Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 278-301

  Fernández Real, José Manuel ^a   Ricart, Wifredo ^a  

^a HOSPITAL JOSEP TRUETA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; CYTOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; PRAVASTATIN; SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; THIOCTIC ACID; TRANSCORTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR INFLAMMATION; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPLEMENT DEPENDENT CYTOTOXICITY; CORONARY RISK; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DIABETOGENESIS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GENE LOCUS; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLIC DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN BLOOD LEVEL; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

EID: 0037631831     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0010     Document Type: Review

References (321)

1. Reaven GM 1988 Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595-1607
2. Shmulewitz D, Auerbach SB, Lehner T, Blundell ML, Winick JD, Youngman LD, Skilling V, Heath SC, Ott J, Stoffel M, Breslow JL, Friedman JM 2001 Epidemiology and factor analysis of obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (syndrome X) on the Island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. Hum Hered 51:8-19
3. Ginsberg HN 2000 Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 106:453-458
4. Howard G, O'Leary DH, Zaccaro D, Haffner S, Rewers M, Hamman R, Selby JV, Saad MF, Savage P, Bergman R 1996 Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. Circulation 93:1809-1817
5. Ross R 1999 Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease? N Engl J Med 340:115-126
6. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB 2000 Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: a prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 321:199-204
7. Pickup JC, Mattock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D 1997 NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of the acute-phase reactants and interleukin 6 with metabolic syndrome X. Diabetologia 40:1286-1292
8. Pickup JC, Crook MA 1998 Is type II diabetes a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 41:1241-1248
9. Fernández-Real JM, Ricart W 1999 Insulin resistance and inflammation in an evolutionary perspective. The contribution of cytokine genotype/phenotype to thriftiness. Diabetologia 42:1367-1374
10. Festa A, D'Agostino Jr R, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM 2000 Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102:42-47
11. Svenson KL, Pollare T, Lithell H, Hallgren R 1988 Impaired glucose handling in active rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to peripheral insulin resistance. Metabolism 37:125-130
12. Svenson KL, Lundqvist G, Wide L, Hallgren R 1987 Impaired glucose handling in active rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to the secretion of insulin and counter-regulatory hormones. Metabolism 36:940-943
13. Juhan-Vague I, Thompson SG, Jespersen J 1993 Involvement of the hemostatic system in the insulin resistance syndrome. A study of 1500 patients with angina pectoris. The ECAT Angina Pectoris Study Group. Arterioscler Thromb 13:1865-1873
14. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR, Lindberg G, Savage PJ, Offenbacher S, Azambuja MI, Tracy RP, Heiss G 1999 Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet 353:1649-1652
15. Lindsay RS, Krakoff J, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC 2001 Gamma globulin levels predict type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Diabetes 50:1598-1603
16. Barzilay JI, Abraham L, Heckbert SR, Cushman M, Kuller LH, Resnick HE, Tracy RP 2001 The relation of markers of inflammation to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes 50:2384-2389
17. Munford RS 2001 Statins and the acute phase response. N Engl J Med 344:2016-2018
18. Manning Jr RD, Hu L, Tan DY, Meng S 2001 Role of abnormal nitric oxide systems in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 14:68S-73S
19. Leclercq B, Jaimes EA, Raij L 2002 Nitric oxide synthase and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 11:185-189
20. Rutherford S, Johnson MP, Curtain RP, Griffiths LR 2001 Chromosome 17 and the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in human essential hypertension. Hum Genet 109:408-415
21. Roy D, Perreault M, Marette A 1998 Insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues in vivo is NO dependent. Am J Physiol 274:E692-E699
22. Perreault M, Marette A 2001 Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7:1138-1143
23. Bataineh A, Raij L 1998 Angiotensin II, nitric oxide, and end-organ damage in hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl 68:S14-S19
24. Luft FC 2001 Angiotensin, inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 3:61-67
25. Dzielak DJ 1992 The immune system and hypertension. Hypertension 19(Suppl 1):I-36-I-44
26. Fu MLX 1995 Do immune system changes have a role in hypertension? J Hypertens 13:1259-1265
27. Ebringer A, Doyle AE 1970 Raised serum IgG levels in hypertension. Br Med J 2:146-148
28. Olsen F, Hilden M, Ibsen H 1973 Raised levels of immunoglobulins in serum of hypertensive patients. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 81:775-778
29. Kristensen BO 1978 Increased serum levels of immunoglobulins in untreated and treated essential hypertension. Acta Med Scand 203:49-54
30. Olsen F, Rasmussen S 1977 Delayed hypersensitivity and borderline essential hypertension. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 85:196-199
31. Schaadt O, Sorensen H, Krogsgaard AR 1981 Association between the C3-F gene and essential hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 61:363s-365s
32. Kristensen BO, Petersen GB 1978 Association between coronary heart disease and the C3-F gene in essential hypertension. Circulation 58:622-625
33. Muscari A, Massarelli G, Bastagli L, Poggiopollini G, Tomassetti V, Volta U, Puddu GM, Puddu P 1998 Relationship between serum C3 levels and traditional risk factors for myocardial infarction. Acta Cardiol 53:345-354
34. Muscari A, Massarelli G, Bastagli L, Poggiopollini G, Tomassetti V, Drago G, Martignani C, Pacilli P, Boni P, Puddu P 2000 Relationship of serum C3 to fasting insulin, risk factors and previous ischaemic events in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 21:1081-1090
35. Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Pratley RE 2000 Insulin action and insulinemia are closely related to the fasting complement C3, but not acylation stimulating protein concentration. Diabetes Care 23:779-785
36. Tutle RS, Boppana DP 1990 Antihypertensive effect of interleukin-2. Hypertension 15:89-94
37. Kahaleh MB, Fan PS 1997 Effect of cytokines on the production of endothelin by endothelial cells. Clin Exp Rheumatol 15:163-167
38. Brasier AR, Li J, Wimbish KA 1996 Tumor necrosis factor activates angiotensinogen gene expression by the Rel A transactivator. Hypertension 27:1009-1017
39. Nyui N, Tamura K, Yamaguchi S, Nakamaru M, Ishigami T, Yabana M, Kihara M, Ochiai H, Miyazaki N, Umemura S, Ishii M 1997 Tissue angiotensinogen gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in hypertensive rats. Hypertension 30:859-867
40. Pausova Z, Deslauriers B, Gaudet D, Tremblay J, Kotchen TA, Larochelle P, Cowley AW, Hamet P 2000 Role of tumor necrosis factor-α gene locus in obesity and obesity-associated hypertension in French Canadians. Hypertension 36:14-19
41. Zinman B, Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Kwan J, Fantus IG 1999 Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations in a native Canadian population with high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:272-278
42. Dörffel Y, Lätsch C, Stuhlmüller B, Schreiber S, Scholze S, Burmester GR, Scholze J 1999 Preactivated peripheral blood monocytes in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 34:113-117
43. Winkler G, Lakatos P, Salamon F, Nagy Z, Speer G, Kovacs M, Harmos G, Dworak O, Cseh K 1999 Elevated serum TNF-α levels as a link between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in normotensive obese subjects. Diabet Med 16:207-211
44. Tartaglia LA, Goeddel DV 1992 Two TNF receptors. Immunol Today 13:151-153
45. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG 1994 The TNF receptor super-family of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation and death. Cell 76:959-962
46. Nophar Y, Kemper O, Brakebusch C, Englemann H, Zwang R, Aderka D, Holtmann H, Wallach D 1990 Soluble forms of tumor necrosis factors (TNF-Rs). The cDNA for the type I TNF-R, cloned using amino acid sequence data of its soluble form, encodes both the cell surface and a soluble form of the receptor. EMBO J 9:3269-3278
47. Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D 1992 Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumor necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J Exp Med 175:323-329
48. Aderka D, Engelmann H, Shemer-Avni Y, Hornik V, Galil A, Sarov B, Wallach D 1992 Variation in serum levels of the soluble TNF receptors among healthy individuals. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 11:157-159
49. Aderka D, Sorkine P, Abu-Abid S, Lev D, Setton A, Cope AP, Wallach D, Klausner J 1998 Shedding kinetics of soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors after systemic TNF leaking during isolated limb perfusion. Relevance to the pathophysiology of septic shock. J Clin Invest 101:650-659
50. Fernández-Real JM, Laínez B, Vendrell J, Rigla M, Castro A, Peñarroja G, Broch M, Pérez A, Richart C, Engel P, Ricart W 2002 Shedding of tumor necrosis factor-α receptors, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E952-E959
51. Fernández-Real JM, Vayreda M, Richart C, Gutiérrez C, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W 2001 Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1154-1159
52. Straub RH, Hense HW, Andus J, Schölmerich J, Riegger AJ, Schunkert H 2000 Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1340-1344
53. Chae CU, Lee RT, Rifai N, Ridker PM 2001 Blood pressure and inflammation in apparently healthy men. Hypertension 38:399-403
54. Humphries SE, Luong LA, Ogg MS, Hawe E, Miller GJ 2001 The interleukin-6-174 G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of coronary heart disease and systolic blood pressure in healthy men. Eur Heart J 22:2243-2252
55. Pola R, Flex A, Gaetani E, Pola P, Bernabei R 2002 The -174 G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter and essential hypertension in an elderly Italian population. J Hum Hypertens 16:637-640
56. Papanicolaou DA, Petrides JS, Tsigos C, Bina S, Kalogeras KT, Wilder R, Gold PW, Deuster PA, Chrousos GP 1996 Exercise stimulates interleukin-6 secretion: inhibition by glucocorticoids and correlation with catecholamines. Am J Physiol 271:E601-E605
57. Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A 1996 Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions. Endocr Rev 17:64-102
58. Torpy D J, Papanicolau DA, Lotsikas AJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Pillemer SR 2000 Responses of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to interleukin-6: a pilot study in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 43:872-880
59. Gonzalez W, Fontaine V, Pueyo ME, Laquay N, Messika-Zeitoun D, Philippe M, Arnal JF, Jacob MP, Michel JB 2000 Molecular plasticity of vascular wall during N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension: modulation of proinflammatory signals. Hypertension 36:103-109
60. Greenwel P, Iraburu MJ, Reyes-Romero M, Meraz-Cruz N, Casado E, Solis-Herruzo JA, Rojkind M 1995 Induction of an acute phase response in rats stimulates the expression of α 1(I) procollagen messenger ribonucleic acid in their livers. Possible role of interleukin-6. Lab Invest 72:83-91
61. Lowe GDO, Rumley A 1999 Coagulation, fibrinolysis and cardiovascular disease. Fibrinolysis Proteolysis 13:91-98
62. Takano M, Itoh N, Yayama K, Yamano M, Ohtani R, Okamoto H 2000 Interleukin 6 as a mediator responsible for inflammation-induced increase in plasma angiotensinogen. Biochem Pharmacol 45:201-206
63. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R 2000 Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 68:437-446
64. Haynes WG, Morgan DA, Walsh SA, Mark AL, Sivitz WI 1997 Receptor-mediated regional sympathetic nerve activation by leptin. J Clin Invest 100:270-278
65. Shek EW, Brands MW, Hall JE 1998 Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure. Hypertension 31:409-414
66. Aizawa-Abe M, Ogawa Y, Masuzaki H, Ebihara K, Satoh N, Iwai H, Matsuoka N, Hayashi T, Hosoda K, Inoue G, Yoshimasa Y, Nakao K 2000 Pathophysiological role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension. J Clin Invest 105:1243-1252
67. Rosmond R, Chagnon YC, Holm G, Chagnon M, Perusse L, Lindell K, Carlsson B, Bouchard C, Bjorntorp P 2000 Hypertension in obesity and the leptin receptor gene locus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3126-3131
68. Li B, Khanna A, Sharma V, Singh T, Suthanthiran M, August P 1999 TGF-β1 DNA polymorphisms, protein levels and blood pressure. Hypertension 33:271-275
69. Khovidhunkit W, Memon RA, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C 2000 Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins. J Infect Dis 181(Suppl 3):S462-S472
70. Hardardottir I, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR 1994 Effects of endotoxin and cytokines on lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 5:207-215
71. Beutler B, Cerami A 1989 The biology of cachectin/TNF - a primary mediator of the host response. Annu Rev Immunol 7:625-655
72. Grunfeld C, Feingold KR 1992 Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia. Diabetes 41(Suppl 2):97-101
73. Grunfeld C, Pang M, Doerrler W, Shigenaga JK, Jensen P, Feingold KR 1992 Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:1045-1052
74. Levy E, Gurbindo C, Lacaille F, Paradis K, Thibault L, Seidman E 1993 Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α levels and lipid abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 34:162-166
75. Fernandez-Miranda C, Pulido F, Carrillo JL, Larumbe S, Gomez Izquierdo T, Ortuno B, Rubio R, del Palacio A 1998 Lipoprotein alterations in patients with HIV infection: relation with cellular and humoral immune markers. Clin Chim Acta 274:63-70
76. Fernández-Real JM, Gutierrez C, Ricart W, Castiñeira MJ, Vendrell J, Richart C 1999 Plasma levels of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor-α receptors 1 and 2 are independent determinants of total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 146:321-327
77. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM 1997 Differential regulation of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor in human obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 46:451-455
78. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Ricart W, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Vendrell J, Richart C 1998 Plasma levels of the soluble fraction of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 and insulin resistance. Diabetes 47:1757-1762
79. Skoog T, Dichtl W, Boquist S, Skoglund-Andersson C, Karpe F, Tang R, Bond MG, de Faire U, Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Hamsten A 2002 Plasma tumour necrosis factor-α and early carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 23:376-383
80. Jovinge S, Hamsten A, Tornvall P, Proudler A, Bavenholm P, Ericsson CG, Godsland I, de Faire U, Nilsson J 1998 Evidence for a role of tumor necrosis factor α in disturbances of triglyceride and glucose metabolism predisposing to coronary heart disease. Metabolism 47:113-118
81. Ettinger WH, Miller LD, Albers JJ, Smith TK, Parks JS 1990 Lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor cause a fall in plasma concentration of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in cynomolgus monkeys. J Lipid Res 31:1099-1107
82. Memon RA, Grunfeld C, Moser AH, Feingold KR 1993 Tumor necrosis factor mediates the effect of endotoxin on cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in mice. Endocrinology 132:2246-2253
83. Lawler Jr JF, Yin M, Diehl AM, Roberts E, Chatterjee S 1998 Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates the maturation of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human hepatocytes through the action of neutral sphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem 273:5053-5059
84. Grunfeld C, Feingold KR 1996 Regulation of lipid metabolism by cytokines during host defense Nutrition 12(Suppl 1):S24-S26
85. Lopes-Virella M, Virella G 1996 Cytokines, modified lipoproteins, and arteriosclerosis in diabetes. Diabetes 45(Suppl 3):S40-S44
86. Mehta JL, Saldeen TG, Rand K 1998 Interactive role of infection, inflammation and traditional risk factors in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. J Am Coil Cardiol 31:1217-1225
87. Brito BE, Romano EL, Grunfeld C 1995 Increase lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor levels and death in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Clin Exp Immunol 101:357-361
88. Henninger DD, Gerritsen ME, Granger DN 1997 Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice exhibit exaggerated microvascular responses to inflammatory stimuli. Circ Res 81:274-281
89. Fleet JC, Clinton SK, Salomon RN, Loppnow H, Libby P 1992 Atherogenic diets enhance endotoxin-stimulated interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor gene expression in rabbit aortae. J Nutr 122:294-305
90. Benjafield AV, Wang XL, Morris BJ 2001 Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 gene (TNFRSF1B) in genetic basis of coronary artery disease. J Mol Med 79:109-115
91. Sampietro T, Tuoni M, Ferdeghini M, Ciardi A, Marraccini P, Prontera C, Sassi G, Taddei M, Bionda A 1997 Plasma cholesterol regulates soluble cell adhesion molecule expression in familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 96:1381-1385
92. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Gellman J 1998 Cholesterol, cholesterol lowering, and endothelial function. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 41:117-136
93. Chait A, Bierman EL, Albers JJ 1979 Low density lipoprotein receptor activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts: mechanism of insulin-induced stimulation. J Clin Invest 64:1309-1319
94. Greenberg AS, Nordan RP, McIntosh J, Calvo JC, Scow RO, Jablons D 1992 Interleukin-6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a possible role for interleukin-6 in cancer cachexia. Cancer Res 52:4113-4116
95. Nonogaki K, Fuller GM, Fuentes NL, Moser AH, Staprans I, Grunfeld C 1995 Interleukin-6 stimulates hepatic triglyceride secretion in rats. Endocrinology 136:2143-2149
96. Stouthard JM, Romijn JA, Van der Poll T, Endert E, Klein S, Bakker PJ, Veenhof CH, Sauerwein HP 1995 Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin-6 in humans. Am J Physiol 268:E813-E819
97. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Richart C, Ricart W 2000 Interleukin 6 gene polymorphism and lipid abnormalities in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1334-1339
98. Meydani SN 1992 Modulation of cytokine production by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200:189-193
99. Meydani SN, Endres S, Woods MM, Goldin BR, Soo C, Morrill-Labrode A, Dinarello CA, Gorbach SL 1991 Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J Nutr 121:547-555
100. Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meet JW, Cannon JG, Rogers TS, Klempner MS, Weber PC, Schaefer EJ, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA 1989 The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N Engl J Med 320:265-271
101. De Caterina R, Liao JK, Libby P 2000 Fatty acid modulation of endothelial activation. Am J Clin Nutr 71:213-223
102. Khalfoun B, Thibault F, Watier H, Bardos P, Lebranchu Y 1997 Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit in vitro human endothelial cell production of interleukin-6. Adv Exp Med Biol 400B:589-597
103. Han SN, Leka LS, Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Schaefer EJ, Meydani SN 2002 Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 43:445-452
104. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W 2003 Insulin resistance, inflammation and serum fatty acid composition. Diabetes Care 26:1362-1368
105. Fernández-Real JM, Vayreda M, Casamitjana R, González-Huix F, Ricart W 2001 Circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and serum fatty acid composition in men and women. Metabolism 50:1479-1483
106. Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Kihara S, Matsuzawa Y 1999 Role of adipocytokines on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in visceral obesity. Intern Med 38:202-206
107. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM 1993 Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87-91
108. Hotamisligil GS, Budavari A, Murray D, Spiegelman BM 1994 Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. J Clin Invest 94:1543-1549
109. Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM 1996 IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-α- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271:665-668
110. Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM 1994 Tumor necrosis factor α: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43:1271-1278
111. Kern PA, Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Bosch RJ, Deem R, Simsolo RB 1995 The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J Clin Invest 95:2111-2119
112. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM 1995 Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95:2409-2415
113. Saghizadeh M, Ong JM, Garvey WT, Henry RR, Kern PA 1996 The expression of TNFα by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 97:1111-1116
114. Xu H, Uysal KT, Becherer JD, Arner P, Hotamisligil GS 2002 Altered tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) processing in adipocytes and increased expression of transmembrane TNF-α in obesity. Diabetes 51:1876-1883
115. Arner P, Lithell H, Wahrenberg H, Bronnegard M 1991 Expression of lipoprotein lipase in different human subcutaneous adipose tissue regions. J Lipid Res 32:423-429
116. Hauner H, Bender M, Haastert B, Hube F 1998 Plasma concentrations of soluble TNF-α receptors in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:1239-1243
117. Corica F, Allegra A, Corsonello A, Buemi M, Calapai G, Ruello A, Nicita Mauro V, Ceruso D 1999 Relationship between plasma leptin levels and the tumor necrosis factor-α system in obese subjects. Int J Obes Rel Metab Dis 23:355-360
118. Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Salas-Salvado J 2002 Plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptors and leptin levels in normal-weight and obese women: effect of adiposity and diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 146:325-331
119. Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Stampfer M, Rimm EB 2001 Plasma insulin, leptin, and soluble TNF receptors levels in relation to obesity-related atherogenic and thrombogenic cardiovascular disease risk factors among men. Atherosclerosis 157:495-503
120. Rönnemaa T, Pulkki K, Kaprio J 2000 Serum soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 is elevated in obesity but is not related to insulin sensitivity: a study in identical twins discordant for obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2728-2732
121. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Bulmer K, Hollly JM, Yudkin JS, Coppack SW 1999 Production of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors by human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Am J Physiol 277:E971-E975
122. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, Hainque B 2000 Variations in plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet-induced weight loss in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2:323-325
123. Sarraf P, Frederich RC, Turner EM, Ma G, Jaskowiak NT, Rivet III DJ, Flier JS, Lowell BB, Fraker DL, Alexander HR 1997 Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: potential role in inflammatory anorexia. J Exp Med 185:171-175
124. Grunfeld C, Zhao C, Fuller J, Pollack A, Moser A, Friedman J, Feingold KR 1996 Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. A role for leptin in the anorexia of infection. J Clin Invest 97:2152-2157
125. Kirchgessner TG, Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS 1997 Tumor necrosis factor-α contributes to obesity-related hyperleptinemia by regulating leptin release from adipocytes. J Clin Invest 100:2777-2782
126. Qian H, Hausman GJ, Compton MM, Azain MJ, Hartzell DL, Baile CA 1998 Leptin regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, tumor necrosis factor, and uncoupling protein-2 expression in adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246:660-667
127. Zumbach MS, Boehme MW, Wahl P, Stremmel W, Ziegler R, Nawroth PP 1997 Tumor necrosis factor increases serum leptin levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4080-4082
128. Mantzoros CS, Moschos S, Avramopoulos I, Kaklamani V, Liolios A, Doulgerakis DE, Griveas I, Katsilambros N, Flier JS 1997 Leptin concentrations in relation to body mass index and the tumor necrosis factor-α system in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3408-3413
129. Masuzaki H, Ogawa Y, Isse N, Satoh N, Okazaki T, Shigemoto M, Mori K, Tamura N, Hosoda K, Yoshimasa Y, Jingami H, Kawada T, Nakao K 1995 Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 44:855-858
130. Gainsford T, Willson TA, Metcalf D, Handman E, McFarlane C, Ng A, Nicola NA, Alexander WS, Hilton DJ 1996 Leptin can induce proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of hemopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14564-14568
131. van Dielen FM, van't Veer C, Schols AM, Soeters PB, Buurman WA, Greve JW 2001 Increased leptin concentrations correlate with increased concentrations of inflammatory markers in morbidly obese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1759-1766
132. Hukshorn CJ, van Dielen FM, Buurman WA, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Campfield LA, Saris WH 2002 The effect of pegylated recombinant human leptin (PEG-OB) on weight loss and inflammatory status in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:504-509
133. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS 1998 Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:847-850
134. Orban Z, Remaley A, Sampson M, Trajanoski Z, Chrousos GP 1999 The differential effect of food intake and β-adrenergic stimulation on adipose-derived hormones and cytokines in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2126-2133
135. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW 1997 Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-α, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4196-4200
136. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP 1997 Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1313-1316
137. Pottratz ST, Bellido T, Mocharis H, Crabb D, Manolagas SC 1994 17β-Estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter constructs by a receptor-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 93:944-950
138. Berthier MT, Paradis AM, Tchernof A, Bergeron J, Prud'homme D, Despres JP, Vohl MC 2003 The interleukin 6 -174G/C polymorphism is associated with indices of obesity in men. J Hum Genet 48:14-19
139. Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B, Rudling M, Carlsten H, Dickson SL, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO 2002 Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med 8:75-79
140. Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, Furuyama N, Kondo H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Tochino Y, Okutomi K, Horie M, Takeda S, Aoyama T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y 2002 Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 8:731-737
141. Tsukui S, Kanda T, Nara M, Nishino M, Kondo T, Kobayashi I 2000 Moderate-intensity regular exercise decreases serum tumor necrosis factor-α and HbA1c levels in healthy women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1207-1211
142. Dzienis-Straczkowska S, Straczkowski M, Szelachowska M, Stepien A, Kowalska I, Kinalska I 2003 Soluble TNFα receptors in young obese subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 26:875-880
143. Fernández-Real JM, Molina A, Broch M, Ricart W, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Vendrell J, Soler J, Gómez-Sáez JM 1999 The TNF system activity is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in myotonic dystrophy. Diabetes 48:1108-1112
144. Winzen R, Wallach D, Kemper O, Resch K, Holtmann H 1993 Selective up-regulation of the 75-kDa tumor necrosis (TNF) receptor and its mRNA by TNF and IL-1. J Immunol 150:4346-4353
145. Neel JV 1962 Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress." Am J Hum Genet 14:353-362
146. Reaven GM 1998 Hypothesis: muscle insulin resistance is the ("not-so") thrifty genotype. Diabetologia 41:482-484
147. Eaton SB, Konner M 1985 Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med 312:283-289
148. Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M 1988 Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 84:739-749
149. Wendorf M, Goldfine ID 1991 Archaeology of NIDDM. Excavation of the "thrifty" genotype. Diabetes 40:161-165
150. Pedersen BK, Nieman DC 1998 Exercise immunology: integration and regulation. Immunol Today 19:204-206
151. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Fagoaga OR, Henson DA, Utter A, Davis JM, Williams F, Butterworth DE 1998 Influence of mode and carbohydrate on the cytokine response to heavy exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:671-678
152. Tuominen JA, Ebeling P, Bourey R, Koranyi L, Lamminen A, Rapola J, Sane T, Vuorinen-Markkola H, Koivisto VA 1996 Post-marathon paradox: insulin resistance in the face of glycogen depletion. Am J Physiol 270:E336-E343
153. Straczkowski M, Kowalska I, Dzienis-Straczkowska S, Stepien A, Skibinska E, Szelachowska M, Kinalska I 2001 Changes in tumor necrosis factor-α system and insulin sensitivity during an exercise training program in obese women with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Endocrinol 145:273-280
154. Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Schjerling P 2001 Muscle-derived interleukin-6: possible biological effects. J Physiol 536:329-337
155. Schjerling P, Ostrowski K, Asp S, Pedersen K 2001 Exercise induces interleukin-6 and interleukin 1β expression within human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 531:P59-P60
156. Zhang Y, Pilon G, Marette A, Baracos VE 2000 Cytokines and endotoxin induce cytokine receptors in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279:E196-E205
157. Lin Y, Rajala MW, Berger JP, Moller DE, Barzilai N, Scherer PE 2001 Hyperglycemia-induced production of acute phase reactants in adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 276:42077-42083
158. Baumann H, Gauldie J 1994 The acute phase response. Immunol Today 15:74-80
159. Kushner I, Jiang SL, Zhang D, Lozanski G, Samols D 1995 Do posttranscriptional mechanisms participate in induction of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A by IL-6 and IL-1? Ann NY Acad Sci 762:102-107
160. Gabay C, Kushner I 1999 Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 340:448-454
161. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Pugeat M, Richart C, Ricart W 2000 Interleukin 6 and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 49:517-520
162. Campos SP, Baumann H 1992 Insulin is a prominent modulator of the cytokine-stimulated expression of acute-plasma protein genes. Mol Cell Biol 12:1789-1797
163. O'Riordain MG, Ross JA, Fearon KC, Maingay J, Farouk M, Garden OJ, Carter DC 1995 Insulin and counterregulatory hormones influence acute-phase protein production in human hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 269:E323-E330
164. McMillan DE 1989 Increased levels of acute-phase proteins in diabetes. Metabolism 38:1042-1046
165. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB 1999 Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 282:2131-2135
166. Ford ES 1999 Body mass index, diabetes, and C-reactive protein among
167. Festa A, D'Agostino R, Tracy RP, Haffner SM 2002 Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes 51:1131-1137
168. Leinonen E, Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O, Hulten LM, Hiukka A, Taskinen MR 2003 Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 166:387-394
169. Chan JC, Cheung JC, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Tong PC, Ko GT, Yudkin JS 2002 The central roles of obesity-associated dyslipidaemia, endothelial activation and cytokines in the metabolic syndrome - an analysis by structural equation modelling. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:994-1008
170. Laimer M, Ebenbichler CF, Kaser S, Sandhofer A, Weiss H, Nehoda H, Aigner F, Patsch JR 2002 Markers of chronic inflammation and obesity: a prospective study on the reversibility of this association in middle-aged women undergoing weight loss by surgical intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:659-662
171. Grimble RF 2002 Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:551-559
172. Das UN 2002 Is metabolic syndrome X an inflammatory condition? Exp Biol Med 227:989-997
173. Arnalich F, Hernanz A, Lopez-Maderuelo D, Peña JM, Camacho J, Madero R, Vázquez JJ, Montiel C 2000 Enhanced acute-phase response and oxidative stress in older adults with type II diabetes. Horm Metab Res 32:407-412
174. Szalai AJ, Van Ginkel FW, Dalrymple SA, Murray R, McGhee JR, Volanakis JE 1998 Testosterone and IL-6 requirements for human C-reactive protein gene expression in transgenic mice. J Immunol 160:5294-5299
175. Rosner W 1990 The functions of corticosteroid binding globulin and sex-hormone binding globulin: recent advances. Endocr Rev 11:80-91
176. Hammond GL 1995 Potential functions of plasma steroid-binding proteins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 6:298-304
177. Fernández-Real JM, Grasa M, Casamitjana R, Pugeat M, Barret C, Ricart W 1999 Plasma total and glycosylated corticosteroid-binding globulin levels are associated with insulin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3192-3196
178. Fernández-Real JM, Pugeat M, Emptoz-Bonneton A, Ricart W 2001 Study of the effect of changing glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I levels on serum corticosteroid binding globulin in lean, obese, and obese subjects with glucose intolerance. Metabolism 50:1248-1252
179. Fernández-Real JM, Pugeat M, Grasa M, Broch M, Vendrell J, Brun J, Ricart W 2002 Serum corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) and the insulin resistance syndrome: a population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4686-4690
180. Crave JC, Lejeune H, Brébant C, Baret C, Pugeat M 1995 Differential effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on the production of plasma steroid-binding globulins by human hepatoblastoma-derived (Hep G2) cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1283-128
181. Bartalena L, Hammond GL, Farsetti A, Flink IL, Robbins J 1993 Interleukin-6 inhibits cortisosteroid-binding globulin synthesis by human hepatoblastoma-derived (HepG2) cells. Endocrinology 133:291-296
182. Emptoz-Bonneton A, Crave JC, Lejeune H, Brébant C, Pugeat M 1997 Corticosteroid-binding globulin synthesis regulation by cytokines and glucocorticoids in human hepatoblastoma-derived (HepG2) cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3758-3762
183. De Feo P, Volpi E, Lucidi P, Cruciani G, Reboldi G, Siepi D, Cruciani G, Reboldi G, Siepi D, Mannarino E, Santeusanio F, Brunetti P, Bolli GB 1993 Physiological increments in plasma insulin concentrations have selective and different effects on synthesis of hepatic proteins in normal humans. Diabetes 42:995-1002
184. Hilsted J, Christensen NJ 1992 Dual effect of insulin on plasma volume and transcapillary albumin transport. Diabetologia 35:99-103
185. Lapidus L, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, Bengtsson C, Gremark T 1986 Concentration of sex-hormone binding globulin and corticosteroid binding globulin in serum in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and to 12-year incidence of cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in postmenopausal women. Clin Chem 32:146-152
186. Paolisso G, Rizzo MR, Mazziotti G, Tagliamonte MR, Gambardella A, Rotondi M, Carella C, Giugliano D, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F 1998 Advancing age and insulin resistance: role of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α. Am J Physiol 275:E294-E299
187. Caswell M, Pike LA, Bull BS, Stuart J 1993 Effect of age on tests of the acute-phase response. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117:906-910
188. Fagiolo U, Cossarizza A, Scala E 1993 Increased cytokine production in mononuclear cells of healthy elderly people. Eur J Immunol 23:2375-2378
189. Fernández-Real JM, Vendrell J, Ricart W 2000 Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 levels are associated with age. Diabetes Care 23:1714-1715
190. Ventre J, Doebber T, Wu M, MacNaul K, Stevens K, Pasparakis M, Kollias G, Moller DE 1997 Targeted disruption of the tumor necrosis factor-α gene. Metabolic consequences in obese and nonobese mice. Diabetes 46:1526-1531
191. Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS 1997 Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function. Nature 389:610-614
192. Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW 1997 Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumour necrosis factor α promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3195-3199
193. Skoog T, Eriksson P, Hoffstedt J, Rydén M, Hamsten A, Arner P 2001 Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polymorphisms -857C/A and -863C/A are associated with TNF-α secretion from human adipose tissue. Diabetologia 44:654-655
194. Fernández-Real JM, Gutierrez C, Ricart W, Casamitjana R, Vendrell J, Fernández-Castañer M, Richart C, Soler J 1997 The TNF-α Nco I polymorphism influences the relationship among insulin resistance, percent body fat and increased serum leptin levels. Diabetes 46:1468-1472
195. Herrmann SM, Ricard S, Nicaud V, Mallet C, Arveiler D, Evans A, Ruidavets JB, Luc G, Bara L, Parra HJ, Poirier O, Cambien F 1998 Polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor-α gene, coronary heart disease and obesity. Eur J Clin Invest 28:59-66
196. Brand E, Schorr U, Kunz I, Kertmen E, Ringel J, Distler A, Sharma AM 2001 Tumor necrosis factor α -308 G/A polymorphism in obese Caucasians. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:581-585
197. Hoffstedt J, Eriksson P, Hellstrom L, Rossner S, Rydén M, Arner P 2000 Excessive fat accumulation is associated with the TNF α-308 G/A promoter polymorphism in women but not in men. Diabetologia 43:117-120
198. Dalziel B, Gosby AK, Richman RM, Bryson JM, Caterson ID 2002 Association of the TNF-α -308 G/A promoter polymorphism with insulin resistance in obesity Obes Res 10:401-407
199. Valenti L, Fracanzani AL, Dongiovanni P, Santorelli G, Branchi A, Taioli E, Fiorelli G, Fargion S 2002 Tumor necrosis factor α promoter polymorphisms and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 122:274-280
200. Ishii T, Hirose H, Saito I, Nishikai K, Maruyama H, Saruta T 2000 Tumor necrosis factor α gene G-308A polymorphism, insulin resistance, and fasting plasma glucose in young, older, and diabetic Japanese men. Metabolism 49:1616-1618
201. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Vendrell J, Ricart W 2002 Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) -863C/A polymorphism is associated with insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 45:149-150
202. Kamizono S, Yamada K, Seki N, Higuchi T, Kimura A, Nonaka K, Itoh K 2000 Susceptible locus for obese type 2 diabetes mellitus in the 5′-flanking region of the tumor necrosis factor-α gene. Tissue Antigens 55:449-452
203. Hamann A, Mantzoros C, Vidal-Puig A, Flier JS 1995 Genetic variability in the TNF-α promoter is not associated with type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 211:833-839
204. Walston J, Seibert M, Yen CJ, Cheskin LJ, Andersen RE 1999 Tumor necrosis factor-α -238 and -308 polymorphisms do not associate with traits related to obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 48:2096-2098
205. Day CP, Grove J, Daly AK, Stewart MW, Avery PJ, Walker M 1998 Tumour necrosis factor-α gene promoter polymorphism and decreased insulin resistance. Diabetologia 41:430-434
206. Koch M, Rett K, Volk A, Maerker E, Haist K, Weisser M, Rettig A, Renn W, Haring HU 2000 The tumour necrosis factor α -238 G/A and 308 G/A promoter polymorphisms are not associated with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in young relatives of type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia 43:181-184
207. Rasmussen SK, Urhammer SA, Jensen JN, Hansen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Pedersen O 2000 The -238 and -308 G/A polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor α gene promoter are not associated with features of the insulin resistance syndrome or altered birth weight in Danish Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1731-1734
208. Lee SC, Pu YB, Thomas GN, Lee ZS, Tomlinson B, Cockram CS, Critchley JA, Chan JC 2000 Tumor necrosis factor α gene G-308A polymorphism in the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 49:1021-1024
209. Hayakawa T, Nagai Y, Taniguchi M, Yamashita H, Takamura T, Abe T, Nomura G, Kobayashi K 2000 Tumor necrosis factor-β gene NcoI polymorphism decreases insulin resistance in Japanese men. Metabolism 49:1506-1509
210. Furuta M, Yano Y, Ito K, Gabazza EC, Katsuki A, Tanaka T, Ohtake K, Hirata N, Hori Y, Araki-Sasaki R, Sumida Y, Adachi Y 2002 Relationship of the tumor necrosis factor-α -308 A/G promoter polymorphism with insulin sensitivity and abdominal fat distribution in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 56:141-145
211. Schreyer SA, Chua SC, LeBoeuf RC 1998 Obesity and diabetes in TNF-α receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 102:402-411
212. Fernández-Real JM, Vendrell J, Ricart W, Broch M, Gutiérrez C, Casamitjana R, Oriola J, Richart C 2000 A polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 gene is associated with obesity, leptin levels and insulin resistance in young subjects and diet-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 23:831-837
213. Glenn CL, Wang WY, Benjafield AV, Morris BJ 2000 Linkage and association of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 locus with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and plasma shed receptor. Hum Mol Genet 9:1943-1949
214. Geurts JM, Janssen RG, van Greevenbroek MM, van der Kallen CJ, Cantor RM, Bu X, Aouizerat BE, Allayee H, Rotter JI, de Bruin TW 2000 Identification of TNFRSF1B as a novel modifier gene in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Hum Mol Genet 9:2067-2074
215. Spotila LD, Rodriguez H, Koch M, Adams K, Caminis J, Tenenhouse HS, Tenenhouse A 2000 Association of a polymorphism in the TNFR2 gene with low bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 15:1376-1383
216. Peral B, San Millan JL, Castello R, Moghetti P, Escobar-Morreale HF 2002 The methionine 196 arginine polymorphism in exon 6 of the TNF receptor 2 gene (TNFRSF1B) is associated with the polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3977-3983
217. Fernández-Real JM, Gutierrez C, Ricart W, Casamitjana R, Broch M, Vendrell J, Richart C 1997 The TNF-β gene Nco I polymorphism is not associated with hypertriglyceridemia or insulin resistance in lean and obese subjects Biochem Biophys Res Comm 236:829-832
218. Braun J, Marz W, Winkelmann BR, Donner H, Henning Usadel K, Badenhoop K 1998 Tumour necrosis factor β alleles and hyperinsulinaemia in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 28:538-542
219. Ofei F, Hurel S, Newkirk J, Sopwith M, Taylor R 1996 Effect of an engineered human anti-TNF-α antibody (CDP571) on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 45:881-885
220. Paquot N, Castillo MJ, Lefebvre PJ, Scheen AJ 2000 No increased insulin sensitivity after a single intravenous administration of a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein in obese insulin-resistant patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1316-1319
221. Straczkowski M, Kowalska I, Stepien A, Dzienis-Straczkowska S, Szelachowska M, Kinalska I 2002 Increased plasma-soluble tumor necrosis factor-a receptor 2 level in lean nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 25:1824-1828
222. Muller S, Martin S, Koenig W, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Rathmann W, Haastert B, Giani G, Illig T, Thorand B, Kolb H 2002 Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased serum concentrations of interleukin 6 and co-regulated acute-phase proteins but not TNFα or its receptors. Diabetologia 45:805-812
223. Vozarova B, Fernandez-Real JM, Knowler WC, Gallart L, Hanson RL, Gruber JD, Ricart W, Vendrell J, Richart C, Tataranni PA, Wolford JK 2003 The interleukin-6 (-174) G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Native Americans and Caucasians. Hum Genet 112:409-413
224. Kubaszek A, Pihlajamaki J, Punnonen K, Karhapaa P, Vauhkonen I, Laakso M 2003 The C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene affects energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 52:558-561
225. Terry CF, Loukaci V, Green FR 2000 Cooperative influence of genetic polymorphisms on interleukin 6 transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 275:18138-1814
226. Papanicolau DA, Vgontzas AN 2000 Interleukin-6: the endocrine cytokine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1331-1332
227. Morohoshi M, Fujisawa K, Uchimura I, Numano F 1996 Glucose-dependent interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor production by human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Diabetes 45:954-959
228. Southern C, Schulster D, Green IC 1990 Inhibition of insulin secretion from rat islets of Langerhans by interleukin-6. Biochem J 272:243-245
229. Sandler S, Bendtzen K, Eizirik D, Welsh M 1990 Interleukin-6 affects insulin secretion and glucose metabolism of rat pancreatic islets in vitro. Endocrinology 126:1288-1294
230. Tsigos C, Papanicolaou DA, Kyrou I, Defensor R, Mitsiadis CS, Chrousos GP 1997 Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on glucose regulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4167-4170
231. Makin T, Noguchi Y, Yoshikawa T, Doi C, Nomura K 1998 Circulating interleukin 6 concentrations and insulin resistance in patients with cancer. Br J Surg 85:1658-1662
232. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Hanson K, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE 2001 Circulating interleukin-6 in relation to adiposity, insulin action, and insulin secretion. Obes Res 9:414-417
233. Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G 2001 Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E745-E751
234. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B 2000 Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3338-3342
235. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Van Nhieu JT, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, Robert JJ, Capeau J, Hainque B 2002 Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2084-2089
236. Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Mooney RA 2002 Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes 51:3391-3399
237. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM 2001 C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 286:327-334
238. Yki-Järvinen H, Sammalkorpi K, Koivisto VA, Nikkila EA 1989 Severity, duration, and mechanisms of insulin resistance during acute infections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:317-323
239. Facchini F, Hollenbeck CB, Chert YN, Chen YD, Reaven HM 1992 Demonstration of a relationship between white blood cell count, insulin resistance, and several risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. J Intern Med 232:267-272
240. Targher G, Seidell JC, Tonoli M, Muggeo M, De Sandre G, Cigolini M 1996 The white blood cell count: its relationship to plasma insulin and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male individuals. J Intern Med 239:435-441
241. Kishimoto T, Akira S, Taga T 1992 Interleukin-6 and its receptor: a paradigm for cytokines. Science 258:593-597
242. Fernández-Real JM, Vendrell J, Richart C, Gutiérrez C, Ricart W 2001 Platelet count and interleukin 6 gene polymorphism in healthy subjects. BMC Med Genet 2:6
243. van Exel E, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Frolich M, Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A, Westendorp RG 2002 Low production capacity of interleukin-10 associates with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the Leiden 85-Plus Study. Diabetes 51:1088-1092
244. Van Bockxmeer FM, Mamotte CDS 1992 Apolipoprotein ∈4 homozygosity in young men with coronary disease. Lancet 340:879-890
245. Humpries SE 1995 Genetic regulation of fibrinogen. Eur Heart J 16:16-20
246. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L, Evans A, Cambou JP, Arveiler D, Luc G, Bard JM, Bara L, Ricard S, Tiret L, Amouyel P, Alhenc-Gelas F, Soubrier F 1992 Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 359:641-644
247. Jorde LB, Williams RR 1988 Relation between family history of coronary artery disease and coronary risk variables. Am J Cardiol 62:708-713
248. Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC, Morange PE 2000 Hypofibrinolysis and increased PAI-1 are linked to atherothrombosis via insulin resistance and obesity. Ann Med 32(Suppl 1):78-84
249. Siwik DA, Chang DLF, Colucci WS 2000 Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α decrease collagen synthesis and increase matrix metalloproteinase activity in vitro. Circ Res 86:1259-1265
250. Barath P, Fishbein MC, Cao J, Berenson J, Helfant RH, Forrester JS 1989 Detection and localization of TNF in human atheroma. Am J Cardiol 21:1241-1251
251. Kaartinen M, Penttilä A, Kovanen P 1996 Mast cells in rupture-prone areas of human coronary atheromas produce and store TNF-α. Circulation 94:2787-2792
252. Francis SE, Camp NJ, Dewberry RM, Gunn J, Syrris P, Carter ND, Jeffery S, Kaski JC, Cumberland DC, Duff GW, Crossman DC 1999 Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Circulation 99:861-866
253. Padovani JC, Pazin-Filho A, Simoes MV, Marin-Neto JA, Zago MA, Franco RF 2000 Gene polymorphisms in the TNF locus and the risk of myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 100:263-269
254. -308→ A polymorphism and risk for coronary artery disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 98:435-437
255. Keso T, Perola M, Laippala P, Ilveskoski E, Kunnas TA, Mikkelsson J, Penttila A, Hurme M, Karhunen PJ 2001 Polymorphisms within the tumor necrosis factor locus and prevalence of coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 154:691-697
256. Koch W, Kastrati A, Bottiger C, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, Schomig A 2001 Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 159:137-144
257. Vendrell J, Fernández-Real JM, Gutiérrez C, Zamora A, Simón I, Bardají A, Ricart W, Richart C, A polymorphism in the promoter of the TNF-α gene (-308) is associated with coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis, in press
258. Arner P 2000 Obesity - a genetic disease of adipose tissue? Br J Nutr 83(Suppl 1):S9-S16
259. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V 2000 Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148:209-214
260. Woods A, Brull DJ, Humphries SE, Montgomery HE 2000 Genetics of inflammation and risk of coronary artery disease: the central role of interleukin 6. Eur Heart J 21:1574-1583
261. Loppnow H, Libby P 1989 Comparative analysis of cytokine induction in human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Lymphokine Res 8:293-299
262. Seino Y, Ikeda U, Ikeda M, Yamamoto K, Misawa Y, Hasegawa T, Kano S, Shimada K 1994 Interleukin-6 gene transcripts are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Cytokine 6:87-91
263. Harris TB, Ferrucci L, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Wacholder S, Ettinger Jr WH, Heimovitz H, Cohen HJ, Wallace R 1999 Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly. Am J Med 106:506-512
264. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH 2000 Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 101:1767-1772
265. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH 1998 Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 98:731-733
266. Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Shaten J, Meilahn EN, for the MRFIT Research Group 1996 Relationship of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 144:537-547
267. Bermudez EA, Rifai N, Buring J, Manson JE, Ridker PM 2002 Interrelationships among circulating interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1668-1673
268. Lindmark E, Diderholm E, Wallentin L, Siegbahn A 2001 Relationship between interleukin 6 and mortality in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. Effects of an early invasive or non-invasive strategy. JAMA 286:2107-2113
269. Ferrari SL, Ahn-Luong L, Garnero P, Humphries SE, Greenspan SL 2003 Two promoter polymorphisms regulating interleukin-6 gene expression are associated with circulating levels of C-reactive protein and markers of bone resorption in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:255-259
270. Jerrard-Dunne P, Sitzer M, Risley P, Steckel DA, Buehler A, Von Kegler S, Markus HS 2003 Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism modulates the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on early carotid artery atherosclerosis: the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke 34:402-407
271. Flex A, Gaetani E, Pola R, Santoliquido A, Aloi F, Papaleo P, Dal Lago A, Pola E, Serricchio M, Tondi P, Pola P 2002 The - 174 G/C polymorphism of the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with peripheral artery occlusive disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24:264-268
272. Nauck M, Winkelmann BR, Hoffmann MM, Bohm BO, Wieland H, Marz W 2002 The interleukin-6 G(-174)C promoter polymorphism in the LURIC cohort: no association with plasma interleukin-6, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. J Mol Med 80:507-513
273. Kiechl S, Lorenz E, Reindl M, Wiedermann CJ, Oberhollenzer F, Bonora E, Willeit J, Schwartz DA 2002 Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis. N Engl J Med 347:185-192
274. Vozarova B, Weyer C, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA 2002 High blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51:455-461
275. Thorand B, Lowel H, Schneider A, Kolb H, Meisinger C, Frohlich M, Koenig W 2003 C-reactive protein as a predictor for incident diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men: results from the MONICA Augsburg cohort study, 1984-1998. Arch Intern Med 163:93-99
276. Han TS, Sattar N, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Lean ME, Haffner SM 2002 Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 25:2016-2021
277. Festa A, D'Agostino Jr R, Tracy RP, Haffner SM 2002 C-reactive protein is more strongly related to post-glucose load glucose than to fasting glucose in non-diabetic subjects; the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabet Med 19:939-943
278. Engstrom G, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, Lind P, Eriksson KF, Janzon L, Lindgarde F 2003 Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study. Diabetes 52:442-447
279. Salonen JT, Tuomainen T-P, Nyyssönen K, Lakka H-M, Punnonen K 1998 Relation between iron stores and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in men: case-control study. Br Med J 317:727-730
280. Fernández-Real JM, López-Bermejo A, Ricart W 2002 Cross-talk between iron metabolism and diabetes. Diabetes 51:2348-2354
281. Festa A, D'Agostino Jr R, Howard G, Mykkanen L, Tracy RP, Haffner SM 2000 Inflammation and microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Kidney Int 58:1703-1710
282. Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Twisk JW, Knudsen E, Emeis JJ, Parving HH 2002 Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: progressive, interrelated, and independently associated with risk of death. Diabetes 51:1157-1165
283. Hawrami K, Hitman GA, Rema M, Snehalatha C, Viswanathan M, Ramachandran A, Mohan V 1996 An association in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects between susceptibility to retinopathy and tumor necrosis factor polymorphism. Hum Immunol 46:49-54
284. Kankova K, Muzik J, Karaskova J, Beranek M, Hajek D, Znojil V, Vlkova E, Vacha J 2001 Duration of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the TNF-β NcoI genotype as predictive factors in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica 215:294-298
285. Kumaramanickavel G, Sripriya S, Vellanki RN, Upadyay NK, Badrinath SS, Arokiasamy T, Sukumar B, Vidhya A, Joseph B, Sharma T, Gopal L 2001 Tumor necrosis factor allelic polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 54:89-94
286. Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P 2002 The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 45:924-930
287. Das UN 2001 Is insulin an antiinflammatory molecule? Nutrition 17:409-413
288. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Efendic S, Herlitz J, Nicol P, Waldenstrom A, Wedel H, Welin L 1995 Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:57-65
289. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R 2001 Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359-1367
290. Ghanim H, Garg R, Aljada A, Mohanty P, Kumbkarni Y, Assian E, Hamouda W, Dandona P 2001 Suppression of nuclear factor-κB and stimulation of inhibitor κB by troglitazone: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect and a potential antiatherosclerotic effect in the obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1306-1312
291. Haffner SM, Greenberg AS, Weston WM, Chen H, Williams K, Freed MI 2002 Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on nontraditional markers of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 106:679-684
292. Ishibashi M, Egashira K, Hiasa K, Inoue S, Ni W, Zhao Q, Usui M, Kitamoto S, Ichiki T, Takeshita A 2002 Antiinflammatory and antiarteriosclerotic effects of pioglitazone. Hypertension 40:687-693
293. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y 1999 Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79-83
294. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA 2001 Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperin-sulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1930-1935
295. Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL, Ortmeyer HK, Arita Y, Hansen BC, Matsuzawa Y 2001 Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 50:1126-1133
296. Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Matsuzawa Y, Chao CL, Chen CL, Tai TY, Chuang LM 2001 Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3815-3819
297. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, Ide T, Murakami K, Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Ezaki O, Akanuma Y, Gavrilova O, Vinson C, Reitman ML, Kagechika H, Shudo K, Yoda M, Nakano Y, Tobe K, Nagai R, Kimura S, Tomita M, Froguel P, Kadowaki T 2001 The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med 7:941-946
298. Kim J, Kim Y-J, Fillmore J, Chen Y, Moore I, Lee J, Yuan M, Li ZW, Karin M, Perret P, Shoelson SE, Shulman GI 2001 Prevention of fat-induced insulin resistance by salicylate. J Clin Invest 108:437-446
299. Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li Z-W, Karin M, Shoelson SE 2001 Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkβ. Science 293:1673-1677
300. Hundal RS, Petersen KF, Mayerson AB, Randhawa PS, Inzucchi S, Shoelson SE, Shulman GI 2002 Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Invest 109:1321-1326
301. Menzaghi C, Plengvidhya N, Ma X, Warram JH, Shoelson SE, Doria A 2002 Genetic variability in insulin action inhibitor Ikkβ (IKBKB) does not play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1894-1897
302. Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Sattar N, Neely RD, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles C, Lorimer AR, Macfarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ, Shepherd J, Gaw A 2001 Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 103:357-362
303. Rosenson RS, Tangney CC, Casey LC 1999 Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by pravastatin. Lancet 353:983-984
304. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G 2000 Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153
305. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, Luomanmaki K, Dahlof B, de Faire U, Morlin C, Karlberg BE, Wester PO, Bjorck JE 1999 Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616
306. Khanna S, Roy S, Packer L, Sen CK 1999 Cytokine-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle:redox regulation and the role of α-lipoic acid. Am J Physiol 276:R1327-R1333
307. Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, Tritschler HJ, Maerker E, Renn W, Augustin HJ, Dietze GJ, Rett K 1999 Oral administration of RAC-α-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med 27:309-314
308. Camilleri AE, Mackenzie K, Gatehouse S 1995 The effect of recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillectomy on growth in childhood. Clin Otolaryngol 20:153-157
309. Shapiro L, Scherer PE 1998 The crystal structure of a complement-1q family protein suggests an evolutionary link to tumor necrosis factor. Curr Biol 8:335-338
310. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Richart C, Vendrell J, López-Bermejo A, Ricart W 2003 CD14 monocyte receptor, involved in the inflammatory cascade, and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1780-1784
311. Medzhitov R, Janeway Jr CA 1997 1995 Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 9:4-9
312. Gewurz H, Zhang XH, Lint TF 1995 Structure and function of the pentraxins. Curr Opin Immunol 7:54-64
313. Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, Aviles RJ, Pearce GL, Penn MS, Topol EJ, Sprecher DL, Hazen SL 2001 Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA 286:2136-2142
314. Eiserich JP, Baldus S, Brennan ML, Ma W, Zhang C, Tousson A, Castro L, Lusis AJ, Nauseef WM, White CR, Freeman BA 2002 Myeloperoxidase, a leukocyte-derived vascular NO oxidase. Science 296:2391-2394
315. Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Blankenberg S, Bickel C, Kopp H, Rippin G, Victor A, Hafner G, Schlumberger W, Meyer J 2002 Impact of infectious burden on extent and long-term prognosis of atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:15-21
316. Westendorp RG, Langermans JA, Huizinga TW, Verweij CL, Sturk A 1997 Genetic influence on cytokine production and fatal meningococcal disease. Lancet 349:170-173
317. Dahlgren J, Nilsson C, Jennische E, Ho HP, Eriksson E, Niklasson A, Bjorntorp P, Albertsson Wikland K, Holmang A 2001 Prenatal cytokine exposure results in obesity and gender-specific programming. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E326-E334
318. Lev-Ran A 1999 Thrifty genotype: how applicable is it to obesity and type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Rev 7:1-22
319. Hill AVS 1999 Defense by diversity. Nature 398:668-669
320. Jeong H, Tombor B, Albert R, Oltvai ZN, Barabasi AL 2000 The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature 407:651-654
321. Bjornholt JV, Erikssen G, Aaser E, Sandvik L, Nitter-Hauge S, Jervell J, Erikssen J, Thaulow E 1999 Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care 22:45-49