DNA encapsidation as a target for anti-herpesvirus drug therapy

Antiviral Research

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 73-87

  Visalli, Robert J ^a,b   Van Zeijl, Marja ^a,c  

^a PFIZER INC   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY FORT WAYNE   (United States)

^c Hurley Consulting Associates   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiviral; Encapsidation; Herpesviruses; Portal

Indexed keywords

5 (2 BROMOVINYL) 2' DEOXYURIDINE; 5 CHLORO 1,3 DIHYDROXYACRIDONE; ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BENZAMIDIVIR; BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; CIDOFOVIR; DNA POLYMERASE; FAMCICLOVIR; FLUOROURACIL; FOMIVIRSEN; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; PENCICLOVIR; PYROPHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVATIVE; SORIVUDINE; THIOUREA DERIVATIVE; TOMEGLOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALACICLOVIR; VALGANCICLOVIR; WAY 150138; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMA; DELIRIUM; DNA CLEAVAGE; DNA PACKAGING; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EPIDERMOLYSIS; EYE TOXICITY; GENE FUNCTION; HEADACHE; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IC 50; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; NECROSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS MUTANT; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS RESISTANCE; VIRUS STRAIN;

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; HERPESVIRIDAE;

EID: 0042706429     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00108-6     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Akanitapichat P., Bastow K.F. The antiviral agent 5-chloro-1,3-dihydroxyacridone interferes with assembly and maturation of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res. 53:2002;113-126.
2. Akanitapichat P., Lowden C.T., Bastow K.F. 1,3-Dihydroxyacridone derivatives as inhibitors of herpes virus replication. Antiviral Res. 45:2000;123-134.
3. Alba M.M., Das R., Orengo C.A., Kellam P. Genomewide function conservation and phylogeny in the Herpesviridae. Genome Res. 11:2001;43-54.
4. Bastow K.F., Itoigawa M., Furukawa H., Kashiwada Y., Bori I.D., Ballas L.M., Lee K.H. Antiproliferative actions of 7-substituted 1,3-dihydroxyacridones; possible involvement of DNA topoisomerase II and protein kinase C as biochemical targets. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2:1994;1403-1411.
5. Beard P.M., Taus N.S., Baines J.D. DNA cleavage and packaging proteins encoded by genes U(L)28, U(L)15, and U(L)33 of herpes simplex virus type 1 form a complex in infected cells. J. Virol. 76:2002;4785-4791.
6. Betz U.A., Fischer R., Kleymann G., Hendrix M., Rubsamen-Waigmann H. Potent in vivo antiviral activity of the herpes simplex virus primase-helicase inhibitor BAY 57-1293. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2002;1766-1772.
7. Biron K.K., Harvey R.J., Chamberlain S.C., Good S.S., Smith I.A., Davis M.G., Talarico C.L., Miller W.H., Ferris R., Dornsife R.E., Stanat S.C., Drach J.C., Townsend L.B., Koszalka G.W. Potent and selective inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by 1263W94, a benzimidazole L-riboside with a unique mode of action. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2002;2365-2372.
8. Black J.B., Pellett P.E. Human herpesvirus 7. Rev. Med. Virol. 9:1999;245-262.
9. Black L.W. DNA packaging and cutting by phage terminases: control in phage T4 by a synaptic mechanism. Bioessays. 17:1995;1025-1030.
10. Bogner E. Human cytomegalovirus terminase as a target for antiviral chemotherapy. Rev. Med. Virol. 12:2002;115-127.
11. Bogner E., Radsak K., Stinski M.F. The gene product of human cytomegalovirus open reading frame UL56 binds the pac motif and has specific nuclease activity. J. Virol. 72:1998;2259-2264.
12. 1H -benzimidazole pyranosides as anti-human cytomegalovirus agents. In: The 218th American Chemical Society Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
13. Brideau R.J., Knechtel M.L., Huang A., Vaillancourt V.A., Vera E.E., Oien N.L., Hopkins T.A., Wieber J.L., Wilkinson K.F., Rush B.D., Schwende F.J., Wathen M.W. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of PNU-183792, a 4-oxo-dihydroquinoline, against human and animal herpesviruses. Antiviral Res. 54:2002;19-28.
14. Brown, J.C., McVoy, M.A., Homa, F.L., 2002. Packaging DNA into herpesvirus capsids. In: Holzenburg, B. (Ed.), Structure-Function Relationships of Human Pathogenic Viruses. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp. 111-153.
15. Buerger I., Reefschlaeger J., Bender W., Eckenberg P., Popp A., Weber O., Graeper S., Klenk H.D., Ruebsamen-Waigmann H., Hallenberger S. A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor specifically targets cytomegalovirus DNA maturation via the UL89 and UL56 gene products. J. Virol. 75:2001;9077-9086.
16. Catalano C.E., Cue D., Feiss M. Virus DNA packaging: the strategy used by phage lambda. Mol. Microbiol. 16:1995;1075-1086.
17. Cesarman E. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and lymphomagenesis. Front. Biosci. 7:2002;e58-e65.
18. Chang Y.E., Poon A.P., Roizman B. Properties of the protein encoded by the UL32 open reading frame of herpes simplex virus 1. J. Virol. 70:1996;3938-3946.
19. Chrisp P., Clissold S.P. Foscarnet. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs. 41:1991;104-129.
20. Cihlar T., Chen M.S. Identification of enzymes catalyzing two-step phosphorylation of cidofovir and the effect of cytomegalovirus infection on their activities in host cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 50:1996;1502-1510.
21. Cohen J.I., Brunell P.A., Straus S.E., Krause P.R. Recent advances in varicella-zoster virus infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 130:1999;922-932.
22. Crumpacker C.S. Mechanism of action of foscarnet against viral polymerases. Am. J. Med. 92:1992;3S-7S.
23. Crumpacker C.S., Schaffer P.A. New anti-HSV therapeutics target the helicase-primase complex. Nat. Med. 8:2002;327-328.
24. Crute J.J., Grygon C.A., Hargrave K.D., Simoneau B., Faucher A.M., Bolger G., Kibler P., Liuzzi M., Cordingley M.G. Herpes simplex virus helicase-primase inhibitors are active in animal models of human disease. Nat. Med. 8:2002;386-391.
25. Darby G., Field H.J., Salisbury S.A. Altered substrate specificity of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase confers acyclovir-resistance. Nature. 289:1981;81-83.
26. Darville J.M., Ley B.E., Roome A.P., Foot A.B. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in a bone marrow transplant population. Bone Marrow Transplant. 22:1998;587-589.
27. De Araujo T., Berman B., Weinstein A. Human herpesviruses 6 and 7. Dermatol. Clin. 20:2002;301-306.
28. De Clercq E. Biochemical aspects of the selective antiherpes activity of nucleoside analogues. Biochem. Pharmacol. 33:1984;2159-2169.
29. De Clercq E., Walker R.T. Synthesis and antiviral properties of 5-vinyl-pyrimidine nucleoside analogs. Pharmacol. Ther. 26:1984;1-44.
30. Deray G., Martinez F., Katlama C., Levaltier B., Beaufils H., Danis M., Rozenheim M., Baumelou A., Dohin E., Gentilini M.et al. Foscarnet nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence and prevention. Am. J. Nephrol. 9:1989;316-321.
31. Diasio R.B. Sorivudine and 5-fluorouracil; a clinically significant drug-drug interaction due to inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46:1998;1-4.
32. Dockrell D.H., Paya C.V. Human herpesvirus-6 and -7 in transplantation. Rev. Med. Virol. 11:2001;23-36.
33. Elion G.B. The biochemistry and mechanism of action of acyclovir. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 12(Suppl. B):1983;9-17.
34. Ensoli B., Sturzl M., Monini P. Reactivation and role of HHV-8 in Kaposi's sarcoma initiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 81:2001;161-200.
35. Eriksson B., Oberg B., Wahren B. Pyrophosphate analogues as inhibitors of DNA polymerases of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and cellular origin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 696:1982;115-123.
36. Evers D.L., Komazin G., Shin D., Hwang D.D., Townsend L.B., Drach J.C. Interactions among antiviral drugs acting late in the replication cycle of human cytomegalovirus. Antiviral Res. 56:2002;61-72.
37. Fishman J.A. Prevention of CMV infection in transplant patients. Transplant. Infect. Dis. 1(Suppl. 1):1999;35-39.
38. Flynn D.L., Becker D.P., Dilworth V.M., Highkin M.K., Hippenmeyer P.J., Houseman K.A., Levine L.M., Li M., Moormann A.E., Rankin A., Toth M.V., Villamil C.I., Wittwer A.J., Holwerda B.C. The herpesvirus protease: mechanistic studies and discovery of inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus protease. Drug Des. Discov. 15:1997a;3-15.
39. Flynn D.L., Abood N.A., Holwerda B.C. Recent advances in antiviral research: identification of inhibitors of the herpesvirus proteases. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1:1997b;190-196.
40. Frank K.B., Chiou J.F., Cheng Y.C. Interaction of DNA polymerase and nucleotide analog triphosphates. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 24:1985;377-384.
41. Frenkel N., Wyatt L.S. HHV-6 and HHV-7 as exogenous agents in human lymphocytes. Dev. Biol. Stand. 76:1992;259-265.
42. Gateley A., Gander R.M., Johnson P.C., Kit S., Otsuka H., Kohl S. Herpes simplex virus type 2 meningoencephalitis resistant to acyclovir in a patient with AIDS. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1990;711-715.
43. Gentile G. Post-transplant HHV-6 diseases. Herpes. 7:2000;24-27.
44. Gibson W., Hall M.R. Assemblin, an essential herpesvirus proteinase. Drug Des. Discov. 15:1997;39-47.
45. Giesen K., Radsak K., Bogner E. Targeting of the gene product encoded by ORF UL56 of human cytomegalovirus into viral replication centers. FEBS Lett. 471:2000;215-218.
46. Gilbert C., Bestman-Smith J., Boivin G. Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs: clinical impacts and molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist. Update. 5:2002;88-114.
47. Gold D., Corey L. Acyclovir prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31:1987;361-367.
48. Goshima F., Watanabe D., Takakuwa H., Wada K., Daikoku T., Yamada M., Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus UL17 protein is associated with B capsids and colocalizes with ICP35 and VP5 in infected cells. Arch. Virol. 145:2000;417-426.
49. Gray W.L., Starnes B., White M.W., Mahalingam R. The DNA sequence of the simian varicella virus genome. Virology. 284:2001;123-130.
50. Griffiths P.D., Clark D.A., Emery V.C. Betaherpesviruses in transplant recipients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45(Suppl. T3):2000;29-34.
51. Gudmundsson K.S., Drach J.C., Wortring L.L., Townsend L.B. Synthesis and antiviral activity of certain 5′-modified analogues of 2,5,6,-trichloro-1-(B-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB). J. Med. Chem. 40:1997;785-793.
52. Gudmundsson K.S., Freeman G.A., Drach J.C., Townsend L.B. Synthesis of fluorosugar analogues of 2,5,6,-trichloro-1-(B-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole as antivirals with potentially increased glycosidic bond stability. J. Med. Chem. 43:2000;2473-2478.
53. Haynes P., Lambert T.R., Mitchell I.D. Comparative in vivo genotoxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogues penciclovir, acyclovir, ganciclovir and the xanthine analogue, caffeine, in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Mutat. Res. 369:1996;65-74.
54. Holwerda B.C. Herpesvirus proteases: targets for novel antiviral drugs. Antiviral Res. 35:1997;1-21.
55. Homa F.L., Brown J.C. Capsid assembly and DNA packaging in herpes simplex virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 7:1997;107-122.
56. Kimberlin D.W. Human herpesviruses 6 and 7: identification of newly recognized viral pathogens and their association with human disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17:1998;59-67.
57. Kleymann G., Fischer R., Betz U.A., Hendrix M., Bender W., Schneider U., Handke G., Eckenberg P., Hewlett G., Pevzner V., Baumeister J., Weber O., Henninger K., Keldenich J., Jensen A., Kolb J., Bach U., Popp A., Maben J., Frappa I., Haebich D., Lockhoff O., Rubsamen-Waigmann H. New helicase-primase inhibitors as drug candidates for the treatment of herpes simplex disease. Nat. Med. 8:2002;392-398.
58. Knechtel M.L., Huang A., Vaillancourt V.A., Brideau R.J. Inhibition of clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster virus by PNU-183792, a 4-oxo-dihydroquinoline. J. Med. Virol. 68:2002;234-236.
59. Koslowski K.M., Shaver P.R., Casey J.T. II, Wilson T., Yamanaka G., Sheaffer A.K., Tenney D.J., Pederson N.E. Physical and functional interactions between the herpes simplex virus UL15 and UL28 DNA cleavage and packaging proteins. J. Virol. 73:1999;1704-1707.
60. Krosky P.M., Underwood M.R., Turk S.R., Feng K.W., Jain R.K., Ptak R.G., Westerman A.C., Biron K.K., Townsend L.B., Drach J.C. Resistance of human cytomegalovirus to benzimidazole ribonucleosides maps to two open reading frames: UL89 and UL56. J. Virol. 72:1998;4721-4728.
61. Kuzushima K., Kudo T., Kimura H., Kido S., Hanada N., Shibata M., Nishikawa K., Morishima T. Prophylactic oral acyclovir in outbreaks of primary herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in a closed community. Pediatrics. 89:1992;379-383.
62. Lalezari J.P., Aberg J.A., Wang L.H., Wire M.B., Miner R., Snowden W., Talarico C.L., Shaw S., Jacobson M.A., Drew W.L. Phase I dose escalation trial evaluating the pharmacokinetics, anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activity, and safety of 1263W94 in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with asymptomatic HCMV shedding. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2002;2969-2976.
63. Lamberti C., Weller S.K. The herpes simplex virus type 1 UL6 protein is essential for cleavage and packaging but not for genomic inversion. Virology. 226:1996;403-407.
64. Lamberti C., Weller S.K. The herpes simplex virus type 1 cleavage/packaging protein, UL32, is involved in efficient localization of capsids to replication compartments. J. Virol. 72:1998;2463-2473.
65. Leeds J.M., Henry S.P., Truong L., Zutshi A., Levin A.A., Kornbrust D. Pharmacokinetics of a potential human cytomegalovirus therapeutic, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, after intravitreal injection in the rabbit. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25:1997;921-926.
66. Lin H., Rao V.B., Black L.W. Analysis of capsid portal protein and terminase functional domains: interaction sites required for DNA packaging in bacteriophage T4. J. Mol. Biol. 289:1999;249-260.
67. Littler E., Stuart A.D., Chee M.S. Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature. 358:1992;160-162.
68. Matsumoto M., Misawa S., Chiba N., Takaku H., Hayashi H. Selective nonpeptidic inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus proteases. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:2001;236-241.
69. Matthews T., Boehme R. Antiviral activity and mechanism of action of ganciclovir. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10(Suppl. 3):1988;S490-S494.
70. McNab A.R., Desai P., Person S., Roof L.L., Thomsen D.R., Newcomb W.W., Brown J.C., Homa F.L. The product of the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL25 gene is required for encapsidation but not for cleavage of replicated viral DNA. J. Virol. 72:1998;1060-1070.
71. McSharry J.J., McDonough A., Olson B., Talarico C., Davis M., Biron K.K. Inhibition of ganciclovir-susceptible and -resistant human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates by the benzimidazole L-riboside 1263W94. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:2001;1279-1281.
72. Mettenleiter T.C. Herpesvirus assembly and egress. J. Virol. 76:2002;1537-1547.
73. Naesens L., De Clercq E. Recent developments in herpesvirus therapy. Herpes. 8:2001;12-16.
74. Newcomb W.W., Brown J.C. Induced extrusion of DNA from the capsid of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 68:1994;433-440.
75. Newcomb W.W., Brown J.C. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by WAY-150138: assembly of capsids depleted of the portal and terminase proteins involved in DNA encapsidation. J. Virol. 76:2002;10084-10088.
76. Newcomb W.W., Homa F.L., Thomsen D.R., Ye Z., Brown J.C. Cell-free assembly of the herpes simplex virus capsid. J. Virol. 68:1994;6059-6063.
77. Newcomb W.W., Homa F.L., Thomsen D.R., Trus B.L., Cheng N., Steven A., Booy F., Brown J.C. Assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid from purified components and identification of small complexes containing the major capsid and scaffolding proteins. J. Virol. 73:1999;4239-4250.
78. Newcomb W.W., Trus B.L., Cheng N., Steven A.C., Sheaffer A.K., Tenney D.J., Weller S.K., Brown J.C. Isolation of herpes simplex virus procapsids from cells infected with a protease-deficient mutant virus. J. Virol. 74:2000;1663-1673.
79. Newcomb W.W., Juhas R.M., Thomsen D.R., Homa F.L., Burch A.D., Weller S.K., Brown J.C. The UL6 gene product forms the portal for entry of DNA into the herpes simplex virus capsid. J. Virol. 75:2001a;10923-10932.
80. Newcomb W.W., Homa F.L., Thomsen D.R., Brown J.C. In vitro assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid: formation of small procapsids at reduced scaffolding protein concentration. J. Struct. Biol. 133:2001b;23-31.
81. Neyts J., De Clercq E. Mechanism of action of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against herpes virus replication. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47:1994;39-41.
82. Ogasawara M., Suzutani T., Yoshida I., Azuma M. Role of the UL25 gene product in packaging DNA into the herpes simplex virus capsid: location of UL25 product in the capsid and demonstration that it binds DNA. J. Virol. 75:2001;1427-1436.
83. Okano M., Gross T.G. From Burkitt's lymphoma to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection: an expanding spectrum of EBV-associated diseases. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 18:2001;427-442.
84. Oram R.J., Marcellino D., Strauss D., Gustafson E., Talarico C.L., Root A.K., Sharma P.L., Thompson K., Fingeroth J.D., Crumpacker C., Herold B.C. Characterization of an acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 strain isolated from a premature neonate. J. Infect. Dis. 181:2000;1458-1461.
85. Ormrod D., Scott L.J., Perry C.M. Valaciclovir: a review of its long term utility in the management of genital herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. Drugs. 59:2000;839-863.
86. Patel A.H., MacLean J.B. The product of the UL6 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with virus capsids. Virology. 206:1995;465-478.
87. Patel A.H., Rixon F.J., Cunningham C., Davison A.J. Isolation and characterization of herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants defective in the UL6 gene. Virology. 217:1996;111-123.
88. Patel R., Paya C. Infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:1997;86-124.
89. Patick A.K., Potts K.E. Protease inhibitors as antiviral agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:1998;614-627.
90. Perry C.M., Balfour J.A. Fomivirsen. Drugs. 57:1999;375-380.
91. Plafker S.M., Gibson W. Cytomegalovirus assembly protein precursor and proteinase precursor contain two nuclear localization signals that mediate their own nuclear translocation and that of the major capsid protein. J. Virol. 72:1998;7722-7732.
92. Read R.C., Vilar F.J., Smith T.L. AIDS-related herpes simplex virus encephalitis during maintenance foscarnet therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:1998;513-514.
93. Reefschlaeger J., Bender W., Hallenberger S., Weber O., Eckenberg P., Goldmann S., Haerter M., Buerger I., Trappe J., Herrington J.A., Haebich D., Ruebsamen-Waigmann H. Novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of cytomegaloviruses (BAY 38-4766): in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity and mechanism of action. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48:2001;757-767.
94. Reusser P. Oral valganciclovir: a new option for treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in immunocompromised hosts. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. 10:2001;1745-1753.
95. Reynolds A.E., Fan Y., Baines J.D. Characterization of the U(L)33 gene product of herpes simplex virus 1. Virology. 266:2000;310-318.
96. Rice G.P., Schrier R.D., Oldstone M.B. Cytomegalovirus infects human lymphocytes and monocytes: virus expression is restricted to immediate-early gene products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:1984;6134-6138.
97. Rixon F.J., Addison C., McGregor A., Macnab S.J., Nicholson P., Preston V.G., Tatman J.D. Multiple interactions control the intracellular localization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 77:1996;2251-2260.
98. Roizman, B., 1996. Herpesviridae. In: Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M., Channock, R.M., Melnick, J.L., Monath, T.P., Roizman, B., Straus, S.E. (Eds.), Fields Virology, vol. 2. Lippicott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp. 2221-2230.
99. Salmon B., Baines J.D. Herpes simplex virus DNA cleavage and packaging: association of multiple forms of U(L)15-encoded proteins with B capsids requires at least the U(L)6, U(L)17, and U(L)28 genes. J. Virol. 72:1998;3045-3050.
100. Scheffczik H., Savva C.G., Holzenburg A., Kolesnikova L., Bogner E. The terminase subunits pUL56 and pUL89 of human cytomegalovirus are DNA-metabolizing proteins with toroidal structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:2002;1695-1703.
101. Schulz T.F., Sheldon J., Greensill J. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Virus Res. 82:2002;115-126.
102. Schwartz G.S., Holland E.J. Oral acyclovir for the management of herpes simplex virus keratitis in children. Ophthalmology. 107:2000;278-282.
103. Severini A., Scraba D.G., Tyrrell D.L. Branched structures in the intracellular DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 70:1996;3169-3175.
104. Sheaffer A.K., Newcomb W.W., Gao M., Yu D., Weller S.K., Brown J.C., Tenney D.J. Herpes simplex virus DNA cleavage and packaging proteins associate with the procapsid prior to its maturation. J. Virol. 75:2001;687-698.
105. Shieh H.S., Kurumbail R.G., Stevens A.M., Stegeman R.A., Sturman E.J., Pak J.Y., Wittwer A.J., Palmier M.O., Wiegand R.C., Holwerda B.C., Stallings W.C. Three-dimensional structure of human cytomegalovirus protease. Nature. 383:1996;279-282.
106. Simmons A. Clinical manifestations and treatment considerations of herpes simplex virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 186(Suppl. 1):2002;S71-S77.
107. Singh N. Human herpesviruses-6, -7 and -8 in organ transplant recipients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 6:2000;453-459.
108. Sissons J.G., Carmichael A.J. Clinical aspects and management of cytomegalovirus infection. J. Infect. 44:2002;78-83.
109. Sjovall J., Karlsson A., Ogenstad S., Sandstrom E., Saarimaki M. Pharmacokinetics and absorption of foscarnet after intravenous and oral administration to patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:1988;65-73.
110. Smiley M.L., Murray A., de Miranda P. Valacyclovir HCl (Valtrex): an acyclovir prodrug with improved pharmacokinetics and better efficacy for treatment of zoster. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 394:1996;33-39.
111. Snoeck R., De Clercq E. New treatments for genital herpes. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 15:2002;49-55.
112. Spruance S.L. Prophylactic chemotherapy with acyclovir for recurrent herpes simplex labialis. J. Med. Virol. Suppl. 1:1993;27-32.
113. Stanberry L., Cunningham A., Mertz G., Mindel A., Peters B., Reitano M., Sacks S., Wald A., Wassilew S., Woolley P. New developments in the epidemiology, natural history and management of genital herpes. Antiviral Res. 42:1999;1-14.
114. Tatman J.D., Preston V.G., Nicholson P., Elliott R.M., Rixon F.J. Assembly of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids using a panel of recombinant baculoviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 75(Pt 5):1994;1101-1113.
115. Taus N.S., Baines J.D. Herpes simplex virus 1 DNA cleavage/packaging: the UL28 gene encodes a minor component of B capsids. Virology. 252:1998;443-449.
116. Taus N.S., Salmon B., Baines J.D. The herpes simplex virus 1 UL 17 gene is required for localization of capsids and major and minor capsid proteins to intranuclear sites where viral DNA is cleaved and packaged. Virology. 252:1998;115-125.
117. Tenser R.B. Herpes zoster infection and postherpetic neuralgia. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 1:2001;526-532.
118. Thomsen D.R., Roof L.L., Homa F.L. Assembly of herpes simplex virus (HSV) intermediate capsids in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses expressing HSV capsid proteins. J. Virol. 68:1994;2442-2457.
119. Thomsen D.R., Newcomb W.W., Brown J.C., Homa F.L. Assembly of the herpes simplex virus capsid: requirement for the carboxyl-terminal twenty-five amino acids of the proteins encoded by the UL26 and UL26.5 genes. J. Virol. 69:1995;3690-3703.
120. Tomicic M.T., Bey E., Wutzler P., Thust R., Kaina B. Comparative analysis of DNA breakage, chromosomal aberrations and apoptosis induced by the anti-herpes purine nucleoside analogues aciclovir, ganciclovir and penciclovir. Mutat. Res. 505:2002;1-11.
121. Townsend L.B., Devivar R.V., Turk S.R., Nassiri M.R., Drach J.C. Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of certain 2,5,6-trihalo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazoles. J. Med. Chem. 38:1995;4098-4105.
122. Trus B.L., Booy F.P., Newcomb W.W., Brown J.C., Homa F.L., Thomsen D.R., Steven A.C. The herpes simplex virus procapsid: structure, conformational changes upon maturation, and roles of the triplex proteins VP19c and VP23 in assembly. J. Mol. Biol. 263:1996;447-462.
123. Tyms A.S., Davis J.M., Clarke J.R., Jeffries D.J. Synthesis of cytomegalovirus DNA is an antiviral target late in virus growth. J. Gen. Virol. 68(Pt 6):1987;1563-1573.
124. Underwood M.R., Harvey R.J., Stanat S.C., Hemphill M.L., Miller T., Drach J.C., Townsend L.B., Biron K.K. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus DNA maturation by a benzimidazole ribonucleoside is mediated through the UL89 gene product. J. Virol. 72:1998;717-725.
125. van Zeijl M., Fairhurst J., Jones T.R., Vernon S.K., Morin J., LaRocque J., Feld B., O'Hara B., Bloom J.D., Johann S.V. Novel class of thiourea compounds that inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA cleavage and encapsidation: resistance maps to the UL6 gene. J. Virol. 74:2000;9054-9061.
126. Visalli R.J., Fairhurst J., Srinivas S., Hu W., Feld B., DiGrandi M., Curran K., Ross A., Bloom J.D., Van Zeijl M., Jones T.R., O'Connell J., Cohen J.I. Identification of small molecule compounds that selectively inhibit varicella-zoster virus replication. J. Virol. 77:2003;2349-2358.
127. Wall S.H., Ramey S.J., Wall F. Famciclovir as antiviral prophylaxis in laser resurfacing procedures. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 104:1999;1103-1109.
128. Wathen M.W. Non-nucleoside inhibitors of herpesviruses. Rev. Med. Virol. 12:2002;167-178.
129. Waxman L., Darke P.L. The herpesvirus proteases as targets for antiviral chemotherapy. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 11:2000;1-22.
130. Weber O., Bender W., Eckenberg P., Goldmann S., Haerter M., Hallenberger S., Henninger K., Reefschlager J., Trappe J., Witt-Laido A., Ruebsamen-Waigmann H. Inhibition of murine cytomegalovirus and human cytomegalovirus by a novel non-nucleosidic compound in vivo. Antiviral Res. 49:2001;179-189.
131. Weir J.P. Genomic organization and evolution of the human herpesviruses. Virus Genes. 16:1998;85-93.
132. Whitley, R.J., Gnann, J.A., 1993. The Human Herpesviruses. Raven Press, New York, pp. 69-105.
133. Whitley R.J., Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet. 357:2001;1513-1518.
134. Wolf D.G., Courcelle C.T., Prichard M.N., Mocarski E.S. Distinct and separate roles for herpesvirus-conserved UL97 kinase in cytomegalovirus DNA synthesis and encapsidation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;1895-1900.
135. Wood L.J., Baxter M.K., Plafker S.M., Gibson W. Human cytomegalovirus capsid assembly protein precursor (pUL80.5) interacts with itself and with the major capsid protein (pUL86) through two different domains. J. Virol. 71:1997;179-190.
136. Wutzler P., De Clercq E., Wutke K., Farber I. Oral brivudin vs. intravenous acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: a randomized double-blind trial. J. Med. Virol. 46:1995;252-257.
137. Yu D., Weller S.K. Herpes simplex virus type 1 cleavage and packaging proteins UL15 and UL28 are associated with B but not C capsids during packaging. J. Virol. 72:1998a;7428-7439.
138. Yu D., Weller S.K. Genetic analysis of the UL 15 gene locus for the putative terminase of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology. 243:1998b;32-44.
139. Zhang X., Efstathiou S., Simmons A. Identification of novel herpes simplex virus replicative intermediates by field inversion gel electrophoresis: implications for viral DNA amplification strategies. Virology. 202:1994;530-539.
140. Zhuravskaya T., Maciejewski J.P., Netski D.M., Bruening E., Mackintosh F.R., St Jeor S. Spread of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) after infection of human hematopoietic progenitor cells: model of HCMV latency. Blood. 90:1997;2482-2491.