Chromosomal translocations and their role in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

Pathology

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 397-409

  Vega, Francisco ^a   Orduz, Rocio ^a   Medeiros, L Jeffrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromosomal translocations; Gene expression; Molecular genetics; Non Hodgkin's lymphomas

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MUCIN 1; MYC PROTEIN; NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B 2; PROTEIN BCL 10; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL 6; PROTEIN BCL 8; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX5; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL TRANSFORMATION; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE ISOLATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NPM GENE; ONCOGENE C MYC; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR RECURRENCE;

EID: 0036799507     PISSN: 00313025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0031302021000009306     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. WHO Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press, 2001.
2. Aster JC, Kobayashi Y, Shiota M, Mori S, Sklar J. Detection of the t(14;18) at similar frequencies in hyperplastic lymphoid tissues from American and Japanese patients. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 291-9.
3. Limpens J, de Jong D, van Krieken JH, et al. Bcl-2/JH rearrangements in benign lymphoid tissues with follicular hyperplasia. Oncogene 1991; 6: 2271-6.
4. Limpens J, Stad R, Vos C, et al. Lymphoma-associated translocation t(14;18) in blood B cells of normal individuals. Blood 1995; 85: 2528-36.
5. Pittaluga S, Wlodarska I, Pulford K, et al. The monoclonal antibody ALK1 identifies a distinct morphological subtype of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with 2p23/ALK rearrangements. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 343-51.
6. Trumper L, Pfreundschuh M, Bonin FV, Daus H. Detection of the t(2;5)-associated NPM/ALK fusion cDNA in peripheral blood cells of healthy individuals. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 1138-44.
7. Biernaux C, Loos M, Sels A, Huez G, Stryckmans P. Detection of major bcr-abl gene expression at a very low level in blood cells of some healthy individuals. Blood 1995; 86: 3118-22.
8. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. Science 1994; 263: 1281-4.
9. Morris SW, Naeve C, Mathew P, et al. ALK, the chromosome 2 gene locus altered by the t(2;5) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, encodes a novel neural receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly related to leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK). Oncogene 1997; 14: 2175-88.
10. Stoica GE, Kuo A, Aigner A, et al. Identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase as a receptor for the growth factor pleiotrophin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 16772-9.
11. Chan PK, Chan FY, Morris SW, Xie Z. Isolation and characterization of the human nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM) gene: identification of the YY1 binding site at the 5′ enhancer region. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 1225-32.
12. Bischof D, Pulford K, Mason DY, Morris SW. Role of the nucleophosmin (NPM) portion of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-associated NPM-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion protein in oncogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17: 2312-25.
13. Kuefer MU, Look AT, Pulford K, et al. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of NPM-ALK causes lymphoid malignancy in mice. Blood 1997; 90: 2901-10.
14. Bai RY, Dieter P, Peschel C, Morris SW, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that utilizes phospholipase C-gamma to mediate its mitogenicity. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18: 6951-61.
15. Fujimoto J, Shiota M, Iwahara T, et al. Characterization of the transforming activity of p80, a hyperphosphorylated protein in a Ki-1 lymphoma cell line with chromosomal translocation t(2;5). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 4181-6.
16. Bai RY, Ouyang T, Miething C, Morris SW, Peschel C, Duyster J. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase associated with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt antiapoptotic signaling pathway. Blood 2000; 96: 4319-27.
17. Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, et al. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 1997; 91: 231-41.
18. Khwaja A. Akt is more than just a Bad kinase. Nature 1999; 401: 33-4.
19. Touriol C, Greenland C, Lamant L, et al. Further demonstration of the diversity of chromosomal changes involving 2p23 in ALK-positive lymphoma: 2 cases expressing ALK kinase fused to CLTCL (clathrin chain polypeptide-like). Blood 2000; 95: 3204-7.
20. Hernandez L, Pinyol M, Hernandez S, et al. TRK-fused gene (TFG) is a new partner of ALK in anaplastic large cell lymphoma producing two structurally different TFG-ALK translocations. Blood 1999; 94: 3265-8.
21. Maes B, Vanhentenrijk V, Wlodarska I, et al. The NPM-ALK and the ATIC-ALK fusion genes can be detected in non-neoplastic cells. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 2185-93.
22. Tort F, Pinyol M, Pulford K, et al. Molecular characterization of a new ALK translocation involving moesin (MSN-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Lab Invest 2001; 81: 419-26.
23. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinicopathological findings and outcome. Blood 1999; 93: 2697-706.
24. Shiota M, Nakamura S, Ichinohasama R, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas expressing the novel chimeric protein p80NPM/ALK: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Blood 1995; 86: 1954-60.
25. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 1999; 93: 3913-21.
26. Rassidakis GZ, Sarris AH, Herling M, et al. Differential expression of BCL-2 family proteins in ALK-positive and ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T/null-cell lineage. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 527-35.
27. Pelicci PG, Knowles DM 2nd, Magrath I, Dalla-Favera R. Chromosomal breakpoints and structural alternations of the c-myc locus differ in endemic and sporadic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 2984-8.
28. Bhatia K, Huppi K, Spangler G, Siwarski D, Iyer R, Magrath I. Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt's lymphoma and mouse plasmacytomas. Nat Genet 1993; 5: 56-61.
29. Grandori C, Cowley SM, James LP, Eisenman RN. The Myc/Max/Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2000; 16: 653-99.
30. Bentley DL, Groudine M. A block to elongation is largely responsible for decreased transcription of c-myc in differentiated HL60 cells. Nature 1986; 321: 702-6.
31. Zajac-Kaye M, Levens. D. Phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 138-kDa myc intron factor to a regulatory element in the first intron of the c-myc gene. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 4547-51.
32. Cesarman E, Dalla-Favera R, Bentley D, Groudine M. Mutations in the first exon are associated with altered transcription of c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma. Science 1987; 238: 1272-5.
33. Zajac-Kaye M, Gelmann EP, Levens D. A point mutation in the c-myc locus of a Burkitt lymphoma abolishes binding of a nuclear protein. Science 1988; 240: 1776-80.
34. Bouchard C, Thieke K, Maier A, et al. Direct induction of cyclin D2 by Myc contributes to cell cycle progression and sequestration of p27. EMBO J 1999; 18: 5321-33.
35. Perez-Roger I, Kim SH, Griffiths B, Sewing A, Land H. Cyclins D1 and D2 mediate myc-induced proliferation via sequestration of p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). EMBO J 1999; 18: 5310-20.
36. Fanidi A, Harrington EA, Evan GI. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 1992; 359: 554-6.
37. Sherr CJ. Tumor surveillance via the ARF-p53 pathway. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2984-91.
38. Ye BH, Chaganti S, Chang CC, et al. Chromosomal translocations cause deregulated BCL6 expression by promoter substitution in B cell lymphoma. EMBO J 1995; 14: 6209-17.
39. Dalla-Favera R, Ye BH, Lo Coco F, et al. Identification of genetic lesions associated with diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1994; 5: 55-60.
40. Ohshima A, Miura I, Hashimoto K, et al. Rearrangements of the BCL6 gene and chromosome aberrations affecting 3q27 in 54 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 27: 329-34.
41. Chen W, Iida S, Louie DC, Dalla-Favera R, Chaganti RS. Heterologous promoters fused to BCL6 by chromosomal translocations affecting band 3q27 cause its deregulated expression during B-cell differentiation. Blood 1998; 91: 603-7.
42. Galieque Zouitina S, Quief S, Hildebrand MP, et al. The B cell transcriptional coactivator BOB1/OBF1 gene fuses to the LAZ3/BCL6 gene by t(3;11)(q27;q23.1) chromosomal translocation in a B cell leukemia line (Karpas 231). Leukemia 1996; 10: 579-87.
43. Ye BH, Rao PH, Chaganti RS, Dalla-Favera R. Cloning of bcl-6, the locus involved in chromosome translocations affecting band 3q27 in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2732-5.
44. Staudt LM, Dent AL, Shaffer AL, Yu X. Regulation of lymphocyte cell fate decisions and lymphomagenesis by BCL-6. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 18: 381-403.
45. Ye BH, Cattoretti G, Shen Q, et al. The BCL-6 proto-oncogene controls germinal-centre formation and Th2-type inflammation. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 161-70.
46. Lin Y, Wong K, Calame K. Repression of c-myc transcription by Blimp-1, an inducer of terminal B cell differentiation. Science 1997; 276: 596-9.
47. Shaffer AL, Yu X, He Y, Boldrick J, Chan EP, Staudt LM. BCL-6 represses genes that function in lymphocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cell cycle control. Immunity 2000; 13: 199-212.
48. Pasqualucci L, Migliazza A, Fracchiolla N, et al. BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 11816-21.
49. Akasaka T, Ueda C, Kurata M, et al. Nonimmunoglobulin (non-Ig)/BCL6 gene fusion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma results in worse prognosis than Ig/BCL6. Blood 2000; 96: 2907-9.
50. Lossos IS, Jones CD, Warnke R, et al. Expression of a single gene, BCL-6, strongly predicts survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2001; 98: 945-51.
51. Dyomin VG, Rao PH, Dalla-Favera R, Chaganti RS. BCL8, a novel gene involved in translocations affecting band 15q11-13 in diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 5728-32.
52. Offit K, Jhanwar SC, Ladanyi M, Filippa DA, Chaganti RS. Cytogenetic analysis of 434 consecutively ascertained specimens of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlations between recurrent aberrations, histology, and exposure to cytotoxic treatment. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1991; 3: 189-201.
53. Callanan MB, Le Baccon P, Mossuz P, et al. The IgG Fc receptor, FcgammaRIIB, is a target for deregulation by chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 309-14.
54. Dyomin VG, Palanisamy N, Lloyd KO, et al. MUC1 is activated in a B-cell lymphoma by the t(1;14)(q21;q32) translocation and is rearranged and amplified in B-cell lymphoma subsets. Blood 2000; 95: 2666-71.
55. Daeron M. Fc receptor biology. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 203-34.
56. de Andres B, Mueller AL, Verbeek S, Sandor M, Lynch RG. A regulatory role for Fcgamma receptors CD16 and CD32 in the development of murine B cells. Blood 1998; 92: 2823-9.
57. Gilles F, Goy A, Remache Y, Shue P, Zelenetz AD. MUC1 dysregulation as the consequence of a t(1;14)(q21;q32) translocation in an extranodal lymphoma. Blood 2000; 95: 2930-6.
58. Neri A, Chang CC, Lombardi L, et al. B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation involves candidate oncogene lyt-10, homologous to NF-kappa B p50. Cell 1991; 67: 1075-87.
59. Offit K, Chaganti RS. Chromosomal aberrations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biologic and clinical correlations. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991; 5: 853-69.
60. Fracchiolla NS, Lombardi L, Salina M, et al. Structural alterations of the NF-kappa B transcription factor lyt-10 in lymphoid malignancies. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2839-45.
61. Kopp EB, Ghosh S. NF-kappa B and rel proteins in innate immunity. Adv Immunol 1995; 58: 1-27.
62. Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-[kappa]B activity. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18: 621-63.
63. Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, Staudt LM. Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194: 1861-74.
64. Fausto N, Laird AD, Webber EM. Liver regeneration. 2. Role of growth factors and cytokines in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J 1995; 9: 1527-36.
65. Guo Q, Robinson N, Mattson MP. Secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein counteracts the proapoptotic action of mutant presenilin-1 by activation of NF-kappaB and stabilization of calcium homeostasis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 12341-51.
66. Yamaoka S, Inoue H, Sakurai M, et al. Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B is essential for transformation of rat fibroblasts by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. EMBO J 1996; 15: 873-87.
67. Finco TS, Westwick JK, Norris JL, Beg AA, Der CJ, Baldwin AS Jr. Oncogenic Ha-Ras-induced signaling activates NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, which is required for cellular transformation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 24113-6.
68. Arsura M, Mercurio F, Oliver AL, Thorgeirsson SS, Sonenshein GE. Role of the IkappaB kinase complex in oncogenic Ras- and Raf-mediated transformation of rat liver epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 5381-91.
69. Reuther JY, Reuther GW, Cortez D, Pendergast AM, Baldwin AS Jr. A requirement for NF-kappaB activation in Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 968-81.
70. Baldwin AS Jr, Azizkhan JC, Jensen DE, Beg AA, Coodly LR. Induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity during the G0-to-G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1991; 11: 4943-51.
71. Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Hehner SP, Droge W, Schmitz ML. Repression of NF-kappaB impairs HeL a cell proliferation by functional interference with cell cycle checkpoint regulators. Oncogene 1999; 18: 3213-25.
72. Joyce D, Bouzahzah B, Fu M, et al. Integration of Rac-dependent regulation of cyclin D1 transcription through a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 25245-9.
73. Hinz M, Krappmann D, Eichten A, Heder A, Scheidereit C, Strauss M. NF-kappaB function in growth control: regulation of cyclin D1 expression and G0/G1-to-S-phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 2690-8.
74. Guttridge DC, Albanese C, Reuther JY, Pestell RG, Baldwin AS Jr. NF-kappaB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 5785-99.
75. Yunis JJ, Oken MM, Kaplan ME, Ensrud KM, Howe RR, Theologides A. Distinctive chromosomal abnormalities in histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. New Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1231-6.
76. Jacobson JO, Wilkes BM, Kwiatkowski DJ, Medeiros LJ, Aisenberg AC, Harris NL. bcl-2 rearrangements in de novo diffuse large cell lymphoma. Association with distinctive clinical features. Cancer 1993; 72: 231-6.
77. Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 1985; 228: 1440-3.
78. Estalilla OC, Medeiros LJ, Manning JT Jr, Luthra R. 5′→3′ exonuclease-based real-time PCR assays for detecting the t(14;18)(q32;21): a survey of 162 malignant lymphomas and reactive specimens. Mod Pathol 2000; 13: 661-6.
79. Albinger-Hegyi A, Hochreutener B, Abdou MT, et al. High frequency of t(14;18)-translocation breakpoints outside of major breakpoint and minor cluster regions in follicular lymphomas. Improved polymerase chain reaction protocols for their detection. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 823-32.
80. Yabumoto K, Akasaka T, Muramatsu M, et al. Rearrangement of the 5′ cluster region of the BCL2 gene in lymphoid neoplasm: a summary of nine cases. Leukemia 1996; 10: 970-7.
81. Seite P, Hillion J, d'Agay MF, et al. BCL2 gene activation and protein expression in follicular lymphoma: a report on 64 cases. Leukemia 1993; 7: 410-7.
82. Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16: 395-419.
83. Reed JC. Bcl-2 family proteins. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3225-36.
84. May WS, Tyler PG, Ito T, Armstrong DK, Qatsha KA, Davidson NE. Interleukin-3 and bryostatin-1 mediate hyperphosphorylation of BCL2 alpha in association with suppression of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26865-70.
85. Ito T, Deng X, Carr B, May WS. Bcl-2 phosphorylation required for anti-apoptosis function. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 11671-3.
86. Brady HJ, Gil-Gomez G, Kirberg J, Berns AJ. Bax alpha perturbs T cell development and affects cell cycle entry of T cells. EMBO J 1996; 15: 6991-7001.
87. Linette GP, Li Y, Roth K, Korsmeyer SJ. Cross talk between cell death and cell cycle progression: BCL-2 regulates NFAT-mediated activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 9545-52.
88. Vairo G, Innes KM, Adams JM. Bcl-2 has a cell cycle inhibitory function separable from its enhancement of cell survival. Oncogene 1996; 13: 1511-9.
89. Vairo G, Soos TJ, Upton TM, et al. Bcl-2 retards cell cycle entry through p27(Kipl), pRB relative p130, and altered E2F regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 4745-53.
90. Gaidano G, Pastore C, Capello D, Cilli V, Saglio G. Molecular pathways in low grade B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 26 (Suppl 1): 107-13.
91. Offit K, Parsa NZ, Filippa D, Jhanwar SC, Chaganti RS. t(9;14)(p13;q32) denotes a subset of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with plasmacytoid differentiation. Blood 1992; 80: 2594-9.
92. Mansoor A, Medeiros LJ, Weber DM, et al. Cytogenetic findings in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Chromosomal abnormalities are associated with the polymorphous subtype and an aggressive clinical course. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116: 543-9.
93. Busslinger M, Klix N, Pfeffer P, Graninger PG, Kozmik Z. Deregulation of PAX-5 by translocation of the Emu enhancer of the IgH locus adjacent to two alternative PAX-5 promoters in a diffuse large-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6129-34.
94. Barberis A, Widenhorn K, Vitelli L, Busslinger M. A novel B-cell lineage-specific transcription factor present at early but not late stages of differentiation. Genes Dev 1990; 4: 849-59.
95. Morrison AM, Nutt SL, Thevenin C, Rolink A, Busslinger M. Loss-and gain-of-function mutations reveal an important role of BSAP (Pax-5) at the start and end of B cell differentiation. Semin Immunol 1998; 10: 133-42.
96. Wakatsuki Y, Neurath MF, Max EE, Strober W. The B cell-specific transcription factor BSAP regulates B cell proliferation. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1099-108.
97. Dewald GW, Kyle RA, Hicks GA, Greipp PR. The clinical significance of cytogenetic studies in 100 patients with multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, or amyloidosis. Blood 1985; 66: 380-90.
98. Sawyer JR, Waldron JA, Jagannath S, Barlogie B. Cytogenetic findings in 2000 patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995; 82: 41-9.
99. Williams ME, Swerdlow SH, Rosenberg CL, Arnold A. Chromosome 11 translocation breakpoints at the PRAD1/cyclin D1 gene locus in centrocytic lymphoma. Leukemia 1993; 7: 241-5.
100. de Boer CJ, van Krieken JH, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kluin PM, Schuuring E. Cyclin D1 messenger RNA overexpression as a marker for mantle cell lymphoma. Oncogene 1995; 10: 1833-40.
101. Tsujimoto Y, Jaffe E, Cossman J, Gorham J, Nowell PC, Croce CM. Clustering of breakpoints on chromosome 11 in human B-cell neoplasma with the t(11;14) chromosome translocation. Nature 1985; 315: 340-3.
102. Vaandrager JW, Schuuring E, Zwikstra E, et al. Direct visualization of dispersed 11q13 chromosomal translocations in mantle cell lymphoma by multicolor DNA fiber fluorescence in situ hybridization. Blood 1996; 88: 1177-82.
103. Janssen JW, Vaandrager JW, Heuser T, et al. Concurrent activation of a novel putative transforming gene, myeov, and cyclin D1 in a subset of multiple myeloma cell lines with t(11;14)(q13;q32). Blood 2000; 95: 2691-8.
104. Gillett CE, Barnes DM. Demystified . . . cell cycle. Mol Pathol 1998; 51: 310-6.
105. Sherr CJ. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 1993; 73: 1059-65.
106. Ando K, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F, Griffin JD. Regulation of G1/S transition by cyclins D2 and D3 in hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9571-5.
107. Jiang W, Kahn SM, Zhou P, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in rat fibroblasts causes abnormalities in growth control, cell cycle progression and gene expression. Oncogene 1993; 8: 3447-57.
108. Lukas J, Jadayel D, Bartkova J, et al. BCL-1/cyclin D1 oncoprotein oscillates and subverts the G1 phase control in B-cell neoplasms carrying the t(11;14) translocation. Oncogene 1994; 9: 2159-67.
109. Bodrug SE, Warner BJ, Bath ML, Lindeman GJ, Harris AW, Adams JM. Cyclin D1 transgene impedes lymphocyte maturation and collaborates in lymphomagenesis with the myc gene. EMBO J 1994; 13: 2124-30.
110. Lovec H, Grzeschiczek A, Kowalski MB, Moroy T. Cyclin D1/bcl-1 cooperates with myc genes in the generation of B-cell lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1994; 13: 3487-95.
111. Hofmann WK, de Vos S, Tsukasaki K, et al. Altered apoptosis pathways in mantle cell lymphoma detected by oligonucleotide microarray. Blood 2001; 98: 787-94.
112. Vega F, Medeiros LJ. Marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma of extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type: molecular genetics provides new insights into pathogenesis. Adv Anat Pathol 2001; 8: 313-26.
113. Auer IA, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM, et al. t(11;18)(q21;q21) is the most common translocation in MALT lymphomas. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 979-85.
114. Horsman D, Gascoyne R, Klasa R, Coupland R. t(11;18)(q21;q21.1): a recurring translocation in lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)? Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1992; 4: 183-7.
115. Dierlamm J, Baens M, Stefanova-Ouzounova M, et al. Detection of t(11;18)(q21;q21) by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using AP12 and MLT specific probes. Blood 2000; 96: 2215-8.
116. Rosenwald A, Ott G, Stilgenbauer S, et al. Exclusive detection of the t(11;18)(q21;q21) in extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphomas (MZBL) of MALT type in contrast to other MZBL and extranodal large B cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 1817-21.
117. Remstein E, James C, Kurtin P. Incidence and subtype specificity of API2-MALT1 fusion translocations in extranodal, nodal, and splenic marginal zone lymphomas. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1183-8.
118. Dierlamm J, Baens M, Wlodarska I, et al. The apoptosis inhibitor gene API2 and a novel 18q gene, MLT, are recurrently rearranged in the t(11;18)(q21;q21) associated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. Blood 1999; 93: 3601-9.
119. Akagi T, Motegi M, Tamura A, et al. A novel gene, MALT1 at 18q21, is involved in t(11;18)(q21;q21) found in low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Oncogene 1999; 18: 5785-94.
120. Motegi M, Yonezumi M, Suzuki H, et al. API2-MALT1 chimeric transcripts involved in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type lymphoma predict heterogeneous products. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 807-12.
121. Kalla J, Stilgenbauer S, Schaffner C, et al. Heterogeneity of the API2-MALT1 gene rearrangement in MALT-type lymphoma. Leukemia 2000; 14: 1967-74.
122. Inagaki H, Okabe M, Seto M, Nakamura S, Ueda R, Eimoto T. API2-MALT1 fusion transcripts involved in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: multiplex RT-PCR detection using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 699-706.
123. LaCasse EC, Baird S, Korneluk RG, MacKenzie AE. The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3247-59.
124. Baens M, Maes B, Steyls A, Geboes K, Marynen P, De Wolf-Peeters C. The product of the t(11;18), an API2-MLT fusion, marks nearly half of gastric MALT type lymphomas without large cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1433-9.
125. Lucas PC, Yonezumi M, Inohara N, et al. Bc110 and MALT1, independent targets of chromosomal translocation in MALT lymphoma, cooperate in a novel NF-kappaB signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 19012-9.
126. Willis TG, Jadayel DM, Du MQ, et al. Bc110 is involved in t(1;14)(p22;q32) of MALT B cell lymphoma and mutated in multiple tumor types. Cell 1999; 96: 35-45.
127. Zhang Q, Siebert R, Yan M, et al. Inactivating mutations and overexpression of BCL 10, a caspase recruitment domain-containing gene, in MALT lymphoma with t(1;14)(p22;q32). Nat Genet 1999; 22: 63-8.
128. May MJ, Ghosh S. Signal transduction through NF-kappa B. Immunol Today 1998; 19: 80-8.
129. Hofmann K. The modular nature of apoptotic signaling proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55: 1113-28.
130. Achuthan R, Bell SM, Leek JP, et al. Novel translocation of the BCL10 gene in a case of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 29: 347-9.
131. Du MQ, Peng H, Liu H, et al. BCL 10 gene mutation in lymphoma. Blood 2000; 95: 3885-90.
132. Chesi M, Nardini E, Brents LA, et al. Frequent translocation t(4;14)(p16.3;q32.3) in multiple myeloma is associated with increased expression and activating mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 260-4.
133. Finelli P, Fabris S, Zagano S, et al. Detection of t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma by double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization. Blood 1999; 94: 724-32.
134. Avet-Loiseau H, Li JY, Facon T, et al. High incidence of translocations t(11;14)(q13;q32) and t(4;14)(p16;q32) in patients with plasma cell malignancies. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5640-5.
135. Chesi M, Brents LA, Ely SA, et al. Activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is an oncogene that contributes to tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001; 97: 729-36.
136. Kanai M, Goke M, Tsunekawa S, Podolsky DK. Signal transduction pathway of human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. Identification of a novel 66-kDa phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 6621-8.
137. Ho IC, Hodge MR, Rooney JW, Glimcher LH. The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4. Cell 1996; 85: 973-83.
138. Sawyer JR, Lukacs JL, Munshi N, et al. Identification of new nonrandom translocations in multiple myeloma with multicolor spectral karyotyping. Blood 1998; 92: 4269-78.
139. Bednarek AK, Laflin KJ, Daniel RL, Liao Q, Hawkins KA, Aldaz CM. WWOX, a novel WW domain-containing protein mapping to human chromosome 16q23.3-24.1, a region frequently affected in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2140-5.
140. Ried K, Finnis M, Hobson L, et al. Common chromosomal fragile site FRA16D sequence: identification of the FOR gene spanning FRA16D and homozygous deletions and translocation breakpoints in cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9: 1651-63.
141. Chesi M, Kuehl WM, Bergsagel PL. Recurrent immunoglobulin gene translocations identify distinct molecular subtypes of myeloma. Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 131-5.
142. Iida S, Rao PH, Butler M, et al. Deregulation of MUM1/IRF4 by chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma. Nat Genet 1997; 17: 226-30.
143. Yoshida S, Nakazawa N, Iida S, et al. Detection of MUM1/IRF4-IgH fusion in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 1999; 13: 1812-6.