Estrogen and Alzheimer's disease: The story so far

Drugs and Aging

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 405-427

  Cholerton, Brenna ^a,b   Gleason, Carey E ^c,d   Baker, Laura D ^a,b   Asthana, Sanjay ^a,c,d  

^a VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c WILLIAM S MIDDLETON MEMORIAL VETERANS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADRENALIN; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT; DOPAMINE; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; NORADRENALIN; PHYTOESTROGEN; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; SEROTONIN; TESTOSTERONE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ESTROGEN THERAPY; GENOMICS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; LEARNING; LIPID METABOLISM; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NEUROTROPISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SYNAPTOGENESIS; VASCULAR DISEASE; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 0036350741     PISSN: 1170229X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200219060-00002     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Treatment of osteoporosis
2. Role of hormone replacement in cardiovascular disease
3. Ovarian steroids and the brain: Implications for cognition and aging
4. The role of estrogen in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
5. The central nervous system and HRT
6. Prospects for pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer's disease
7. The women's health initiative: Estrogen replacement therapy is neurotrophic and neuroprotective
8. Use of estrogens for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease
9. The role of estrogen deficiency in the aging central nervous system
10. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and risk of AD: A population-based study
11. Estrogen use and early onset Alzheimer's disease: A population-based study
12. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
13. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease
14. Lack of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of dementia
15. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial
16. Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
17. Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: A controlled study
18. Clinical review 108: The molecular and neuroanatomical basis for estrogen effects in the central nervous system
19. Estrogen effects on the brain: Multiple sites and molecular mechanisms
20. The human forebrain has discrete estrogen receptor alpha messenger RNA expression: High levels in the amygdaloid complex
21. Estrogen modulates neuronal Bcl-xl expression and beta amyloid-induced apoptosis
22. Estrgoen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons
23. Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain
24. Estrogen binding and estrogen receptor characterization (ER alpha and ER beta) in the cholinergic neurons of the rat basal forebrain
25. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta
26. The estrogen receptor beta subtype: A novel mediator of estrogen action in neuroendocrine systems
27. Differential expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons
28. Distribution of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) mRNA in hypothalamus, midbrain and temporal lobe of spayed macaque: Continued expression with hormone replacement
29. Similar levels of long-term potentiation in amyloid precursor protein-null and wildtype mice in the CA1 region of picrotoxin treated slices
30. Generation of aggregated beta-amyloid in the rat hippocampus impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity and causes memory deficits
31. Neuronal-glial interactions mediated by interleukin-1 enhance neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity and mRNA expression
32. Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a functional target of nefiracetam in inducing a long-lasting facilitation of hippocampal neurotransmission
33. Synaptic transmission and hippocampal long-term potentiation in transgenic mice expressing FAD-linked presenilin 1
34. Enhanced synaptic potentiation in transgenic mice expressing presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutation is normalized with benzodiazepine
35. Long-term and short-term electrophysioloical effects of estrogen on the synaptic properties of hippocampal CA1 neurons
36. Estrogen facilitates induction of long term potentiation in the hippocampus of awake rats
37. The tyrosine kinase and mitogen-activated protein-kinase pathways mediate multiple effects of estrogen in hippocampus
38. Glutamate receptor requirement for neuronal death from anoxia-reoxygenation: An in-vitro model for assessment of the neuroprotective effects of estrogen
39. 17Beta-estradiol enhances NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs and long-term potentiation
40. Equilin, a principle component of the estrogen replacement therapy Premarin, increases the growth of cortical neurons via an NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism
41. How does cerebrovascular disease cause dementia?
42. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease: The NUN study
43. Alzheimer's disease: Protective factors
44. Ovarian hormones and circulation
45. Evaluation of estrogen treatment in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type
46. Hormonal status affects the reactivity of the cerebral vasculature
47. Modulation of cognition-specific cortical activity by gonadal steroids: A positron-emission tomography study in women
48. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological performance
49. Effect of estrogen on brain activation patterns in postmenopausal women during working memory tasks
50. Longitudinal effects of estrogen replacement therapy on PET cerebral blood flow and cognition
51. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study
52. Increased risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism during hormone replacement therapy - Results of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled estrogen in venous thromboembolism trial (EVTET)
53. Ovarian hormones differentially influence immunoreactivity for dopamine beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and serotonin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of adult rhesus monkeys
54. Oestrogen and the cholinergic hypothesis: Implications for oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women
55. Estradiol potentiates acetylcholine and glutamate-mediated post-trial memory processing in the hippocampus
56. Estrogen and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: Implications for brain aging and Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive decline
57. Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats
58. Fluctuations in relative levels of choline acetyl-transferase mRNA in different regions of the rat basal forerain across the estrous cycle: Effects of estrogen and progesterone
59. Role of estrogen replacement therapy in memory enhancement and the prevention of neuronal loss associated with Alzheimer's disease
60. Oestradiol 17beta increases the number of muscarinic receptors in hypothalamic nuclei
61. Estrogen and estrogen-progesterone treatments counteract the effect of scopolamine on reinforced T-maze alternation in female rats
62. Estrogen replacement attenuates effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on memory acquisition and retention
63. Estrogen replacement enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task and reduces deficits associated with hippocampal muscarinic receptor inhibition
64. Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function
65. The serotonin transporter in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease
66. Treating depression in Alzheimer's disease: Integration of differing guidelines
67. Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor binding in platelets from patients with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia
68. Effect of tamoxifen on serotonin transporter and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor binding sites and mRNA levels in the brain of ovariectomized rats with or without acute estradiol replacement
69. Effects of chronic 17 beta-estradiol treatment on the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mRNA and binding levels in the rat brain
70. Effect of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine, ovariectomy and gonadal steroids on serotonin receptor binding in rat brain
71. Reduced density of dopamine D2-like receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes in Alzheimer's disease
72. Alterations of striatal dopamine receptor binding in Alzheimer disease are associated with Lewy Body pathology and antemortem psychosis
73. Positive association between an estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson's disease with dementia
74. Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons
75. Ovarian steroids and raloxifene prevent MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mice
76. Estrogen improves motor disability in parkinsonian postmenopausal women with motor fluctuations
77. Cerebrospinal fluid epinephrine in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging
78. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical and sympathetic nervous system responses to the cold pressor test in Alzheimer's disease
79. The metabolism of plasma glucose and catecholamines in Alzheimer's disease
80. Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid catechols support increased central noradrenergic responsiveness in aging and Alzheimer's disease
81. Nongenomic inhibition of catecholamine secretion by 17-beta estradiol in PC12 cells
82. Effects of chronic oestrogen replacement on stress-induced activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis control pathways
83. Postmenopausal hormone replacement: Effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune reactivity to brief psychological stressors
84. Sympathoadrenal response of postmenopausal women prior and during prolonged administration of estradiol
85. Estrogen supplementation attenuates glucocorticoid and catecholamine responses to mental stress in perimenopausal women
86. Gender differences in diurnal growth hormone and epinephrine values in young adults during ambulation
87. Alterations in glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease
88. Insulin regulates soluble amyloid precursor protein release via phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase-dependent pathway
89. Brain glucose and energy metabolism abnormalities in sporadic Alzheimer disease. Causes and consequences: An update
90. Enhancement of memory in Alzheimer's disease with insulin and somatostatin, but not glucose
91. Insulin effects on glucose metabolism, memory, and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease differ according to apolipoprotein-E genotype
92. Insulin metabolism in Alzheimer's disease differs according to apolipoprotein-E genotype and gender
93. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma insulin levels in Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to severity of dementia and apolipoprotein E genotype
94. Acute administration of high doses of estrogen increases glucose utilization throughout the brain
95. Effects of oral and transdermal 17beta-estradiol with cyclical oral norethindrone acetate on insulin sensitivity, secretion, and elimination in postmenopausal women
96. Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: Temporal aspects of neuronal vulnerability
97. Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates
98. Glucocorticoids, stress, and their adverse neurological effects: Relevance to aging
99. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders
100. Increased glucocorticoid production and altered cortisol metabolism in women with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
101. Variability of interactions between neuroendocrine and immunological functions in physiological aging and dementia of the Alzheimer's type
102. Glucocorticoid regulation of insulin receptor and substrate IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle in vivo
103. Relationships among cortisol (CRT), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), and memory in a longitudinal study of healthy elderly men and women
104. Relationships between cortisol, dehydroepianandrosterone sulphate and insulin-like growth factor-1 system in dementia
105. Hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in demented patients with delirium
106. Increased CSF cortisol in AD is a function of APOE genotype
107. Opposing effects of androgen and estrogen on pituitary-adrenal function in non-pregnant primates
108. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the circadian rhythms of serum cortisol and body temperature in postmenopausal women
109. The effects of 3-week estrogen hormone replacement on cognition in elderly healthy females
110. Cognitive skills associated with estrogen replacement in women with Alzheimer's disease
111. Estrogen replacement therapy and memory in older women
112. Enhanced cognitive performance with estrogen use in nondemented community-dwelling older women
113. Cognitive function in non-demented older women who took estrogen after menopause
114. Observations in a preliminary open trial of estradiol therapy for senile dementia-Alzheimer's type
115. In vivo effects by estrone sulfate on the central nervous system-senile dementia (Alzheimer's type)
116. Low-dose estrogen replacement therapy for Alzheimer disease in women
117. Long-term estrogen replacement therapy in female patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type: 7 case reports
118. High dose estradiol improves cognition for women with AD: Results of a randomized study
119. Cognitive and neuroendocrine response to transdermal estrogen in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease: Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study
120. An effect of conjugated estrogen to cognitive impairment in women with senile dementia-Alzheimer's type: A placebo-controlled double blind study
121. HRT and dementia
122. Lifelong estrogen exposure and cognitive performance in elderly women
123. Variations in sex-related cognitive abilities across the menstrual cycle
124. Memory functioning at menopause: Impact of age in ovariectomized women
125. Use of estrogen in young girls with Turner syndrome
126. Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population
127. Estrogen improves working but not reference memory and prevents amnestic effects of scopolamine on a radial-arm maze
128. Estradiol facilitates performance as working memory load increases
129. Estrogen and NMDA receptor antagonism: Effects upon reference and working memory
130. Long-term deprivation of oestrogens by ovariectomy potentiates beta-amyloid-induced working memory deficit in rats
131. Estradiol enhances learning and memory in a spatial memory task and effects levels of monoaminergic neurotransmitters
132. Spatial working memory and hippocampal size across pregnancy in rats
133. Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia: A potential role for estrogen receptors
134. Estradiol upregulates Bcl-2 expression in adult brain neurons
135. Increased synaptic sprouting in response to estrogen via an apolipoprotein E-dependent mechanism: Implications for Alzheimer's disease
136. Interaction between estrogen receptor I and the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E increases the risk for familial Alzheimer's disease in women
137. Lack of an association of estrogen receptor [alpha] gene polymorphisms and transcriptional activity with Alzheimer's disease
138. Estrogen up-regulates apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression by increasing ApoE mRNA in the translating pool via the estrogen receptor alpha-mediated pathway
139. Role of apolipoprotein E and estrogen in mossy fiber sprouting in hippocampal slice cultures
140. Estrogen use, apoE, and cognitive decline
141. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent amyloid deposition and neuritic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
142. 17-Beta estradiol protects neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death in vitro
143. Estrogens as antioxidants
144. Amyloid beta-protein toxicity and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease
145. Antioxidant properties of steroids
146. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons
147. Estrogen protects primary cortical neurons from glutamate toxicity
148. Anti-oxidative neuroprotection by estrogens in mouse cortical cultures
149. Antioxidant protection of LDL by physiologic concentrations of estrogens is specific for 17beta-estradiol
150. Oestrogen and inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women
151. Cardioprotective effects of individual conjugated equine estrogens through their possible modulation of insulin resistance and oxidation of low-density lipoprotein
152. Alzheimer's disease: Clinical treatment options
153. Antioxidant activities of estrogens against aqueous and lipophilic radicals; differences between phenol and catechol estrogens
154. The antioxidant neuroprotective effects of estrogens and phenolic compounds are independent from their estrogenic properties
155. The effects of 17beta-estradiol and alpha-tocopherol on the oxidation of LDL cholesterol from postmenopausal women and the minor effect of gamma-tocopherol and melatonin
156. The cell biology of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin in Alzheimer's disease
157. Origins of Alzheimer's disease: A is for amyloid
158. The genetics and molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease - Roles of amyloid and the presenilins
159. Estrogen regulates metabolism of Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein
160. Effect of estradiol on neuronal Swedish-mutated beta-amyloid precursor protein metabolism: Reversal by astrocytic cells
161. Estradiol protects against beta-amyloid (25-35)-induced toxicity in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells
162. Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides
163. Estrogen enhances uptake of amyloid beta-protein by microglia derived from the human cortex
164. Ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain
165. Estrogen protects peripheral and cerebral blood vessels from toxicity of Alzheimer peptide amyloid-beta and inflammatory reaction
166. Vascular actions of estrogen and Alzheimer's disease
167. 17 Beta-estradiol enhances the outgrowth and survival of neocortical neurons in culture
168. Estrogen-induced alterations in synaptic morphology in the midbrain central gray
169. Roles of estradiol and progesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the estrous cycle in the rat
170. Estrogen-mediated structural and functional synaptic plasticity in the female rat hippocampus
171. Synaptogenic action of sex steroids in developing and adult neuroendocrine brain
172. Ovarian steroidal control of connectivity in the female hippocampus: An overview of recent experimental findings and speculations on its functional consequences
173. Gonadal steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood
174. Volume and number of neurons of the human hippocampal formation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease
175. Neuroprotective effects of estrogens: Potential mechanisms of action
176. Estrogen receptor alpha rapidly activates the IGF-1 receptor pathway
177. Estrogen receptors and insulin-like growth factor-I receptors mediate estrogen-dependent synaptic plasticity
178. Estradiol and progesterone regulate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in the hypothalamus of adult female rats
179. Homocysteine and neurologic disease
180. Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer's disease
181. Total homocysteine in plasma and amniotic fluid of pregnant women
182. Serum total homocysteine in plasma concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
183. A randomized controlled study of the effects of 17beta-estradiol-dydrogesterone on plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women
184. Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer's disease: A review
185. Factors associated with cognitive impairment among older Italian inpatients
186. Decline in cognitive performance in aging twins: Heritability and biobehavioral predictors from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study
187. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipids in type II diabetes
188. Mechanism regulating LDL metabolism in subjects on peroral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy
189. A prospective one-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women: Effects on clinical symptoms and lipoprotein lipids
190. Effect of menopause on low-density lipoprotein oxidation: Is oestrogen an important determinant?
191. Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy
192. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects
193. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women
194. Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive decline in memory-impaired postmenopausal women
195. Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging
196. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease
197. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzeimer's disease: A population-based case-control study
198. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy, are users healthier than nonusers?
199. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias
200. Evidence for a healthy estrogen user survivor effect
201. Differences in pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability between Premarin and Estratab in healthy postmenopausal women
202. Pharmacology of estrogens
203. Serum estrogen levels, cognitive performance, and risk of cognitive decline in older community women
204. Cognitive function and endogenous sex hormones in older women
205. Endogenous estrogen levels and Alzheimer's disease among postmenopausal women
206. Associations between circulating sex steroid hormones and cognition in normal elderly women
207. Cognitive decline in women in relation to non-protein-bound oestradiol concentrations
208. Chronic treatment with oestradiol does not alter in vitro LTP in subfield CA1 of the female rat hippocampus
209. The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in post-menopausal women: A meta-analysis
210. Hormonal interventions with psychopharmacological potential: An overview
211. Estradiol and progesterone regulate neuronal structure and synaptic connectivity in adult as well as developing brain
212. Long-term treatment with estrogen and progesterone enhances acquisition of a spatial memory task by ovariectomized aged rats
213. The effects of hormone replacement therapy, lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and other factors on a clock drawing task in older women
214. Postmenopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin use and 2-year rate of cognitive change in a cohort of older Japanese American women: The Kame Project
215. Relationship of pregnanediol level to cognitive behavior and mood
216. Structure-function relationships, potency, and pharmacokinetics of progestagens
217. Exogenous androgens in postmenopausal women
218. Testosterone reduces neuronal secretion of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptides
219. Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men
220. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men
221. Raloxifene: A new choice for treating and preventing osteoporosis
222. Selective estrogen receptor modulators: Women's panacea for the next millennium?
223. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators - Current and future brain and behaviour applications
224. Cognitive function in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene
225. Evidence for up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA by soy phytoestrogens in the frontal cortex of retired breeder female rats
226. Synergistic inhibition of LDL oxidation by phytoestrogens and ascorbic acid
227. Modest hormonal effects of soy isoflavones in postmenopausal women