The modular nature of apoptotic signaling proteins

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 55, Issue 8-9, 1999, Pages 1113-1128

  Hofmann, K ^a  

^a Memorec Biotec GmbH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Controlled death; Modular; Structural studies

Indexed keywords

CASPASE; FAS ANTIGEN;

APOPTOSIS; PHENOTYPE; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW;

EID: 0032807406     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000180050361     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. 1 Kerr J. F., Wyllie A. H. and Currie A. R. (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26: 239-257
2. 2 Majno G. and Joris I. (1995) Apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 146: 3-15
3. 3 Hart S. P., Haslett C. and Dransfield I. (1996) Recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Experientia 52: 950-956
4. 4 Clarke P. G. (1990) Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 181: 195-213
5. 5 Rubin L. L. (1997) Neuronal cell death: when, why and how. Br. Med. Bull. 53: 617-631
6. 6 Sanders E. J. and Wride M. A. (1995) Programmed cell death in development. Int. Rev. Cytol. 163: 105-173
7. 7 King L. B. and Ashwell J. D. (1994) Thymocyte and T cell apoptosis: is all death created equal? Thymus 23: 209-230
8. 8 Yonish-Rouach E. (1996) The p53 tumour suppressor gene: a mediator of a G1 growth arrest and of apoptosis. Experientia 52: 1001-1007
9. 9 Bellamy C. O. (1997) p53 and apoptosis. Br. Med. Bull. 53: 522-538
10. 10 Morgan S. E. and Kastan M. B. (1997) p53 and ATM: cell cycle, cell death and cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 71: 1-25
11. 11 Clutton S. (1997) The importance of oxidative stress in apoptosis. Br. Med. Bull. 53: 662-668
12. 12 Buttke T. M. and Sandstrom P. A. (1994) Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol. Today 15: 7-10
13. 13 Mittler R. and Lam E. (1996) Sacrifice in the face of foes: pathogen-induced programmed cell death in plants. Trends Microbiol. 4: 10-15
14. 14 Greenberg J. T. (1996) Programmed cell death: a way of life for plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 12094-12097
15. 15 Hardwick J. M. (1998) Viral interference with apoptosis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 9: 339-349
16. 16 Cuff S. and Ruby J. (1996) Evasion of apoptosis by DNA viruses. Immunol. Cell Biol. 74: 527-537
17. 17 Tschopp J., Thome M., Hofmann K. and Meinl E. (1998) The fight of viruses against apoptosis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8: 82-87
18. 18 Hetts S. W. (1998) To die or not to die: an overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 279: 300-307
19. 19 Lee J. M. and Bernstein A. (1995) Apoptosis, cancer and the p53 tumour suppressor gene. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 14: 149-161
20. 20 Chresta C. M., Arriola E. L. and Hickman J. A. (1996) Apoptosis and cancer chemotherapy. Behring Inst. Mitt. 232-240.
21. 21 Lutzker S. G. and Levine A. J. (1996) Apoptosis and cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat. Res. 87: 345-356
22. 22 Bold R. J., Termuhlen P. M. and McConkey D. J. (1997) Apoptosis, cancer and cancer therapy. Surg. Oncol. 6: 133-142
23. 23 Baker S. J. and Reddy E. P. (1996) Transducers of life and death: TNF receptor superfamily and associated proteins. Oncogene 12: 1-19
24. 24 Darnay B. G. and Aggarwal B. B. (1997) Early events in TNF signaling: a story of associations and dissociations. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61: 559-566
25. 25 Schulze-Osthoff K., Ferrari D., Los M., Wesselborg S. and Peter M. E. (1998) Apoptosis signaling by death receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 254: 439-459
26. 26 Nagata S. (1997) Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 88: 355-365
27. 27 Wallach D., Boldin M., Varfolomeev E., Beyaert R., Vandenabeele P. and Fiers W. (1997) Cell death induction by receptors of the TNF family: towards a molecular understanding. FEBS Lett. 410: 96-106
28. 28 Cohen G. M. (1997) Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem. J. 326: 1-16
29. 29 Salvesen G. S. and Dixit V. M. (1997) Caspases: intracellular signaling by proteolysis. Cell 91: 443-446
30. 30 Kroemer G., Dallaporta B. and Resche-Rigon M. (1998) The mitochondrial death life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 619-642
31. 31 Mignotte B. and Vayssiere J. L. (1998) Mitochondria and apoptosis. Eur. J. Biochem. 252: 1-15
32. 32 Hawkins C. J. and Vaux D. L. (1997) The role of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulatory proteins in the immune system. Semin. Immunol. 9: 25-33
33. 33 Newton K. and Strasser A. (1998) The Bcl-2 family and cell death regulation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8: 68-75
34. 34 Chao D. T. and Korsmeyer S. J. (1998) BCL-2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16: 395-419
35. 35 Tartaglia L. A., Ayres T. M., Wong G. H. and Goeddel D. V. (1993) A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death. Cell 74: 845-853
36. 36 Itoh N. and Nagata S. (1993) A novel protein domain required for apoptosis. Mutational analysis of human Fas antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 10932-10937
37. 37 Banner D. W., D'Arcy A., Janes W., Gentz R., Schoenfeld H. J., Broger C. et al. (1993) Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kd TNF receptor-human TNF beta complex: implications for TNF receptor activation. Cell 73: 431-445
38. 38 Blobel C. P. (1997) Metalloprotease-disintegrins: links to cell adhesion and cleavage of TNF alpha and Notch. Cell 90: 589-592
39. 39 Moss M. L., Jin S. L., Becherer J. D., Bickett D. M., Burkhart W., Chen W. J. et al. (1997) Structural features and biochemical properties of TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). J. Neuroimmunol. 72: 127-129
40. 40 Warzocha K., Bienvenu J., Coiffier B. and Salles G. (1995) Mechanisms of action of the tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin ligand-receptor system. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 6: 83-96
41. 41 Watanabe-Fukunaga R., Brannan C. I., Copeland N. G., Jenkins N. A. and Nagata S. (1992) Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314-317
42. 42 Boldin M. P., Varfolomeev E. E., Paneer Z., Mett I. L., Camonis J. H. and Wallach D. (1995) A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Fas/APOI contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 7795-7798
43. 43 Chinnaiyan A. M., O'Rourke K., Tewari M. and Dixit V. M. (1995) FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell 81: 505-512
44. 44 Stanger B. Z., Leder P., Lee T. H., Kim E. and Seed B. (1995) RIP: a novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with Fas/APO-I (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death. Cell 81: 513-523
45. 45 Hsu H., Xiong J. and Goeddel D. V. (1995) The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappa B activation. Cell 81: 495-504
46. 46 Hsu H., Huang J., Shu H. B., Baichwal V. and Goeddel D. V. (1996) TNF-dependent recruitment of the protein kinase RIP to the TNF receptor-1 signaling complex. Immunity 4: 387-396
47. 47 Chinnaiyan A. M., Tepper C. G., Seldin M. F., O'Rourke K., Kischkel F. C., Hellbardt S. et al. (1996) FADD/ MORTI is a common mediator of CD95 (Fas, APO-I) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4961-4965
48. 48 Varfolomeev E. E., Boldin M. P., Goncharov T. M. and Wallach D. (1996) A potential mechanism of 'cross-talk' between the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor and Fas/ APOI: proteins binding to the death domains of the two receptors also bind to each other. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1271-1275
49. 49 Altschul S. F., Gish W., Miller W., Myers E. W. and Lipman D. J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410
50. 50 Bucher P., Karplus K., Moeri N. and Hofmann K. (1996) A flexible motif search technique based on generalized profiles. Comput. Chem. 20: 3-23
51. 51 Hofmann K. and Tschopp J. (1995) The death domain motif found in Fas (Apo-I) and TNF receptor is present in proteins involved in apoptosis and axonal guidance. FEBS Lett. 371: 321-323
52. 52 Feinstein E., Kimchi A., Wallach D., Boldin M. and Varfolomeev E. (1995) The death domain: a module shared by proteins with diverse cellular functions [letter]. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20: 342-344
53. 53 Duan H. and Dixit V. M. (1997) RAIDD is a new 'death' adaptor molecule. Nature 385: 86-89
54. 54 Bodmer J. L., Burns K., Schneider P., Hofmann K., Steiner V., Thome M. et al. (1997) TRAMP, a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor with sequence homology to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas(Apo-I/CD95). Immunity 6: 79-88
55. 55 Chinnaiyan A. M., O'Rourke K., Yu G. L., Lyons R. H., Garg M., Duan D. R. et al. (1996) Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95. Science 274: 990-992
56. 56 Kitson J., Raven T., Jiang Y. P., Goeddel D. V., Giles K. M., Pun K. T. et al. (1996) A death-domain-containing receptor that mediates apoptosis. Nature 384: 372-375
57. 57 Pan G., O'Rourke K., Chinnaiyan A. M., Gentz R., Ebner R., Ni J. et al. (1997) The receptor for the cytoloxic ligand TRAIL. Science 276: 111-113
58. 58 Walczak H., Degli-Esposti M. A., Johnson R. S., Smolak P. J., Waugh J. Y., Boiani N. et al. (1997) TRAIL-R2: a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J. 16: 5386-5397
59. 59 MacFarlane M., Ahmad M., Srinivasula S. M., Fernandes-Alnemri T., Cohen G. M. and Alnemri E. S. (1997) Identification and molecular cloning of two novel receptors for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25417-25420
60. 60 Schneider P., Bodmer J. L., Thome M., Hofmann K., Holler N. and Tschopp J. (1997) Characterization of two receptors for TRAIL. FEBS Lett. 416: 329-334
61. 61 Pan G., Ni J., Wei Y. F., Yu G., Gentz R. and Dixit V. M. (1997) An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL [see comments]. Science 277: 815-818
62. 62 Simonet W. S., Lacey D. L., Dunstan C. R., Kelley M., Chang M. S., Luthy R. et al. (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density [see comments]. Cell 89: 309-319
63. 63 Eddy S. R. (1998) Profile Hidden Markov Models. Bioinformatics 14: 755-763
64. 64 Huang B., Eberstadt M., Olejniczak E. T., Meadows R. P. and Fesik S. W. (1996) NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-I/CD95) death domain. Nature 384: 638-641
65. 65 Liang H. and Fesik S. W. (1997) Three-dimensional structures of proteins involved in programmed cell death. J. Mol. Biol. 274: 291-302
66. 66 Liepinsh E., Ilag L. L., Otting G. and Ibanez C. F. (1997) NMR structure of the death domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. EMBO J. 16: 4999-5005
67. 67 O'Neill L. A. and Greene C. (1998) Signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: ancient signaling machinery in mammals, insects and plants. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63: 650-657
68. 68 Belvin M. P. and Anderson K. V. (1996) A conserved signaling pathway: the Drosophila toll-dorsal pathway. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12: 393-416
69. 69 Wesche H., Henzel W. J., Shillinglaw W., Li S. and Cao Z. (1997) MyD88: an adapter that recruits IRAK to the IL-1 receptor complex. Immunity 7: 837-847
70. 70 Muzio M., Ni J., Feng P. and Dixit V. M. (1997) IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling. Science 278: 1612-1615
71. 71 Burns K., Martinon F., Esslinger C., Pahl H., Schneider P., Bodmer J. L. et al. (1998) MyD88, an adapter protein involved in interleukin-1 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 12203-12209
72. 72 Schneider P., Thome M., Burns K., Bodmer J. L., Hofmann K., Kataoka T. et al. (1997) TRAIL receptors 1 (DR4) and 2 (DR5) signal FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate NF-kappaB. Immunity 7: 831-836
73. 73 Liu Z. G., Hsu H., Goeddel D. V. and Karin M. (1996) Dissection of TNF receptor 1 effector functions: JNK activation is not linked to apoptosis while NF-kappaB activation prevents cell death. Cell 87: 565-576
74. 74 Boldin M. P., Goncharov T. M., Goltsev Y. V. and Wallach D. (1996) Involvement of MACH, a novel MORTI/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-I-and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85: 803-815
75. 75 Muzio M., Chinnaiyan A. M., Kischkel F. C., O'Rourke K., Shevchenko A., Ni J. et al. (1996) FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-I) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85: 817-827
76. 76 Muzio M., Stockwell B. R., Stennicke H. R., Salvesen G. S. and Dixit V. M. (1998) An induced proximity model for caspase-8 activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 2926-2930
77. 77 Thome M., Schneider P., Hofmann K., Fickenscher H., Meinl E., Neipel F. et al. (1997) Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386: 517-521
78. 78 Bertin J., Armstrong R. C., Ottilie S., Martin D. A., Wang Y., Banks S. et al. (1997) Death effector domain-containing herpesvirus and poxvirus proteins inhibit both Fas-and TNFRI-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1172-1176
79. 79 Hu S., Vincenz C., Buller M. and Dixit V. M. (1997) A novel family of viral death effector domain-containing molecules that inhibit both CD-95-and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 9621-9624
80. 80 Irmler M., Thome M., Hahne M., Schneider P., Hofmann K., Steiner V. et al. (1997) Inhibition of death receptor signals by cellular FLIP [see comments]. Nature 388: 190-195
81. 81 Goltsev Y. V., Kovalenko A. V., Arnold E., Varfolomeev E. E., Brodianskii V. M. and Wallach D. (1997) CASH, a novel caspase homologue with death effector domains. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 19641-19644
82. 82 Han D. K., Chaudhary P. M., Wright M. E., Friedman C., Trask B. J., Riedel R. T. et al. (1997) MRIT, a novel death-effector domain-containing protein, interacts with caspases and BclXL and initiates cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11333-11338
83. 83 Inohara N., Koseki T., Hu Y., Chen S. and Nunez G. (1997) CLARP, a death effector domain-containing protein interacts with caspase-8 and regulates apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 10717-10722
84. 84 Rasper D. M., Vaillacourt J. P., Hadano S., Houtzager V. M., Seiden I., Keen S. L. C. et al. (1998) Cell death attenuation by usurpin, a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the Cd-95 (Fas, Apo-I) receptor complex. Cell Death Diff. 5: 271-288
85. 85 Hofmann K., Bucher P. and Tschopp J. (1997) The CARD domain: a new apoptotic signalling motif. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22: 155-156
86. 86 Eberstadt M., Huang B., Chen Z., Meadows R. P., Ng S. C., Zheng L. et al. (1998) NMR structure and mutagenesis of the FADD (Mortl) death-effector domain. Nature 392: 941-945
87. 87 McCarthy J. V., Ni J. and Dixit V. M. (1998) RIP2 is a novel NF-kappaB-activating and cell death-inducing kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 16968-16975
88. 88 Inohara N., del Peso L., Koscki T., Chen S. and Nunez G. (1998) RICK, a novel protein kinase containing a caspase recruitment domain, interacts with CLARP and regulates CD95-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 12296-12300
89. 89 Thome M., Hofmann K., Burns K., Martinon F., Bodmer J. L., Mattmann C. et al. (1998) Identification of CARDIAK, a RIP-like kinase that associates with caspase-1. Curr. Biol. 8: 885-888
90. 90 Chinnaiyan A. M., O'Rourke K., Lane B. R. and Dixit V. M. (1997) Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9; a molecular framework for cell death [see comments]. Science 275: 1122-1126
91. 91 Irmler M., Hofmann K., Vaux D. and Tschopp J. (1997) Direct physical interaction between the Caenorhabditis elegans 'death proteins' CED-3 and CED-4. FEBS Lett. 406: 189-190
92. 92 Zou H., Henzel W.J., Liu X., Lutschg A. and Wang X. (1997) Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3. Cell 90: 405-413
93. 93 Pan G., O'Rourke K. and Dixit V. M. (1998) Caspase-9, BcI-XL, and Apaf-1 form a ternary complex. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5841-5845
94. 94 Rothe M., Pan M. G., Henzel W. J., Ayres T. M. and Goeddel D. V. (1995) The TNFR2-TRAF signaling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Cell 83: 1243-1252
95. 95 Uren A. G., Pakusch M., Hawkins C. J., Puls K. L. and Vaux D. L. (1996) Cloning and expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein homologs that function to inhibit apoptosis and or bind tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4974-4978
96. 96 Rost B. (1996) PHD: predicting one-dimensional protein structure by profile-based neural networks. Methods Enzymol. 266: 525-539
97. 97 Chou J. J., Matsuo H., Duan H. and Wagner G. (1998) Solution structure of the RAIDD CARD and model for CARD/CARD interaction in caspase-2 and caspase-9 recruitment. Cell 94: 171-180
98. 98 Luo X., Budihardjo I., Zou H., Slaughter C. and Wang X. (1998) Bid, a Bcl2 interacting protein, mediates cytochrome c release from mitochondria in response to activation of cell surface death receptors. Cell 94: 481-490
99. 99 Li H., Zhu H., C., X. and Yuan J. (1998) Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell 94: 491-501
100. 100 Thornberry N. A., Rano T. A., Peterson E. P., Rasper D. M., Timkey T., Garcia-Calvo M. et al. (1997) A combinatorial approach defines specificities of members of the caspase family and granzyme B. Functional relationships established for key mediators of apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 17907-17911
101. 101 Talanian R. V., Quinlan C., Trautz S., Hackett M. C., Mankovich J. A., Banach D. et al. (1997) Substrate specificities of caspase family proteases. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 9677-9682
102. 102 Srinivasula S. M., Ahmad M., Fernandes-Alnemri T. and Alnemri E. S. (1998) Autoactivation of procaspase-9 by Apaf-1-mediated oligomerization. Mol. Cells 1: 949-957
103. 103 Bairoch A., Bucher P. and Hermann K. (1997) The PROSITE database, its status in 1997. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 217-221
104. 104 Sonnhammer E. L., Eddy S. R. and Durbin R. (1997) Pfam: a comprehensive database of protein domain families based on seed alignments. Proteins 28: 405-420
105. 105 Chen P., Lee P., Otto L. and Abrams J. (1996) Apoptotic activity of REAPER is distinct from signaling by the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 death domain. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 25735-25737
106. 106 Bauer M. K., Wesselborg S. and Schulze-Osthoff K. (1997) The Caenorhabditis elegans death protein Ced-4 contains a motif with similarity to the mammalian 'death effector domain'. FEBS Lett. 402: 256-258
107. 107 Nagata S. (1996) Apoptosis: telling cells their time is up. Curr. Biol. 6: 1241-1243
108. 108 Saitou N. and Nei M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 406-425