Markers of genetic susceptibility in human environmental hygiene and toxicology: The role of selected CYP, NAT and GST genes

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

Volumn 206, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 149-171

  Thier, Ricarda ^a   Brüning, Thomas ^b   Roos, Peter H ^c   Rihs, Hans Peter ^b   Golka, Klaus ^c   Ko, Yon ^d   Bolt, Hermann M ^c,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b INSTITUT DER RUHR UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM IPA   (Germany)

^c LEIBNIZ RESEARCH CENTRE FOR WORKING ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN FACTORS   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^e NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cytochrome P 450; Glutathione S transferases; Molecular epidemiology; N acetyl transferases; Polymorphisms; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

1 NAPHTHYLAMINE; 4 BIPHENYLAMINE; AROMATIC AMINE; BENZIDINE; CARCINOGEN; CYTOCHROME P450 1A1; CYTOCHROME P450 1B1; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; ETHYLENE OXIDE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; METHANE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ALLELE; BLADDER CANCER; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHINESE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC TRAIT; GENOTYPE; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NULL ALLELE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SMOKING; SOMATIC MUTATION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

EID: 0037772635     PISSN: 14384639     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00209     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Agarwal, D. P., Goedde, H. W.: Pharmacogenetics of alcohol metabolism and alcoholism Pharmacogenetics 2: 48-62 (1992).
2. Anwar, W. A., Abdel-Rahman, S. Z., El-Zein, R. A., Mostafa, H. M., Au, W. W.: Genetic polymorphism of GSTM1, CYP2E1 and CYP2D6 in Egyptian bladder cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 17: 1923-1929 (1996).
3. Ambrosone, C. B., Freudenheim, J. L., Graham, S., Marshall, J. R., Vena, J. E., Brasure, J. R., Laughlin, R., Nemoto, T., Michalek, A. M., Harrington, A., Ford, T. D., Shields, P. G.: Cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione-S-transferase (M1) genetic polymorphisms in a postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Res.: 55: 3483-3485 (1995).
4. Bailey, L. R., Roodi, N., Verrier, C. S., Yee, C. J., Dupont, W. D., Parl, F. F.: Breast cancer and CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms: evidence of a lack of association in Caucasian and African Americans. Cancer Res. 58: 65-70 (1998).
5. Bartsch, H., Nair, U., Risch, A., Rojas, M., Wikman, H., Alexandrov, K.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP genes, alone or in combination as a risk modifier of tobacco-related cancers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 9: 3-28 (2000).
6. Basham, V. M., Pharoah, P. D., Healey, C. S., Luben, R. N., Day, N. E., Easton, D. F., Ponder, B. A., Dunning, A. M.: Polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and smoking: no association with breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 22: 1797-1800 (2001).
7. Bell, D. A.: Ethnic variation in xenobiotic metabolism and increased risk for carcinogen-induced bladder cancer. ISSX Proceedings 6: 5 (1994).
8. Bell, D. A., Taylor, J. A., Paulson, D. F., Robertson, C. N., Mohler, J. L., Lucier, G. W.: Genetic risk and carcinogen exposure: a common inherited defect of the carcinogen-metabolism gene glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) that increases susceptibility to bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. USA 85: 1159-1164 (1993).
9. Beresford, A. P.: CYP1A1: friend or foe? Drug. Metab. Rev. 25: 503-517 (1993).
10. Bernardini, S., Hirvonen, A., Jarventaus, H., Norppa, H.: Influence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 23: 893-897 (2002).
11. Bogaards, J. J. P., van Immen, B., van Bladeren, P. J.: Interindividual differences in the in vitro conjugation of methylene chloride with glutathione S-transferase in 22 human liver samples. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45: 2166-2169 (1993).
12. Bolt, H. M.: Metabolism of estrogens - natural and synthetic. In: International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chaudhury RR, ed., Section 106, pp. 19-48. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1981).
13. Bolt, H. M.: Special points in the toxicity assessment of colorants (dyes and pigments). In: Thomas H, ed., Toxicology of industrial compounds. Taylor & Francis, London (1995).
14. Bolt, H. M.: Quantification of endogenous carcinogens. The ethylene oxide paradox. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52: 1-5 (1996).
15. Bolt, H. M.: Genetic susceptibility to environmental toxicants - impact for human health (GENSUT) EUROTOX Newsletter 22(2): 35-37 (1999).
16. Bolt, H. M., Gansewendt, B.: Mechanism of carcinogenicity of methyl halides. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 23: 237-253 (1993).
17. Bolt, H. M., Kappus, H.: Irreversible binding of ethynylestradiol metabolites to protein and nucleic acids as catalyzed by rat liver microsomes and mushroom tyrosinase. J. Steroid. Biochem. 5: 179-184 (1974).
18. Bolt, H. M., Leutbecher, M., Golka, K.: A note on the physiological background of the ethylene oxide adduct 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine in DNA from human blood. Arch. Toxicol. 71: 719-721 (1997).
19. Bolt, H. M., Roos, P. H., Thier, R.: The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals: consequences for occupational and environmental medicine. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 76: 174-185 (2003).
20. Borlakoglu, J. T., Henderson, C. J., Wolf, C. R.: Lactational transfer of 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl but not 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, induces neonatal CYP4A1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45: 769-771 (1993).
21. Brian, W. R., Sari, M. A., Iwasaki, M.: Catalytic activities of human liver cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 expressed in Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 29: 11280-11292 (1990).
22. Brüning, T., Lammert, M., Kempkes, M., Thier, R., Golka, K., Bolt, H. M.: Influence of polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 for risk of renal cell cancer in workers with long-term high occupational exposure to trichloroethene. Arch. Tox. 71: 596-599 (1997).
23. Brüning, T., Abel, J., Koch, B., Lorenzen, K., Harth, V., Donat, S., Sachinidis, A., Vetter, H., Bolt, H. M., Ko, Y.: Real-time PCR-analysis of the cytochrome P450 1B1 codon 432-polymorphism. Arch. Toxicol. 73: 427-430 (1999).
24. Brüning, T., Chronz, C., Thier, R., Havelka, J., Ko, Y., Bolt, H. M.: Occurrence of urinary tract tumors in miners exposed to dinitrotoluene. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 41: 144-149 (1999a).
25. Brüning, T., Thier, R., Mann, H., Melzer, H., Bröde, P., Dallner, G., Bolt, H. M.: Pathological excretion patterns of urinary proteins in miners highly exposed to dinitrotoluene. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 43: 610-615 (2001).
26. Brüning, T., Thier, R., Bolt, H. M.: Nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of dinitrotoluene, new aspects to be considered. Rev. Environ. Health 17: 163-172 (2002).
27. Brockmöller, J., Kerb, R., Drakoulis, N., Nitz, M., Roots, I.: Genotype and phenotype of glutathione S-transferase class γ isoenzymes mu and psi in lung cancer patients and controls. Cancer Res., 53: 1004-1011 (1993).
28. Brockmöller, J., Cascorbi, I., Kerb, R., Roots, I.: Combined analysis of inherited polymorphisms in arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes as modulators of bladder cancer risk. Cancer Res. 56: 3915-3925 (1996).
29. Butkiewicz, D., Cole, K. J., Phillips, D. H., Harris, C. C., Chorazy, M.: GSTM1, GSTP1, CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms in lung cancer patients from an environmentally polluted region of Poland: correlation with lung DNA adduct levels. Eur. J. Cancer. Prev. 8: 315-323 (1999).
30. Butler, M. A., Lang, N. P., Young, J. F., Caporaso, N. E., Vineis, P., Hayes, R. B., Teitel, C. H., Massengill, J. P., Lawsen, M. F., Kadlubar, F. F.: Determination of CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase 2 phenotypes in human population by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics 2: 116-127 (1992).
31. Butler, A. M., Murray, M.: Biotransformation of parathion in human liver: participation of CYP3A4 and its inactivation during microsomal parathion oxidation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280: 966-973 (1997).
32. Caporaso, N., Landi, M. T., Vineis, P.: Relevance of metabolic polymorphisms to human carcinogenesis; evaluation of epidemiologic evidence. Pharmacogenetics 1: 4-19 (1991).
33. Caporaso, N., De Baum, M. R., Rothman, N.: Lung cancer and CYP 2D6 (the debrisoquine polymorphism): sources of heterogenicity in the proposed association. Pharmacogenetics 5, Suppl.: S129-S134 (1995).
34. Cartwright, R. A., Glashan, R. W., Rogers, H. J., Ahmad, R. A., Barham-Hall, D., Higgins, E., Kahn, M. A.: Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes in bladder carcinogenesis: a pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet 2 (8303): 842-845 (1982).
35. Cascorbi, I., Drakoulis, N., Brockmöller, J., Maurer, A., Sperling, K., Roots, I.: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) mutations and their allelic linkage in unrelated Caucasian individuals: correlation with phenotypic activity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 581-592 (1995).
36. Cascorbi, I., Brockmöller, J., Roots, I.: A C4887A polymorphism in exon 7 of human CYP1A1: population frequency, mutation linkages, and impact on lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res. 56: 4965-4969 (1996).
37. Cattley, R. C., Everitt, J. I., Gross, E. A., Moss, O. R., Hamm, T. E., Popp, J. A.: Carcinogenicity and toxicity of inhaled nitrobenzene in B6C3F1 mice and CD rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 22: 328-340 (1994).
38. Cauchi, S., Stucker, I., Solas, C., Laurent-Puig, P., Cenee, S., Hemon, D., Jacquet, M., Kremers, P., Beaune, P., Massaad-Massade, L.: Polymorphisms of human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) gene in a French population: relationship with CYP1A1 inducibility and lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 22: 1819-1824 (2001).
39. Chen, S., Xue, K., Xu, L., Ma, G., Wu, J.: Polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes in relation to individual susceptibility to lung carcinoma in Chinese population. Mutat. Res. 458: 41-47 (2001).
40. Crespi, C. L., Penman, B. W., Steiner, D. T., Smith, T., Yang, C. S., Sutter, T. R.: Development of a human lymphoblastoid cell line constitutively expressing human CYP1B1 cDNA: substrate specificity with model substrates and promutagens. Carcinogenesis 12: 83-89 (1997).
41. Dahl, M. L., Bertilsson, L.: Genetically variable metabolism of antidepressants and neuroleptic drugs in man. Pharmacogenetics 3: 61-70 (1993).
42. Deguchi, T., Mashimo, M., Suzuki, T.: Correlation between acetylator phenotypes and genotypes of polymorphic arylamine N-acetyltransferase in human liver. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 12757-12760 (1990).
43. De Palma, G., Manini, P., Mozzoni, P., Andreoli, R., Bergamaschi, E., Cavazzini, S., Franchini, I., Mutti, A.: Polymorphism of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and excretion of styrene-specific mercapturic acids. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14: 1393-1400 (2001).
44. De Vivo, I., Hankinson, S. E., Li, L., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J.: Association of CYP1B1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11: 489-492 (2002).
45. DFG: Biological Monitoring. Heutige und künftige Möglichkeiten in der Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim/Germany (2001).
46. DFG: Analytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Analysen im biologischen Material. Bearbeitet von der Arbeitsgruppe "Analytische Chemie" der Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe. Loseblattsammlung. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim/Germany (2002).
47. Dialyna, I. A., Arvanitis, D. A., Spandidos, D. A.: Genetic polymorphisms and transcriptional pattern analysis of CYP1A1, AhR, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes in breast cancer. Int. J. Mol. Med. 8: 79-87 (2001).
48. Dresler, C. M., Fratelli, C., Babb, J., Everley, L., Evans, A. A., Clapper, M. L.: Gender differences in genetic susceptibility for lung cancer. Lung Cancer 30: 153-160 (2000).
49. Dunning, A. M., Healey, C. S., Pharoah, P. D., Teare, M. D., Ponder, B. A., Easton, D. F.: A systematic review of genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8: 843-854 (1999).
50. Eaton, D. L.: Biotransformation enzyme polymorphism and pesticide susceptibility. Neuro. Toxicology 21: 101-112 (2000).
51. Eaton, D. L., Bammler, T. K.: Concise review of the glutathione S-transgerases and their significance in toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 49: 156-164 (1999).
52. El-Masri, H. A., Bell, D. A., Portier, C. J.: Effects of glutathione transferase theta polymorphism on the risk estimates of dichloromethane to humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 158: 221-230 (1999).
53. Fearon, E. R., Vogelstein, B.: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-67 (1990).
54. Fernandez-Salguero, P., Hoffman, S. M., Cholerton, S., Mohrenweiser, H., Raunio, H., Rautio, A., Pelkonen, O., Huang, J. D., Evans, W. E., Idle, J. R.: A genetic polymorphism in coumarin 7-hydroxylation: sequence of the human CYP2A genes and identification of variant CYP2A6 alleles. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57: 651-660 (1995).
55. Föst, U., Hallier, E., Ottenwälder, H., Bolt, H. M., Peter, H.: Distribution of ethylene oxide in human blood and its implications for biomonitoring. Hum. Exp. Toxico.l 10: 25-31 (1991).
56. Ford, D., Easton, D. F., Stratton, M., Narod, S., Goldgar, D., Devilee, P., Bishop, D. T., Weber, B., Lenoir, G., Chang-Claude, J., Sobol, H., Teare, M. D., Struewing, J., Arason, A, Scherneck, S., Peto, J, Rebbeck, T. R., Tonin, P., Neuhausen, S., Barkardottir, R., Eyfjord, J., Lynch, H., Ponder, B. A., Gayther, S. A., Zelada-Hedman, M.: Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62: 676-689 (1998).
57. Fryer, A. A., Jones, P. W.: Chapter 22. Interactions between detoxifying enzyme polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer. IARC Sci. Publ. (148): 303-322 (1999).
58. Fuchs, J., Wullenweber, U., Hengstler, J. G., Bienfait, H. G., Hiltl, G., Oesch, F.: Genotoxic risk for humans due to workplace exposure to ethylene oxide: remarkable individual differences in susceptibility. Arch. Toxicl. 68: 343-348 (1994).
59. Garnier, R., Rambourg-Schepens, M. O., Müller, A., Hallier, E.: Glutathione transferase activity and formation of macromolecular adducts in two cases of acute methyl bromide poisoning. Occup. Environ. Med. 53: 211-215 (1996).
60. Garte, S., Gaspari, L., Alexandrie, A. K., Ambrosone, C., Autrup, H., Autrup, J. L., Baranova, H., Bathum, L., Benhamou, S., Boffetta, P., Bouchardy, C., Breskvar, K., Brockmöller, J., Cascorbi, I., Clapper, M. L., Coutelle, C., Daly, A., Dell'Omo, M., Dolzan, V., Dresler, C. M., Fryer, A., Haugen, A., Hein, D. W., Hildesheim, A., Hirvonen, A., Hsieh, L. L., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Kalina, I., Kang, D., Kihara, M., Kiyohara, C., Kremers, P., Lazarus, P., Le Marchand, L., Lechner, M. C., van Lieshout, E. M., London, S., Manni, J. J., Maugard, C. M., Morita, S., Nazar-Stewart, V., Noda, K., Oda, Y., Parl, F. F., Pastorelli, R., Persson, I., Peters, W. H., Rannug, A., Rebbeck, T., Risch, A., Roelandt, L., Romkes, M., Ryberg, D., Salagovic, J., Schoket, B., Seidegard, J., Shields, P. G., Sim, E., Sinnet, D., Strange, R. C., Stucker, I., Sugimura, H., To-Figueras, J., Vineis, P., Yu, M. C., Taioli, E.: Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10: 1239-1248 (2001).
61. Ghanayem, B. I., Sanders, M., Chanas, B., Burka, L. T., Gonzalez, F. J.: Role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in methacylonitrile metabolism and disposition. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289: 1054-1059 (1999).
62. Goldzieher, J. W., Dozier, T. S., de la Pena, A.: Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of ethynyl estrogens in various populations. I. Ethynylestradiol. Contraception 21: 1-16 (1980a).
63. Goldzieher, J. W., Dozier, T. S., de la Pena, A.: Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of ethynyl estrogens in various populations: II. Mestranol. Contraception 21: 17-27 (1980b).
64. Golka, K., Kempkes, M., Flieger, A., Blaszkewicz, M., Bolt, H. M.: Overrepresentation of the slow acetylator phenotype in painters suffering from urinary bladder cancer. Med. Lav. 88: 425-426 (1997).
65. Golka, K., Bandel, T., Schlaefke, S., Reich, S. E., Reckwitz, T., Urfer, W., Bremicker, K. D., Neugebauer, W., Soekeland, J., Bolt, H. M.: Urothelial cancer of the bladder in an area of former coal, iron, and steel industries in Germany: a case-control study. Int. J. Occup. Environ Health 4: 79-84 (1998).
66. Golka, K., Weistenhöfer, W., Jedrusik, P., Geller, F., Blaszkewicz, M., Bolt, H. M.: N-Acetyltransferase 2 phenotype in painters with bladder cancer and controls. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 30: 464-467 (2001).
67. Golka, K., Prior, V., Blaszkewicz, M., Bolt, H. M.: The enhanced bladder cancer susceptibility of NAT2 slow acetylators towards aromatic amines: a review considering ethnic differences. Toxicol. Lett. 128: 229-241 (2002).
68. Golka, K., Prior, V., Blaszkewicz, M., Cascorbi, I., Schöps, W., Kierfeld, G., Roots, I., Bolt, H. M.: Occupational history and genetic N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in urothelial cancer patients of Leverkusen, Germany. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 22: 332-338 (1996).
69. Golka, K., Reckwitz, T., Kempkes, M., Cascorbi, I., Blaszkewicz, M., Reich, S. E., Roots, I., Sökeland, J., Schulze, H., Bolt, H. M.: N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase γ (GSTM1) in bladder cancer patients in a highly industrialized area. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 3: 105-110 (1997).
70. Goodman, M. T., McDuffie, K., Kolonel, L. N., Terada, K., Donlon, T. A., Wilkens, L. R., Guo, C., Le Marchand, L.: Case-control study of ovarian cancer and polymorphisms in genes involved in catecholestrogen formation and metabolism. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10: 209-216 (2001).
71. Grant, D. M.: Molecular genetics of aromatic amines. Pharmacogenetics 3: 45-50 (1993).
72. Grammer, L. C., Roberts, M., Nicholls, A. J. et al.: IgE against ethylene oxide-altered human serum albumin in patients who have had acute dialysis reactions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 74: 544-549 (1984).
73. Gsur, A., Haidinger, G., Hollaus, P., Herbacek, I., Madersbacher, S., Trieb, K., Pridun, N., Mohn-Staudner, A., Vetter, N., Vutuc, C., Micksche, M.: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and lung cancer risk. Anticancer Res. 21: 2237-2242 (2001).
74. Hallier, E., Deutschmann, S., Reichel, C., Bolt, H. M., Peter, H.: A comparative investigation of the metabolism of methyl bromide and methyl iodide in human erythrocytes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 62: 221-225 (1990).
75. Hallier, E., Langhof, T., Dannappel, D., Leutbecher, M., Schröder, K., Goergens, H. W., Müller, A., Bolt, H. M.: Polymorphism of glutathione conjugation of methyl bromide, ethylene oxide and dichloromethane in human blood: influence on the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in lymphocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 67: 173-178 (1993).
76. Hallier, E., Goergens, H. W., Karels, H., Golka, K.: A note on individual differences in the urinary excretion of optical enantiomers of styrene metabolites and of styrene-derived mercapturic acids in humans. Arch. Toxicol. 69: 300-305 (1995).
77. Hallier, E., Schröder, K. R., Asmuth, K., Dommermuth, A., Aust, B., Goergens, H. W.: Metabolism of dichloromethane (methylene chloride) to formaldehyde in human erythrocytes: influence of polymorphism of glutathione transferase Theta(GSTT1-1). Arch. Toxicol. 68: 423-427 (1994).
78. Hanke, J., Kajewska, A.: Acetylation phenotype and bladder cancer. J. Occup. Med. 32: 917-918 (1990).
79. Hayes, R. B., Bi, W., Rothman, N., Broly, F., Caporaso, N., Feng, P., You, X., Yin, S., Woosley, R. L., Meyer, U. A.: N-Acetylation phenotype and risk of bladder cancer in benzidine-exposed workers. Carcinogenesis 14: 675-678 (1993).
80. Hayes, C. L., Spink, D. C., Spink, B. C., Cao, J. Q., Walker, N. J., Sutter, T. R.: 17β-Estradiol hydroxylation catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 1B1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9776-9781 (1996).
81. Houlston, R. S.: CYP1A1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenetics 10: 105-114 (2000).
82. Huang, C. Y., Huang, K. L., Cheng, T. J., Wang, J. D., Hsieh, L. L.: The GSTT1 and CYP2E1 genotypes are possible factors causing vinyl chloride induced abnormal liver function. Arch. Toxicol. 71: 482-488 (1997).
83. Hustert, E., Zibat, A., Presecan-Siedel, E., Eiselt, R., Mueller, R., Fuss, C., Brehm, I., Brinkmann, U., Eichelbaum, M., Wojnowski, L., Burk, O.: Natural protein variants of pregnane X receptor with altered transactivation activity toward CYP3A4. Drug Metab. Dispos. 29: 1454-1459 (2001).
84. IARC: Workshop on Mechanistic Considerations in the Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon Nov. 14-17, 2001.
85. Idle, J. R., Armstrong, M., Boddy, A. V., Boustead, C., Cholerton, S., Cooper, J., Daly, A.K., Ellis, J., Gregory, W., Hadidi, H., et al.: The pharmacogenetics of chemical carcinogenesis. Pharmacogenetics 2: 246-258 (1992).
86. Ishibe, N., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Spiegelmann, D., Wilett, W. C., Speizer, F. E., Kelsey, K. T., Hunter, D. J.: Cigarette smoking, cytochrome p 450 1A1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Res. 58: 667-671 (1998).
87. Ivanov, S. V., Kuzmin, I., Wie, M. H., Pack, S., Geil, L., Johnson, B. E., Stanbridge, E. J., Lerman, M. I.: Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wildtype von Hippel-Lindau transgenes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 12596-12601 (1998).
88. Jeronimo, C., Varzim, G., Henrique, R., Oliveira, J., Bento, M. J., Silva, C., Lopes, C., Sidransky, D.: I105V polymorphism and promoter methylation of the GSTP1 gene in prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11: 445-450 (2002).
89. Kalow, W., Staron, N.: On the distribution and inheritance of a typical forms of human serum cholinesterase, as indicated by dibucaine numbers. Can. J. Biochem. 35: 1305 (1957).
90. Kamataki, T., Nunoya, K., Sakai, Y., Kushida, H., Fujita, K.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 in relation to cancer. Mutat. Res. 428: 125-130 (1999).
91. Kawakubo, Y., Merk, H. F., Masaoudi, T. A., Sieben, S., Blomeke, B.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 in N-acetylation of paraphenylenediamine in human skin and keratinocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292: 150-155 (2000).
92. Kerlau, V., Dreano, Y., Bercovici, J. P.: Nature of cytochromes P-450 involved in the 2/4-hydroxylations of estradiol in human liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44: 1745-1756 (1992).
93. Kihara, M., Kihara, M., Noda, K.: Lung cancer risk of GSTM1 null genotype is dependent on the extent of tobacco smoke exposure. Carcinogenesis 15: 415-418 (1994).
94. Kim, R. B., Yamazaki, H., Chiba, K., O'Shea, D., Mimura, M., Guengerich, F. P., Ishizaki, T., Shimada, T., Wilkinson, G. R.: In vivo and in vitro characterization of CYP2E1 activity in Japanese and Caucasians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 279: 4-11 (1996).
95. Kiyohara, C.: Genetic polymorphism of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and the risk of colorectal cancer. J. Epidemiol. 10: 349-360 (2000).
96. Ko, Y., Abel, J., Harth, V., Bröde, P., Antony, C., Donat, S., Fischer, H. P., Ortiz-Pallardo, M. E., Thier, R., Sachinidis, A., Vetter, H., Bolt, H. M., Herberhold, C., Brüning, T.: Association of CYP1B1 codon 432 mutant allele in head and neck squamous cell cancer is reflected by somatic mutations of p53 in tumor tissue. Cancer Res. 61: 4398-4404 (2001).
97. Laib, R. J., Tucholski, M., Filser, J. G., Csanady, G. A.: Pharmacokinetic interaction between 1,3-butadiene and styrene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Arch. Toxicol. 66: 310-314 (1992).
98. Lazarus, P., Sheikh, S. N., Ren, Q., Schantz, S. P., Stern, J. C., Richie, J. P., Jr., Park, J. Y.: p53, but not p16 mutations in oral squamous cell carcinomas are associated with specific CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphic genotypes and patient tobacco use. Carcinogenesis 19: 509-514 (1998).
99. Leonard, T. B., Graichen, M. E., Popp, J. A.: Dinitrotoluene isomer-specific hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79: 1313-1319 (1987).
100. Lerman, M.: VHL Protein Function in Health and Disease. Vol 4. Wiley, John & Sons (2001).
101. Lewalter, J., Miksche, L. W.: Empfehlungen zur arbeitsmedizinischen Prävention expositions- und dispositionsbedingter Arbeitsstoff-Beanspruchungen. Verh. Dt. Ges. Arbeitsmed. 31: 135-139 (1991).
102. Li, D. N., Seidel, A., Pritchard, M. P., Wolf, C. R., Friedberg, T.: Polymorphisms in P450 CYP1B1 affect the conversion of estradiol to the potentially carcinogenic metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol. Pharmacogenetics 10: 343-353 (2000).
103. Lieber, C. S.: Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968-1998) - a review. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 23: 991-1007 (1999).
104. Liu, H. J., Han, C. Y., Bernstein, D. A., Hsiao, W., Liu, B. K., Hardy, S.: Ethnic distribution of the glutathione transferase Mu1-1 (GSTM1) null genotype in 1473 individuals and application to bladder cancer susceptibility. Carcinogensis 15: 1077-1081 (1994).
105. Liu, G., Ghadirian, P., Vesprini, D., Hamel, N., Paradis, A. J., Lal, G., Gallinger, S., Narod, S. A., Foulkes, W. D.: Polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 and risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 82: 1646-1649 (2000).
106. Liu, G., Miller, D. P., Zhou, W., Thurston, S. W., Fan, R., Xu, L. L., Lynch, T. J., Wain, J. C., Su, L., Christiani, D. C.: Differential association of the codon 72 p53 and GSTM1 polymorphisms on histological subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 61: 8718-8722.
107. Löhr, G. W.: Über die Bedeutung genetisch bedingter Enzymdefekte für die Pharmakotherapie. In: Löhr GW, Blum KU, Wiedemann OJ, eds., Enzyme und Pharmaka. Editiones "Roche", Grenzach/Germany, pp. 79-101 (1970).
108. Longuemaux, S., Delomenie, C., Gallou, C., Mejean, A., Vincent-Viry, M., Bouvier, R., Droz, D., Krishnamoorthy, R., Galteau, M., Junien, C., Beroud, C., Dupret, J.: Candidate genetic modifiers of individual susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma: a study of polymorphic human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Cancer Research 59: 2904-2908 (1999).
109. Lower, G. M. Jr.: Molecular epidemiology of arylamine-induced urinary bladder cancer: some theoretical considerations. In: Weber WW, Hein DW, Litwin A, Lower GM Jr: Minisymposium Report: Relationship of acetylator status to isoniazid toxicity, lupus erythematosus, and bladder cancer. Fed. Proc. 42: 3086-3097 (1983).
110. Malats, N., Camus-Radon, A. M., Nyberg, F., Ahrens, W., Constantinescu, V., Mukeria, A., Benhamou, S., Batura-Gabryel, H., Bruske-Hohlfeld, I., Simonato, L., Menezes, A., Lea, S., Lang, M., Boffetta, P.: Lung cancer risk in nonsmokers and GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphism. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9: 827-833 (2000).
111. Mapp, C. E., Fryer, A. A., De Marzo, N., Pozzato, V., Padoan, M., Boschetto, P., Strange, R. C., Hemmingsen, A., Spiteri, M. A.: Glutathione S-transferase GSTP1 is a susceptibility gene for occupational asthma induced by isocyanates. J. Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 109: 867-872 (2002).
112. McLellan, R. A., Oscarson, M., Hidestrand, M., Leidvik, B., Jonsson, E., Otter, C., Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: Characterization and functional analysis of two common human cytochrome P450 1B1 variants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 378: 175-181 (2000).
113. Meskar, A., Plee-Gautier, Y., Amet, Y., Berthou, F., Lucas, D.: Interactions alcool-xénobiotiques. Role du cytochrome P450 2E1. Pathol. Biol. 49: 696-702 (2001).
114. Miller, D. P., Liu, G., De Vivo, I., Lynch, T. J., Wain, J. C., Su, L., Christiani, D. C.: Combinations of the variant genotypes of GSTP1, GSTM1, and p53 are associated with an increased lung cancer risk. Cancer Res. 62: 2819-2823 (2002).
115. Mitrunen, K., Jourenkova, N., Kataja, V., Eskelinen, M., Kosma, V. M., Benhamou, S., Vainio, H., Uusitupa, M., Hirvonen, A.: Glutathione S-transferase M1, M3, P1, and T1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10: 229-236 (2001).
116. Morita, S., Yano, M., Tsujinaka, T., Akiyama, Y., Taniguchi, M., Kaneoko, K., Miki, H., Fuji, T., Yoshino, K., Kusuoka, H., Monden, M.: Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 80: 685-688 (1999).
117. Müller, A. M. F., Hallier, A., Westphal, G., Schröder, K. R., Bolt, H. M.: Determination of methylated globin and albumin for biomonitoring of exposure to methylating agents using HPLC with precolumn fluorescent derivatization. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 350: 712-715 (1994).
118. Muerhoff, A. S., Griffin, K. J., Johnson, E. F.: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mediates the induction of CYP4A6, a cytochrome P450 fatty acid omega-hydroxylase, by clofibric acid. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 19051-19053 (1992).
119. Murata, M., Watanabe, M., Yamanaka, M., Kubota, Y., Ito, H., Nagao, M., Katoh, T., Kamataki, T., Kawamura, J., Yatani, R., Shiraishi, T.: Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Japanese population. Cancer Lett. 165: 171-177 (2001).
120. Murray, G. I., Melvin, W. T., Greenlee, W. F., Burke, M. D.: Regulation, function, and tissue-specific expression of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 297-316 (2001).
121. Nair, U., Bartsch, H.: Metabolic polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for lung and oral cavity cancer. IARC Sci. Publ. 154: 271-290 (2001).
122. Nebert, D. W., Adesnik, M., Coon, M. J., Estabrook, R. W., Gonzalez, F. J., Guengerich, F. P., Gunsalus, I. C., Johnson, E. F., Kemper, B., Levin, W., et al.: The P-450 gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature. DNA 6: 1-11 (1987).
123. Nebert, D. W., Puga, A., Vasilis, V.: Role of the Ah receptor and the dioxin-inducible [Ah] gene battery in toxicity, cancer, and signal transduction. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 685: 624-640 (1993).
124. Nelson, H. H., Wiencke, J. K., Christiani, D. C., Cheng, T. J., Zuo, Z. F., Schwartz, B. S., Lee, B. K., Spitz, M. R., Wang, M., Xu, X., Kelsey, K. T.: Ethnic differences in the prevalence of the homozygous deleted genotype of glutathione transferase theta. Carcinogenesis 16: 1243-1245 (1995).
125. Nimura, Y., Yokoyama, S., Fujimori, M., Aoki, T., Adachi, W., Nasu, T., He, M., Ping, Y. M., Iiga, F.: Genotyping of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes in esophageal carcinoma patients with special reference to smoking. Cancer 80: 852-857 (1997).
126. Ollikainen, T., Hirvonen, A., Norppa, H.: Influence of GSTT1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide in cultured human lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 31: 311-315 (1998).
127. Oke, B., Akbas, F., Aydin, M., Berkkan, H.: GSTT1 null genotype frequency in a Turkish population. Arch. Toxicol. 72: 454-455 (1998).
128. Okita, J. R., Castle, P. J., Okita, R. T.: Characterization of cytochromes P450 in liver and kidney of rats treated with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 8: 135-144 (1993).
129. Park, J. Y., Muscat, J. E., Ren, Q., Schantz, S. P., Harwick, R. D., Stern, J. C., Pike, V., Richie, J. P., Jr., Lazarus, P.: CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms and oral cancer risk. Cancer Epid. Biomark. Prev. 6: 791-797 (1997).
130. Pelkonen, O., Raunio, H., Rautio, A., Lang, M.: Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and cancer risk: correspondence between genotype and phenotype. IARC Sci. Publ. (148): 77-88 (1999).
131. Pemble, S., Schroeder, K. R., Spencer, S. R., Meyer, D. J., Hallier, E., Bolt, H. M., Ketterer, B., Taylor, J.: Human glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1): cDNA cloning and the characterization of a genetic polymorphism. Biochem. J. 300: 271-276 (1994).
132. Persson, I., Johansson, I., Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: In vitro kinetics of two human CYP1A1 variant enzymes suggested to be associated with interindividual differences in cancer susceptibility. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231: 227-230 (1997).
133. Peter, H., Wiegand, H. J., Bolt, H. M., Greim, H., Walter, G., Berg, M., Filser, J. G.: Pharmacokinetics of isoprene in mice and rats. Toxicol. Lett. 36: 9-14 (1987).
134. Peter, H., Deutschmann, S., Reichel, C., Hallier, E.: Metabolism of methyl chloride in human erythrocytes. Arch. Toxicol. 63: 351-355 (1989).
135. Peter, H., Wiegand, H. J., Filser, J. G., Bolt, H. M., Laib, R. J.: Inhalation pharmacokinetics of isoprene in rats and mice. Environ. Health Perspect 86: 89-92 (1990).
136. Peto, J., Collins, N., Barfoot, R., Seal, S., Warren, W., Rahman, N., Easton, D. F., Evans, C., Deacon, J., Stratton, M. R.: Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in patients with early-onset breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91: 943-949 (1999).
137. Quinones, L., Lucas, D., Godoy, J., Caceres, D., Berthou, F., Varela, N., Lee, K., Acevedo, C., Martinez, L., Aguilera, A. M., Gil, L.: CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms. The effect of single and combined genotypes on lung cancer susceptibility in Chilean people. Cancer Lett. 174: 35-44 (2001).
138. Rahbar, A., Kempkes, M., Müller, T., Rech, S., Welter, F. L.,
139. Raucy, J. L., Kraner, J. C., Lasker, J. M.: Bioactivation of halogenated hydrocarbons by cytochrome P-450E1. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 23: 1-20 (1993).
140. Ritchie, M. D., Hahn, L. W., Roodi, N., Bailey, L. R., Dupont, W. D., Parl, F. F., Moore, J. H.: Multifactor-dimensionality reduction reveals high-order interactions among estrogen-metabolism genes in sporadic breast cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 138-147 (2001).
141. Rivera, S. P., Saarikoski, S. T., Hankinson, O.: Identification of a novel dioxin-inducible cytochrome P450. - Mol. Pharmacol. 61: 255-259 (2002).
142. Rodilla, V., Benzie, A. A., Veitgch, J. M., Muray, G. I., Rowe, J. D., Hawksworth, G. M.: Glutathione S-transferases in human renal cortex and neoplastic tissue: enzymatic activity, isoenzyme profile and immunohistochemical localization. Xenobiotica 28: 443-456 (1998).
143. Rostami-Hodjegan, A., Lennard, M. S., Woods, H. F., Tucker, G. T.: Meta-analysis of studies of the CYP2D6 polymorphism in relation to lung cancer and Parkinson's disease. Pharmacogenetics 8: 227-238 (1998).
144. Rowe, J. K., Nieves, E., Listowsky, I.: Subunit diversity and tissue distribution of human glutathione S-transferases: Interpretations based on electrospray ionization-MS and peptide sequence-specific antisera. Biochem. J. 325: 481-486 (1997).
145. Ryberg, D., Skaug, V., Hewer, A., Phillips, D. H., Harries, L. W., Wolf, C. R., Ogreid, D., Ulvik, A., Vu, P., Haugen, A.: Genotypes of glutathione transferase M1 and P1 and their significance for lung DNA adduct levels and cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 18: 1285-1289 (1997).
146. Saarikoski, S. T., Voho, A., Reinikainen, M., Anttila, S., Karjalainen, A., Malaveille, C., Vainio, H., Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K., Hirvonen, A.: Combined effect of polymorphic GST genes on individual susceptibility to lung cancer. Int. J. Cancer 77: 516-521 (1998).
147. Sarraf, P., Mueller, E., Smith, W. M., Wright, H. M., Kum, J. B., Aaltonen, L. A., de la Chapelle, A., Spiegelman, B. M., Eng, C.: Loss-of-function mutations in PPAR gamma associated with human colon cancer. Mol. Cell 3: 799-804 (1999).
148. Sato, M., Sato, T., Izumo, T., Amagasa, T.: Genetically high susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma in terms of combined genotyping of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes. Oral Oncol. 36: 267-271 (2000).
149. Savolainen, V. T., Pajarinen, J., Perola, M., Penttila, A., Karhunen, P. J.: Polymorphism in the cytochrome P450 2E1 gene and the risk of alcoholic liver disease. J. Hepatol 26: 55-61 (1997).
150. Schoonjans, K., Staels, B., Auwerx, J.: Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in mediating the effects of fibrates and fatty acids on gene expression. J. Lipid. Res. 37: 907-925 (1996).
151. Schröder, K., Hallier, E., Peter, H., Bolt, H. M.: Dissociation of a new glutathione S-transferase activity in human erythrocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 1671-1674 (1992).
152. Schwarz, D., Kisselev, P., Cascorbi, I., Schunck, W. H., Roots, I.: Differential metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol by human CYP1A1 variants. Carcinogenesis 22: 453-459 (2001).
153. Seidegård, J., De Pierre, J. W., Pero, R. W.: Hereditary interindividual differences in the glutathione transferase activity towards trans-stilbene oxide in resting human mononuclear leucocytes are due to a particular isozyme(s). Carcinogenesis 6: 1211-1216 (1985).
154. Seidegård, J., Vorachek, W. R., Pero, R. W., Pearson, W. R.: Hereditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione S-transferase activity on transstilbene oxide are due to a gene deletion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7293-7297 (1988).
155. Shield, A. J., Sanderson, B. J.: Role of glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM1) in styrene-7,8-oxide toxicity and mutagenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37: 285-289 (2001).
156. Shimada, T., Yamazaki, H., Mimura, M., Inui, Y., Guengerich, F. P.: Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270: 414-423 (1994).
157. Shimada, T., Hayes, C. L., Spink, D. C., Yamazaki, H., Amin, S., Hecht, S. S., et al.: Activation of chemically diverse procarcinogens by human cytochrome P-450 1B1. Cancer Res. 56: 2979-2984 (1996).
158. Shen, J., Lin, G., Yuan, W., Tan, J., Bolt, H. M., Thier, R.: Glutathione transferase T1 and M1 genotype polymorphism in the normal population of Shanghai. Arch. Toxicol. 72: 456-458 (1998).
159. Siest, G., Vivikis, S., Herbeth, B., Gueguen, R., Vincent-Viry, M., Sass, C., Beaud, B., Lecomte, E., Steinmetz, J., Lucuty, J., Chevrier, P.: Objectives, design and recruitment of a familial and longitudinal cohort for studying gene-environment interactions in the field of cardiovascular risk: the Stanislas cohort. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 36: 35-42 (1998).
160. Siest, G., Bertrand, P., Qin, B., Herbeth, B., Serot, J. M., Masana, L., Ribalta, J., Passmore, A. P., Evans, A., Ferrari, M., Franceschi, M., Shepherd, J., Cuchel, M., Beisiegel, U., Zuchowsky, K., Rukavina, A. S., Sertic, J., Stojanov, M., Kostic, V., Mitrevski, A., Petrova, V., Sass, C., Merched, A., Salonen, J. T., Tiret, L., Visvikis, S.: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum concentration in Alzheimer's disease in nine European centres: the ApoEurope study. ApoEurope group. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38: 721-730 (2000).
161. Spink, D. C., Hayes, C. L., Young, N. R., Christou, M., Sutter, T. R., Jefcoate, C. R., Gierthy, J. F.: The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibeno-p-dioxin on estrogen metabolism in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: evidence for induction of a novel 17β 4-hydroxylase. J. Steroid. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 51: 251-258 (1994).
162. Sreelekha, T. T., Ramadas, K., Pandey, M., Thomas, G., Nalinakumari, K. R., Pillai, M. R.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in Indian oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 37: 593-598 (2001).
163. Stücker, I., Hirvonen, A., de Waiziers, I., Cabelguenne, A., Mitrunen, K., Cénée, S., Koum-Besson, E., Hémon, D., Beaune, P., Loriot, M. A.: Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases as modulators of lung cancer susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 23: 1475-1481 (2002)
164. Su, T., Bao, Z., Zhang, Q. Y., Smith, T. J., Hong, J. Y., Ding, X.: Human cytochrome P450 CYP2A13: predominant expression in the respiratory tract and its high efficiency metabolic activation of a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Cancer Res. 60: 5074-5079 (2000).
165. Sugimura, H., Hamada, G. S., Suzuki, J., Iwase, T., Kiyokawa, E., Kini, J., Tsugane, S.: CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 polymorphism and lung cancer, case-control study in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Pharmacogenetics 5, Suppl: S145-S148 (1995).
166. Sumner, S. C., Fennell, T. R., Moore, T. A., Chanas, B., Gonzalez, F., Ghanayem, B. I.: Role of cytochrome P450 2E1 in the metabolism of acrylamide and acrylonitrile in mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12: 1110-1116 (1999).
167. Taioli, E.: Structure of epidemiological studies on genetic susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Toxicol. Lett. 127: 315-319 (2002).
168. Taioli, E., Trachman, J., Chen, X., Toniolo, P., Garte, S. J.: A CYP1A1 restriction fragment length polymorphism is associated with breast cancer in African-American women. Cancer Res. 55: 3757-3758 (1995).
169. Thier, R., Bolt, H. M.: The new era of toxicology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22: 549-550 (2001).
170. Thier, R., Bolt, H. M.: Traditionelle und moderne Wege in der toxikologischen Risikoabschätzung. Arbeitsphysiologie heute 4: 9-14. ISBN 3-9808342-0-4 (2002).
171. Thier, R., Föst, U., Deutschmann, S., Schroeder, K. R., Westphal, G., Hallier, E., Peter, H.: Distribution of methylene chloride in humane blood. Arch. Toxicol., Suppl. 14: 254-258 (1989).
172. Thier, R., Taylor, J. B., Pemble, S. E., Humphreys, W. G., Persmark, M., Ketterer, B., Guengerich, F. P.: Expression of mammalian glutathione S-transferase 5-5 in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 leads to base-pair mutations upon exposure to dihalomethanes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 8576-8580 (1993).
173. Thier, R., Wiebel, F. A., Schulz, T. G., Hinke, A., Brüning, T., Bolt, H. M.: Comparison of GST activity in liver and kidney of four species. Arch. Tox. 20: 471-474 (1998).
174. Thier, R., Wiebel, F. A., Bolt, H. M.: Differential substrate behaviours of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide towards human glutathione transferase theta hGSTT1-1. Arch. Toxicol. 73: 489-492 (1999).
175. Thier, R., Lewalter, J., Bolt, H. M.: Species differences in acrylonitrile metabolism and toxicity between experimental animals and humans based on observations in human accidental poisonings. Arch. Toxicol. 74: 184-189 (2000).
176. Thier, R., Balkenhol, H., Lewalter, J., Selinski, S., Domermuth, A., Bolt, H. M.: Influence of polymorphisms of the human glutathione transferases and cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme on the metabolism and toxicity of ethylene oxide and acrylonitrile. Mutation Res. 482: 41-46 (2001).
177. Thier, R., Golka, K., Brüning, T., Ko, Y., Bolt, H. M.: Genetic susceptibility to environmental toxicants: the interface between human and epidemiological studies in the development of new toxicological concepts. Toxicol. Lett. 127: 321-327 (2002).
178. Thier, R., Brüning, T., Roos, P. H., Bolt, H. M.: Cytochrome P-450 1B1, a new keystone in gene-environment interactions related to human head-and-neck cancer? Arch. Toxicol. 76: 249-256 (2002a).
179. Thier, R., Lewalter, J., Selinski, S., Bolt, H. M.: Possible impact of human CYP2E1 polymorphisms on the metabolism of acrylonitrile. Toxicol. Lett. 128: 249-255 (2002b).
180. Tomita, S., Kawamata, H., Imura, J., Omotehara, F., Ueda, Y., Fujimori, T.: Frequent polymorphism of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma gene in colorectal cancer containing wild-type K-ras gene. Int. J. Mol. Med. 9: 485-488 (2002).
181. Tsuchiya, Y., Sato, T., Kiyohara, C., Yoshida, K., Ogoshi, K., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, M.: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 and risk of gallbladder cancer. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 21: 119-124 (2002).
182. Uematsu, F., Kikuchi, H., Motomiya, M., Abe, T., Sagami, I., Ohmachi, T., Wakui, A., Kanamaru, R., Watanabe, M.: Association between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human cytochrome P450IIE1 gene and susceptibility to lung cancer. Jpn. J. Cancer. Res. 82: 254-256 (1991).
183. Uuskula, M., Jarventaus, H., Hirvonen, A., Sorsa, M., Norppa, H.: Influence of GSTM1 genotype on sister chromatid exchange induction by styrene-7,8-oxide and 1,2-epoxy-3-butene in cultured human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis. 16: 947-950 (1995).
184. Vesell, E. S.: Pharmacogenctics. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24: 445-450 (1975).
185. Vineis, P., Marinelli, D., Autrup, H., Brockmöller, J., Cascorbi, I., Daly, A. J., Golka, K., Okkels, K., Risch, A., Rothman, N., Sim, E., Taioli, E.: Smoking, occupation, N-acetyltransferase-2 and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of genotyped studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10: 1249-1252 (2001).
186. Vodicka, P., Soucek, P., Tates, A. D., Dusinska, M., Sarmanova, J., Zamecnikova, M., Vodickova, L., Koskinen, M., de Zwart, F. A., Natarajan, A. T., Hemminki, K.: Association between genetic polymorphisms and biomarkers in styrene-exposed workers. Mutat. Res. 482: 89-103 (2001).
187. Vollmer, D. M., Thier, R., Bolt, H. M.: Determination of the ethylene oxide adduct S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine by a fluorometric HPLXC method in albumin and globin from human blood. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 362: 324-328 (1998).
188. Warholm, M., Guthenberg, C., Mannervik, B.: Molecular and catalytic properties of glutathione transferase γ from human liver, an enzyme conjugating epoxides. Biochem. 22: 3610-3617 (1983).
189. Warholm, M., Alexandrie, A. K., Högberg, J., Sigvardsson, K., Raunug, A.: Polymorphic distribution of glutathione transferase activity with methyl chloride in human blood. Pharmacogenetics 4: 307-311 (1994).
190. Watanabe, T., Imoto, I., Kosugi, Y., Fukuda, Y., Mimura, J., Fujii, Y., Isaka, K., Takayama, M., Sato, A., Inazawa, J.: Human arylhydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) gene: genomic structure and analysis of polymorphism in endometriosis. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 342-346 (2001).
191. Wikman, H., Piirila, P., Rosenberg, C., Luukkonen, R., Kaaria, K., Nordman, H., Norppa, H., Vainio, H., Hirvonen, A.: N-Acetyltransferase genotypes as modifiers of diisocyanate exposure-associated asthma risk. Pharmacogenetics 12: 227-233 (2002).
192. Wiebel, F. A., Dommermuth, A., Thier, R.: The hereditary transmission of the glutathione transferase hGSTT1-1 conjugator phenotype in a large family. Pharmacogenetics 9: 251-256 (1999).
193. Wolf, C. R., Smith, G.: Chapter 18. Cytochrome P450 CYP2D6. IARC Sci. Publ. (148): 209-229 (1999).
194. Wong, R. H., Du, C. L., Wang, J. D., Chan, C. C., Luo, J. C., Cheng, T. J.: XRCC1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms as susceptibility factors of plasma mutant p53 protein and anti-p53 antibody expression in vinyl chloride monomer-exposed polyvinyl chloride workers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11: 475-482 (2002).
195. Yin, L., Pu, Y., Liu, T. Y., Tung, Y. H., Chen, K. W., Lin, P.: Genetic polymorphisms of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, CYP1A1 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase and lung cancer risk in Nanjing, China. Lung Cancer 33: 133-141 (2001).
196. Yoshida, A.: Molecular genetics of human aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacogenetics 2: 139-147 (1992).
197. Zbinden, G.: The three eras of research in experimental toxicology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13: 221-223 (1992).
198. Zheng, W., Xie, D. W., Jin, F., Cheng, J. R., Dai, Q., Wen, W. Q., Shu, X. O., Gao, Y. T.: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450-1B1 and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9: 147-150 (2000).