A requirement for NF-κB activation in Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation

Genes and Development

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 968-981

  Reuther, Julie Y ^a   Reuther, Gary W ^b,c   Cortez, David ^b,d   Pendereast, Ann Marie ^b   Baldwin Jr , Albert S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Bcr Abl; I B; NF B; Tumorigenesis

Indexed keywords

ONCOPROTEIN; BCR ABL PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; GENE CONTROL; LEUKEMOGENESIS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; CELL CULTURE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE TRANSFER; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; NUDE MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSACTIVATION;

ANIMALIA; MUS MUSCULUS;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; FUSION PROTEINS, BCR-ABL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, ACUTE; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC; MICE; MICE, NUDE; NF-KAPPA B; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANS-ACTIVATION (GENETICS); TRANSFECTION; TRANSFORMATION, GENETIC; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 0032034216     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.7.968     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Afar, D.E.H., A. Goga, J. McLaughlin, O.N. Witte, and C.L. Sawyers. 1994. Differential complementation of Bcr-Abl point mutants with c-Myc. Science 264: 424-426.
2. Alkalay, I., A. Yaron, A. Hatzubai, S. Jung, A. Avraham, O. Gerlitz, I. Pashut-Lavon, and Y. Ben-Neriah. 1995. In vivo stimulation of I kappa B phosphorylation is not sufficient to activate NF-kappa B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1294-1301.
3. Arsura, M., M. Wu, and G.E. Sonenshein. 1996. TGFβ1 inhibits NF-κB/Rel activity inducing apoptosis of B cells: Transcriptional activation of IκBα. Immunity 5: 31-40.
4. Baeuerle, P.A. and D. Baltimore. 1988. I kappa B: A specific inhibitor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Science 242: 540-546.
5. _. 1989. A 65-kD subunit of active NF-κB is required for inhibition of NF-κ B by IκB. Genes & Dev. 3: 1689-1698.
6. Baeuerle, P.A. and T. Henkel. 1994. Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12: 141-179.
7. Baldwin, A.S. 1996. The NF-kappa B and I-kappa B proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 649-681.
8. Baldwin, A.S. and P.A. Sharp. 1987. Binding of a nuclear factor to a regulatory sequence in the promoter of the mouse H-2Kb class I major histocompatibility gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 303-313.
9. _. 1988. Two transcription factors, NF-kappa B and H2TF1, interact with a single regulatory sequence in the class I major histocompatibility complex promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 723-727.
10. Bargou, R.C., F. Emmerich, D. Krappmann, K. Bommert, M.Y. Mapara, W. Arnold, H.D. Royer, E. Grinstein, A. Greiner, C. Schcidereit, and B. Dorken. 1997. Constitutive nuclear factor-κB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin's Disease tumor cells. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 2961-2969.
11. Beauparlant, P., I. Kwan, R. Bitar, P. Chou, A.E. Koromilas, N. Sonenberg, and J. Hiscott. 1994. Disruption of I kappa B alpha regulation by antisense RNA expression leads to malignant transformation. Oncogene 9: 3189-3197.
12. Beg, A.A., and D. Baltimore. 1996. An essential role for NF-κB in preventing TNFα-induced cell death. Science 274: 782-784.
13. Beg, A.A., S.M. Ruhen, R.I. Scheinman, S. Haskill, C.A. Rosen, and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1992. I κB interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of the subunits of NF-κB: A mechanism for cytoplasmic retention. Genes & Dev. 6: 1899-1913.
14. Beg, A.A., T.S. Finco, P.V. Nantermet, and J.A.S. Baldwin. 1993. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 lead to phosphorylation and loss of IκBα: A mechansim for NF-κB activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 3301-3310.
15. Bours, V., P.R, Burd, K. Brown, J. Villalobos, S. Park, R.P. Ryseck, R. Bravo, K. Kelly, and U. Siebenlist. 1992. A novel mitogen-inducible gene product related to p50/p105-NF-kappa B participates in transactivation through a kappa B site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 685-695.
16. Brockrnan, J.A., D.C. Scherer, T.A. McKinsey, S.M. Hall, X. Qi, W.Y. Lee, and D.W. Ballard. 1995. Coupling of a signal response domain in IκBα to multiple pathways for NF-κB activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 2809-2818.
17. Brown, K., S. Park, T. Kanno, G. Franzoso, and U. Siebenlist. 1993. Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B and its inhibitor, I kappa B-alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. 90: 2532-2536.
18. Brown, K., S. Gerstberger, L. Carlson, G. Franzoso, and U. Siebenlist. 1995. Control of IκB-α proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation. Science 267: 1485-1488.
19. Carlesso, N., J.D. Griffin, and B.J. Druker. 1994. Use of a temperature-sensitive mutant to define the biological effects of the p210 BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase on proliferation of a factor-dependent murine myeloid cell line. Oncogene 9: 149-156.
20. Chen, Y.-Y., L.C. Wang, M.S. Huang, and N. Rosenberg. 1994. An active v-abl protein tyrosine kinase blocks immunoglobulin light-chain gene rearrangement. Genes & Dev. 8: 688-697.
21. Chen, Z., J. Hagler, V.J. Palombella, F. Melandri, D. Scherer, D. Ballard, and T. Maniatis. 1995. Signal-induced site-specific phosphorylation targets I κB alpha to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Genes & Dev. 9: 1586-1597.
22. Chiao, P.J., S. Miyamoto, and I.M. Verma. 1994. Autoregulation of I kappa B alpha activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 28-32.
23. Clarkson, B. and A. Strife. 1993. Linkage of proliferative and maturational abnormalities in chronic myelogenous leukemia and relevance to treatment. Leukemia 7: 1683-1721.
24. Cortez, D., L. Kadlec, and A.M. Pendergast. 1995. Structural and signaling requirements for BCR-ABL-mediated transformation and inhibition of apoptosis. Mol. Cell Biol. 15: 5531-5541.
25. Cortez, D., G. Stoica, J.H. Pierce, and A.M. Pendergast. 1996. The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibits apoptosis by activating a Ras-dependent signaling pathway. Oncogene 13: 2589-2594.
26. Cortez, D., G. W. Reuther, and A.M. Pendergast. 1997. The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase activates mitogenic signaling pathways and stimulates G1 to S phase transition in hematopoietic cells. Oncogens 15: 2333-2342.
27. Daley, G.Q. and D. Baltimore. 1988. Transformation of an interleukin 3-dependent hematopoietic cell line by the chronic myelogenous leukemia specific p210 BCR/ABL protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 9312-9316.
28. Daley, G.Q., R.A. VanEtten, and D, Baltimore. 1990. Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210 bcr/ abl gene of the Philadelphia chromosome. Science 247: 824-830.
29. Dickens, M., J.S. Rogers, J. Cavanagh, A. Raitano, Z. Xia, J.R. Halpern, M.E. Greenberg, C.L. Sawyers, and R.J. Davis. 1997. A cytoplasmic inhibitor of the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 277: 693-696.
30. DiDonato, J.A., F. Mercurio, and M. Karin. 1995. Phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha precedes but is not sufficient for its dissociation from NF-kappa B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1302-1311.
31. DiDonato, J., F. Mercurio, C. Rosette, J. Wu-Li, H. Suyang, S. Ghosh, and M. Karin. 1996. Mapping of the inducible IκB phosphorylation sites that signal its ubiquitination and degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 1295-1304.
32. DiDonato, I.A., M. Hayakawa, D.M. Rothwarf, E. Zandi, and M. Karin. 1997. A cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Nature 388: 548-554.
33. Finco, T.S. and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1995. Mechanistic aspects of NF-kappa B regulation: The emerging role of phosphorylation and proteolysis. Immunity 3: 263-272.
34. Fineo, T.S., J.K. Westwick, J.L. Norris, A.A. Beg, C.J. Der, and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1997. Oncogenic Ha-Ras-induced signaling activates NF-κB transcriptional activity, which is required for cellular transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 24113-24116.
35. Ganchi, P.A., S.C. Sun, W.C. Greene, and D.W. Ballard. 1992. I kappa B/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-kappa B p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 1339-1352.
36. Gilmore, T.D. 1990. NF-kappa B, KBF1, dorsal, and related matters. Cell 62: 841-843.
37. Gishizky, M.L., D. Cortez, and A.M. Pendergast. 1995. Mutant forms of growth factor-binding protein-2 reverse BCR-ABL-induced transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 10889-10893.
38. Goga, A., J. McLaughlin, D.E.H. Afar, D.C. Saffran, and O.N. Witte. 1995. Alternative signals to RAS for hematopoietic transformation by the BCR-ABL oncogene. Cell 8: 981-988.
39. Grilli, M., J.J. Chiu, and M.J. Lenardo. 1993. NF-kappa B and Rel: Participants in a multiform transcriptional regulatory system. Int. Rev. Cytol. 143: 1-62.
40. Haskill, S., A.A. Beg, S.M. Tompkins, J.S. Morris, A.D. Yurochko, A. Sampson-Johannes, K. Mondai, P. Ralph, and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1991. Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes I kappa B-like activity. Cell 65: 1281-1289.
41. Heisterkamp, N., G. Jenster, J. Ten Hoeve, D. Zovich, P.K. Pattengale, and J. Groffen. 1990. Acute leukemia in bcr/ab1 transgenic mice. Nature 344: 252-253.
42. Henkel, T., U. Zabel, K. Van Zee, J.M. Muller, E. Fanning, and P.A. Baeuerle. 1992. Intramolecular masking of the nuclear location signal and dimerization domain in the precursor for the p50 NF-kappa B subunit. Cell 68: 1121-1133.
43. Kawakami, K., C. Scheidereit, and R.G. Roeder. 1988. Identification and purification of a human immunoglobulin-enhancer-binding protein (NF-kappa B) that activates transcription from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 4700-4704.
44. Kelliher, M.A., A. Knott, J. McLaughlin, N. Rosenberg, and O.N. Witte. 1991. Differences in oncogenic potency but not target cell specificity distinguish the two forms of the Bcr-Abl oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 4710-4716.
45. Kennedy, S.G., A.J. Wagner, S.D. Conzen, J. Jordan, A. Bellacosa, P.N. Tsichlis, and N. Hay. 1997. The PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway delivers an anti-apoptotic signal. Genes & Dev. 11: 701-713.
46. Kieran, M., V. Blank, F. Logeat, J. Vandekerckhove, F. Lottspeich, O. Le Bail, M.B. Urban, P. Kourilsky, P.A. Baeuerle, and A. Israel. 1990. The DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B is identical to factor KBF1 and homologous to the rel oncogene product. Cell 62: 1007-1018.
47. Kitajima, I., T. Shinohara, J. Bilakovics, D.A. Brown, X. Xu, and M. Nerenberg. 1992. Ablation of transplanted HTLV-I Taxtransformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NF-kappa B. Science 258: 1792-1795.
48. Klug, C.A., S.J. Gerety, P.C. Shah, Y.-Y. Chen, N.R. Rice, N. Rosenberg, and H. Singh. 1994. The v-Abl tyrosine kinase negatively regulates NF-κB/Rel factors and blocks κ gene transcription in pre-B lymphocytes. Genes &. Dev. 8: 678-687.
49. Kurzrock, R., J.U. Gutterman, and M. Talpaz. 1988. The molecular genetics of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. New Eng. J. Med. 319: 990-998.
50. La Rosa, F.A., J.W. Pierce, and G.E. Sonenshein. 1994. Differential regulation of the c-myc oncogene promoter by the NF-kappa B rel family of transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1039-1044.
51. Laneuville, P., M. Timm, and A.T. Hudson. 1994. BCR-ABL expression in 32D c13(G) cells inhibits apoptosis induced by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res. 54: 1360-1366.
52. Lee, H., M. Arsura, M. Wu, M. Duyao, A.J. Buckler, and G.E. Sonenshein. 1995. Role of Rel-related factors in control of c-myc gene transcription in receptor-mediated apoptosis of the murine B cell WEHI 231 line. J. Exp. Med. 181: 1169-1177.
53. Lin, Y.C., K. Brown, and U. Siebenlist. 1995. Activation of NF-kappa B requires proteolysis of the inhibitor I kappa B-alpha: Signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha alone does not release active NF-kappa B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 552-556.
54. Liu, Z.G., H. Hsu, D.V. Goeddel, and M. Karin. 1996. Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NF-KappaB activation prevents cell death. Cell 87: 565-576.
55. Mayo, M.W., C.-Y. Wang, P.C. Cogswell, K.S. Rogers-Graham, S.W. Lowe, C.J. Der, and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1997. Requirement for NF-κB activation to suppress p53-independent apoptosis induced by oncogenic ras. Science 278: 1812-1815.
56. McGahon, A., R. Bissonnette, M. Schmitt, K.M. Cotter, D.R. Green, and T.G. Cotter. 1994. BCR-ABL maintains resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells to apoptotic cell death. Blood 83: 1179-1187.
57. McLaughlin, J., E. Chianese, and O.N. Witte. 1987. In vitro transformation of immature hematopoietic cells by the p210 BCR/ABL oncogene product of the Philadelphia chromosome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 6558-6562.
58. _. 1989. Alternative forms of the BCR-ABL oncogene have quantitatively different potencies for stimulation of immature lymphoid cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 1866-1874.
59. Melo, J.V. 1996. The diversity of Bcr-Abl fusion proteins and their relationship to leukemia phenotype. Blood 88: 2375-2384.
60. Mitchell, T. and B. Sugden. 1995. Stimulation of NF-kappa B-mediated transcription by mutant derivatives of the latent membrane protein of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol. 69: 2968-2976.
61. Muller, A.J., J.C. Young, A.M. Pendergast, M. Pondel, N.R. Landau, D.R. Littman, and O.N. Witte. 1991. BCR first exon sequences specifically activate the BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase oncogene of Philadelphia chromosome-positive human Ieukemias. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 1785-1792.
62. Neri, A., C.C. Chang, L. Lombardi, M. Salina, P. Corradini, A.T. Maiolo, R.S. Chaganti, and R. Dalla-Favera. 1991. B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation involves candidate oncogene lyt-10, homologous to NF-kappa B p50. Cell 67: 1075-1087.
63. Nolan, G.P., S. Ghosh, H.C. Liou, P. Tempst, and D. Baltimore. 1991. DNA binding and I kappa B inhibition of the cloned p65 subunit of NF-kappa B, a rel-related polypeptide. Cell 64: 961-969.
64. Nowell, P.C. and D.A. Hungerford. 1960. A minute chromosome in human chronic granulocytic leukemia. Science 132: 1497-1500.
65. Palombella, V.J., O.J. Rando, A.L. Goldberg, and T. Maniatis. 1994. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 78: 773-785.
66. Pane, F., F. Frigeri, M. Sindona, L. Luciano, F. Ferrara, R. Cimino, G. Meloni, G. Saglio, F. Salvatore, and B. Rotoli. 1996. Neutrophilic-chronic myeloid leukemia: A distinct disease with a specific molecular marker (BCR/ABL with C3/A2 junction). Blood 88: 2410-2414.
67. Pear, W.S., G.P. Nolan, M.L. Scott, and D. Baltimore. 1993. Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 8392-8396.
68. Pendergast, A.M., M.L. Gishizky, M.H. Havlik, and O.N. Witte. 1993a. SH1 domain autophosphorylation of p210 BCR/ABL is required for transformation but not growth factor independence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 1728-1736.
69. Pendergast, A.M., L.A. Quilliam, L.D. Cripe, C.H. Bassing, Z. Dai, N. Li, A. Batzer, K.M. Rabun, C.J. Der, J. Schlessinger, and M.L. Gishizky. 1993b. BCR-ABL-induced oncogenesis is mediated by direct interaction with the SH2 domain of the GRB-2 adaptor protein. Cell 75: 175-185.
70. Raitano, A.B., J.R. Halpern, T.M. Hambuch, and C.L. Sawyers. 1995. The Bcr-Abl leukemia oncogene activates Jun kinase and requires Jun for transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 11746-11750.
71. Ramakrishnan, L. and N. Rosenberg. 1989. abl genes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 989: 209-224.
72. Regnier C.H., H.Y. Song, X. Gao, D.V. Goeddel, Z. Cao, and M. Rothe. 1997. Identification and characterization of an IκB kinase. Cell 90: 373-383.
73. Ribeiro, R.C., M. Abromowitch, S.C. Raimondi, S.B. Murphy, F. Behm, and D.L. Williams. 1987. Clinical and biological hallmarks of Philadelphia chromosome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 70: 948-953.
74. Rice, N.R. and M.K. Ernst. 1993. In vivo control of NF-κB activation by IκBκ. EMBO J. 12: 4685-4695.
75. Rosenberg, N. and D. Baltimore. 1978. The effect of helper virus on Abelson virus-induced transformation of lymphoid cells. J. Exp. Med. 147: 1126-1141.
76. Rosenberg, N. and O.N. Witte. 1988. The viral and cellular forms of the Abelson (abl) oncogene. Adv. Virus Res. 35: 39-81.
77. Ruben, S.M., P.J. Dillon, R. Schreck, T. Henkel, C.H. Chen, M. Maher, P.A. Baeuerle, and C.A. Rosen. 1991. Isolation of a rel-related human cDNA that potentially encodes the 65-kD subunit of NF-kappa B. Science 251: 1490-1493.
78. Ryseck, R.P., P. Bull, M. Takamiya, V. Bours, U. Siebenlist, P. Dobrzanski, and R. Bravo. 1992. RelB, a new Rel family transcription activator that can interact with p50-NF-kappa B. Mol Cell. Biol. 12: 674-684.
79. Sanchez-Garcia, L. and G. Grutz. 1995. Tumorigenic activity of the BCR-ABL oncogenes is mediated by BCL2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 5287-5291.
80. Sawyers, C.L., W. Callahan, and O.N. Witte. 1992. Dominant negative MYC blocks transformation by ABL oncogenes. Cell 70: 901-910.
81. Scheinman, R.I., A.A. Beg, and A.S. Baldwin, Jr. 1993. NF-kappa B p 100 (Lyt-10) is a component of H2TF1 and can function as an I kappa B-like molecule. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6089-6101.
82. Schmid, R.M., N.D. Perkins, C.S. Duckett, P.C. Andrews, and G.J. Nabel. 1991. Cloning of an NF-kappa B subunit which stimulates HIV transcription in synergy with p65. Nature 352: 733-736.
83. Schmitz, M., M. dos Santos Silva, and P. Baeuerle. 1995. Transactivation domain 2 (TA2) of p65 NF-Kappa B. Similarity to TA1 and phorbol ester-stimulated activity and phosphorylation in intact cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15576-15584.
84. Scott, M.L., T. Fujita, H.C. Liou, G.P. Nolan, and D. Baltimore. 1993. The p65 subunit of NF-κB regulates IκB by two distinct mechanisms. Genes & Dev. 7: 1266-1276.
85. Siebenlist, U., G. Franzoso, and K. Brown. 1994. Structure, regulation and function of NF-kappa B. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol 10: 405-455.
86. Skorski, T., P. Kanakaraj, M. Nieborowska-Skorska, M.Z. Ratajczak, S.-C. Wen, G. Zon, A.M. Gerwitz, B. Perussia, and B. Calabretta. 1995. Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase activity is regulated by BCR/ABL and is required for the growth of Philadelphia Chromosome-positive cells. Blood 86: 726-736.
87. bcr-abl tyrosine kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 13137-13142.
88. Skorski, T., A. Bellacosa, M. Nieborowska-Skorska, M. Majewski, R. Martinez, J.K. Choi, R. Trotta, P. Wlodarksi, D. Perrotti, O.T. Chan, M.A. Wasik, P.N. Tsichlis, and B. Calabretta. 1997. Transformation of hematopoietic cells by BCR/ ABL requires activation of a PI-3κ/Akt-dependent pathway. EMBO J. 16: 6151-6161.
89. Songyang, Z., D. Baltimore, L.C. Cantley, D.R. Kaplan, and T.F. Franke. 1997. Interlcukin 3-dependent survival by the Akt protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 11345-11350.
90. Sovak, M.A., R. E. Bellas, D.W. Kin, G.J. Zanieski, A.E. Rogers, A.M. Traish, and G.E. Sonenshein. 1997. Aberrant nuclear factor-κB/Rel expression and the pathogenesis of breast cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 2952-2960.
91. Sun, S.-C., P.A. Ganchi, D.W. Ballard, and W.C. Greene. 1993. NF-κB controls expression of inhibitor IκBα: Evidence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway. Science 259: 1912-1915.
92. Thompson, C.B. 1995. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267: 1456-1462.
93. Tracnckner, E.B.-M., S. Wilk, and P.A. Baeuerle. 1994. A proteasome inhibitor prevents activation of NF-kappa B and stabilizes a newly phosphorylated form of I kappa B-alpha that is still bound to NF kappa B. EMBO J. 13: 5433-5441.
94. Traencker, E.B.-M., H.L. Pahl, T. Henkel, K.N. Schmidt, S. Wilk, and P.A. Baeuerle. 1995. Phosphorylation of human IκB-α on serines 32 and 36 controls IκB-α proteolysis and NF-κB activation in response to diverse stimuli. EMBO J. 14: 2876-2883.
95. Valtieri, M., D.J. Tweardy, D. Caracciolo, K. Johnson, F. Mavilio, S. Altmann, D. Santoli, and G. Rovera. 1987. Cytokine-dependent granulocytic differentiation: Regulation of proliferative and differentiative responses in a murine progenitor cell line. J. Immunol. 138: 3829-3835.
96. Van Antwerp, D.J.V., S.J. Martin, T. Kafri, D.R. Green, and I.M. Verma. 1996. Suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis by NF-κB. Science 274: 787-789.
97. Verma, I.M., J.K. Stevenson, E.M. Schwarz, D. Van Antwerp, and S. Miyamoto. 1995. Rel/NF-κB/IκB family: Intimate tales of association and dissociation. Genes & Dev. 9: 2723-2735.
98. Voncken, J.W., V. Kaartinen, P.K. Pattengale, W.T.V. Germeraad, J. Groffen, and N. Heisterkamp. 1995. BCR/ABL P210 and P190 cause distinct leukemia in transgenic mice. Blood 86: 4606-4611.
99. Wada, H., S. Mizutani, J. Nishimura, Y. Usuki, M. Kohsaki, M. Komai, H. Kaneko, S. Sakamoto, D. Delia, and A. Kanamaru. 1995. Establishment and molecular characterization of a novel leukemic cell line with Philadelphia chromosome expressing p230 BCR/ABL fusion protein. Cancer Res. 55: 3192-3196.
100. Wang, C.-Y., M.W. Mayo, and J.A.S. Baldwin. 1996. TNF-and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: Potentiation by inhibition of NF-κB. Science 274: 784-787.
101. Wesselborg, S., M.K.A. Bauer, M. Vogt, M.L. Schmitz, and K. Schulze-Osthoff. 1997. Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is mediated by distinct and separate stress effector pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12422-12429.
102. Whiteside, S.T., M.K. Ernst, O. LeBail, C. Laurent-Winter, N. Rice, and A. Israel. 1995. N-and C-terminal sequences control degradation of MAD3/IκBα in response to inducers of NF-κB activity. Mol Cell. Biol. 15: 5339-5345.
103. Whitlock, C.A. and O.N. Witte. 1982. Long term culture of B lymphocytes and their precursors from murine bone marrow. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79: 3608-3612.
104. Wong, K.K., X. Zou, K.T. Merrell, A.J. Patel, K.B. Marcu, S. Chellappan, and K. Calame. 1995. v-Abl activates c-myc transcription through the E2F site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 6535-6544.
105. Yoza, B.K., J.Y.Q. Hu, and C.E. McCall. 1996. Protein-tyrosine kinase activation is required for lipopolysaccharide induction of interleukin 1β and NF-κB activation, but not NF-κB nuclear translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 18306-18309.
106. Zabel, U, and P.A. Baeuerle. 1990. Purified human IκB can rapidly disocciate the complex of the NF-κB transcription factor with its cognate DNA. Cell 61: 255-265.
107. Zabel, U., T. Henkel, M.S. Silva, and P.A. Baeuerle. 1993. Nuclear uptake control of NF-kappa B by MAD-3, an I kappa B protein present in the nucleus. EMBO J. 12: 201-211.
108. Zou, X., S. Rudchenko, K. Wong, and K. Calame. 1997. Induction of c-myc transcription by the v-Abl tyrosine kinase requires Ras, Raf1, and cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes & Dev. 11: 654-662.