Advances in immunopharmacology of asthma

Biochemical Pharmacology

Volumn 59, Issue 11, 2000, Pages 1323-1335

  Wong, W S Fred ^a   Koh, Diana S K ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Heparin; IL 5; IL 4; Immunoglobulin E; NF B; Phosphodiesterases; Protein tyrosine kinase

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP; HEPARIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV INHIBITOR; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEOGLYCAN; STAT PROTEIN;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; HELPER CELL; INFLAMMATORY CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0034213773     PISSN: 00062952     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00378-0     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Shirakawa T., Enomoto T., Shimazu S., Hopkin J.M. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science. 275:1997;77-79.
2. 2-agonists . Lancet. 337:1991;717-720.
3. Barnes P.J. Pathophysiology of asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 42:1996;3-10.
4. H2-like' cells in allergy and asthma Pharmacological perspectives . Trends Pharmacol Sci. 15:1994;324-332.
5. Shi H., Qin S., Huang G., Chen Y., Xiao C., Xu H., Liang G., Xie Z., Qin X., Wu J., Li G., Zhang C. Infiltration of eosinophils into the asthmatic airways caused by interleukin 5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 16:1997;220-224.
6. Metcalfe D.D., Baram D., Mekori Y.A. Mast cells. Physiol Rev. 77:1997;1033-1079.
7. Tyrell D.J., Kilfeather S., Page C.P. Therapeutic uses of heparin beyond its traditional role as an anticoagulant. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 16:1995;198-204.
8. Torphy T.J. Phosphodiesterase isozymes Molecular targets for novel antiasthma agents . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157:1998;351-370.
9. Sanchez-Mejorada G., Rosales C. Signal transduction by immunoglobulin Fc receptors. J Leukoc Biol. 63:1998;521-533.
10. Decker T., Meinke A. Jaks Stats and the immune system . Immunobiology. 198:1997;99-111.
11. Barnes P.J., Adcock I.M. NF-κB A pivotal role in asthma and a new target for therapy . Trends Pharmacol Sci. 18:1997;46-50.
12. Yamaguchi M., Sayama K., Yano K., Lantz C.S., Noben-Trauth N., Ra C., Costa J.J., Galli S.J. IgE enhances Fcε receptor I expression and IgE-dependent release of histamine and lipid mediators from human umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells Synergistic effect of IL-4 and IgE on human mast cell Fcε receptor I expression and mediator release . J Immunol. 162:1999;5455-5465.
13. Lalani T., Simmons R.K., Ahmed A.R. Biology of IL-5 in health and disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 82:1999;317-333.
14. Shi H.Z., Deng J.M., Xu H., Nong Z.X., Xiao C.Q., Liu Z.M., Qin S.M., Jiang H.X., Liu G.N., Chen Y.Q. Effect of inhaled interleukin-4 on airway hyperreactivity in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157:1998;1818-1821.
15. Humbert M., Durham S.R., Ying S., Kimmitt P., Barkans J., Assoufi B., Pfister R., Menz G., Robinson D.S., Kay A.B., Corrigan C.J. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from patients with atopic and non-atopic asthma Evidence against "intrinsic" asthma being a distinct immunopathologic entity . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 154:1996;1497-1504.
16. Yasruel Z., Humbert M., Kotsimbos T.C., Ploysongsang Y., Minshall E., Durham S.R., Pfister R., Menz G., Tavernier J., Kay A.B., Hamid Q. Membrane-bound and soluble αIL-5 receptor mRNA in the bronchial mucosa of atopic and nonatopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;1413-1418.
17. Motojima S., Akutsu I., Fukuda T., Makino S., Takatsu K. Clinical significance of measuring levels of sputum and serum ECP and serum IL-5 in bronchial asthma. Allergy. 48:1993;98-106.
18. Kruse N., Tony H.P., Sebald W. Conversion of human interleukin-4 into a high affinity antagonist by a single amino acid replacement. EMBO J. 11:1992;3237-3244.
19. Aversa G., Punnonen J., Cocks B.G., de Waal Malefyt R., Vega F. Jr, Zurawski S.M., Zurawski G., de Vries J.E. An interleukin-4 (IL-4) mutant protein inhibits both IL-4 or IL-13-induced human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) and IgE synthesis and B cell proliferation Support for a common component shared by IL-4 and IL-13 receptors . J Exp Med. 178:1993;2213-2218.
20. Atamas S.P., Choi J., Yurovsky V.V., White B. An alternative splice variant of human IL-4, IL-4δ2, inhibits IL-4-stimulated T-cell proliferation. J Immunol. 156:1996;435-441.
21. Tavernier J., Tuypens T., Verhee A., Plaetinck G., Devos R., Van der Heyden J., Guisez Y., Oefner C. Identification of receptor-binding domains on human interleukin 5 and design of an interleukin 5-derived receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;5194-5198.
22. McKinnon M., Page K., Uings I.J., Banks M., Fattah D., Proudfoot A.E., Graber P., Arod C., Fish R., Wells T.N., Solari R. An interleukin 5 mutant distinguishes between two functional responses in human eosinophils. J Exp Med. 186:1997;121-129.
23. Sato T.A., Widmer M.B., Finkelman F.D., Madani H., Jacobs C.A., Grabstein K.H., Maliszewski C.R. Recombinant soluble murine IL-4 receptor can inhibit or enhance IgE responses in vivo. J Immunol. 150:1993;2717-2723.
24. Yamaguchi S., Nagai H., Tanaka H., Tsujimoto M., Tsuruoka N. Time course study for antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and the effect of soluble IL-5 receptor. Life Sci. 54:1994;L471-PL475.
25. Monahan J., Siegel N., Keith R., Caparon M., Christine L., Compton R., Cusik S., Hirsch J., Huynh M., Devine C., Polazzi J., Rangwala S., Tsai B., Portanova J. Attenuation of IL-5-mediated signal transduction, eosinophil survival, and inflammatory mediator release by a soluble human IL-5 receptor. J Immunol. 159:1997;4024-4034.
26. st century. Drug Discov Today. 3:1998;532-535.
27. Tanaka H., Nagai H., Maeda Y. Effect of anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-5 antibodies on allergic airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Life Sci. 62:1998;L169-PL174.
28. Kurup V.P., Murali P.S., Guo J., Choi H., Banerjee B., Fink J.N., Coffman R.L. Anti-interleukin (IL)-4 and -IL-5 antibodies downregulate IgE and eosinophilia in mice exposed to Aspergillus antigens. Allergy. 52:1997;1215-1221.
29. Gavett S.H., O'Hearn D.J., Karp C.L., Patel E.A., Schofield B.H., Finkelman F.D., Wills-Karp M. Interleukin-4 receptor blockade prevents airway responses induced by antigen challenge in mice. Am J Physiol. 272:1997;L253-L261.
30. Garlisi C.G., Kung T.T., Wang P., Minnicozzi M., Umland S.P., Chapman R.W., Stelts D., Crawley Y., Falcone A., Myers J.G., Jones H., Billah M.M., Kreutner W., Egan R.W. Effects of chronic anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody treatment in a murine model of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 20:1999;248-255.
31. Egan R.W., Athwahl D., Chou C.C., Emtage S., Jehn C.H., Kung T.T., Mauser P.J., Murgolo N.J., Bodmer M.W. Inhibition of pulmonary eosinophilia and hyperreactivity by antibodies to interleukin-5. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 107:1995;321-322.
32. Sears M.R., Burrows B., Flannery E.M., Herbison G.P., Hewitt C.J., Holdaway M.D. Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children. N Engl J Med. 325:1991;1067-1071.
33. Lantz C.S., Yamaguchi M., Oettgen H.C., Katona I.M., Miyajima I., Kinet J.P., Galli S.J. IgE regulates mouse basophil FcεRI expression in vivo. J Immunol. 158:1997;2517-2521.
34. Yamaguchi M., Lantz C.S., Oettgen H.C., Katona I.M., Fleming T., Miyajima I., Kinet J.P., Galli S.J. IgE enhances mouse mast cell FcεRI expression in vitro and in vivo Evidence for a novel amplification mechanism in IgE-dependent reactions . J Exp Med. 185:1997;663-672.
35. Pirron U., Schlunck T., Prinz J.C., Rieber E.P. IgE-dependent antigen focusing by human B lymphocytes is mediated by the low-affinity receptor for IgE. Eur J Immunol. 20:1990;1547-1551.
36. Coyle A.J., Wagner K., Bertrand C., Tsuyuki S., Bews J., Heusser C. Central role of immunoglobulin (Ig) E in the induction of lung eosinophil infiltration and T helper 2 cell cytokine production Inhibition by a non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE antibody . J Exp Med. 183:1996;1303-1310.
37. Heusser C., Jardieu P. Therapeutic potential of anti-IgE antibodies. Curr Opin Immunol. 9:1997;805-813.
38. Heusser C.H., Bews J., Brinkmann V., Delespesse G., Kilchherr E., Ledermann F., Le Gros G., Wagner K. New concepts of IgE regulation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 94:1991;87-90.
39. Heusser C.H., Wagner K., Bews J.P., Coyle A., Bertrand C., Einsle K., Kips J., Eum S.Y., Lefort J., Vargaftig B.B. Demonstration of the therapeutic potential of non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE antibodies in murine models of skin reaction, lung function and inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 113:1997;231-235.
40. Corne J., Djukanovic R., Thomas L., Warner J., Botta L., Grandordy B., Gygax D., Heusser C., Patalano F., Richardson W., Kilchherr E., Staehelin T., Davis F., Gordon W., Sun L., Liou R., Wang G., Chang T.W., Holgate S. The effect of intravenous administration of a chimeric anti-IgE antibody on serum IgE levels in atopic subjects Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics . J Clin Invest. 99:1997;879-887.
41. Racine-Poon A., Botta L., Chang T.W., Davis F.M., Gygax D., Liou R.S., Rohane P., Staehelin T., van Steijn A.M., Frank W. Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of CGP 51901, an anti-immunoglobulin E chimeric monoclonal antibody, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 62:1997;675-690.
42. Boulet L.P., Chapman K.R., Cote J., Kalra S., Bhagat R., Swystun V.A., Laviolette M., Cleland L.D., Deschesnes F., Su J.Q., DeVault A., Fick R.B. Jr, Cockcroft D.W. Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;1835-1840.
43. Fahy J.V., Fleming H.E., Wong H.H., Liu J.T., Su J.Q., Reimann J., Fick R.B. Jr, Boushey H.A. The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;1828-1834.
44. MacGlashan D.W. Jr, Bochner B.S., Adelman D.C., Jardieu P.M., Togias A., McKenzie-White J., Sterbinsky S.A., Hamilton R.G., Lichtenstein L.M. Down-regulation of FcεRI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol. 158:1997;1438-1445.
45. Saini S.S., MacGlashan D.W. Jr, Sterbinsky S.A., Togias A., Adelman D.C., Lichtenstein L.M., Bochner B.S. Down-regulation of human basophil IgE and FcεRIα surface densities and mediator release by anti-IgE-infusions is reversible in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 162:1999;5624-5630.
46. Adcock I.M., Matthews J.G. New drugs for asthma. Drug Discov Today. 3:1998;395-399.
47. Metzger W.J., Fick R.B. Corticosteroid withdrawal in a study of recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to IgE (rhuMAbE25). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 101:1998;S231.
48. Lindahl U., Backstrom G., Thunberg L. The antithrombin-binding sequences in heparin. Identification of an essential 6-O-sulfate group. J Biol Chem. 258:1983;9826-9830.
49. Lider O., Mekori Y.A., Miller T., Bar-Tana R., Vlodavsky I., Baharav E., Cohen I.R., Naparstek Y. Inhibition of T lymphocyte heparanase by heparin prevents T cell migration and T cell-mediated immunity. Eur J Immunol. 20:1990;493-499.
50. Sasaki M., Herd C.M., Page C.P. Effect of heparin and a low-molecular weight heparinoid on PAF-induced airway responses in neonatally immunized rabbits. Br J Pharmacol. 110:1993;107-112.
51. Diamant Z., Timmers M.C., van der Veen H., Page C.P., van der Meer F.J., Sterk P.J. Effect of inhaled heparin on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses in patients with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 153:1996;1790-1795.
52. Garrigo J., Danta I., Ahmed T. Time course of the protective effect of inhaled heparin on exercise-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 153:1996;1702-1707.
53. Okona-Mensah K.B., Shittu E., Page C., Costello J., Kilfeather S.A. Inhibition of serum and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1)-induced DNA synthesis in confluent airway smooth muscle by heparin. Br J Pharmacol. 125:1998;599-606.
54. Fath M.A., Wu X., Hileman R.E., Linhardt R.J., Kashem M.A., Nelson R.M., Wright C.D., Abraham W.M. Interaction of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor with heparin inhibits proteases involved in asthma. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;13563-13569.
55. Jones C.A., Williams K.A., Finlay-Jones J.J., Hart P.H. Interleukin 4 production by human amnion epithelial cells and regulation of its activity by glycosaminoglycan binding. Biol Reprod. 52:1995;839-847.
56. Ghosh T.K., Eis P.S., Mullaney J.M., Ebert C.L., Gill D.L. Competitive, reversible, and potent antagonism of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-activated calcium release by heparin. J Biol Chem. 263:1988;11075-11079.
57. 3-mediated mast cell degranulation? J Appl Physiol. 76:1994;893-901.
58. Fryer A., Huang Y.C., Rao G., Jacoby D., Mancilla E., Whorton R., Piantadosi C.A., Kennedy T., Hoidal J. Selective O-desulfation produces nonanticoagulant heparin that retains pharmacological activity in the lung. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 282:1997;208-219.
59. Molinari J.F., Campo C., Shakir S., Ahmed T. Inhibition of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness by ultralow molecular-weight heparin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157:1998;887-893.
60. Campo C., Molinari J.F., Ungo J., Ahmed T. Molecular-weight-dependent effects of nonanticoagulant heparins on allergic airway responses. J Appl Physiol. 86:1999;549-557.
61. Ahmed T., Campo C., Abraham M.K., Molinari J.F., Abraham W.M., Ashkin D., Syriste T., Andersson L.O., Svahn C.M. Inhibition of antigen-induced acute bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mast cell degranulation by a nonanticoagulant heparin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;1848-1855.
62. Bowler S.D., Smith S.M., Lavercombe P.S. Heparin inhibits the immediate response to antigen in the skin and lungs of allergic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 147:1993;160-163.
63. Ahmed T., Garrigo J., Danta I. Preventing bronchoconstriction in exercise-induced asthma with inhaled heparin. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;90-95.
64. Tomlinson P.R., Wilson J.W., Stewart A.G. Salbutamol inhibits the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells grown in culture Relationship to elevated cAMP levels . Biochem Pharmacol. 49:1995;1809-1819.
65. Brandon E.P., Idzerda R.L., McKnight G.S. PKA isoforms, neural pathways, and behavior Making the connection . Curr Opin Neurobiol. 7:1997;397-403.
66. Scott A.I., Perini A.F., Shering P.A., Whalley L.J. In-patient major depression Is rolipram as effective as amitriptyline? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 40:1991;127-129.
67. Barnette M.S., Grous M., Cieslinski L.B., Burman M., Christensen S.B., Torphy T.J. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase IV (PDE IV) increase acid secretion in rabbit isolated gastric glands Correlation between function and interaction with a high-affinity rolipram binding site . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 273:1995;1396-1402.
68. Heaslip R.J., Evans D.Y. Emetic, central nervous system and pulmonary activities of rolipram in the dog. Eur J Pharmacol. 286:1995;281-290.
69. Jacobitz S., McLaughlin M.M., Livi G.P., Burman M., Torphy T.J. Mapping the functional domains of human recombinant phosphodiesterase 4A Structural requirements for catalytic activity and rolipram binding . Mol Pharmacol. 50:1996;891-899.
70. 3H]rolipram binding. Biochem Pharmacol. 51:1996;949-956.
71. Souness J.E., Griffin M., Maslen C., Ebsworth K., Scott L.C., Pollock K., Palfreyman M.N., Karlsson J.A. Evidence that cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors suppress TNFα generation from human monocytes by interacting with a 'low-affinity' phosphodiesterase 4 conformer. Br J Pharmacol. 118:1996;649-658.
72. 3H]rolipram binding activity and their relationship to emetic behavior in the ferret . J Med Chem. 39:1996;120-125.
73. Underwood D.C., Bochnowicz S., Osborn R.R., Kotzer C.J., Luttmann M.A., Hay D.W.P., Gorycki P.D., Christensen S.B., Torphy T.J. Antiasthmatic activity of the second-generation phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor SB 207499 (Ariflo) in the guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287:1998;988-995.
74. Hughes B., Howat D., Lisle H., Holbrook M., James T., Gozzard N., Blease K., Hughes P., Kingaby R., Warrellow G., Alexander R., Head J., Boyd E., Eaton M., Perry M., Wales M., Smith B., Owens R., Catterall C., Lumb S., Russell A., Allen R., Merriman M., Bloxham D., Higgs G. The inhibition of antigen-induced eosinophilia and bronchoconstriction by CDP840, a novel stereo-selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4. Br J Pharmacol. 118:1996;1183-1191.
75. Harbinson P.L., MacLeod D., Hawksworth R., O'Toole S., Sullivan P.J., Heath P., Kilfeather S., Page C.P., Costello J., Holgate S.T., Lee T.H. The effect of a novel orally active selective PDE4 isoenzyme inhibitor (CDP840) on allergen-induced responses in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J. 10:1997;1008-1014.
76. Souness J.E., Maslen C., Webber S., Foster M., Raeburn D., Palfreyman M.N., Ashton M.J., Karlsson J.A. Suppression of eosinophil function by RP 73401, a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase Comparison with rolipram . Br J Pharmacol. 115:1995;39-46.
77. Gozzard N., el-Hashim A., Herd C.M., Blake S.M., Holbrook M., Hughes B., Higgs G.A., Page C.P. Effect of the glucocorticosteroid budesonide and a novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, CDP840, on antigen-induced airway responses in neonatally immunised rabbits. Br J Pharmacol. 118:1996;1201-1208.
78. Jones T.R., McAuliffe M., McFarlane C.S., Piechuta H., Macdonald D., Rodger I.W. Effects of a selective phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor (CDP-840) in a leukotriene-dependent non-human primate model of allergic asthma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 76:1998;210-217.
79. Barnette M.S., Christensen S.B., Essayan D.M., Grous M., Prabhakar U., Rush J.A., Kagey-Sobotka A., Torphy T.J. SB 207499 (Ariflo), a potent and selective second-generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor In vitro anti-inflammatory actions . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 284:1998;420-426.
80. Griswold D.E., Webb E.F., Badger A.M., Gorycki P.D., Levandoski P.A., Barnette M.A., Grous M., Christensen S., Torphy T.J. SB 207499 (Ariflo), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, reduces tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-4 production in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287:1998;705-711.
81. Essayan D.M., Kagey-Sobotka A., Lichtenstein L.M., Huang S.K. Differential regulation of human antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses by isozyme selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 282:1997;505-512.
82. Bolen J.B., Brugge J.S. Leukocyte protein tyrosine kinases Potential targets for drug discovery . Annu Rev Immunol. 15:1997;371-404.
83. Wan Y., Kurasaki T., Huang X.Y. Tyrosine kinases in activation of the MAP kinase cascade by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature. 380:1996;541-544.
84. Bacon K.B., Szabo M.C., Yssel H., Bolen J.B., Schall T.J. RANTES induces tyrosine kinase activity of stably complexed p125FAK and ZAP-70 in human T cells. J Exp Med. 184:1996;873-882.
85. Penhallow R.C., Class K., Sonoda H., Bolen J.B., Rowley R.B. Temporal activation of nontransmembrane protein-tyrosine kinases following mast cell FcεRI engagement. J Biol Chem. 270:1995;23362-23365.
86. Hata D., Kawakami Y., Inagaki N., Lantz C.S., Kitamura T., Khan W.N., Maeda-Yamamoto M., Miura T., Han W., Hartman S.E., Yao L., Nagai H., Goldfeld A.E., Alt F.W., Galli S.J., Witte O.N., Kawakami T. Involvement of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in FcεRI-dependent mast cell degranulation and cytokine production. J Exp Med. 187:1998;1235-1247.
87. 2 complex, in RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemic cells. Mol Cell Biol. 12:1992;3176-3182.
88. Zhang C., Baumgartner R.A., Yamada K., Beaven M.A. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase regulates production of tumor necrosis factor-α and release of arachidonic acid in mast cells. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;13397-13402.
89. Lavens S.E., Peachell P.T., Warner J.A. Role of tyrosine kinase in IgE-mediated signal transduction in human lung mast cells and basophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 7:1992;637-644.
90. Kawakami T., Inagaki N., Takei M., Fukamachi H., Coggeshall K.M., Ishizaka K., Ishizaka T. Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for mast cell activation by FcεRI cross-linking. J Immunol. 148:1992;3513-3519.
91. Wong W.S.F., Koh D.S.K., Koh A.H.M., Ting W.L., Wong P.T.H. Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on antigen challenge of guinea pig lung in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 283:1997;131-137.
92. Tsang F., Koh A.H.M., Ting W.L., Wong P.T.H., Wong W.S.F. Effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD 098059 on antigen challenge of guinea-pig airways in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 125:1998;61-68.
93. Oliver J.M., Burg D.L., Wilson B.S., McLaughlin J.L., Geahlen R.L. Inhibition of mast cell FcεRI-mediated signaling and effector function by the Syk-selective inhibitor, piceatannol. J Biol Chem. 269:1994;29697-29703.
94. Moriya K., Rivera J., Odom S., Sakuma Y., Muramato K., Yoshiuchi T., Miyamoto M., Yamada K. ER-27319, an acridone-related compound, inhibits release of antigen-induced allergic mediators from mast cells by selective inhibition of Fcε receptor I-mediated activation of Syk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;12539-12544.
95. Amoui M., Draber P., Draberova L. Src family-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PP1, inhibits both FcεRI- and Thy-1-mediated activation of rat basophilic leukemia cells. Eur J Immunol. 27:1997;1881-1886.
96. Kawakami Y., Hartman S.E., Kinoshita E., Suzuki H., Kitaura J., Yao L., Inagaki N., Franco A., Hata D., Maeda-Yamamoto M., Fukamachi H., Nagai H., Kawakami T. Terreic acid, a quinone epoxide inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;2227-2232.
97. Coffer P.J., Schweizer R.C., Dubois G.R., Maikoe T., Lammers J.W.J., Koenderman L. Analysis of signal transduction pathways in human eosinophils activated by chemoattractants and the T-helper 2-derived cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-5. Blood. 91:1998;2547-2557.
98. El-Shazly A., Masuyama K., Samejima Y., Eura M., Ishikawa T. Modulation of normal human eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro by herbimycin A, erbstatin and pervanadate. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 117:(Suppl 1):1998;10-13.
99. 4 induced eosinophil activation. J Leukoc Biol. 64:1998;555-562.
100. Bracke M., Coffer P.J., Lammers J.W.J., Koenderman L. Analysis of signal transduction pathways regulating cytokine-mediated Fc receptor activation on human eosinophils. J Immunol. 161:1998;6768-6774.
101. Shimoda K., van Deursen J., Sangster M.Y., Sarawar S.R., Carson R.T., Tripp R.A., Chu C., Quelle F.W., Nosaka T., Vignali D.A., Doherty P.C., Grosveld G., Paul W.E., Ihle J.N. Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. Nature. 380:1996;630-633.
102. Takeda K., Tanaka T., Shi W., Matsumoto M., Minami M., Kashiwamura S., Nakanishi K., Yoshida N., Kishimoto T., Akira S. Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling. Nature. 380:1996;627-630.
103. Kuperman D., Schofield B., Wills-Karp M., Grusby M.J. Signal tranducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (Stat6)-deficient mice are protected from antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. J Exp Med. 187:1998;939-948.
104. Siemasko K., Chong A.S.-F., Jack H.-M., Gong H., Williams J.W., Finnegan A. Inhibition of JAK3 and STAT6 tyrosine phosphorylation by the immunosuppressive drug leflunomide leads to a block in IgG1 production. J Immunol. 160:1998;1581-1588.
105. Lawrence D.S., Niu J. Protein kinase inhibitors The tyrosine-specific protein kinases . Pharmacol Ther. 77:1998;81-114.
106. Stacey M.A., Sun G., Vassalli G., Marini M., Bellini A., Mattoli S. The allergen Der p1 induces NF-κB activation through interference with IκBα function in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 236:1997;522-526.
107. Hart L.A., Krishnan V.L., Adcock I.M., Barnes P.J., Chung K.F. Activation and localization of transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB, in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 158:1998;1585-1592.
108. Yang L., Cohn L., Zhang D.H., Homer R., Ray A., Ray P. Essential role of nuclear factor κB in the induction of eosinophilia in allergic airway inflammation. J Exp Med. 188:1998;1739-1750.
109. Barnes P.J. Molecular mechanisms of steroid action in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 97:1996;159-168.
110. Dumont A., Hehner S.P., Schmitz M.L., Gustafsson J.A., Liden J., Okret S., van der Saag P.T., Wissink S., van der Burg B., Herrlich P., Haegeman G., De Bosscher K., Fiers W. Cross-talk between steroids and NF-κB What language? Trends Biochem Sci. 23:1998;233-235.
111. Frantz B., Nordby E.C., Bren G., Steffan N., Paya C.V., Kincaid R.L., Tocci M.J., O'Keefe S.J., O'Neill E.A. Calcineurin acts in synergy with PMA to inactivate IκB/MAD3, an inhibitor of NF-κB. EMBO J. 13:1994;861-870.
112. Meyer S., Kohler N.G., Joly A. Cyclosporin A is an uncompetitive inhibitor of proteasome activity and prevents NF-κB activation. FEBS Lett. 413:1997;354-358.
113. Qiu D., Zhao G., Aoki Y., Shi L., Uyei A., Nazarian S., Ng J.C., Kao P.N. Immunosuppressant PG490 (triptolide) inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 expression at the level of purine-box/nuclear factor of activated T-cells and NF-κB transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;13443-13450.
114. Baeuerle P.A., Baichwal V.R. NF-κB as a frequent target for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory molecules. Adv Immunol. 65:1997;111-137.
115. Bayon Y., Alonso A., Crespo M. 4-Trifluoromethyl derivatives of salicylate, triflusal and its main metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, are potent inhibitors of nuclear factor κB activation. Br J Pharmacol. 126:1999;1359-1366.
116. Mahboubi K., Young W., Ferreri N.R. Tyrosine phosphatase-dependent/tyrosine kinase-independent induction of nuclear factor-κB by tumour necrosis factor-α Effects on prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 mRNA accumulation . J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 285:1998;862-868.
117. Pahl H.L., Krauss B., Schulze-Osthoff K., Decker T., Traenckner E.B., Vogt M., Myers C., Parks T., Warring P., Muhlbacher A., Czernilofsky A.P., Baeuerle P.A. The immunosuppressive fungal metabolite gliotoxin specifically inhibits transcription factor NF-κB. J Exp Med. 183:1996;1829-1840.
118. Breton J.J., Chabot-Fletcher M.C. The natural product hymenialdisine inhibits interleukin-8 production in U937 cells by inhibition of nuclear factor-κB. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 282:1997;459-466.
119. Lyss G., Knorre A., Schmidt T.J., Pahl H.L., Merfort I. The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin inhibits the transcription factor NF-κB by directly targeting p65. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;33508-33516.
120. Lyss G., Schmidt T.J., Merfort I., Pahl H.L. Helenalin, an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone from Arnica, selectively inhibits transcription factor NF-κB. Biol Chem. 378:1997;951-961.
121. Yaron A., Gonen H., Alkalay I., Hatzubai A., Jung S., Beyth S., Mercurio F., Manning A.M., Ciechanover A., Ben-Neriah Y. Inhibition of NF-κB cellular function via specific targeting of the IκB ubiquitin ligase. EMBO J. 16:1997;6486-6494.
122. Fiedler M.A., Wernke-Dollries K., Stark J.M. Inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 release in A549 cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 19:1998;259-268.
123. Rogers D.F., Giembycz M.A. Asthma therapy for the 21st century. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 19:1998;160-164.
124. Nyce J.W., Metzger W.J. DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model. Nature. 385:1997;721-725.
125. Choi D.C., Kwon O.J. Neuropeptides and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 4:1998;16-24.
126. Proud D. The kinin system in rhinitis and asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 16:1998;351-364.
127. Ishikawa J., Saitoh C., Masaki K., Asano M. Effect of YM934, a novel potassium-channel opener, in various experimental asthma models in guinea-pigs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 48:1996;1034-1040.
128. Wright C.D., Havill A.M., Middleton S.C., Kashem M.A., Lee P.A., Dripps D.J., O'Riordan T.G., Bevilacqua M.P., Abraham W.M. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor prevents allergen-induced pulmonary responses in animal models of asthma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 289:1999;1001-1014.
129. John M., Hirst S.J., Jose P.J., Robichaud A., Berkman N., Witt C., Twort C.H.C., Barnes P.J., Chung K.F. Human airway smooth muscle cells express and release RANTES in response to T helper 1 cytokines Regulation by T helper 2 cytokines and corticosteroids . J Immunol. 158:1997;1841-1847.
130. Essner R., Rhoades K., McBride W.H., Morton D.L., Economou J.S. IL-4 down-regulates IL-1 and TNF gene expression in human monocytes. J Immunol. 142:1989;3857-3861.
131. Lacraz S., Nicod L., Galve de Rochemonteix B., Baumberger C., Dayer J.M., Welgus H.G. Suppression of metalloproteinase biosynthesis in human alveolar macrophages by interleukin-4. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;382-388.
132. Hawker K.M., Johnson P.R.A., Hughes J.M., Black J.L. Interleukin-4 inhibits mitogen-induced proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells in culture. Am J Physiol. 275:1998;L469-L477.
133. Sha W.C., Liou H.C., Tuomanen E.I., Baltimore D. Targeted disruption of the p50 subunit of NF-κB leads to multifocal defects in immune responses. Cell. 80:1995;321-330.
134. Beg A.A., Sha W.C., Bronson R.T., Ghosh S., Baltimore D. Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB. Nature. 376:1995;167-170.