper, M., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3673.
178. Bouwmeestre, D., Ekert, A., and Zeilinger, A., 2000, The Physics of Quantum Information (Springer).
179. Chakraborty, T., Peeters, F., and Sivan, U. (Eds.), 2002, Nano-Physics & Bio-Electronics: A New Odyssey (Amsterdam: Elsevier), Chapter 4.
180. Kimble, H. J., Dagenais, M., and Mandel, L., 1977, Phys. Rev. Lett., 39, 691.
181. Diedrich, F., and Walther, H., 1987, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 203.
182. Basche, T., Moerner, W. E., Orrit, M., and Talon, H., 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 1516.
183. Michler, P., Imamoglu, A., Mason, M. D., Carson, P. J., Strouse, G. F., and Burato, S. K., 2000, Nature, 406, 968.
184. Sebald, K., Michler, P., Passow, T., Hommel, D., Bacher, G., and Forchel, A., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 2920.
185. Kurtsiefer, C., Mayer, S., Zarda, P., and Weinfurter, H., 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 290.
186. Brouri, R., Beveratos, A., Poizat, J.-P., and Grangier, P., 2000, Opt. Lett., 25, 1294.
187. Santori, C., Pelton, M., Solomon, G., Dale, Y., and Yamamoto, Y., 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 1502.
188. Zwiller, V., Blom, H., Jonsson, P., Panev, N., Jeppesen, S., Tsegaye, T., Goobar, E., Pistol, M. E., Samuelson, L., and Björk, G., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 2476.
189. Becher, C., Kiraz, A., Michler, P., Imamoglu, A., Schoenfeld, W. V., Petroff, P. M., Zhang, L., and Hu, E., 2001, Phys. Rev. B, 63, 121312.
190. Michler, P., Kiraz, A., Becher, C., Schoenfeld, W. V., Petroff, P. M., Zhang, L., Hu, E., and Imamoglu, A., 2000 Science 290, 2282.
191. Becher, C., Kiraz, A., Michler, P., Schoenfeld, W. V., Petroff, P. M., Zhang, L., Hu, E., and Imamoglu, A., 2002, Physica E.
192. Yuan, Z., Kardynal, B. E., Stevenson, R. M., Shields, A. J., Lobo, C. J., Cooper, K., Beattle, N. S., Ritchie, D. A., and Pepper, M., 2002, Science 295, 102.
193. Stevenson, R. M., Thompson, R. M., Shields, A. J., Farrer, I., Lobo, C. J., Ritchie, D. A., Leadbeater, M. L., and Pepper, M., 2002, Physica E.
194. Thompson, R. M., Stevenson, R. M., and Shields, A. J., Farrer, I., Lobo, C. J., Ritchie, D. A., Leadbeater, M. L., and Pepper, M., 2001, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 201302.
195. Alferov, Zh. I., 1996, Physica Scripta T, 68, 32.
196. Arakawa, Y., and Sakaki, H., 1982, Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 939.
197. Asada, M., Miyamoto, Y., and Suematsu, Y., 1986, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 1915.
198. Manz, Y. M., Schmidt, O. G., and Eberl, K., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3343.
199. Mukai, K., Nakata, Y., Otsubo, K., Sugawara, M., and Yokoyama, N., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3349.
200. Kirstaedter, N., Ledentsov, N. M., Grundmann, M., Bimberg, D., Ustinov, V. M., Ruvimov, S. S., Maximov, M. V., Kop'ev, P. S., Alferov, Zh. I., Richter, U., Werner, P., Gösele, U., and Heydenreich, J., 1994, Electron. Lett., 30, 1416.
201. Huffaker, D. L., Park, G., Zou, Z., Shchekin, O. B., and Deppe, D. G., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2564.
202. Riedl, T., Fehrenbacher, E., Hangleiter, A., Zundel, M. K., and Eberl, K., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 3730.
203. Heinrichsdorff, F., Ribbat, Ch., Grundmann, M., and Bimberg, D., 2000, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 556.
204. Saito, H., Nishi, K., Ogura, I., Sugou, S., and Sugimoto, Y., 1996, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 3140.
205. Ustinov, V. M., Maleev, N. A., Zhukov, A. E., Kovsh, A. R., Egorov, A. Yu., Lunev, A. V., Volovik, B. V., Krestnikov, I. L., Musikhin, Yu. G., Bert, N. A., Kop'ev, P. S., Alferov, Zh. Ledentsov, N. N., and Bimberg, D., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 2815.
206. Qiu, Y., Gogna, P., Forouhar, S., Stintz, A., and Lester, L. F., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 3570.
207. Shchekin, O. B., and Deppe, D. G., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 3277.
208. Markus, A., Fiore, A., Ganiere, J. D., Oesterle, U., Chen, J. X., Deveaud, B., Ilegems, M., and Riechert, H., 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 911.
209. Harris, L., Mowbray, D. J., Skolnick, M. S., Hopkinson, M., and Hill, G., 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 969.
210. Grundmann, M., Weber, A., Goede, K., Ustinov, V. M., Zhukov, A. E., Ledenstov, N. N., Kop'ev, P. S., and Alferov, Zh. I., 2000 Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 4.
211. Sellin, R. L., Ribbat, Ch., Grundmann, M., Ledentsov, N. N., and Bimberg, D., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 1207.
212. Linder, K. K., Phillips, J., Qasaimeh, O., Liu, X. F., Krishna, S., Bhattacharya, P., and Jiang, J. C., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 1355.
213. Apalkov, V. M., and Chakraborty, T., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 1820.
214. Lee, S. J., and Khurgin, J. B., 1996, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 1038.
215. Wingreen, N. S., and Stafford, C. A., 1997, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 33, 1170.
216. Hsu, C. F., O. J. S., Zory, P. S., and Botez, D., 1997, Proc. SPIE, 3001, 271.
217. Hsu, C. F., O, J. S, Zory, P. S., and Botez, D., 2000. IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 5, 491.
218. Inoshita, T., and Sakaki, H., 1994, Solid-State Electron., 37, 1175.
219. Heitz, R., Kalburge, A., Xie, Q., Grundmann, M., Chen, P., Hoffmann, A., Madhukar, A., and Bimberg, D., 1998, Phys. Rev. B, 57, 9050.
220. Apalkov, V. M., and Chakraborty, T., 2002, Physica E, 14, 294.
221. Chakraborty, T., and Apalkov, V. M., 2002, Physica E, 16, 253.
222. Wasserman, D., and Lyon, S. A., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 2848.
223. Ulbrich, N., Bauer, J., Scarpa, G., Boy, R., Schuh, D., Abstreiter, G., Schmult, D., and Wegscheider, W., 2003, to be published