Structure-function relationships in the interaction between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 9, Issue 19, 2003, Pages 1499-1528

  Ploug, Michael ^a  

^a FINSEN LABORATORY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

neurotoxin; CD87; GPI; LU domains; Peptide antagonists; Photoaffinity labeling; uPA; uPAR

Indexed keywords

AE 105; AE 68; AE 78; ANTIMETASTATIC AGENT; GLYCOLIPID; GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; INTEGRIN; LIGAND; LYSINE; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NEUROTOXIN; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PLASMINOGEN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UROKINASE; UROKINASE RECEPTOR; VITRONECTIN;

BINDING AFFINITY; BINDING SITE; CANCER INVASION; CELL SURFACE; EPITOPE MAPPING; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; INVOLUTION; MAMMARY GLAND; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; UPREGULATION; WOUND HEALING;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, PROTEIN; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP; URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

EID: 0037967310     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612033454630     Document Type: Review

References (226)

1. Quigley, J. P. Association of a protease (plasminogen activator) with a specific membrane fraction isolated from transformed cells. J. Cell Biol. 1976, 71, 472-486.
2. Jaken, S.; Black, P. H. Regulation of plasminogen activator in 3T3 cells: Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on subcellular distribution and molecular weight. J. Cell Biol. 1981, 90, 727-731.
3. Danø, K.; Andreasen, P. A.; Grøndahl-Hansen, J.; Kristensen, P.; Nielsen, L. S.; Skriver, L. Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 1985, 44, 139-266.
4. Vassalli, J-D.; Baccino, D.; Belin, D. A cellular binding site for the Mr 55,000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase. J. Cell Biol. 1985, 100, 86-92.
5. Blasi, F.; Vassalli, J-D.; Danøo, K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: Proenzyme, receptor, and inhibitors J. Cell Biol. 1987, 104, 801-804.
6. Nielsen, L. S.; Kellerman, G. M.; Behrendt, N.; Picone, R.; Danø, K.; Blasi, F. A 55,000-60,000 Mr receptor protein for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Identification in human tumor cell lines and partial purification. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 2358-2363.
7. 2-terminal amino acid sequence and glycosylation variants. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 6453-6460.
8. Roldan, A. L.; Cubellis, M. V.; Mascucci, M. T.; Behrendt, N.; Lund, L. R.; Danø, K.: Appella, E.; Blasi, F. Cloning and expression of the receptor for human urokinase plasminogen activator, a central molecule in cell surface, plasmin dependent proteolysis. EMBO J. 1990, 9, 467-474.
9. Min, H. Y.; Semnani, R.; Mizukami, I. F.; Watt, K.; Todd, R. F.; Liu, D. Y. cDNA for Mo3, a monocyte activation antigen, encodes the human receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. J. Immunol. 1992, 148, 3636-3642.
10. Ellis, V.; Pyke, C.; Eriksen, J.; Solberg, H.; Danø, K. The urokinase receptor: Involvement in cell surface proteolysis and cancer invasion. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992, 667, 13-31.
11. Danø, K.; Behrendt, N.; Brünner, N.; Ellis, V.; Ploug, M.; Pyke, C. The urokinase receptor. Protein structure and role in plasminogen activation and cancer invasion. Fibrinolysis 1994, 8 Suppl. 1, 189-203.
12. Nykjær, A.; Conese, M.: Christensen, E. I.; Olson, D.; Cremona, O.; Gliemann, J.; Blasi, F. Recycling of the urokinase receptor upon internalization of the uPA-serpin complexes. EMBO J. 1997, 16, 2610-2620.
13. Czekay, R. P.; Kuemmel, T. A.; Orlando, R. A.: Farquhar, M. G. Direct binding of occupied urokinase receptor (uPAR) to LDL receptor-related protein is required for endocytosis of uPAR and regulation of cell surface urokinase activity. Mol. Biol. Cell 2001, 12, 1467-1479.
14. Wei, Y.; Waltz, D. A.; Rao, N.; Drummond, R. J.: Rosenberg, S.; Chapman, H. A. Identification of the urokinase receptor as an adhesion receptor for vitronectin. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 32380-32388.
15. Waltz, D. A.; Chapman, H. A. Reversible cellular adhesion to vitronectin linked to urokinase receptor occupancy. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 14746-14750.
16. Wei, Y.; Lukashev, M.; Simon, D. I.; Bodary, S. C.; Rosenberg, S.; Doyle, M. V.; Chapman, H. A. Regulation of integrin function by the urokinase receptor. Science 1996, 273, 1551-1555.
17. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A.; Kovalski, K.; Ossowski, L. Tumor dormancy induced by down regulation of urokinase receptor in human carcinoma involves integrin and MAPK signaling. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 147, 89-104.
18. Resnati, M.; Pallavicini, T.; Wang, J. M.; Oppenheim, J.; Serhan, C. N.; Romano, M.; Blasi, F. The fibrinolytic receptor for urokinase activates the G protein-Coupled chemotactic receptor FPRL1/LXA4R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 1359-1364.
19. Resnati, M.; Guttinger, M.; Valcamonica, S.; Sidenius, N.; Blasi, F.; Fazioli, F. Proteolytic cleavage of the urokinase receptor substitutes for the agonist-induced chemotactic effect. EMBO J. 1996, 15, 1572-1582.
20. 2 integrins in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 1998, 188, 1029-1037.
21. Gyetko, M. R.; Sud, S.; Kendall, T.; Fuller, J. A.; Newstead, M. W.; Standiford, T. J. Urokinase receptor-deficient mice have impaired neutrophil recruitment in response to pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection J. Immonol. 2000. 165, 1513-1519.
22. Rømer, J.; Lund, L. R.; Eriksen, J.; Pyke, C.; Kristensen, P.; Danø, K. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is expressed by keratinocytes at the leading edge during re-epithelialization of mouse skin Wounds. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1994, 102, 519-522.
23. Ossowski, L. In vivo invasion of modified chorioallantoic membrane by tumor cells: The role of cell surface-bound urokinase. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 107, 2437-2445.
24. Kim, J,: Yu, W.; Kovalski, K.; Ossowski, L. Requirement for specific proteases in cancer cell intravasation as revealed by a novel semiquantitative PCR-based assay. Cell 1998, 94, 353-362.
25. Andreasen, P.A.; Kjøller, L.; Christensen, L.; Duffy, M. J. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: A review. Int. J. Cancer 1997, 72, 1-22.
26. Kjøller, L. The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. Biol. Chem. 2002, 383, 5-19.
27. Ossowski, L.; Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A. Urokinase receptor and integrin partnership: Coordination of signaling for cell adhesion, migration and growth. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2000, 12, 613-620.
28. Blasi, F. and Carmeliet, P. uPAR: a versatile signaling orchestrator. Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 3, 932-944.
29. Estreicher, A.; Mühlauser, J.; Carpentier, J. L.; Orci, L.; Vassalli, J-D. The receptor for urokinase type plasminogen activator polarizes expression of the protease to the leading edge or migratory monocytes and promotes degradation of enzyme inhibitor complexes. J. Cell Biol. 1990, 111, 783-792.
30. Plesner, T.; Ploug, M.; Ellis, V.; Rønne, E.; Høyer-Hansen, G.; Wittrup. M.; Pedersen, T. L.; Tscherning, T.; Danø, K.; Hansen, N. E. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase is translocated from two distinct intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane on stimulation of human neutrophils. Blood 1994, 83, 808-815.
31. Heiple, J. M.; Ossowski, L. Human neutrophil plasminogen activator is localized in specific granules and is translocated to the cell surface by exocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 1986, 164, 826-840.
32. Hébert, C. A.; Baker. J. B. Linkage of extracellular plasminogen activator to the fibroblast cytoskeleton, colocalization of cell surface urokinase with vinculin. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 106, 1241-1247.
33. Pöllänen, J.; Hedman, K.; Nielsen, L. S.; Danø, K.; Vaheri, A. Ultrastructural localization of plasma membrane-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator at focal contacts. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 106, 87-95.
34. Rijneveld, A. W.; Levi, M.: Florquin, S.; Speelman. P.; Carmeliet, P.; van der Poll, T. Urokinase receptor is necessary for adequate host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia. J. Immunol. 2002, 168, 3507-3511.
35. Solberg, H.; Ploug, M.; Høyer-Hansen, G.; Nielsen, B. S.: Lund, L. R. The murine receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is primarily expressed in tissues actively undergoing remodeling. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2001, 49, 237-246.
36. Pierleoni, C.; Samuelsen, G. B.; Graem, N.; Rønne, E.: Nielsen, B. S.; Kaufmann, P.; Castellucci, M. Immunohistochemical identification of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator associated with fibrin deposition in normal and ectopic human placenta. Placenta 1998, 19, 501-508.
37. Danø, K.; Rømer. J.: Nielsen, B. S.; Bjørn, S,; Pyke, C.; Rygård, J.; Lund, L. R. Cancer invasion and tissue remodeling - cooperation of protease systems and cell types. APMIS 1999, 107, 120-127.
38. Pyke, C.; Kristensen, P.; Ralfkiær, E.; Grøndahl-Hansen, J.; Eriksen, J.; Blasi, F.; Danø, K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is expressed in stromal cells and its receptor in cancer cells at invasive foci in human adenocarcinomas, Am. J. Pathol. 1991, 138, 1059-1067.
39. Pyke, C.; Ralfkiær, E.; Rønne, E.; Høyer-Hansen, G.: Kirkeby, L.; Danø, K. Immunohistochemical detection of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in human colon cancer. Histopathology 1994, 24, 131-138.
40. Delbaldo, C.; Cunningham, M.; Vassalli, J-D.; Sappino, A. P. Plasmin-catalyzed proteolysis in colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 4688-4695.
41. Pyke, C.; Salo, S.; Ralfkiær, E.; Rømer, J., Danø, K.; Tryggvason, K. Laminin-5 is a marker of invading cancer cells in some human adenocarcinomas and is co-expressed with the receptor for Urokinase plasminogen activator in budding cancer cells in colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 4132-4139.
42. Okuyama. T.; Masatoshi, O.; Ishikawa, H. Budding as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in pT1 or pT2 well-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2002, 45, 628-634.
43. Rømer, J.: Pyke, C.; Lund, L. R.: Ralfkiær, E.; Danø, K. Cancer cell expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor mRNA in squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001, 116, 353-358.
44. Yamamoto, M.; Sawaya, R.; Mohanam, S.; Rao, V. H.; Bruner, J. M.; Nicolson, G. L.; Rao, J. S. Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in human gliomas. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 5016-5020.
45. Stephens, R. W.; Nielsen. H. J.; Christensen, I. J.; Thorlacius-Ussing, O.; Sørensen, S.; Danø, K.; Brünner, N. Plasma urokinase receptor levels in patients with colorectal cancer: Relationship to prognosis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91, 869-874.
46. Ganesh, S.; Sier, C. F.; Heerding, M. M.; Griffioen, G.; Lamers, C. B.; Verspaget, H. W. Urokinase receptor and colorectal cancer suvival. Lancet 1994, 344, 401-402.
47. Grøndahl-Hansen, J.; Peters, H. A.; van Putten, W. L. J.; Look, M. P.; Pappot, H.; Rønne, E.; Danø, K.; Klijn, J. G.; Brünner, N.; Foekens, J. A. Prognostic significance of the receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator in breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 1995, 1, 1079-1087.
48. Riisbro, R.; Christensen, I. J.; Piironen, T.; Greenall, M.; Larsen, B.; Stephens, R. W.; Han, C.; Høyer-Hansen, G.: Smith, K.; Brünner, N.; Harris, A. L. Prognostic significance of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in serum and cytosol of tumor tissue from patients with primary breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res, 2002, 8, 1132-1141.
49. Pedersen, H.; Brünner, N.; Francis, D.; Øterlind, K.; Rønne, E.; Hansen, H. H.; Danø, K.; Grøndahl-Hansen, J. Prognostic impact of urokinase, urokinase receptor, and type-I plasminogen activator inhibitor in squamous and large cell lung cancer tissue. Cancer Res. 1994, 54, 4671-4675.
50. Pappot, H.; Høyer-Hansen, G.; Rønne, E.; Hansen, H. H.; Brünner, N.; Danø. K.; Grøndahl-Hansen, J. Elevated plasma levels of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in non-small lung cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer 1997, 33, 867-872.
51. Heiss, M. M.; Allgayer, H.; Gruetzner, K. U.; Funke, I.; Babic. R.; Jauch, K. W.; Schildberg, F. W. Individual development and uPA-receptor expression of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow: A reference to early systemic disease in solid cancer. Nat. Med. 1995, 1, 1035-1039.
52. Heiss, M. M.; Simon, E. H.; Beyer, B. C.; Gruetzner, K. U.; Tarabichi, A.; Babic, R.; Schildberg, F. W.; Allgayer, H. Minimal residual disease in gastric cancer: Evidence of an independent prognostic relevance of urokinase receptor expression by disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20, 2005-2016.
53. Yu, W.; Kim, J.; Ossowski, L. Reduction in surface urokinase receptor forces malignant cells into a protracted state of dormancy. J. Cell Biol. 1997, 137, 767-777.
54. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A.; Liu, D.; Mignatti, A.; Kovalski, K.; Ossowski, L. Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERK (MAPK) to p38 (MAPK) activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 2001, 12, 863-879.
55. Aguirre-Ghiso. J. A. Inhibition of FAK signaling activated by urokinase receptor induces dormancy in human carcinoma cells in vivo. Oncogene 2002, 21, 2513-2524.
56. Liu, D.; Aguirre Ghiso, J. A.; Estrada, Y. and Ossowski, L. EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of human carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2002, 1, 445-457.
57. Ploug, M.; Øtergaard, S.; Gårdsvoll, H.; Kovalski, K.; Holst-Hansen, C.; Holm, A.; Ossowski, L.; Danø, K Peptide-derived antagonists of the urokinase receptor. Affinity maturation by combinatorial chemistry, identification of functional epitopes, and inhibitory effect on cancer cell intravasation. Biochemistry 2001, 40, 12157-12168.
58. Li, H.; Lu, H.; Griscelli, F.; Opolon, P.; Sun, L-Q.; Ragot, T.; Legrand, Y.; Belin, D.; Soria, J.; Soria, C.; Perricaudet, M.; Yeh, P. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of a uPA/uPAR antagonist suppresses angiogenesis-dependent tumor growth and dissemination in mice. Gene Ther. 1998, 5, 1105-1113.
59. Crowley, C. W.; Cohen, R. L.; Lucas, B. K.; Liu, G.; Shuman, M. A.; Levinson, A. D. Prevention of metastasis by inhibition of the urokinase receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 5021-5025.
60. Min, H. Y.; Doyle, L. V.; Vitt, C. R.; Zandonella, C. L.; Stratton-Thomas, J. R.; Shuman, M. A.; Rosenberg, S. Urokinase receptor antagonists inhibit angiogenesis and primary tumor growth in syngeneic mice. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 2428-2433.
61. Vallera, D. A.; Li, C.; Jin, N.; Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A.; Hall, W. A. Targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on human glioblastoma tumors with diphtheria toxin fusion protein DTAT. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002, 94, 597-606.
62. Cavallaro, U.; del Vecchio, A.; Lappi, D. A.; Soria, M. R. A conjugate between human urokinase and saporin, a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein, is selectively cytotoxic to urokinase receptor-expressing cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 23186-23190.
63. Liu, S.; Bugge, T. H.; Leppla, S. H. Targeting of tumor cells by cell surface urokinase plasminogen activator-dependent anthrax toxin. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 17976-17984.
64. Liu, S.; Aaronson, H.; Mitola, D. J.; Leppla, S. H. and Bugge, T. H. Potent anti-tumor activity of a urokinase-activated engineered anthrax toxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 657-662.
65. Horrevoets, A. J.; Smilde, A.; de Vries, C.; Pannekoek, H. The specific roles of finger and kringle 2 domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator during in vitro fibrinolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 12639-12644.
66. Stephens, R. W.; Pöllänen, J.; Tapiovaara, H.; Leung, K-C.; Sim, P-S.; Salonen, E-M.; Rønne, E.; Behrendt, N.; Danø, K.; Vaheri, A. Activation of pro-urokinase and plasminogen on human sarcoma cells: A proteolytic system with surface-bound reactants. J. Cell Biol. 1989, 108, 1987-1995.
67. Ellis, V.; Scully, M. F.; Kakkar, V. V. Plasminogen activation initiated by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Potentiation by U937 monocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 2185-2188.
68. Cubellis, M. V.; Nolli, M. L.; Cassani, G.; Blasi, F. Binding of single-chain pro-urokinase to the urokinase receptor of human U937 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 261, 15819-15822.
69. Lijnen, H. R. Plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling. Thromb. Haemost. 2001, 86, 324-333.
70. Netzel-Arnett, S.; Mitola, D. J:, Yamanda, S. S:, Chrysovergis, K.; Holmbeck, K.; Birkedal-Hansen, H.; Bugge, T. H. Collagen dissolution by keratinocytes requires cell surface plasminogen activation and matrix metalloproteinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 45154-45161.
71. Félez. J. Plasminogen binding to cell surfaces. Fibrinolysis Proteolysis 1998, 12, 183-189.
72. 2-terminal domain of the urokinase receptor. FEBS Lett. 1991, 288, 233-236.
73. Ellis, V.; Behrendt, N.; Danø, K. Plasminogen activation by receptor-bound urokinase. A kinetic study with both cell-associated and isolated receptor. J. Biol. Chem, 1991, 266, 12752-12758.
74. Ellis, V.; Danø, K. Potentiation of plasminogen activation by an anti-urokinase monoclonal antibody due to ternary complex formation. A mechanistic model for receptor-mediated plasminogen activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 4806-4813.
75. Ellis. V.; Whawell, S. A.; Werner, F.; Deadman, J. J. Assembly of urokinase receptor mediated plasminogen activation complexes involves direct, non-active-site interactions between urokinase and plasminogen. Biochemistry 1999, 38, 651-659.
76. Higazi, A. A.; Cohen, R. L., Henkin, J.; Kniss, D.; Schwartz, B. S.; Cines, D. B. Enhancement of the enzymatic activity of single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator by soluble urokinase receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 17375-17380.
77. Parry, M. A.; Zhang, X. C.; Bode, I. Molecular mechanisms of plasminogen activation: Bacterial cofactors provide clues. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2000, 25, 53-59.
78. Behrendt, N.; Danø. K. Effect of purified, Soluble urokinase receptor on the plasminogen-prourokinase activation system. FEBS Lett. 1996, 393, 31-36.
79. Ellis, V. Functional analysis of the cellular receptor for urokinase in plasminogen activation. Receptor binding has no influence on the zymogenic nature of prourokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 14779-14784.
80. Cubellis, M. V.; Andreasen, P. A.: Ragno, P.; Mayer, M.; Danø, K.; Blasi, F. Accessibility of receptor-bound urokinase to type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86, 4828-4832.
81. Ellis, V.; Wun. T-C.; Behrendt, N.; Rønne, E.; Danø. K. Inhibition of receptor-bound urokinase by plasminogen-activator inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 1990. 265, 9904-9908.
82. 2-macroglobulin. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 12329-12336.
83. 2-antiplasmin. Biosci. 2001, 6, d239-d247.
84. Cubellis, M. V.; Wun, T-C.; Blasi, F. Receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of urokinase is caused by its specific inhibitor PAI-1. EMBO J. 1990, 9, 1079-1085.
85. 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates cellular degradation of urokinase receptorbound complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 14543-14546.
86. Moestrup, S. K.; Nielsen, S.; Andreasen, P. A.; Jørgensen, K. E.; Nykjær, A.; Røigaard, H.; Gliemann, J.; Christensen, E. I. Epithelial glycoprotein-330 mediates endocytosis of plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 16564-16570.
87. Heegaard, C. W.; Simonsen, A. C.; Oka, K.; Kjøller, L.; Christensen, A.; Madsen, B.; Ellgaard, L.; Chan, L.; Andreasen, P. A. Very low density lipoprotein receptor binds and mediates endocytosis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor complex. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 20855-20861.
88. Vilhardt, F.; Nielsen, M.; Sandvig, K.; van Deurs, B. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is internalized by different mechanisms in polarized and nonpolarized Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 1999, 10, 179-195.
89. Bugge, T. H.; Suh, T. T.; Flick, M. J.; Daugherty, C. C.; Rømer. J.; Solberg, H.; Ellis, V.; Danø, K.; Degen, J. L. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen is not essential for mouse development or fertility. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 16886-16894.
90. Dewerchin, M.; Nuffelen, A. V.; Wallays, G.; Bouche, A.; Moons, L.; Carmeliet, P.; Mulligan, R. C.; Collen, D. Generation and characterization of urokinase receptor-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 97, 870-878.
91. Carmeliet, P.; Moons, L.; Dewerchin, M.; Rosenberg, S.; Herbert, J-M.; Lupu, F.; Collen, D. Receptor-independent role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in pericellular plasmin and matrix metalloproteinase proteolysis during vascular wound healing in mice. J. Cell Biol. 1998, 140, 233-245.
92. Zhou, H-M.; Nichols, A.; Meda, P.; Vassalli, J-D. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor synergize to promote pathogenic proteolysis. EMBO J. 2000, 19, 4817-4826.
93. Ke, S-H.; Coombs, G. S.; Tachias, K.; Corey, D. R.; Madison, E. L. Optimal subsite occupancy and design of a selective inhibitor of urokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 20456-20462.
94. Estreicher, A. Wohlwend, A.; Belin, D.; Schleuning, W-D.; Vassalli, J-D. Characterization of the cellular binding site for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 1180-1189.
95. Ploug, M.; Rønne, E.; Behrendt, N.; Jensen, A. L.; Blasi,F.; Danø, K. Cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 1926-1933.
96. Udenfriend, S.; Kodukula, K. How glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins are made. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1995, 64, 563-591.
97. Eisenhaber, B.; Bork, P.; Eisenhaber, F. Post-translational GPI lipid anchor modification of proteins in kingdoms of life: Analysis of protein sequence data from complete genomes. Protein Eng. 2001, 14, 17-25.
98. Low, M. G.; Finean, J. B. Release of alkaline phosphatase from membranes by a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Biochem. J. 1977, 167, 281-284.
99. Møller, L. B.; Ploug, M.; Blasi, F. Structural requirements for glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchor attachment in the cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 208, 493-500.
100. Griffith, O. H.; Ryan, M. Bacterial phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C: Structure, function, and interaction with lipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1441, 237-254.
101. Lehto, M. T.; Sharom, F. J. Proximity of the protein moiety of a GPI-anchored protein to the membrane surface: A FRET study. Biochemistry 2002, 41, 8368-8376.
102. Engelholm, L. H.; Behrendt, N. Differential binding of urokinase and peptide antagonists to the urokinase receptor: Evidence from characterization of the receptor in four primate species. Biol. Chem. 2001, 382, 435-442.
103. Kristensen, P.; Eriksen, J.; Blasi, F.; Danø, K. Two alternatively spliced mouse urokinase receptor mRNAs with different histological localization in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Cell Biol. 1991, 115, 1763-1771.
104. Rabbani, S. A.; Rajwans, N.; Achbarou, A.; Murthy, K. K.; Goltzman, D. Isolation and characterization of multiple isoforms of the rat urokinase receptor in osteoblasts. FEBS Lett. 1994, 338, 69-74.
105. Fowler, B.; Mackman, N.; Parmer, R. J.; Miles, L. A. Binding of human single chain urokinase to Chinese hamster ovary cells and cloning of hamster uPAR. Thromb. Haemost. 1998, 80, 148-154.
106. Kätzschmar, J.; Haendler, B.; Kojima, S.; Rifkin, D. B.; Schleuning, W-D. Bovine urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor: Cloning and induction by retinoic acid. Gene 1993, 125, 177-183.
107. Masucci, M. T.; Pedersen, N.; Blasi, F. A soluble, ligand binding mutant of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 8655-8658.
108. 2-terminal domain of the cellular receptor for human urokinase-type plasminogen activator. A domain structure belonging to a novel superfamily of glycolipid-anchored membrane proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 17539-17546.
109. Ploug, M.; Ellis, V.; Danø, K. Ligand interaction between urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor probed by 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate. Evidence for a hydrophobic binding site exposed only on the intact receptor. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 8991-8997.
110. Gårdsvoll, H.; Danø, K.; Ploug, M. Mapping part of the functional epitope for ligand binding on the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 37995-38003.
111. Wilhelm, O. G.; Wilhelm, S.; Escott, G. M.; Lutz, V.; Magdolen, V.; Schmitt, M.; Rifkin, D. B.; Wilson, E. L.; Graeff, H.; Brunner, G. Cellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D regulates urokinase receptor shedding and cell surface expression. J. Cell Physiol. 1999, 180, 225-235.
112. Simon, D. I.; Wei, Y.; Zhang, L.; Rao, N. K.; Xu, H.; Chen, Z.; Liu, Q.; Rosenberg, S.; Chapman, H. A. Identification of a urokinase receptor-integrin interaction site. Promiscuous regulator of integrin function. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 10228-10234.
113. Nguyen, D. H.; Catling, A. D.; Webb, D. J.; Sankovic, M.; Walker, L. A.; Somlyo, A. V.; Weber, M. J.; Gonias, S. L. Myosin light chain kinase functions downstream of Ras/ERK to promote migration of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-stimulated cells in an integrin-selective manner. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 146, 149-164.
114. 5 vitronectin receptor, promoting urokinase-dependent cell migration in breast cancer. Cancer Res.; 1999 59, 5307-5314.
115. Wei, Y.; Eble, J. A.; Wang, Z.; Kreidberg, J. A.; Chapman, H. A. Urokinase receptors promote β1 integrin function through interactions with integrin α3β1. Mol. Biol. Cell 2001, 12, 2975-2986.
116. Fazioli, F.; Resnati, M.; Sidenius, N.; Higashimoto, Y.; Appella, E.; Blasi, F. A urokinase-sensitive region of the human urokinase receptor is responsible for its chemotactic activity. EMBO J. 1997, 16, 7279-7286.
117. Simons, K.; Toomre, D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 1, 31-39.
118. Bohuslav, J.; Horejsi, V.; Hansmann, C.; Stockl, J.; Weidle, U. H.; Majdic, O.; Bartke, I.; Knapp, W.; Stockinger, H. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, β2-integrins, and Src-kinases within a single receptor complex of human monocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 181, 1381-1390.
119. Stahl, A.; Mueller, B. M. The urokinase-type plasminogen actovator receptor, a GPI-linked protein, is localized in caveolae. J. Cell Biol. 1995, 129, 335-344.
120. Schnitzer, J. E.; McIntosh, D. P.; Dvorak, A. M.; Liu, J.; Oh, P. Separation of caveolae from associated microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins. Science 1995, 269, 1435-l439.
121. Rosse, W. F. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as a molecular disease. Medicine 1997, 76, 63-93.
122. Hillmen, P.; Richards, S. J. Implications of recent insights into the pathophysiology of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br. J. Haematol. 2000, 108, 470-479.
123. Takeda, J.; Miyata, T.; Kawagoe, K.; Iida, Y.; Endo, Y.; Fujita, T.; Takahashi, M.; Kitani, T.; Kinoshita. T. Deficiency of the GPI anchor caused by a somatic mutation of the PIG-A gene in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Cell 1993, 73, 703-711.
124. Bessler, M.; Mason, P. J.; Hillmen, P.; Miyata, T.; Yamada, N.; Takeda, J.; Luzzatto, L.; Kinoshita, T. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is caused by somatic mutations in the PIG-A gene. EMBO J. 1994, 13, 110-117.
125. Ploug, M.; Plesner, T.; Rønne, E.; Ellis, V.; Høyer-Hansen, G., Hansen, N. E.; Danø, K. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is deficient on peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1992, 79, 1447-1455.
126. Ploug, M.; Eriksen, J.; Plesner, T.; Hansen, N. E.; Danø K. A soluble form of the glycolipid-anchored receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is secreted from peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 208, 397-404.
127. Rønne, E.; Pappot, H.; Grødahl-Hansen, J., Høyer-Hansen, G., Plesner, T.; Hansen, N. E.; Danø, K. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator is present in plasma from healthy donors and elevated in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br. J Haematol. 1995, 89, 576-581.
128. Pedersen, T. L.; Yong, K.; Pedersen, J. O.; Hansen, N. E.; Danø, K.; Plesner, T. Impaired migration in vitro of neutrophils from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br. J. Haemotol. 1996, 95, 45-51.
129. Moir, E.; Booth, N. A.; Bennett, B. and Robbie, L. A. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes mediate endogenous thrombus lysis via a uPA-dependent mechanism. Br. J. Haematology 2001, 113, 72-80.
130. Bugge, T. H.; Flick, M. J.; Danton, M. J.; Daugherty, C. C.; Rømer, J.; Danø, K.; Carmeliet, P.; Collen, D.; Degen, J. L. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is effective in fibrin clearance in the absence of its receptor or tissue-type plasminogen activator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 5899-5904.
131. Ploug, M.; Rahbek-Nielsen, H.; Nielsen, P. F.; Roepstorff, P.; Danø, K. Glycosylation profile of a recombinant urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 13933-13943.
132. Nilsson I.; von Heijne, G. Glycosylation efficiency of Asn-Xaa-Thr sequons depends both on the distance from the C-terminus and on the presence of a downstream transmembrane segment. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 17338-17343.
133. Møller, L. B.; Pöllänen, J.; Rønne, E.; Pedersen, N.; Blasi, F. N-linked glycosylation of the ligand-binding domain of the human urokinase receptor contributes to the affinity for its ligand. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 11152-11159.
134. Ploug, M.; Rahbek-Nielsen, H.; Ellis, V.; Roepstorff. P.; Danø, K. Chemical modification of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor using tetranitromethane. Evidence for the involvement of specific tyrosine residues in both molecules during receptor-ligand interaction. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 12524-12534.
135. Oda, M.; Shiraishi, A.; Hasegawa, M. Analysis of the ternary complex formation of human urokinase with the separated two domains of its receptor. Eur. J. Biochem, 1998, 256, 411-418.
136. Sidenius, N.; Adolfo, A.; Fesce, R.; Blasi, F. Urokinase regulates vitronectin binding by controlling urokinase receptor oligomerization. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 27982-27990.
137. Shliom, O.; Huang, M.; Sachais, B.; Kuo. A.; Weisel, J. W.; Nagaswami, C.; Nassar, T.; Bdeir, K.; Hiss, E.; Gawlak, S.; Harris, S.; Mazar, A.; Higazi, A. A. Novel interactions between urokinase and its receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 24304-24312.
138. Behrendt, N.; Ploug, M.; Patthy, L.; Houen, G.; Blasi, F.; Danø, K. The ligand-binding domain of the cell surface receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 7842-7847.
139. Casey, J. R.: Petranka, J. G.: Kottra, J.; Fleenor, D. E.; Rosse, W. F. The structure of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene. Blood 1994, 84, 1151-1156.
140. Ploug, M.; Ellis, V. Structure-function relationships in the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Comparison to other members of the Ly-6 family and snake venom α-neurotoxins. FEBS Lett. 1994, 349, 163-168.
141. Suh, T. T.; Nerlov, C.; Danø, K.; Degen, J. L. The murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 25992-25998.
142. Høyer-Hansen, G.; Rønne, E.; Solberg, H.; Behrendt, N.; Ploug, M.; Lund, L. R.; Ellis, V.; Danø, K. Urokinase plasminogen activator cleaves its cell surface receptor releasing the ligand-binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 18224-18229.
143. Høyer-Hansen, G.; Ploug, M.; Behrendt, N.; Rønne. E.; Danø, K. Cell-surface acceleration of urokinase-catalyzed receptor cleavage. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 243, 21-26.
144. Anadolfo, A.; English, W. R.; Resnati, M.; Murphy, G.; Blasi,
145. Patthy, L. Genome evolution and the evolution of exonshuffling - a review. Gene 1999, 238, 103-114.
146. Nastopoulos, V.; Kanellopoulos, P. N.; Tsernoglou, D. Structure of dimeric and monomeric erabutoxin a refined at 1.5 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 1998, 54, 964-974.
147. Zinn-Justin, S.; Roumestand, C.; Drevet, P.; Ménez, A.; Toma, F. Mapping of two "neutralizing" epitopes of a snake curaremimetic toxin by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry, 1993 32, 6884-6891.
148. Moise, L.; Piserchio, A.; Basus, V. J.; Hawrot, E. NMR structural analysis of α-bungarotoxin and its complex with the principal α-neurotoxin-binding sequence on the α7 subunit of a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 12406-12417.
149. Dewan, J.C.; Grant. G. A.: Sacchettini, J. C. Crystal structure of κ-bungarotoxin at 2.3 Å resolution. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 13147-13154.
150. Torres, A. M.: Kini, R. M.; Selvanayagam, N.; Kuchel, P. W. NMR structure of bucandin, a neurotoxin from the venom of the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus). Biochem. J. 2001, 360, 539-548.
151. Kolbe, H. V.; Huber, A.; Cordier, P.; Rasmussen, U. B.; Bouchon, B.; Jaquinot, M.; Vlasak, R.; Delot, E. C.; Kreil, G. Xenoxins, a family of peptides from dorsal gland secretion of Xenopus laevis related to snake venom cytotoxins and neurotoxins. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 16458-16464.
152. Bourne, Y.; Taylor, P.; Marchot, P. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by fasciculin: Crystal structure of the complex. Cell 1995, 83, 503-512.
153. Adermann, K.; Wattler, F.; Wattler, S.; Heine, G.; Meyer. M.; Forssmann, W-G.; Nehls, M. Structural and phylogenetic characterization of human SLURP-1 the first secreted mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR protein family. Protein Sci. 1999, 8, 810-819.
154. Wright, R. M.; Suri. A. K.; Kornreich, B.; Flickinger. C. J.; Herr, J. C. Cloning and characterization of the gene coding for the human acrosomal protein SP-10. Biol. Reprod. 1993, 49, 316-325.
155. Brakenhoff, R. H.; Gerretsen, M.; Knippels, E. M.: van Dijk, M.; van Essen, H.; Weghuis, D. O. Sinke, R. J.; Snow, G. B.; van Dongen, G. A. The human E48 antigen. highly homologous to the murine Ly-6 antigen ThB, is a GPI-anchored molecule apparently involved in keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. J. Cell Biol. 1995, 129, 1677-1699.
156. Mao, M.; Yu, M.; Tong, J-H.; Ye, J.; Zhu, J.; Huang, Q-H.; Fu, G.; Zhao, S-Y.; Waxman, S.; Lanotte, M.; Wang, Z-Y.; Tan, J-Z.; Chan, S-J.; Chen, Z. RIG-E, a human homolog of the murine Ly-6 family, is induced by retinoic acid during the differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 5910-5914.
157. Reiter, R. E.; Gu, Z.; Watabe, T.; Thomas, G.; Szigeti, K.; Davis, E.; Wahl, M.; Nisitani, S.; Yamashiro, J.; Le Beau, M. M.; Loda, M.; Witte, O. N. Prostate stem cell antigen: A cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 1735-1740.
158. Fletcher, C. M.; Harrison, R. A.; Lachmann, P. J.; Neuhaus, D. Structure of a soluble, glycosylated form of the human complement regulatory protein CD59. Structure 1994, 2, 185-199.
159. Kieffer, B.; Driscoll, P. C.; Campbell, I. D.; Willis, A. C.; van der Merve, P. A.; Davies, S. J. Three-dimensional solution structure of the extracellular region of the complement regulatory protein CD59, a new cell-surface protein domain related to snake venom neurotoxins. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 4471-4482.
160. Miwa, J. M.; Ibanez-Tallon, I.; Crabtree, G. W.; Sánchez, R.; Sali, A.; Role, L. W.; Heintz, N. Lynx-1, an endogenous toxin-like modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mammalian CNS. Neuron 1999, 23, 105-114.
161. Vellucci, V. F., Reiss, M. Cloning and genomic organization of the human transforming growth factor-β type I receptor gene. Genomics 1997, 46, 278-283.
162. Hart, P. J.; Deep, S.; Taylor, A. B.: Shu, Z.; Hinck, C. S.; Hinck, A. P. Crystal structure of the human TβR2 ectodomain-TGF-β3 complex. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2002, 9, 203-208.
163. Greenwald, J.; Fischer, W. H.; Vale, W. W.; Choe, S. Threefinger toxin fold for the extracellular ligand binding domain of the type II activin receptor. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1999, 6, 18-22.
164. Kirsch, T.; Sebald, W.; Dreyer, M. K. Crystal structure of the BMP-2-BRIA ectodomain complex. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2000, 7, 492-496.
165. Rosenzweig, B. L.; Imamura, T.; Okadome, T.; Cox, G. N.; Yamashita, H.; ten Dijke, P.; Heldin, C-H.; Miyazono, K. Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 7632-7636.
166. 2 isozymes in the snake's venom. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 249, 838-845.
167. Noel, L. S.; Champion, B. R.; Holley, C. L.; Simmons, C. J.; Morris, D. C.; Payne, J. A.; Lean, J. M.; Chambers, T. J.; Zaman, G.; Lanyon, L. E.; Suva, L. J.; Miller, L. R. RoBo-1, a novel member of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor/CD59/Ly-6/snake toxin family selectively expressed in rat bone and growth plate cartilage. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 3878-3883.
168. Würfel, J.; Seiter, S.; Stassar, M.; Claas, A.; Kläs, R.; Rösel, M.; Marhaba, R.; Savelyeva. L.; Schwab, M.; Matzku, S.; Zöller, M. Cloning of the human homologue of the metastasis-associated rat C4.4A. Gene 2001, 262, 35-41.
169. Petranka, J.; Zhao, J.; Norris, J.; Tweedy, N. B.; Ware, R. E.; Sims, P. J.; Rosse, W. F. Structure-function relationships of the complement regulatory protein, CD59. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 1996, 22, 281-296.
170. Grant, G. A.; Luetje, C. W.; Summers, R.; Xu, X. L. Differential roles for disulfide bonds in the structural integrity and biological activity of κ-bungarotoxin, a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 12166-12171.
171. Ploug, M.; Østergaard, S.; Hansen, L. B.; Holm, A.; Danø, K. Photoaffinity labeling of the human receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator using a decapeptide antagonist. Evidence for a composite ligand-binding site and a short interdomain separation. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 3612-3622.
172. Ploug, M. Identification of specific sites involved in ligand binding by photoaffinity labeling of the receptor for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Residues located at equivalent positions in uPAR domains I and III participate in the assembly of a composite ligand-binding site. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 16494-16505.
173. Sutcliffe, M. J.; Dobson, C. M.; Oswald, R. E. Solution structure of neuronal bungarotoxin determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy: Calculation of tertiary structure using homologous model building, dynamical simulated annealing, and restrained molecular dynamics. Biochemistry 1992, 31, 2962-2970.
174. Servant, D.; Ménez, A. Snake neurotoxins that interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In Handbook of neurotoxixology vol 1; Massaro, E. J.;Ed; Humana Press Inc.; Totowa, NJ, 2001, pp 385-425.
175. Børglum, A.D.; Byskov, A.; Ragno, P.; Roldan, A. L.; Tripputi, P.; Cassani, G.; Danø, K.; Blasi, F.; Bolund, L.; Kruse, T. A. Assignment of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene (PLAUR) to chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1992, 50, 492-497.
176. Fuse, N.; Tsuchiya, T.; Nonomura, Y.; Ménez, A.; Tamiya, T. Structure of the snake short-chain neurotoxin, erabutoxin c, precursor gene. Eur. J. Biochem. 1990, 193, 629-633.
177. Petranka, J. G.; Fleenor, D. E.; Sykes, K.; Kaufman, R. E.; Rosse, W. F. Structure of the CD59-encoding gene: Further evidence of a relationship to murine lymphocyte antigen Ly-6 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89, 7876-7879.
178. Ishikawa, S.; Kai, M.; Murata, Y.; Tamari, M.; Daigo, Y.; Murano, T.; Ogawa, M.; Nakamura, Y. Genomic organization and mapping of the human activin receptor type IIB (hActR-IIB) gene. J. Hum. Genet. 1998, 43, 132-134.
179. Craik, C. S.; Sprang, S.; Fletterick, R.; Rutter, W. J. Intron-exon splice junctions map at protein surfaces. Nature 1982, 299, 180-182.
180. List, K.; Høyer-Hansen, G.; Rønne, E.; Danø, K.; Behrendt, N. Different mechanisms are involved in the antibody mediated inhibition of ligand binding to the urokinase receptor: a study based on biosensor technology. J. Immunol. Methods 1999, 222, 125-133.
181. Boulain, J-C.; Ménez, A. Neurotoxin-specific immunoglobulins accelerate dissociation of the neurotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complex. Science 1982, 217, 732-733.
182. Lijnen, H. R.; de Cock, F.; Collen, D. Characterization of the binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to plasminogen, to plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 and to the u-PA receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 224, 567-574.
183. Kobayashi, H.; Schmitt, M.; Goretzki, L.; Chucholowski, N.; Calvete, J.; Kramer, M.; Gunzler, W. A.; Janicke, F.; Graeff, H. Cathepsin B efficiently activates the soluble and tumor cell receptor-bound torm of the proenzymes urokinase-type plasminogen activator (Pro-uPA). J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 5147-5152.
184. Lee, S. L; Dickson, R. B.; Lin, C. Y. Activation of hepatocyte growth factor and urokinase plasminogen activator by matriptase, an epithelial membrane serine protease. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 36720-36725.
185. Hansen, A. P.; Petros, A. M.; Meadows, R. P.; Nettesheim, D. G.; Mazar, A. P.; Olejniczak, E. T.; Xu, R. X.; Pederson, T. M.; Henkin, J.; Fesik, S. W. Solution structure of the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 4847-4864.
186. Spraggon, G.; Phillips, C.; Nowak, U. K.; Ponting, C. P.; Saunders, D.; Dobson, C. M.; Stuart, D. I.; Jones, E. Y. The crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Structure 1995, 3, 681-691.
187. Appella, E.; Robinson, E. A.; Ullrich, S. J.; Stoppelli, M. P.; Corti, A.; Cassani, G.; Blasi, F. The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. A biological function for the growth-factor module of proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 1986, 262, 4437-4440.
188. Magdolen, V.; Rettenberger, P.; Koppitz, M.; Goretzki, L.; Kessler, H.; Weidle, U. H.; König, B.; Graeff, H.; Schmitt, M.; Wilhelm, O. Systematic mutational analysis of the receptor-binding region of the human urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 743-751.
189. Bürgle, M.; Koppitz, M.; Riemer, C.; Kessler, H.; König, B.; Weidle, U. H.; Kellermann, J.; Lottspeich, F.; Graeff, H.; Schmitt, M.; Goretzki, L.; Reuning, U.; Wilhelm, O.; Magdolen, V. Inhibition of the interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with its receptor (uPAR) by synthetic peptides. Biol. Chem. 1997, 378, 231-237.
190. 19]-uPA 19-31 is a potent competitive antagonist of the interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with its receptor (CD87). Biol. Chem. 2001, 382, 1197-1205.
191. Schmiedeberg, N.; Schmitt, M.; Rölz, C.; Truffault, V.; Sukopp, M.; Bürgle, M.; Wilhelm, O. G.; Schmalix, W.; Magdolen, V.; Kessler, H. Synthesis, solution structure, and biological evaluation of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA)-derived receptor binding domain mimetics. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 4984-4994.
192. Muehlenweg, B.; Assfalg-Machleidt, I.; Parrado, S. G.; Bürgle, M.; Creutzburg, S.; Schmitt, M.; Auerswald, E. A.; Machleidt, W.; Magdolen, V. A novel type of bifunctional inhibitor directed against proteolytic activity and receptor/ligand interaction. Cystatin with a urokinase receptor binding site. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 33562-33566.
193. Tressler, R. J.; Pitot, P. A.; Stratton, J. R.; Forrest, L. D.; Zuo, S.; Drummond, R. J.; Fong, S.; Doyle, M. V.; Doyle, L. V.; Min, H. Y.; Rosenberg, S. Urokinase receptor antagonists: Discovery and application to in vivo models of tumor growth. APMIS 1999, 107, 168-173.
194. Quax, P. H.; Grimbergen, J. M.; Lansink, M.; Bakker, A. H.; Blatter, M-C.; Belin, D.; van Hinsbergh, V. W.; Verheijen, J. H. Binding of human urokinase-type plasminogen activator to its receptor: Residues involved in species specificity and binding. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998, 18, 693-701.
195. Goodson, R. J.; Doyle, M. V.; Kaufman, S. E.; Rosenberg, S. High-affinity urokinase receptor antagonists identified with bacteriophage peptide display. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 7129-7133.
196. Luther, T.; Magdolen, V. Albrecht, S.; Kasper, M.; Riemer, C.: Kessler, H.; Graeff, H.; Muller, M.; Schmitt, M. Epitope-mapped monoclonal antibodies as tools for functional and morphological analyses of the human urokinase receptor in tumor tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 1997, 150, 1231-1244.
197. Behrendt, N.; Rønne. E.; Danø, K. Domain interplay in the urokinase receptor. Requirement for the third domain in high affinity ligand binding and demonstration of ligand contact sites in distinct receptor domains. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 22885-22894.
198. Bdeir, K.; Kuo, A.; Mazar, A.; Sachais, B. S.; Xiao, W.; Gawlak, S.; Harris, S.; Higazi, A. A.; Cines, D. B. A region in domain II of the urokinase receptor required for urokinase binding. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 28532-28538.
199. Liang, O. D.; Chavakis, T.; Kanse, S. M.; Preissner, K. T. Ligand binding regions in the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Structural requirements for a multidomain binding region and receptor-receptor interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 28946-28953.
200. Sato, S.; Kopitz, C.; Schmalix, W. A.; Muehlenweg, B., Kessler, H.; Schmitt, M.; Krüger, A.; Magdolen, V. High-affinity urokinase-derived cyclic peptides inhibiting urokinase/urokinase receptor interaction: effects on tumor growth and spread. FEBS Lett. 2002, 528, 212-216.
201. Reuning, U.; Sperl, S.; Kopitz, C.; Kessler, H.; Krüger, A.; Schmitt, M.; Magdolen, V. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR): development of antagonists of uPA/uPAR interaction and their effects in vitro and in vivo. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2003, 9(19), 1529-1543.
202. Liotta, L. A.; Kohn, E. C. The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature 2001, 411, 375-379.
203. Ignar, D. M.; Andrews, J. L.; Witherspoon, S. M.; Leray, J. D.; Clay, W. C.; Kilpatrick, K.; Onori, J.; Kost, T.; Emerson, D. L. Inhibition of establishment of primary and micrometastatic tumors by a urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antagonist. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 1998, 16, 9-20.
204. Kobayashi, H.; Gotoh, J.; Fujie, M.; Shinohara, H.; Moniwa, N.; Terao, T. Inhibition of mestastasis of Lewis Lung carcinoma by a synthetic peptide within growth factor-like domain of urokinase in the experimental and spontaneous metastasis model. Int. J. Cancer 1994, 57, 727-733.
205. Sidenius, N.; Blasi, F. Domain 1 of the urokinase receptor (uPAR) is required for uPAR-mediated cell binding to vitronectin. FEBS Lett. 2000, 470, 40-46.
206. Deng, G.; Curriden, S. A.; Wang, S.; Rosenberg, S.; Loskutoff, D. J. Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 the molecular switch that governs urokinase receptor mediated cell adhesion and release? J. Cell Biol. 1996, 134, 1-9.
207. Okumura, Y.; Kamikubo, Y.; Curriden, S. A.; Wang, J.; Kiwada, T.; Futaki, S.; Kitagawa, K.; Loskutoff, D. J. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between vitronectin and the urokinase receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 9395-9404.
208. Høyer-Hansen, G.; Behrendt, N.; Ploug, M.; Danø, K.; Preissner, K. T. The intact urokinase receptor is required for efficient vitronectin binding: receptor cleavage prevents ligand interaction. FEBS Lett. 1997, 420, 79-85.
209. Seiffert, D.; Smith, J. W. The cell adhesion domain in plasma vitronectin is cryptic. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 13705-13710.
210. Fong, S.; Doyle, M. V.; Goodnson, R. J.; Drummon, R. J.; Stratton, J. R.; McGuire, C.; Doyle, L. V.; Chapman, H. A.; Rosenberg, S. Random peptide bacteriophage display as a probe for urokinase receptor ligands. Biol. Chem. 2002, 383, 149-158.
211. 3 binding to vitronectin. Nature 1996, 383, 441-443.
212. Montuori, N.; Carriero, M. V.; Salzano, S.; Rossi, G.; Ragno, P. The cleavage of the urokinase receptor regulates its multiple functions. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 46932-46939.
213. Moser, T. L.; Enghild, J. J.; Pizzo, S. V.; Stack, M. S. Specific binding of urinary-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to vitronectin and its role in mediating u-PA-dependent adhesion of U937 cells. Biochem. J. 1995, 307, 867-873.
214. 2 as well as the urokinase receptor regulates cell adhesion and migration. Blood 2003, 101, 1582-1590.
215. Hynes, R. O. Integrins: Bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 2002, 110, 673-687.
216. Kugler, M.; Wei, Y.; Chapman, H. A. Urokinase receptor and integrin interactions. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2003, 9(19), 1465-1474.
217. Ploug, M.; Gårdsvoll, H.; Jørgensen, T. J. D.; Lønborg-Hansen, L.; Danø, K. Structural analysis of the interaction between urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor: a potential target for anti-invasive cancer therapy. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2002, 30, 177-183.
218. Nykjær, A.; Christensen, E. I; Vorum, H.; Hager, H.; Petersen, C. M.; Røigaard, H.; Min, H. Y.; Vilhardt, F.; Møller, L. B.; Kornfeld, S.; Gliemann, J. Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor targets the urokinase receptor to lysosomes via a novel binding interaction. J. Cell Biol. 1998, 141, 815-828.
219. Behrendt, N.; Jensen, O. N.; Engelholm, L. H.; Mørtz, E.; Mann, M.; Danø, K. A urokinase receptor-associated protein with specific collagen binding properties. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 1993-2002.
220. Colman, R. W.; Pixley, R. A.; Najamunisa, S.; Yan, J.; Mazar, A.; McCrae, K. R. Binding of high molecular weight kininogen to human endothelial cells is mediated via a site within domains 2 and 3 of the urokinase receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 100, 1481-1487.
221. Chavakis, T.; Kanse, S. M.; Lupu, F.; Hammes, H-P.; Müller-Esterl, W.; Pixley, R. A.; Colman, R. W.; Preissner, K. T. Different mechanisms define the antiadhesive function of high molecular weight kininogen in integrin- and urokinase receptor-dependent interactions. Blood 2000, 96, 514-522.
222. Mahdi, F.; Madar, S.; Figueroa, C. D.; Schmaier, A. H. Factor XII interacts with the multiprotein assembly of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, gC1qR, and cytokeratin 1 on endothelial cell membranes. Blood 2002, 99, 3585-3596.
223. 1 integrins and the cytoskeleton. Carcinogenesis 2002, 23, 1593-1601.
224. Gharaee-Kermani, M. and Phan, S. H. Role of cytokines and cytokine therapy in wound healing and fibrotic diseases. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2001, 7(11), 1083-103.
225. Lazure, C. The peptidase zymogen proregions: nature's way of preventing undesired activation and proteolysis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2002, 8(7), 511-31.
226. Rockway, T. W.; Nienaber, V. and Giranda, V. L. Inhibitors of the protease domain of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2002, 8(28), 2541-58.