Gene delivery using herpes simplex virus vectors

DNA and Cell Biology

Volumn 21, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 915-936

  Burton, Edward A ^a   Fink, David J ^b   Glorioso, Joseph C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL RECEPTOR; CONNEXIN 43; DYSTROPHIN; ENKEPHALIN; GANCICLOVIR; IMMEDIATE EARLY PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; PROTEIN ICP34 5; THYMIDINE KINASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN; VIRUS VECTOR;

AMPLICON; CELL ADHESION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROTECTION; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOTOXICITY; DISEASE MODEL; DNA TRANSFER; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; EPISOME; GENE CONTROL; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INSERTION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REPLICATION; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; GLIOMA; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HOST; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE; IN VITRO STUDY; LIFE CYCLE; LIFESPAN; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVOUS TISSUE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUROTROPISM; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SENSORY NERVE CELL; TRANSGENE; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRION; VIROGENESIS; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; WILD TYPE;

DNA VIRUSES; INSERTION SEQUENCES; SIMPLEXVIRUS;

EID: 0036968169     PISSN: 10445498     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/104454902762053864     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. AKKARAJU, G.R., HUARD, J., HOFFMAN, E.P., GOINS, W.F., PRUCHNIC, R., WATKINS, S.C., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1999). Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated dystrophin gene transfer and expression in MDX mouse skeletal muscle. J. Gene Med. 1, 280-289.
2. AL RIKABI, A.C., AL SOHAIBANI, M.O., JAMJOOM, A., and AL RAYESS, M.M. (1997). Metastatic deposits of a high-grade malignant glioma in cervical lymph nodes diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology - case report and literature review. Cytopathology 8, 421-427.
3. ALVIRA, M.R., GOINS, W.F., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1999). Genetic studies exposing the splicing events involved in herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript production during lytic and latent infection. J. Virol. 73, 3866-3876.
4. ANDERSON, D.B., LAQUERRE, S., GOINS, W.F., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (2000). Pseudotyping of glycoprotein D-deficient herpes simplex virus type 1 with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G enables mutant virus attachment and entry. J. Virol. 74, 2481-2487.
5. ANDRADE ROZENTAL, A.F., ROZENTAL, R., HOPPERSTAD, M.G., WU, J.K., VRIONIS, F.D., and SPRAY, D.C. (2000). Gap junctions: the "kiss of death" and the "kiss of life". Brain Res. 32, 308-315.
6. ANDREANSKY, S., SOROCEANU, L., FLOTTE, E.R., CHOU, J., MARKERT, J.M., GILLESPIE, G.Y., ROIZMAN, B., and WHITLEY, R.J. (1997). Evaluation of genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses as oncolytic agents for human malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res. 57, 1502-1509.
7. ASAHARA, T., KALKA, C., and ISNER, J.M. (2000). Stem cell therapy and gene transfer for regeneration. Gene Ther. 7, 451-457.
8. BAK, I.J., MARKHAM, C.H., COOK, M.L., and STEVENS, J.G. (1977). Intra-axonal transport of herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 136, 415-429.
9. BANFIELD, B.W., LEDUC, Y., ESFORD, L., VISALLI, R.J., BRANDT, C.R., and TUFARO, F. (1995). Evidence for an interaction of herpes simplex virus with chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans during infection. Virology 208, 531-539.
10. BATTERSON, W., and ROIZMAN, B. (1983). Characterization of the herpes simplex virion-associated factor responsible for the induction of alpha genes. J. Virol. 46, 371-377.
11. BEARER, E.L., BREAKEFIELD, X.O., SCHUBACK, D., REESE, T.S., and LAVAIL, J.H. (2000). Retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus: evidence for a single mechanism and a role for tegument. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 8146-8150.
12. BERTHOMME, H., LOKENSGARD, J., YANG, L., MARGOLIS, T., and FELDMAN, L.T. (2000). Evidence for a bidirectional element located downstream from the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter that increases its activity during latency. J. Virol. 74, 3613-3622.
13. BESSE, D., LOMBARD, M.C., ZAJAC, J.M., ROQUES, B.P., and BESSON, J.M. (1990). Pre- and postsynaptic distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 521, 15-22.
14. BLOCK, T.M., DESHMANE, S., MASONIS, J., MAGGIONCALDA, J., VALYI NAGI, T., and FRASER, N.W. (1993). An HSV LAT null mutant reactivates slowly from latent infection and makes small plaques on CV-1 monolayers. Virology 192, 618-630.
15. BLOOM, D.C., MAIDMENT, N.T., TAN, A., DISSETTE, V.B., FELDMAN, L.T., and STEVENS, J.G. (1995). Long-term expression of a reporter gene from latent herpes simplex virus in the rat hippocampus. Mol. Brain Res. 31, 48-60.
16. BOVIATSIS, E.J., SCHARF, J.M., CHASE, M., HARRINGTON, K., KOWALL, N.W., BREAKEFIELD, X.O., and CHIOCCA, E.A. (1994). Antitumor activity and reporter gene transfer into rat brain neoplasms inoculated with herpes simplex virus vectors defective in thymidine kinase or ribonucleotide reductase. Gene Ther. 1, 323-331.
17. BZIK, D.J., FOX, B.A., DELUCA, N.A., and PERSON, S. (1984). Nucleotide sequence of a region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 gB glycoprotein gene: mutations affecting rate of virus entry and cell fusion. Virology 137, 185-190.
18. CAI, W., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1992). Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 regulates expression of immediate-early, early, and late genes in productively infected cells. J. Virol. 66, 2904-2915.
19. CAI, W.H., GU, B., and PERSON, S. (1988). Role of glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 in viral entry and cell fusion. J. Virol. 62, 2596-2604.
20. CAMPADELLI FIUME, G., ARSENAKIS, M., FARABEGOLI, F., and ROIZMAN, B. (1988). Entry of herpes simplex virus 1 in BJ cells that constitutively express viral glycoprotein D is by endocytosis and results in degradation of the virus. J. Virol. 62, 159-167.
21. CAMPBELL, M.E., PALFREYMAN, J.W., and PRESTON, C.M. (1984). Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences which encode a trans-acting polypeptide responsible for stimulation of immediate early transcription. J. Mol. Biol. 180, 1-19.
22. CAO, G., KURIYAMA, S., DU, P., SAKAMOTO, T., KONG, X., MASUI, K., and QI, Z. (1997). Complete regression of established murine hepatocellular carcinoma by in vivo tumor necrosis factor alpha gene transfer. Gastroenterology 112, 501-510.
23. CARROLL, N.M., CHASE, M., CHIOCCA, E.A., and TANABE, K.K. (1997). The effect of ganciclovir on herpes simplex virus-mediated oncolysis. J. Surg. Res. 69, 413-417.
24. CHAMBERS, R., GILLESPIE, G.Y., SOROCEANU, L., ANDREANSKY, S., CHATTERJEE, S., CHOU, J., ROIZMAN, B., and WHITLEY, R.J. (1995). Comparison of genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses for the treatment of brain tumors in a scid mouse model of human malignant glioma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 1411-1415.
25. CHATTOPADHYAY, M., WOLFE, D., HUANG, S., GOSS, J., GLORIOSO, J.C., MATA, M., and FINK, D.J. (2002). In vivo gene therapy for pyridoxine-induced neuropathy by herpes simplex virus-mediated gene transfer of neurotrophin-3. Ann. Neurol. 51, 19-27.
26. CHEN, J., and SILVERSTEIN, S. (1992). Herpes simplex viruses with mutations in the gene encoding ICP0 are defective in gene expression. J. Virol. 66, 2916-2927.
27. CHEN, S.H., KRAMER, M.F., SCHAFFER, P.A., and COEN, D.M. (1997). A viral function represses accumulation of transcripts from productive-cycle genes in mouse ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 71, 5878-5884.
28. CHEN, X., LI, J., MATA, M., GOSS, J., WOLFE, D., GLORIOSO, J.C., and FINK, D.J. (2000). Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 protein does not accumulate in the nucleus of primary neurons in culture. J. Virol. 74, 10132-10141.
29. CHEN, X., SCHMIDT, M.C., GOINS, W.F., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1995). Two herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-active promoters differ in their contributions to latency-associated transcript expression during lytic and latent infections. J. Virol. 69, 7899-7908.
30. COCCHI, F., MENOTTI, L., MIRANDOLA, P., LOPEZ, M., and CAMPADELLI FIUME, G. (1998). The ectodomain of a novel member of the immunoglobulin subfamily related to the poliovirus receptor has the attributes of a bona fide receptor for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human cells. J. Virol. 72, 9992-10002.
31. COMB, M., SEEBURG, P.H., ADELMAN, J., EIDEN, L., and HERBERT, E. (1982). Primary structure of the human Met- and Leuenkephalin precursor and its mRNA. Nature 295, 663-666.
32. COOK, M.L., and STEVENS, J.G. (1973). Pathogenesis of herpetic neuritis and ganglionitis in mice: evidence for intra-axonal transport of infection. Infect. Immun. 7, 272-288.
33. CROEN, K.D., OSTROVE, J.M., DRAGOVIC, L.J., SMIALEK, J.E., and STRAUS, S.E. (1987). Latent herpes simplex virus in human trigeminal ganglia. Detection of an immediate early gene "anti-sense" transcript by in situ hybridization. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1427-1432.
34. DELUCA, N., BZIK, D.J., BOND, V.C., PERSON, S., and SNIPES, W. (1982). Nucleotide sequences of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) affecting virus entry, cell fusion, and production of glycoprotein gb (VP7). Virology 122, 411-423.
35. DELUCA, N.A., MCCARTHY, A.M., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1985). Isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the gene encoding immediate-early regulatory protein ICP4. J. Virol. 56, 558-570.
36. DESAI, P.J., SCHAFFER, P.A., and MINSON, A.C. (1988). Excretion of non-infectious virus particles lacking glycoprotein H by a temperature-sensitive mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1: evidence that gH is essential for virion infectivity. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1147-1156.
37. DESHMANE, S.L., and FRASER, N.W. (1989). During latency, herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is associated with nucleosomes in a chromatin structure. J. Virol. 63, 943-947.
38. DILBER, M.S., ABEDI, M.R., CHRISTENSSON, B., BJORKSTRAND, B., KIDDER, G.M., NAUS, C.C., GAHRTON, G., and SMITH, C.I. (1997). Gap junctions promote the bystander effect of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase in vivo. Cancer Res. 57, 1523-1528.
39. DOBSON, A.T., SEDERATI, F., DEVI RAO, G., FLANAGAN, W.M., FARRELL, M.J., STEVENS, J.G., WAGNER, E.K., and FELDMAN, L.T. (1989). Identification of the latency-associated transcript promoter by expression of rabbit beta-globin mRNA in mouse sensory nerve ganglia latently infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 63, 3844-3851.
40. DRESSLER, G.R., ROCK, D.L., and FRASER, N.W. (1987). Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is not extensively methylated in vivo. J. Gen. Virol. 68, 1761-1765.
41. DROLET, B.S., PERNG, G.C., VILLOSIS, R.J., SLANINA, S.M., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1999). Expression of the first 811 nucleotides of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) partially restores wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a LAT-null mutant. Virology 253, 96-106.
42. DRUMMOND, C.W., EGLIN, R.P., and ESIRI, M.M. (1994). Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a mouse model: PCR evidence for CNS latency following acute infection. J. Neurol. Sci. 127, 159-163.
43. EMI, N., FRIEDMANN, T., and YEE, J.K. (1991). Pseudotype formation of murine leukemia virus with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 65, 1202-1207.
44. FARRELL, M.J., DOBSON, A.T., and FELDMAN, L.T. (1991). Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript is a stable intron. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 790-794.
45. FORRESTER, A., FARRELL, H., WILKINSON, G., KAYE, J., DAVIS POYNTER, N., and MINSON, T. (1992). Construction and properties of a mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 with glycoprotein H coding sequences deleted. J. Virol. 66, 341-348.
46. FRAEFEL, C., SONG, S., LIM, F., LANG, P., YU, L., WANG, Y., WILD, P., and GELLER, A.I. (1996). Helper virus-free transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 plasmid vectors into neural cells. J. Virol. 70, 7190-7197.
47. FREESE, A., and GELLER, A. (1991). Infection of cultured striatal neurons with a defective HSV-1 vector: implications for gene therapy. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 7219-7223.
48. FRENCH, S.W., SCHMIDT, M.C., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1996). Involvement of a high-mobility-group protein in the transcriptional activity of herpes simplex virus latency-active promoter 2. Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 5393-5399.
49. FRUH, K., AHN, K., DJABALLAH, H., SEMPE, P., VAN ENDERT, P.M., TAMPE, R., PETERSON, P.A., and YANG, Y. (1995). A viral inhibitor of peptide transporters for antigen presentation. Nature 375, 415-418.
50. FULLER, A.O., SANTOS, R.E., and SPEAR, P.G. (1989). Neutralizing antibodies specific for glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus permit viral attachment to cells but prevent penetration. J. Virol. 63, 3435-3443.
51. FULLER, A.O., and SPEAR, P.G. (1985). Specificities of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that inhibit adsorption of herpes simplex virus to cells and lack of inhibition by potent neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 55, 475-482.
52. FULLER, A. O., and SPEAR, P.G. (1987). Anti-glycoprotein D antibodies that permit adsorption but block infection by herpes simplex virus 1 prevent virion-cell fusion at the cell surface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 5454-8.
53. FURLAN, R., POLIANI, P. L., GALBIATI, F., BERGAMI, A., GRIMALDI, L.M., COMI, G., ADORINI, L., and MARTINO, G. (1998). Central nervous system delivery of interleukin 4 by a non-replicative herpes simplex type 1 viral vector ameliorates autoimmune demyelination. Hum. Gene Ther. 9, 2605-2617.
54. FURLONG, D., SWIFT, H., and ROIZMAN, B. (1972). Arrangement of herpesvirus deoxyribonucleic acid in the core. J. Virol. 10, 1071-1074.
55. GAGE, P.J., SAUER, B., LEVINE, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1992). A cell-free recombination system for site-specific integration of multigenic shuttle plasmids into the herpes simplex virus type 1 genome. J. Virol. 66, 5509-5515.
56. GARBER, D.A., SCHAFFER, P.A., and KNIPE, D.M. (1997). A LAT-associated function reduces productive-cycle gene expression during acute infection of murine sensory neurons with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 71, 5885-5893.
57. GELLER, A.I., and BREAKEFIELD, X.O. (1988). A defective HSV-1 vector expresses Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in cultured peripheral neurons. Science 241, 1667-1669.
58. GERAGHTY, R.J., KRUMMENACHER, C., COHEN, G.H., EISENBERG, R.J., and SPEAR, P.G. (1998). Entry of alphaherpesviruses mediated by poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 and poliovirus receptor. Science 280, 1618-1620.
59. GLAUM, S.R., MILLER, R.J., and HAMMOND, D.L. (1994). Inhibitory actions of delta 1-, delta 2-, and mu-opioid receptor agonists on excitatory transmission in lamina II neurons of adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 14, 4965-4971.
60. GOINS, W.F., LEE, K.A., CAVALCOLI, J.D., O'MALLEY, M.E., DEKOSKY, S.T., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1999). Herpes simplex virus type 1 vector-mediated expression of nerve growth factor protects dorsal root ganglion neurons from peroxide toxicity. J. Virol. 73, 519-532.
61. GOINS, W.F., STERNBERG, L.R., CROEN, K.D., KRAUSE, P.R., HENDRICKS, R.L., FINK, D.J., STRAUS, S.E., LEVINE, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1994). A novel latency-active promoter is contained within the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL flanking repeats. J. Virol. 68, 2239-2252.
62. GOINS, W.F., YOSHIMURA, N., PHELAN, M.W., YOKOYAMA, T., FRASER, M.O., OZAWA, H., BENNETT, N.J., DE GROAT, W.C., GLORIOSO, J.C., and CHANCELLOR, M.B. (2001). Herpes simplex virus mediated nerve growth factor expression in bladder and afferent neurons: potential treatment for diabetic bladder dysfunction. J. Urol. 165, 1748-1754.
63. GOLDENBERG, D., MADOR, N., BALL, M.J., PANET, A., and STEINER, I. (1997). The abundant latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 are bound to polyribosomes in cultured neuronal cells and during latent infection in mouse trigeminal ganglia. J. Virol. 71, 2897-2904.
64. + cells as cellular vehicles for gene delivery into areas of angiogenesis in a rhesus model. Gene Ther. 7, 43-52.
65. GOMPELS, U., and MINSON, A. (1986). The properties and sequence of glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 153, 230-247.
66. GORDON, Y.J., JOHNSON, B., ROMANOWSKI, E., and ARAULLO CRUZ, T. (1988). RNA complementary to herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 gene demonstrated in neurons of human trigeminal ganglia. J. Virol. 62, 1832-1835.
67. GOSS, J.R., MATA, M., GOINS, W.F., WU, H.H., GLORIOSO, J.C., and FINK, D.J. (2001). Antinociceptive effect of a genomic herpes simplex virus-based vector expressing human proenkephalin in rat dorsal root ganglion. Gene Ther. 8, 551-556.
68. GRUENHEID, S., GATZKE, L., MEADOWS, H., and TUFARO, F. (1993). Herpes simplex virus infection and propagation in a mouse L cell mutant lacking heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J. Virol. 67, 93-100.
69. GUSSONI, E., SONEOKA, Y., STRICKLAND, C.D., BUZNEY, E.A., KHAN, M.K., FLINT, A.F., KUNKEL, L.M., and MULLIGAN, R.C. (1999). Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature 401, 390-394.
70. HAFFEY, M.L., and SPEAR, P.G. (1980). Alterations in glycoprotein gB specified by mutants and their partial revertants in herpes simplex virus type 1 and relationship to other mutant phenotypes. J. Virol. 35, 114-128.
71. HALENE, S., and KOHN, D.B. (2000). Gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells: Sisyphus approaches the crest. Hum. Gene Ther. 11, 1259-1267.
72. HEROLD, B.C., VISALLI, R.J., SUSMARSKI, N., BRANDT, C.R., and SPEAR, P.G. (1994). Glycoprotein C-independent binding of herpes simplex virus to cells requires cell surface heparan sulphate and glycoprotein B. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 1211-1222.
73. HEROLD, B.C., WUDUNN, D., SOLTYS, N., and SPEAR, P.G. (1991). Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus type 1 plays a principal role in the adsorption of virus to cells and in infectivity. J. Virol. 65, 1090-1098.
74. HIGHLANDER, S.L., CAI, W.H., PERSON, S., LEVINE, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1988). Monoclonal antibodies define a domain on herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B involved in virus penetration. J. Virol. 62, 1881-1888.
75. HIGHLANDER, S.L., DORNEY, D.J., GAGE, P.J., HOLLAND, T.C., CAI, W., PERSON, S., LEVINE, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1989). Identification of mar mutations in herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein B which alter antigenic structure and function in virus penetration. J. Virol. 63, 730-738.
76. HIGHLANDER, S.L., SUTHERLAND, S.L., GAGE, P.J., JOHNSON, D.C., LEVINE, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1987). Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D inhibit virus penetration. J. Virol. 61, 3356-3364.
77. HILL, A., JUGOVIC, P., YORK, I., RUSS, G., BENNINK, J., YEWDELL, J., PLOEGH, H., and JOHNSON, D. (1995). Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375, 411-415.
78. HO, D.Y., and MOCARSKI, E.S. (1989). Herpes simplex virus latent RNA (LAT) is not required for latent infection in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 7596-7600.
79. HOFFMAN, E.P., BROWN, R.H., and KUNKEL, L.M. (1987). Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. Cell 51, 919-928.
80. HOLLAND, L.E., ANDERSON, K.P., SHIPMAN, C., and WAGNER, E.K. (1980). Viral DNA synthesis is required for the efficient expression of specific herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA species. Virology 101, 10-24.
81. HOMA, F.L., and BROWN, J.C. (1997). Capsid assembly and DNA packaging in herpes simplex virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 7, 107-122.
82. HONDA, C.N., and ARVIDSSON, U. (1995). Immunohistochemica l localization of delta- and mu-opioid receptors in primate spinal cord. Neuroreport 6, 1025-1028.
83. HONESS, R.W., and ROIZMAN, B. (1974). Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J. Virol. 14, 8-19.
84. HONESS, R.W., and ROIZMAN, B. (1975). Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1276-1280.
85. HORSBURGH, B.C., HUBINETTE, M.M., QIANG, D., MACDONALD, M.L., and TUFARO, F. (1999). Allele replacement: an application that permits rapid manipulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes. Gene Ther. 6, 922-930.
86. HOWARD, M.K., KERSHAW, T., GIBB, B., STOREY, N., MACLEAN, A.R., ZENG, B.Y., TEL, B.C., JENNER, P., BROWN, S.M., WOOLF, C.J., ANDERSON, P.N., COFFIN, R.S., and LATCHMAN, D.S. (1998). High efficiency gene transfer to the central nervous system of rodents and primates using herpes virus vectors lacking functional ICP27 and ICP34.5. Gene Ther. 5, 1137-1147.
87. HSU, E., KEENE, D., VENTUREYRA, E., MATZINGER, M.A., JIMENEZ, C., WANG, H.S., and GRIMARD, L. (1998). Bone marrow metastasis in astrocytic gliomata. J. Neurooncol. 37, 285-293.
88. HUARD, J., AKKARAJU, G., WATKINS, S.C., PIKE CAVALCOLI, M., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1997a). LacZ gene transfer to skeletal muscle using a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant vector. Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 439-452.
89. HUARD, J., FEERO, W.G., WATKINS, S.C., HOFFMAN, E.P., ROSENBLATT, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1996). The basal lamina is a physical barrier to herpes simplex virus-mediated gene delivery to mature muscle fibers. J. Virol. 70, 8117-8123.
90. HUARD, J., GOINS, W.F., AKKARAJU, G.R., KRISKY, D., OLIGINO, T., MARCONI, P., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998). Gene transfer to muscle and spinal cord using herpes simplex virus-based vectors. In Stem Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, P.J. Quesenberry, G.S. Stein, B. Forget, and S. Weissman, eds. (New York: John Wiley and Sons), pp. 179-200.
91. HUARD, J., GOINS, W.F., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1995). Herpes simplex virus type 1 vector mediated gene transfer to muscle. Gene Ther. 2, 385-392.
92. HUARD, J., KRISKY, D., OLIGINO, T., MARCONI, P., DAY, C.S., WATKINS, S.C., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1997b). Gene transfer to muscle using herpes simplex virus-based vectors. Neuromuscul. Disord. 7, 299-313.
93. HUI, E.K., and LO, S.J. (1998). Does the latency associated transcript (LAT) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) function as a ribozyme during viral reactivation? Virus Genes 16, 147-148.
94. HUTCHINSON, L., BROWNE, H., WARGENT, V., DAVIS POYNTER, N., PRIMORAC, S., GOLDSMITH, K., MINSON, A.C., and JOHNSON, D.C. (1992). A novel herpes simplex virus glycoprotein, gL, forms a complex with glycoprotein H (gH) and affects normal folding and surface expression of gH. J. Virol. 66, 2240-2250.
95. JAVIER, R.T., STEVENS, J.G., DISSETTE, V.B., and WAGNER, E.K. (1988). A herpes simplex virus transcript abundant in latently infected neurons is dispensable for establishment of the latent state. Virology 166, 254-257.
96. JOHNSON, D.C., BURKE, R.L., and GREGORY, T. (1990). Soluble forms of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D bind to a limited number of cell surface receptors and inhibit virus entry into cells. J. Virol. 64, 2569-2576.
97. JOHNSON, D.C., and LIGAS, M.W. (1988). Herpes simplex viruses lacking glycoprotein D are unable to inhibit virus penetration: quantitative evidence for virus-specific cell surface receptors. J. Virol. 62, 4605-4612.
98. JOHNSON, P.A., WANG, M.J., and FRIEDMANN, T. (1994). Improved cell survival by the reduction of immediate-early gene expression in replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 but not by mutation of the virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 68, 6347-6362.
99. JOHNSON, P.A., YOSHIDA, K., GAGE, F.H., and FRIEDMANN, T. (1992). Effects of gene transfer into cultured CNS neurons with a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 vector. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 12, 95-102.
100. JORDAN, R., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1997). Activation of gene expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 occurs at the level of mRNA synthesis. J. Virol. 71, 6850-6862.
101. KESARI, S., LEE, V.M., BROWN, S.M., TROJANOWSKI, J.Q., and FRASER, N.W. (1996). Selective vulnerability of mouse CNS neurons to latent infection with a neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus-1. J. Neurosci. 16, 5644-5653.
102. KOENIG, M., HOFFMAN, E.P., BERTELSON, C.J., MONACO, A.P., FEENER, C., and KUNKEL, L.M. (1987). Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals. Cell 50, 509-517.
103. KOHNO, T., KUMAMOTO, E., HIGASHI, H., SHIMOJI, K., and YOSHIMURA, M. (1999). Actions of opioids on excitatory and inhibitory transmission in substantia gelatinosa of adult rat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 518, 803-813.
104. KRISKY, D.M., MARCONI, P.C., OLIGINO, T., ROUSE, R.J., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1997). Rapid method for construction of recombinant HSV gene transfer vectors. Gene Ther. 4, 1120-1125.
105. KRISKY, D.M., MARCONI, P.C., OLIGINO, T.J., ROUSE, R.J., FINK, D.J., COHEN, J.B., WATKINS, S.C., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998a). Development of herpes simplex virus replication-defective multigene vectors for combination gene therapy applications. Gene Ther. 5, 1517-1530.
106. KRISKY, D.M., WOLFE, D., GOINS, W.F., MARCONI, P.C., RAMAKRISHNAN, R., MATA, M., ROUSE, R.J., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998b). Deletion of multiple immediate-early genes from herpes simplex virus reduces cytotoxicity and permits long-term gene expression in neurons. Gene Ther. 5, 1593-1603.
107. KRUMMENACHER, C., RUX, A.H., WHITBECK, J.C., PONCE DE LEON, M., LOU, H., BARIBAUD, I., HOU, W., ZOU, C., GERAGHTY, R.J., SPEAR, P.G., EISENBERG, R.J., and COHEN, G.H. (1999). The first immunoglobulin-like domain of HveC is sufficient to bind herpes simplex virus gD with full affinity, while the third domain is involved in oligomerization of HveC. J. Virol. 73, 8127-8137.
108. KRUMMENACHER, C., ZABOLOTNY, J.M., and FRASER, N.W. (1997). Selection of a nonconsensus branch point is influenced by an RNA stem-loop structure and is important to confer stability to the herpes simplex virus 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript. J. Virol. 71, 5849-5860.
109. KWONG, A.D., and FRENKEL, N. (1987). Herpes simplex virus-infected cells contain a function(s) that destabilizes both host and viral mRNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 1926-1930.
110. KWONG, A.D., and FRENKEL, N. (1989). The herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 63, 4834-4839.
111. KWONG, A.D., KRUPER, J.A., and FRENKEL, N. (1988). Herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 62, 912-921.
112. LACHMANN, R.H., and EFSTATHIOU, S. (1997). Utilization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated regulatory region to drive stable reporter gene expression in the nervous system. J. Virol. 71, 3197-3207.
113. LANGELAND, N., MOORE, L.J., HOLMSEN, H., and HAARR, L. (1988). Interaction of polylysine with the cellular receptor for herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1137-1145.
114. LAQUERRE, S., ANDERSON, D.B., STOLZ, D.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998a). Recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 engineered for targeted binding to erythropoietin receptor-bearing cells. J. Virol. 72, 9683-9697.
115. LAQUERRE, S., ARGNANI, R., ANDERSON, D.B., ZUCCHINI, S., MANSERVIGI, R., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998b). Heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding by herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins B and C, which differ in their contributions to virus attachment, penetration, and cell-to-cell spread. J. Virol. 72, 6119-6130.
116. LEIB, D.A., NADEAU, K.C., RUNDLE, S.A., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1991). The promoter of the latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a functional cAMP-response element: role of the latency-associated transcripts and cAMP in reactivation of viral latency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 48-52.
117. LIGAS, M.W., and JOHNSON, D.C. (1988). A herpes simplex virus mutant in which glycoprotein D sequences are replaced by beta-galactosidase sequences binds to but is unable to penetrate into cells. J. Virol. 62, 1486-1494.
118. LOKENSGARD, J.R., BERTHOMME, H., and FELDMAN, L.T. (1997). The latency-associated promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 requires a region downstream of the transcription start site for long-term expression during latency. J. Virol. 71, 6714-6719.
119. LOKENSGARD, J.R., BLOOM, D.C., DOBSON, A.T., and FELDMAN, L.T. (1994). Long-term promoter activity during herpes simplex virus latency. J. Virol. 68, 7148-7158.
120. LOPEZ, M., COCCHI, F., AVITABILE, E., LECLERC, A., ADELAIDE, J., CAMPADELLI FIUME, G., and DUBREUIL, P. (2001). Novel, soluble isoform of the herpes simplex virus (hsv) receptor nectin1 (or prr1-higr-hvec) modulates positively and negatively susceptibility to hsv infection. J. Virol. 75, 5684-5691.
121. + result in different in vivo reactivation phenotypes. J. Virol. 73, 767-771.
122. MACKEM, S., and ROIZMAN, B. (1982). Structural features of the herpes simplex virus alpha gene 4, 0, and 27 promoter-regulatory sequences which confer alpha regulation on chimeric thymidine kinase genes. J. Virol. 44, 939-949.
123. + between immediate early gene 1 and the 'a' sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 631-639.
124. MADOR, N., GOLDENBERG, D., COHEN, O., PANET, A., and STEINER, I. (1998). Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts suppress viral replication and reduce immediate-early gene mRNA levels in a neuronal cell line. J. Virol. 72, 5067-5075.
125. MAIDMENT, N.T., TAN, A.M., BLOOM, D.C., ANTON, B., FELDMAN, L.T., and STEVENS, J.G. (1996). Expression of the lacZ reporter gene in the rat basal forebrain, hippocampus, and nigrostriatal pathway using a nonreplicating herpes simplex vector. Exp. Neurol. 139, 107-114.
126. MANSERVIGI, R., SPEAR, P.G., and BUCHAN, A. (1977). Cell fusion induced by herpes simplex virus is promoted and suppressed by different viral glycoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 3913-3917.
127. MARCONI, P., KRISKY, D., OLIGINO, T., POLIANI, P.L., RAMAKRISHNAN, R., GOINS, W.F., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1996). Replication-defective herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 11319-11320.
128. MARCONI, P., SIMONATO, M., ZUCCHINI, S., BREGOLA, G., ARGNANI, R., KRISKY, D., GLORIOSO, J.C., and MANSERVIGI, R. (1999). Replication-defective herpes simplex virus vectors for neurotrophic factor gene transfer in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 6, 904-912.
129. MARCONI, P., TAMURA, M., MORIUCHI, S., KRISKY, D.M., NIRANJAN, A., GOINS, W.F., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (2000). Connexin 43-enhanced suicide gene therapy using herpesviral vectors. Mol. Ther. 1, 71-81.
130. MARKERT, J.M., MALICK, A., COEN, D.M., and MARTUZA, R.L. (1993). Reduction and elimination of encephalitis in an experimental glioma therapy model with attenuated herpes simplex mutants that retain susceptibility to acyclovir. Neurosurgery 32, 597-603.
131. MARKERT, J.M., MEDLOCK, M.D., RABKIN, S.D., GILLESPIE, G.Y., TODO, T., HUNTER, W.D., PALMER, C.A., FEIGENBAUM, F., TORNATORE, C., TUFARO, F., and MARTUZA, R.L. (2000). Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: results of a phase I trial. Gene Ther. 7, 867-874.
132. MARSHALL, K.R., LACHMANN, R.H., EFSTATHIOU, S., RINALDI, A., and PRESTON, C.M. (2000). Long-term transgene expression in mice infected with a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant severely impaired for immediate-early gene expression. J. Virol. 74, 956-964.
133. MARTINO, G., POLIANI, P.L., FURLAN, R., MARCONI, P., GLORIOSO, J.C., ADORINI, L., and COMI, G. (2000a). Cytokine therapy in immune-mediated demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: a novel gene therapy approach. J. Neuroimmunol. 107, 184-190.
134. MARTINO, G., POLIANI, P.L., MARCONI, P.C., COMI, G., and FURLAN, R. (2000b). Cytokine gene therapy of autoimmune demyelination revisited using herpes simplex virus type-1-derived vectors. Gene Ther. 7, 1087-1093.
135. MARTUZA, R.L., MALICK, A., MARKERT, J.M., RUFFNER, K.L., and COEN, D.M. (1991). Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant. Science 252, 854-856.
136. MAVROMARA NAZOS, P., and ROIZMAN, B. (1987). Activation of herpes simplex virus 1 gamma 2 genes by viral DNA replication. Virology 161, 593-598.
137. MCCARTHY, A.M., MCMAHAN, L., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1989). Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 deletion mutants exhibit altered patterns of transcription and are DNA deficient. J. Virol. 63, 18-27.
138. MCGEOCH, D.J., DALRYMPLE, M.A., DAVISON, A.J., DOLAN, A., FRAME, M.C., MCNAB, D., PERRY, L.J., SCOTT, J.E., and TAYLOR, P. (1988). The complete DNA sequence of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1531-1574.
139. MCGEOCH, D.J., DOLAN, A., DONALD, S., and BRAUER, D.H. (1986). Complete DNA sequence of the short repeat region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 1727-1745.
140. MCGEOCH, D.J., DOLAN, A., DONALD, S., and RIXON, F.J. (1985). Sequence determination and genetic content of the short unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Mol. Biol. 181, 1-13.
141. MELLERICK, D.M., and FRASER, N.W. (1987). Physical state of the latent herpes simplex virus genome in a mouse model system: evidence suggesting an episomal state. Virology 158, 265-275.
142. MINETA, T., RABKIN, S.D., YAZAKI, T., HUNTER, W.D., and MARTUZA, R.L. (1995). Attenuated multi-mutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat. Med. 1, 938-943.
143. MIRANDA SAKSENA, M., ARMATI, P., BOADLE, R.A., HOLLAND, D.J., and CUNNINGHAM, A.L. (2000). Anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus type 1 in cultured, dissociated human and rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Virol. 74, 1827-1839.
144. MONTGOMERY, R.I., WARNER, M.S., LUM, B.J., and SPEAR, P.G. (1996). Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87, 427-436.
145. MORGAN, C., ROSE, H.M., and MEDNIS, B. (1968). Electron microscopy of herpes simplex virus. I. Entry. J. Virol. 2, 507-516.
146. MORIUCHI, S., KRISKY, D.M., MARCONI, P.C., TAMURA, M., SHIMIZU, K., YOSHIMINE, T., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (2000). HSV vector cytotoxicity is inversely correlated with effective TK/GCV suicide gene therapy of rat gliosarcoma. Gene Ther. 7, 1483-1490.
147. MORIUCHI, S., OLIGINO, T., KRISKY, D., MARCONI, P., FINK, D., COHEN, J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998). Enhanced tumor cell killing in the presence of ganciclovir by herpes simplex virus type 1 vector-directed coexpression of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Cancer Res. 58, 5731-5737.
148. MUELLER, H. (1998). Tumor necrosis factor as an antineoplastic agent: pitfalls and promises. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 54, 1291-1298.
149. NAGY, J.I., and RASH, J.E. (2000). Connexins and gap junctions of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Brain Res. Rev. 32, 29-44.
150. NALDINI, L., BLOMER, U., GALLAY, P., ORY, D., MULLIGAN, R., GAGE, F.H., VERMA, I.M., and TRONO, D. (1996). In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272, 263-267.
151. NASH, T.C., and BUCHMEIER, M.J. (1997). Entry of mouse hepatitis virus into cells by endosomal and nonendosomal pathways. Virology 233, 1-8.
152. NATSUME, A., MATA, M., GOSS, J., HUANG, S., WOLFE, D., OLIGINO, T., GLORIOSO, J.C., and FINK, D. (2001). Bcl-2 and GDNF delivered by HSV-mediated gene transfer act additively to protect dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced degeneration. Exp. Neurol. 169, 231-238.
153. NAUS, C.C., BANI YAGHOUB, M., RUSHLOW, W., and BECHBERGER, J.F. (1999). Consequences of impaired gap junctional communication in glial cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 468, 373-381.
154. NAVARRO, D., PAZ, P., and PEREIRA, L. (1992). Domains of herpes simplex virus I glycoprotein B that function in virus penetration, cell-to-cell spread, and cell fusion. Virology 186, 99-112.
155. NEWCOMB, W.W., HOMA, F.L., THOMSEN, D.R., TRUS, B.L., CHENG, N., STEVEN, A., BOOY, F., and BROWN, J.C. (1999). Assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid from purified components and identification of small complexes containing the major capsid and scaffolding proteins. J. Virol. 73, 4239-4250.
156. NICOLA, A.V., PONCE DE LEON, M., XU, R., HOU, W., WHITBECK, J.C., KRUMMENACHER, C., MONTGOMERY, R.I., SPEAR, P.G., EISENBERG, R.J., and COHEN, G.H. (1998). Monoclonal antibodies to distinct sites on herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D block HSV binding to HVEM. J. Virol. 72, 3595-3601.
157. NICOSIA, M., DESHMANE, S.L., ZABOLOTNY, J.M., VALYI NAGY, T., and FRASER, N.W. (1993). Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter deletion mutants can express a 2-kilobase transcript mapping to the LAT region. J. Virol. 67, 7276-7283.
158. NIRANJAN, A., MORIUCHI, S., LUNSFORD, L.D., KONDZIOLKA, D., FLICKINGER, J.C., FELLOWS, W., RAJENDIRAN, S., TAMURA, M., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (2000). Effective treatment of experimental glioblastoma by HSV vector-mediated TNFalpha and HSV-tk gene transfer in combination with radiosurgery and ganciclovir administration. Mol. Ther. 2, 114-120.
159. OLIGINO, T., GHIVIZZANI, S., WOLFE, D., LECHMAN, E., KRISKY, D., MI, Z., EVANS, C., ROBBINS, P., and GLORIOSO, J. (1999). Intra-articular delivery of a herpes simplex virus IL-1Ra gene vector reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of arthritis. Gene Ther. 6, 1713-1720.
160. OLIGINO, T., POLIANI, P.L., WANG, Y., TSAI, S.Y., O'MALLEY, B.W., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1998). Drug inducible transgene expression in brain using a herpes simplex virus vector. Gene Ther. 5, 491-496.
161. OSTENSEN, M.E., THIELE, D.L., and LIPSKY, P.E. (1989). Enhancement of human natural killer cell function by the combined effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-1 and interferon-alpha or interleukin-2. J. Biol. Response Mod. 8, 53-61.
162. OZUER, A., WECHUCK, J.B., GOINS, W.F., WOLFE, D., GLORIOSO, J.C., and ATAAI, M.M. (2002). Effect of genetic background and culture conditions on the production of herpesvirus-based gene therapy vectors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 77, 685-692.
163. PALMER, J.A., BRANSTON, R.H., LILLEY, C.E., ROBINSON, M.J., GROUTSI, F., SMITH, J., LATCHMAN, D.S., and COFFIN, R.S. (2000). Development and optimization of herpes simplex virus vectors for multiple long-term gene delivery to the peripheral nervous system. J. Virol. 74, 5604-5618.
164. PARA, M.F., BAUCKE, R.B., and SPEAR, P.G. (1980). Immunoglobulin G(Fc)-binding receptors on virions of herpes simplex virus type 1 and transfer of these receptors to the cell surface by infection. J. Virol. 34, 512-520.
165. PERNG, G.C., DUNKEL, E.C., GEARY, P.A., SLANINA, S.M., GHIASI, H., KAIWAR, R., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1994). The latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is required for efficient in vivo spontaneous reactivation of HSV-1 from latency. J. Virol. 68, 8045-8055.
166. PERNG, G.C., GHIASI, H., SLANINA, S.M., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1996a). The spontaneous reactivation function of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene resides completely within the first 1.5 kilobases of the 8.3-kilobase primary transcript. J. Virol. 70, 976-984.
167. PERNG, G.C., JONES, C., CIACCI ZANELLA, J., STONE, M., HENDERSON, G., YUKHT, A., SLANINA, S.M., HOFMAN, F.M., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (2000a). Virus-induced neuronal apoptosis blocked by the herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript. Science 287, 1500-1503.
168. PERNG, G.C., SLANINA, S.M., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1996b). A 371-nucleotide region between the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) LAT promoter and the 2-kilobase LAT is not essential for efficient spontaneous reactivation of latent HSV-1. J. Virol. 70, 2014-2018.
169. PERNG, G.C., SLANINA, S.M., YUKHT, A., DROLET, B.S., KELEHER, W., JR., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1999). A herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript mutant with increased virulence and reduced spontaneous reactivation. J. Virol. 73, 920-929.
170. PERNG, G.C., SLANINA, S.M., YUKHT, A., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (2000b). The latency-associated transcript gene enhances establishment of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in rabbits. J. Virol. 74, 1885-1891.
171. PERRY, L.J., and MCGEOCH, D.J. (1988). The DNA sequences of the long repeat region and adjoining parts of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2831-2846.
172. PFIZENMAIER, K., SCHEURICH, P., SCHLUTER, C., and KRONKE, M. (1987). Tumor necrosis factor enhances HLA-A, B, C and HLA-DR gene expression in human tumor cells. J. Immunol. 138, 975-980.
173. PUVION DUTILLEUL, F., PICHARD, E., and LEDUC, E.H. (1985). Influence of embedding media on DNA structure in herpes simplex virus type 1. Biol. Cell 54, 195-198.
174. QU, Z., BALKIR, L., VAN DEUTEKOM, J.C., ROBBINS, P.D., PRUCHNIC, R., and HUARD, J. (1998). Development of approaches to improve cell survival in myoblast transfer therapy. J. Cell Biol. 142, 1257-1267.
175. RAJCANI, J., and VOJVODOVA, A. (1998). The role of herpes simplex virus glycoproteins in the virus replication cycle. Acta Virol. 42, 103-118.
176. RAMAKRISHNAN, R., FINK, D.J., JIANG, G., DESAI, P., GLORIOSO, J.C., and LEVINE, M. (1994a). Competitive quantitative PCR analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA and latency-associated transcript RNA in latently infected cells of the rat brain. J. Virol. 68, 1864-1873.
177. RAMAKRISHNAN, R., LEVINE, M., and FINK, D.J. (1994b). PCR-based analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in the rat trigeminal ganglion established with a ribonucleotide reductase-deficient mutant. J. Virol. 68, 7083-7091.
178. RAMAKRISHNAN, R., POLIANI, P.L., LEVINE, M., GLORIOSO, J.C., and FINK, D.J. (1996). Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript expression in trigeminal ganglia by in situ reverse transcriptase PCR. J. Virol. 70, 6519-6523.
179. RAMPLING, R., CRUICKSHANK, G., PAPANASTASSIOU, V., NICOLL, J., HADLEY, D., BRENNAN, D., PETTY, R., MACLEAN, A., HARLAND, J., MCKIE, E., MABBS, R., and BROWN, M. (2000). Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Gene Ther. 7, 859-866.
180. READ, G.S., and FRENKEL, N. (1983). Herpes simplex virus mutants defective in the virion-associated shutoff of host polypeptide synthesis and exhibiting abnormal synthesis of alpha (immediate early) viral polypeptides. J. Virol. 46, 498-512.
181. RIVERA, L., BEUERMAN, R.W., and HILL, J.M. (1988). Corneal nerves contain intra-axonal HSV-1 after virus reactivation by epinephrine iontophoresis. Curr. Eye Res. 7, 1001-1008.
182. ROBE, P.A., PRINCEN, F., MARTIN, D., MALGRANGE, B., STEVENAERT, A., MOONEN, G., GIELEN, J., MERVILLE, M., and BOURS, V. (2000). Pharmacological modulation of the bystander effect in the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir gene therapy system: effects of dibutyryl adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate, alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, and cytosine arabinoside. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60, 241-249.
183. ROCK, D.L., NESBURN, A.B., GHIASI, H., ONG, J., LEWIS, T.L., LOKENSGARD, J.R., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1987). Detection of latency-related viral RNAs in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 61, 3820-3826.
184. RODAHL, E., and HAARR, L. (1997). Analysis of the 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript expressed in PC12 cells productively infected with herpes simplex virus type 1: evidence for a stable, nonlinear structure. J. Virol. 71, 1703-1707.
185. ROIZMAN, B., and SEARS, A. E. (1996). Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, and P.M. Howley, eds. (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven), pp. 2231-2295.
186. ROOP, C., HUTCHINSON, L., and JOHNSON, D.C. (1993). A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 unable to express glycoprotein L cannot enter cells, and its particles lack glycoprotein H. J. Virol. 67, 2285-2297.
187. ROSENBLUM, M.G., and DONATO, N.J. (1989). Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a multifaceted peptide hormone. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 9, 21-44.
188. RUBSAM, L.Z., BOUCHER, P.D., MURPHY, P.J., KUKURUGA, M., and SHEWACH, D.S. (1999). Cytotoxicity and accumulation of ganciclovir triphosphate in bystander cells cocultured with herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase-expressing human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 59, 669-675.
189. SACKS, W.R., GREENE, C.C., ASCHMAN, D.P., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1985). Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 is an essential regulatory protein. J. Virol. 55, 796-805.
190. SACKS, W.R., and SCHAFFER, P.A. (1987). Deletion mutants in the gene encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein ICP0 exhibit impaired growth in cell culture. J. Virol. 61, 829-839.
191. SAHARKHIZ LANGROODI, A., and HOLLAND, T.C. (1997). Identification of the fusion-from-without determinants of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein B. Virology 227, 153-159.
192. SAMANIEGO, L.A., NEIDERHISER, L., and DELUCA, N.A. (1998). Persistence and expression of the herpes simplex virus genome in the absence of immediate-early proteins. J. Virol. 72, 3307-3320.
193. SAMANIEGO, L.A., WEBB, A.L., and DELUCA, N.A. (1995). Functional interactions between herpes simplex virus immediate-early proteins during infection: gene expression as a consequence of ICP27 and different domains of ICP4. J. Virol. 69, 5705-5715.
194. SAMANIEGO, L.A., WU, N., and DELUCA, N.A. (1997). The herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein ICP0 affects transcription from the viral genome and infected-cell survival in the absence of ICP4 and ICP27. J. Virol. 71, 4614-4625.
195. SARMIENTO, M., HAFFEY, M., and SPEAR, P.G. (1979). Membrane proteins specified by herpes simplex viruses. III. Role of glycoprotein VP7(B2) in virion infectivity. J. Virol. 29, 1149-1158.
196. SCHEURICH, P., KRONKE, M., SCHLUTER, C., UCER, U., and PFIZENMAIER, K. (1986). Noncytocidal mechanisms of action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on human tumor cells: enhancement of HLA gene expression synergistic with interferon-gamma. Immunobiology 172, 291-300.
197. SEDARATI, F., IZUMI, K.M., WAGNER, E.K., and STEVENS, J.G. (1989). Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcription plays no role in establishment or maintenance of a latent infection in murine sensory neurons. J. Virol. 63, 4455-4458.
198. SHIEH, M.T., WUDUNN, D., MONTGOMERY, R.I., ESKO, J.D., and SPEAR, P.G. (1992). Cell surface receptors for herpes simplex virus are heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1273-1281.
199. SHINOURA, N., CHEN, L., WANI, M.A., KIM, Y.G., LARSON, J.J., WARNICK, R.E., SIMON, M., MENON, A.G., BI, W.L., and STAMBROOK, P.J. (1996). Protein and messenger RNA expression of connexin43 in astrocytomas: implications in brain tumor gene therapy. J. Neurosurg. 84, 839-845.
200. SMITH, C., LACHMANN, R.H., and EFSTATHIOU, S. (2000). Expression from the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter in the murine central nervous system. J. Gen. Virol. 3, 649-662.
201. SOARES, K., HWANG, D.Y., RAMAKRISHNAN, R., SCHMIDT, M.C., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1996). cis-acting elements involved in transcriptional regulation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter 1 (LAP1) in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 70, 5384-5394.
202. SPAETE, R.R., and FRENKEL, N. (1982). The herpes simplex virus amplicon: a new eucaryotic defective-virus cloning-amplifying vector. Cell 30, 295-304.
203. SPEAR, P.G. (1993a). Entry of alphaherpesviruses into cells. Sem. Virol. 4, 167-180.
204. SPEAR, P.G. (1993b). Membrane fusion induced by herpes simplex virus. In Viral Fusion Mechanisms, J. Bentz, ed. (Boca Raton: CRC Press), pp. 201-232.
205. SPEAR, P.G., SHIEH, M.T., HEROLD, B.C., WUDUNN, D., and KOSHY, T.I. (1992). Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans as primary cell surface receptors for herpes simplex virus. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 313, 341-353.
206. SPIVACK, J.G., and FRASER, N.W. (1987). Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 transcripts during latent infection in mice. J. Virol. 61, 3841-3847.
207. STAVROPOULOS, T.A., and STRATHDEE, C.A. (1998). An enhanced packaging system for helper-dependent herpes simplex virus vectors. J. Virol. 72, 7137-7143.
208. STEINER, I., SPIVACK, J.G., LIRETTE, R.P., BROWN, S.M., MACLEAN, A.R., SUBAK SHARPE, J.H., and FRASER, N.W. (1989). Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts are evidently not essential for latent infection. Embo. J. 8, 505-511.
209. STEVENS, A.C., and SPEAR, P.G. (1997). Herpesvirus capsid assembly and envelopment. In Structural Biology of Viruses, W. Chiu, R. Burnett, and R. Garcea, eds. (New York: Oxford University Press) pp. 312-351.
210. STEVENS, J.G., WAGNER, E.K., DEVI RAO, G.B., COOK, M.L., and FELDMAN, L.T. (1987). RNA complementary to a herpesvirus alpha gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 235, 1056-1059.
211. STOW, N.D., and STOW, E.C. (1986). Isolation and characterization of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant containing a deletion within the gene encoding the immediate early polypeptide Vmw110. J. Gen. Virol. 67, 2571-2585.
212. SUTER, M., LEW, A.M., GROB, P., ADEMA, G.J., ACKERMANN, M., SHORTMAN, K., and FRAEFEL, C. (1999). BAC-VAC, a novel generation of (DNA) vaccines: a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing a replication-competent, packaging-defective virus genome induces protective immunity against herpes simplex virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 12697-12702.
213. THOMAS, S.K., GOUGH, G., LATCHMAN, D.S., and COFFIN, R.S. (1999). Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript encodes a protein which greatly enhances virus growth, can compensate for deficiencies in immediate-early gene expression, and is likely to function during reactivation from virus latency. J. Virol. 73, 6618-6625.
214. THOMPSON, R.L., and SAWTELL, N.M. (1997). The herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene regulates the establishment of latency. J. Virol. 71, 5432-5440.
215. VAN DEUTEKOM, J.C., FLOYD, S.S., BOOTH, D.K., OLIGINO, T., KRISKY, D., MARCONI, P., GLORIOSO, J.C., and HUARD, J. (1998). Implications of maturation for viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle. Neuromuscul. Disord. 8, 135-148.
216. WANG, Q., GUO, J., and JIA, W. (1997). Intracerebral recombinant HSV-1 vector does not reactivate latent HSV-1. Gene Ther. 4, 1300-1304.
217. WECHUCK, J.B., GOINS, W.F., GLORIOSO, J.C., and ATAAI, M.M. (2000). Effect of protease inhibitors on yield of HSV-1-based viral vectors. Biotechnol. Prog. 16, 493-496.
218. WESTRA, D.F., GLAZENBURG, K.L., HARMSEN, M.C., TIRAN, A., JAN SCHEFFER, A., WELLING, G.W., HAUW THE, T., and WELLING WESTER, S. (1997). Glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus type 1 requires glycoprotein L for transport to the surfaces of insect cells. J. Virol. 71, 2285-2291.
219. WHITBECK, J.C., CONNOLLY, S.A., WILLIS, S.H., HOU, W., KRUMMENACHER, C., PONCE DE LEON, M., LOU, H., BARIBAUD, I., EISENBERG, R.J., and COHEN, G.H. (2001). Localization of the gD-binding region of the human herpes simplex virus receptor, hveA. J. Virol. 75, 171-180.
220. WHITBECK, J.C., PENG, C., LOU, H., XU, R., WILLIS, S.H., PONCE DE LEON, M., PENG, T., NICOLA, A.V., MONTGOMERY, R.I., WARNER, M.S., et al. (1997). Glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus (HSV) binds directly to HVEM, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and a mediator of HSV entry. J. Virol. 71, 6083-6093.
221. WHITLEY, R.J., KERN, E.R., CHATTERJEE, S., CHOU, J., and ROIZMAN, B. (1993). Replication, establishment of latency, and induced reactivation of herpes simplex virus gamma 1 34.5 deletion mutants in rodent models. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2837-2843.
222. WILLIAMS, R.K., and STRAUS, S.E. (1997). Specificity and affinity of binding of herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein B to glycosaminoglycans. J. Virol. 71, 1375-1380.
223. WILSON, S.P., YEOMANS, D.C., BENDER, M.A., LU, Y., GOINS, W.F., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1999). Antihyperalgesic effects of infection with a preproenkephalin-encoding herpes virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 3211-3216.
224. WOLFE, D., GOINS, W.F., KAPLAN, T.J., CAPUANO, S.V., FRADETTE, J., MURPHEY-CORB, M., ROBBINS, P.D., COHEN, J.B., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (2001). Herpesvirus-mediated systemic delivery of nerve growth factor. Mol. Ther. 3, 61-69.
225. WOLFE, D., GOINS, W.F., YAMADA, M., MORIUCHI, S., KRISKY, D.M., OLIGINO, T.J., MARCONI, P.C., FINK, D.J., and GLORIOSO, J.C. (1999). Engineering herpes simplex virus vectors for CNS applications. Exp. Neurol. 159, 34-46.
226. WOLFE, J.H., DESHMANE, S.L., and FRASER, N.W. (1992). Herpesvirus vector gene transfer and expression of beta-glucuronidase in the central nervous system of MPS VII mice. Nat. Genet. 1, 379-384.
227. WU, N., WATKINS, S.C., SCHAFFER, P.A., and DeLUCA, N.A. (1996a). Prolonged gene expression and cell survival after infection by a herpes simplex virus mutant defective in the immediate-early genes encoding ICP4, ICP27, and ICP22. J. Virol. 70, 6358-6369.
228. WU, T.T., SU, Y.H., BLOCK, T.M., and TAYLOR, J.M. (1996b). Evidence that two latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 are nonlinear. J. Virol. 70, 5962-5967.
229. WUDUNN, D., and SPEAR, P.G. (1989). Initial interaction of herpes simplex virus with cells is binding to heparan sulfate. J. Virol. 63, 52-58.
230. YAMADA, M., NATSUME, A., MATA, M., OLIGINO, T., GOSS, J., GLORIOSO, J., and FINK, D.J. (2001). Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated expression of Bcl-2 protects spinal motor neurons from degeneration following root avulsion. Exp. Neurol. 168, 225-230.
231. YAMADA, M., OLIGINO, T., MATA, M., GOSS, J.R., GLORIOSO, J.C., and FINK, D.J. (1999). Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated expression of Bcl-2 prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 4078-4083.
232. YAMAMURA, J., KAGEYAMA, S., UWANO, T., KUROKAWA, M., IMAKITA, M., and SHIRAKI, K. (2000). Long-term gene expression in the anterior horn motor neurons after intramuscular inoculation of a live herpes simplex virus vector. Gene Ther. 7, 934-941.
233. + T lymphocytes. Cell 77, 525-535.
234. ZWAAGSTRA, J., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1989). In vitro promoter activity associated with the latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 2163-2169.
235. ZWAAGSTRA, J.C., GHIASI, H., NESBURN, A.B., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1991). Identification of a major regulatory sequence in the latency associated transcript (LAT) promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Virology 182, 287-297.
236. ZWAAGSTRA, J.C., GHIASI, H., SLANINA, S.M., NESBURN, A.B., WHEATLEY, S.C., LILLYCROP, K., WOOD, J., LATCHMAN, D.S., PATEL, K., and WECHSLER, S.L. (1990). Activity of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter in neuron-derived cells: evidence for neuron specificity and for a large LAT transcript. J. Virol. 64, 5019-5028.