Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: A family of etiologically complex diseases - A review

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 297, Issue 1-3, 2002, Pages 1-19

  Bounias, Michel ^a   Purdey, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVIGNON   (France)

^b High Barn Farm   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Amyloid forms; Cupric ion; Oxidative shocks; Prion structure pathogenicity

Indexed keywords

COPPER; DISEASES;

PATHOGENICITY;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

AMYLOID; CALCIUM; COPPER; COPPER ION; MANGANESE; PESTICIDE; PLASMINOGEN;

DISEASE;

BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; CELL FUNCTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; INFECTION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENICITY; PHENOTYPE; PREDICTION; PRION; PRION DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; COPPER; ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM; HUMANS; IONS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PRION DISEASES; PRIONS;

EID: 0037038136     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00140-7     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. 2+ binding sites in the N-terminal domain of the prion protein by EPR and CD spectroscopy. Biochemistry. 39:(45):2000;1360-13771.
2. Aguzzi A., Heppner F.L. Pathogenesis of prion diseases: a progress report. Cell Death Differentiation. 7:2000;889-902.
3. Aikawa R., Nawano M., Gu Y., Katagiri H., Asano T., Zhu W., Nagai R., Komuro I. Insulin prevents cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through activation of PI3 kinase/Akt. Circulation. 102(23):2000;2873-2879.
4. Alfuntas I., Aksoy H., Coskun I., Caykoylu A., Akcay F. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels in schizophrenic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 38:(12):2000;1277-1281.
5. Andrasi E., Farkas E., Gawlik D., Rosik U., Bratter P. Brain iron and zinc contents of German patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2:(1):2000;17-26.
6. Antoine N., Cesbron J.-Y., Coumans B., Jolois O., Zorzi W., Heinen E. Differential expression of cellular prion protein on human blood and tonsil lymphocytes. Haematologica. 85:(5):2000;475-480.
7. Armstrong R.A., Lantos P.L., Cairns N.J. The spatial pattern of prion protein deposits in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease: comparison with β-amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett. 298:(1):2001;53-56.
8. Belichenko P., Miklossy J., Belser B., Budka H., Celio M. Early destruction of the extracellular matrix around parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Neurobiol Dis. 6:(4):1999;269-279.
9. Berends B.R., Van Den Bogaard A., Van Knapen F., Snijders J. Human health hazards associated with the administration of antimicrobials to slaughter animals. Part 1. An assessment of the risks of residues of tetracyclines in pork. Vet Q. 23:(1):2001;2-10.
10. Berr C., Balansart B., Arnaud J., Roussel A.M., Alperovitch A.M. Cognitive decline is associated with systemic oxidative stress: the EVA study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 48:(10):2000;1285-1291.
11. Betarbet R., Sherer T., MacKenzie G., Garcia-Ozuna M., Panov A., Greenamyre J.T. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci. 3:(12):2000;1301-1306.
12. Blackhall W.J., Liu H.Y., Xu M., Prichard R.K., Beech R.N. Haemonchus contortus: selection at a glutamate-gated chloride channel gene in ivermectin and moxidectin-selected strains. Exp Parasitol. 90:(1):1998;42-48.
13. Borchardt T., Camakaris J., Capai R., Masters C.L., Beyreuther K., Multhaup G. Copper inhibits β-amyloid production and stimulates the non-amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid-precursor-protein secretion. Biochem J. 344:(2):1999;461-467.
14. Borman S. Detecting prion strains. Chemical & Engineering News. 76:(40):1998;8.
15. Borman S. Detecting prions. Chem Eng News. 79:(15):2001;38-40.
16. Borman S. Probe for prions. Diagnostic prions found in urine before disease symptoms appear. Chem Eng News. 79:(29):2001;10.
17. Bounias M. Pragmatic efficacy against conceptual precaution in parasite control: the case of avermectins. J Environ Biol. 21:(4):2000;275-285.
18. Bounias M. Treatise of General Toxicology. 2000;Springer-Verlag, Paris, Berlin. 799 pp.
19. Bounias M. The Hamiltonian of life: an anticipatory operator of evolution. In: Dubois DM, editor. CASYS 2001 International Mathematical Conference, Liège, 12-19 August 2001. Int J Comput Anticip Syst, in press.
20. Bounias M., Bonaly A. The future of life on Earth. Ecosystems as topological spaces. Burdyuzha V., Khozin G., The Future of Life and The Future of Our Civilization. 2000;206-224 World Scientific, Singapore.
21. Brandner S., Klein M.A., Aguzzi A. Mechanisms of neuroinvasion by prions: molecular principles and present status of research. Schweitz Med Wochenschr. 130:(12):2000;435-442.
22. Brenig B. BSE and scrapie: the search for a quick test in living animals. Biol Unserer Zeit. 31:(6):2001;376-385.
23. Brookfield J.F.Y. The evolvability enigma. Curr Biol. 11:2001;R106-R108.
24. Sc-like prion protein peptide inhibits the function of cellular prion protein. Biochem J. 352:2000;511-518.
25. Brown D.R. Prion protein peptides: optimal toxicity and peptide blockade of toxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci. 15:(1):2000;66-78.
26. Brown D.R., Hafiz F., Glasssmith L., Wong B.-S., Clive C., Haswell S.J. Consequences of manganese replacement of copper for prion protein function and proteinase resistance. EMBO J. 19:(6):2000;1180-1186.
27. Brown D.B., Clive C., Haswell S.J. Antioxidant activity related to copper binding of native prion protein. J Neurochem. 76:2001;69-76.
28. Butefish C., Gambetti P., Cervenakova L., Park K.-Y., Hallett M., Golffarb L.G. Inherited prion encephalopathy associated with the novel PRNP H187R mutation: a clinical study. Neurology. 55:(4):2000;517-522.
29. Cairns J. The Zen of sustainable use of the planet: steps on the path to enlightenment. Popul Environ. 20:(2):1998;109-123.
30. Calet C. Éléments de mémoire pour une réflexion. Les farines d'origine animale sont supprimées, et après. INRA Mensuel. 108:2000;2-3.
31. Calzolai L., Lysek D.A., Gunter P., Von Schroetter C., Riek R., Zahn R., Wuèthrich K. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:(15):2000;8340-8345.
32. Capellari S., Zadi S., Long A.C., Kwon E.E., Petersen R.B. The Thr183→Ala mutation, not the loss of the first glycosylation site, alters the physical properties of the prion protein. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2:(1):2000;27-35.
33. Cardone F., Liu Q., Petraroli R., Ladogana A., D'Alesssandro M., Arpino C., DiBarri M., Macchi G., Pocchiari M. Prion protein glycotype analysis in familial and sporadic Creutzfeld-Jakob disease patients. Brain Res Bull. 49:(6):1999;429-433.
34. 2+ to the C-terminal domain of the murine prion protein. Biophys J. 81:(11):2001;516-525.
35. Chacinska A., Boguta M., Krzewska J., Rospert S. Prion-dependent switching between respiratory competence and deficiency in the yeast nam-9-1 mutant. Mol Cell Biol. 20:(19):2000;7220-7229.
36. 2+-dependent chloride current of plasmalemma of Chara corallina cells. Antibiot Khimiother. 46:(5):2001;6-12.
37. Drouet B., Fifre A., Pincon-Raymond M., Vandekerckhove J., Rosseneu M., Gueant J.-L., Chambaz J., Pillot T. ApoE protects cortical neurons against neurotoxicity induced by the non-fibrillar C-terminal domain of the amyloid-β peptide. J Neurochem. 76:(1):2001;117-127.
38. Ekinci F., Shea T.B. β-amyloid-induced tau phosphorylation does not correlate with degeneration in cultured neurons. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2:(1):2000;7-15.
39. El-Agnaf O., Mahil D.S., Patel B.P., Austen B.M. Oligomerization and toxicity of β-amyloid-42 implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 273:(3):2000;1003-1007.
40. Ettaiche M., Pichot R., Vincent J.P. In vivo cytotoxicity of the prion protein fragment 106-126. J Biol Chem. 275:(47):2000;36487-36490.
41. Farthing M. Enterotoxins and the enteric nervous system - a fatal attraction. Int J Med Microbiol. 290:(4-5):2000;491-496.
42. Fauser S., Deininger M., Kremser P., Magdolen V., Luther T., Meyermann R., Schluesener H. Lesion-associated expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, CD87) in human cerebral malaria. J Neuroimmunol. 111:(1-2):2000;234-240.
43. Feughelman M., Willis B.K. Thiol-disulfide interchange: a potential key to conformational change associated with amyloid fibril formation. J Theor Biol. 206:(2):2000;313-315.
44. Fisher M., Roeckl C., Parizek P., Schwarz H., Aguzzi A. Binding of disease-associated prion protein to plasminogen. Nature (Lond). 408:(6811):2000;479-483.
45. Floris G., Medda R., Padiglia A., Musci G. The physiopathological significance of ceruloplasmin. Biochem Pharmacol. 60:2000;1735-1741.
46. Garcia F.L., Zahn R., Riek R., Wuthrich K. NMR structure of the bovine prion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:(15):2000;8334-8339.
47. Giason B.I., Duda J.E., Murray I.V.J., Chen Q., Souza J.M., Hurtig H.I., Ischiropoulos H., Trojanowki J.Q., Lee V.M.-Y. Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective a-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions. Science (Wash DC). 290:(5493):2000;985-989.
48. Gill A., Ritchie M., Hunt L., Steane S., Davies K., Bocking S., Rhie A., Bennett A., Hope J. Post-translational hydroxylation at the N-terminus of the prion protein reveals presence of PPII structure in vivo. EMBO J. 19:(20):2000;5324-5331.
49. Giray B., Gurbay A., Hincal F. Cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress in rat brain and liver is prevented by vitamin E or allopurinol. Toxicol Lett. 118:(3):2001;139-146.
50. c expression in the peripheral nervous system is a determinant of prion neuroinvasion. J Gen Virol. 81:(11):2000;2813-2821.
51. Glatzel M., Aguzzi A. Peripheral pathogenesis of prion diseases. Microbes Infect. 2:(6):2000;613-619.
52. Gordon I., Abdulla E., Campbell I., Whatley S. Phosmet induces up-regulation of the surface expression of prion protein. Neuroreport. 9:1998;1391-1395.
53. Guentchev M., Voightlander T., Haberler C., Groschup M.H., Budka H. Evidence for oxidative stress in experimental prion disease. Neurobiol Dis. 7:(4):2000;270-273.
54. Gultekin F., Ozturk M., Akdogan M. The effect of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos-ethyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (in vitro). Arch Toxicol. 74:(9):2000;533-538.
55. Harrison P.M., Chan H.S., Prusiner S.B., Cohen F.E. Conformational propagation with prion-like characteristics in a simple model of protein folding. Protein Sci. 10:2001;819-835.
56. Hileman B. The 'mad' disease has many forms. Chem Eng News. 79:(15):2001;24-30.
57. Hirata Y., Kiuchi K., Nagatsu T. Manganese mimics the action of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, a dopaminergic neurotoxin, in rat striatal tissue slices. Neurosci Lett. 311:(1):2001;53-56.
58. Hopfner K.P., Karcher A., Shin D.S., Craig L., Arthur L.M., Carney J. Cell. 101:(7):2000;789-800.
59. Jackson G.S., Collinge J. Prion disease - the propagation of infectious protein topologies. Microbes Infect. 2:(12):2000;1445-1449.
60. Jansen G.H., Vogelaar C.F., Elshof S.M. Distribution of cellular prion protein in normal human cerebral cortex - does it have relevance to Creutzfeld-Jakob disease? Clin Chem Lab Med. 39:(4):2001;294-298.
61. Jansen K., Schafer O., Birkmann E., Post K., Serban H., Prusiner S., Riesner D. Structural intermediates in the putative pathway from the cellular prion protein to the pathogenic form. Biol Chem. 382:(4):2001;683-691.
62. Jeffrey M., McGovern G., Goodsir C., Brown K., Bruce M. Sites of prion protein accumulation in scrapie-infected mouse spleen revealed by immuno-electron microscopy. J Pathol. 191:(3):2000;323-332.
63. Jobling M.F., Huang X., Stewart L.R., Barnham K., Curtainn C., Volitakis I., Perugini M., White A., Cherny R., Masters C., Barrow C., Collins S., Bush A., Cappai R. Copper and zinc binding modulates the aggregation and neurotoxic properties of the prion peptide PrP106-126. Biochemistry. 40:(27):2001;8073-8084.
64. Jun K., Lee S.-B., Shin H.-S. Insertion of a retroviral solo long terminal repeat in mdr-3 locus disrupts mRNA splicing in mice. Mamm Genome. 11:(10):2000;843-848.
65. Jung G., Jones G., Wegrzyn R., Masison D. A role for cytosolic Hsp70 in yeast [PSI+] prion propagation and [PSI+] as a cellular stress. Genetics. 156:(2):2000;559-570.
66. Kang D., Pietrzik C., Baum L., Chevallier N., Merriam D., Kounnas M., Wagner S., Troncoso J., Kawas C., Katzman R., Koo E. Modulation of amyloid β-protein clearance and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility by the LDL receptor-related protein pathway. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106(9):2000;1159-1166.
67. Kim N.-H., Park S.-J., Jin J.-K., Kwon M.-S., Choi E.-K., Carp R.-I., Kim Y.-S. Increased ferric iron content and iron-induced oxidative stress in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Brain Res. 884:(1,2):2000;98-103.
68. Klos A, Bertrandt J, Stezycka E. Manganese content in daily food rations served in canteens supervised by the army. 19th Arbeitstag. Mengen-Spurenelem, 1999:464-469.
69. Kodavanti P.R.S., Tilson H.A. Neurochemical effects of environmental chemicals: in vivo and in vitro correlations on second messenger pathways. Ann NY Acad Sci. 919:2000;97-105.
70. Kourie J.I., Culverson A. Prion peptide fragment PrP[106-126] forms distinct cation channel types. J Neurosci Res. 62:(1):2000;120-133.
71. Krieger R., Craig B., Dinoff T., Fell L., Osimitz T., Ross J., Thongsinthusak T. Biomonitoring and whole-body cotton dosimetry to estimate potential dermal exposure to semivolatile chemicals. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol. 10:(1):2000;50-57.
72. Kubosaki A., Ueno A., Matsumoto Y., Doi K., Saeki K., Onodera T. Analysis of prion protein mRNA by in situ hybridization in brain and placenta of sheep. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 273:(3):2000;890-893.
73. Kuperstein F., Reiss N., Koudinova N., Yavin E. Biphasic modulation of protein kinase C and enhanced cell toxicity by amyloid beta peptide and anoxia in neuronal cultures. J Neurochem. 76:(3):2001;758-767.
74. Kwaan H.C., Wang J., Svoboda K., Declerck P.J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 may promote tumour growth through inhibition of apoptosis. Br J Cancer. 82:(10):2000;1702-1708.
75. Laws D., Bitter H.M., Liu K., Ball H., Kaneko K., Wille H., Cohen F., Prusiner S., Pines A., Wemmer D. Solid-state NMR studies of the secondary structure of a mutant prion protein fragment of 55 residues that induces neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:(20):2001;11686-11690.
76. Lieberman A. Pesticide poisoning: the missed diagnostic. AEHF 18th Annual International Symposium on Man and His Environment, Dallas, 8-11 June 2000. 2000;69-71.
77. Lu B.-Y., Beck P.J., Chang J.-Y. Oxidative folding of murine prion mPrP(23-231). Eur J Biochem. 268:(13):2001;3767-3773.
78. Lucchini R., Albini E., Placide D., Gasparotti R., Pigozzi M.-G., Montani G., Alessio L. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and manganese exposure. Neurotoxicology. 21(5):2000;769-775.
79. Lutz W.K. Susceptibility differences in chemical carcinogenesis linearize the dose-response relationship: threshold doses can be defined only for individuals. Mutat Res. 482:2001;71-76.
80. Mabbott N.A., Mackay F., Minns F., Bruce M.E. Temporary inactivation of follicular dendritic cells delays neuroinvasion of scrapie. Nat Med (NY). 6:(7):2000;719-720.
81. Makino T., Hasegawa S., Sakurai Y., Ohno S., Utagawa H., Maejima Y., Momohara K. Influence of soil drying under field conditions on exchangeable manganese, cobalt and copper contents. Soil Sci Plant Nutr (Tokyo). 46:(3):2000;581-590.
82. McBride P., Schulz-Schaeffer W., Donaldson M., Bruce M., Diringer H., Kretzschmar H., Beekes M. Early spread of scrapie from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system involves autonomic fibers of the splanchnic and vagus nerves. J Virol. 75:(19):2001;9320-9327.
83. McLaurin J.-A., Fraser P.E. Effect of amino-acid substitutions on Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Eur J Biochem. 267:(21):2000;6353-6361.
84. McMahon H.E., Mange A., Nishida N., Creminon C., Casanova D., Lehmann S. Cleavage of the amino terminus of the prion protein by reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem. 276:(3):2001;2286-2291.
85. Meggio F., Negro A., Sarno S., Ruzzene M., Bertoli A., Sorgato M.C., Pinna L.A. Bovine prion protein as a modulator of protein kinase CK2. Biochem J. 352:(1):2000;191-196.
86. Moretto A., Gardiman G., Panfilo S., Colle M.A., Lock E., Lotti M. Effects of S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate (molinate) on di-n-butyl dichlorovinyl phosphate (DBDCVP) neuropathy. Toxicol Sci. 62:(2):2001;274-279.
87. Moser V.C. Dose-response and time-course of neurobehavioral changes following oral chlorpyrifos in rats of different ages. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 22:(5):2000;713-723.
88. Mouillet-Richard S., Ermonval M., Chebassier C., Laplanche J.L., Lehmann S., Launay J.M., Kellermann O. Signal transduction through prion protein. Science (Wash, DC). 289:(5486):2000;1925-1928.
89. Muramoto T., Tanaka T., Kitamoto N., Sano C., Hayashi Y., Kutomi T., Yutani C., Kitamoto T. Analyses of Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome with 102Leu219Lys using monoclonal antibodies that specifically detect human prion protein with 219Glu. Neurosci Lett. 288:(3):2000;179-182.
90. Nandi P., Sizaret P.-Y. Murine recombinant prion protein induces ordered aggregation of linear nucleic acids to condensed globular structures. Arch Virol. 146:(2):2001;327-345.
91. Navarro H., Basta P., Seidler F., Slotkin T. Neonatal chlorpyrifos administration elicits deficits in immune function in adulthood: a neural effect? Dev Brain Res. 130:(2):2001;249-252.
92. Nobmann S., Bauer B., Fricker G. Ivermectin excretion by isolated functionally intact brain endothelial capillaries. Br J Pharmacol. 132:2001;722-728.
93. Ostlund P., Lindegren H., Pettersson C., Bedecs K. Up-regulation of functionally impaired insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem. 276:(39):2001;36110-36115.
94. Pammer J., Cross H.S., Frobert Y., Tschlachler E., Oberhuber G. The pattern of prion-related protein expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Virchows Arch. 436:(5):2000;466-472.
95. Partridge L., Barton N.H. Evolving evolvability. Nature. 407:2000;457-459.
96. Pelletier M., Roberge C., Gauthier M., Vandal K., Tessier P., Girard D. Activation of human neutrophils in vitro and dieldrin-induced neutrophilic inflammation in vivo. J Leukocyte Biol. 70:(3):2001;363-373.
97. Peuschel K.E. Pitfalls in prion research. Med Hypotheses. 54:(5):2000;698-700.
98. Porcher E., Gatto M. Quantifying the dynamics of prion infection. J Theor Biol. 205:2000;283-296.
99. Prusiner S. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science. 216:1982;136-144.
100. Purdey M. The UK epidemic of BSE: slow virus of chronic pesticide-initiated modification of the prion protein? Part 1. Mechanisms for a chemically induced pathogenesis/transmissibility. Med Hypotheses. 46:1996;429-443.
101. Purdey M. High-dose exposure to systemic phosmet insecticide modifies the phosphatidylinositol anchor on the prion protein: the origins of new-variant transmissible spongiform encephalopathies? Med Hypotheses. 50:1998;91-111.
102. Purdey M. Ecosystems supporting clusters of sporadic TSEs demonstrate excesses of the radical-generating divalent cation manganese and deficiencies of antioxidant cofactors Cu, Se, Fe, Zn. Med Hypotheses. 54:(2):2000;278-306.
103. Purdey M. Does an ultra violet photooxidation of the manganese-loaded/copper-depleted prion protein in the retina initiate the pathogenesis of TSE? Med Hypotheses. 57:(1):2001;29-45.
104. Quaglio E., Chiesa R., Harris D. Copper converts the cellular prion protein into a protease-resistant species that is distinct from the scrapie isoform. J Biol Chem. 276:(14):2001;11432-11438.
105. Raymond G.J., Bossers A., Raymond L.D., O'Rourke K.I., McHolland L.E., Bryant P.K. III, Miller M.W., Williams E.S., Smits M., Caughey B. Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease. EMBO J. 19:(17):2000a;4425-4430.
106. Raymond V., Mongan N.P., Sattelle D.B. Anthelmintic actions on homomer-forming nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits: chicken a7 and ACR-16 from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Neuroscience (Oxford). 101:(3):2000b;785-791.
107. Requena J., Groth D., Legname G., Stadtman E., Prusiner S., Levine R. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of the recombinant SHa(29-31) prion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:(13):2001;7170-7175.
108. Rymer D.L., Good T.A. The role of G protein activation in the toxicity of amyloidogenic Ab-(1-40), Ab-(25-35), and bovine calcitonin. J Biol Chem. 276:(4):2001;2523-2530.
109. Schmerling D., Hegyi I., Fisher M., Blatter T., Brandner S., Gotz J., Rulicke T., Fleshsig E., Cozzio A., van Mering C., Hangartner C., Aguzzi A., Weissmann C.C. Expression of amino-terminally truncated PrP in the mouse leading to ataxia and specific cerebral lesions. Cell. 93:(2):1998;203-214.
110. Shan Q., Haddrill J., Lynch J. Ivermectin, an unconventional agonist of the glycine receptor chloride channel. J Biol Chem. 276:(16):2001;12556-12564.
111. Sharma M., Gupta Y.K. Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats produces both oxidative stress in the brain and cognitive impairment. Life Sci. 68:(9):2001;1021-1029.
112. Shmakov A.N., Bode J., Kilshaw P.J., Ghosh S. Diverse patterns of expression of the 67-kDa laminin receptor in human small intestinal mucosa: potential binding sites for prion proteins? J Pathol. 191:(3):2000;318-322.
113. Shuker D. The role of nitrosation: exogenous versus endogenous exposure to N-nitroso compounds. Eisenbrand G., Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Carcinogenic and Anticarcinogenic Factors in Food, 1998. 2000;205-216 Wiley WCH, Weinheim.
114. Sian A.K., Frears E.R., El-Agnaf O.K., Patel B.P., Manca M.F., Siligardi G., Hussain R., Austen B. Oligomerization of b-amyloid of the Alzheimer's and the Dutch cerebral-haemorrhage types. Biochem J. 349:(1):2000;299-308.
115. Sjogren M. EDRF transcripts and diagnosis of variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Lancet. 357:(9274):2001;2069-2070.
116. Slepoy A, Singh R, Pazmandi F, Kulkarni R, Cox DL. On the statistical mechanics of prion diseases. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Preparation Archives of Condensed Matter, 2001 (http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/cond-mat/0102478).
117. Sniegowski P.D., Gerrish P.J., Lenski R.E. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. Coli. Nature. 387:1987;703-705.
118. Stumpf M.P., Krakauer D.C. Mapping the parameters of prion-induced neuropathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:(19):2000;10573-10577.
119. Sun X., Dong X., Zhang B., Hou X., Xu A., Zhao T., Hong T. PrP-res protein and neuropathological analyses of brain tissues from hamsters infected with scrapie 263K. 17:(1):2001;48-53.
120. Sc in vitro. J Mol Biol. 300:(5):2000;1309-1322.
121. Tagliavini F., Lievens P.M.J., Tranchant C., Warter J.M., Mohr M., Giaccone G., Perini F., Rossi G., Salmona M., Piccardo P., Ghetti B., Beavis R., Bugiani O., Frangione B., Prelli F. A 7-kDa prion protein (PrP) fragment, an integral component of the PrP region required for infectivity, is the major amyloid protein in Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease A117V. J Biol Chem. 276:(8):2001;6009-6015.
122. Ter-Avanesyan M., Kushnirov V. Prions: infectious proteins with genetic properties. Biochemistry (Moscow). 64:(12):1999;1382-1390.
123. Thellung S., Florio T., Villa V., Corsaro A., Arena S., Amico C., Robello M., Salmona M., Forloni G., Brugiani O., Tagliavini F., Schettini G. Apoptotic cell death and impairment of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity in rat cerebellar granule cells treated with the prion protein fragment 106-126. Neurobiol Dis. 7:(4):2000;299-309.
124. c. J Neurosci Res. 62:(2):2000;293-301.
125. Torsdottir G., Kristinsson J., Sveinbjornsdottir S., Snaedal J., Johannesson T. Copper, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase and iron parameters in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacology and Toxicology. 85(5):1999;239-243.
126. True H.L., Lindquist S.L. A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Nature. 407:2000;477-483.
127. Tsai C.-J., Maizel J.V., Nussinov R. Anatomy of protein structures: visualizing how a one-dimensional protein chain folds into a three-dimensional shape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:(22):2000;12038-12043.
128. Tulte M.F. Sowing the protein seeds of prion propagation. Science (Wash, DC). 289:(5479):2000;556-557.
129. 14C-labeled 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene by manganese-dependent peroxidase H5 from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 54:(5):2000;659-664.
130. 2+ binding sites in the C-terminal domain of the murine prion protein: a pulse EPR and ENDOR study. J Phys Chem B. 105:(8):2001;1631-1639.
131. Van Harten B., Van Gool W.A., Van Langen I.M., Deekman J.M., Meijerink P.H., Weinstein H.C. A new mutation in the prion protein gene: a patient with dementia and white matter changes. Neurology. 55:(7):2000;1055-1057.
132. Varadarajan S., Yatin S., Aksenova M., Butterfield D.A. Review: Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. J Struct Biol. 130:(2/3):2000;184-208.
133. Varadarajan S., Kanski J., Aksenova M., Lauderback C., Butterfield A. Different mechanisms of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity for Alzheimer's Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35). J Am Chem Soc. 123:(24):2001;5625-5631.
134. Viles J.H., Donne D., Kroon G., Prusiner S.B., Cohen F.E., Dyson H.J., Wright P.E. Local structural plasticity of the prion protein. Analysis of NMR relaxation dynamics. Biochemistry. 40:(9):2001;2743-2753.
135. Vincent B., Paitel E., Frobert Y., Lehmann S., Grassi J., Checler F.R. Phorbol ester-regulated cleavage of normal prion protein in HEK293 human cells and murine neurons. J Biol Chem. 275:(45):2000;35612-35616.
136. Vosekalna I., Gyurcsik B., Larsen E. Copper (II) complexes of the modified ACTH active-center analogue hexapeptides - investigations by means of CD spectroscopy. Shimonishi Y., Peptide Science: Present and Future. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Peptides, 1997. 1999;748-749 Kluwer, Dordrecht.
137. 602→Gly) Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J. 355:(3):2001;869-877.
138. Wang C., Pong S. Action of avermectin B1a on GABA nerves. Sheppard J., Anderson V., Eatong J., Membranes and Genetic Diseases. 1982;373-395 Alan Liss, New York.
139. Wickner R.B., Taylor K.L., Edskes H.K. Prion of yeast as heritable amyloidoses. J Struct Biol. 130:(2/3):2000;310-322.
140. Wille H., Prusiner S.B., Cohen F.E. Scrapie infectivity is independent of amyloid staining properties of the N-terminally truncated prion protein. J Struct Biol. 130:(2/3):2000;323-338.
141. Wilson E.K. Gearing up for genomics protein avalanche. C&EN. 78:(39):2000;41-44.
142. Wong B.-S., Chen S.G., Colucci M., Xie Z., Pan T., Liu T., Li R., Gambetti P., Sy M.-S., Brown D.R. Aberrant metal binding by prion protein in human prion disease. J Neurochem. 78:(6):2001;1400-1408.
143. Yang C. Evidence for oxidative damage to prion protein in prion diseases. Chin Sci Bull. 45:(17):2000;1546-1554.
144. Yatin S.M., Varadarajan S., Butterfield D.A. Vitamin E prevents Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide (1-42)-induced neuronal protein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2:2000;123-131.
145. Yoshida H., Matsushima N., Kumaki Y., Nakata M., Hikishi K. NMR studies of model peptides of PHGGGWGQ repeats within the N-terminus of prion proteins: a loop conformation with histidine and tryptophan in close proximity. J Biochem (Tokyo). 128:(2):2000;271-281.
146. Zerr I., Schulz-Schaeffer W., Giese A., Bodemer M., Schroter A., et al. Current clinical diagnosis in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease: identification of uncommon variants. Ann Neurol. 48:(3):2000;323-329.
147. Zhang Y., Swietnicki W., Zagorski M.G., Sonnichsen F.D. Solution structure of the E200K variant of human prion protein. Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in familial prion proteins. J Biol Chem. 275:(43):2000;33650-33654.
148. Zuegg J., Gready J.E. Molecular dynamics simulation of human prion protein including both N-linked oligosaccharides and the GPI anchor. Glycobiology. 10:(10):2000;959-974.