NF-κB as a frequent target for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory molecules

Advances in Immunology

Volumn 65, Issue , 1997, Pages 111-137

  Baeuerle, Patrick A ^a   Baichwal, Vijay R ^a  

^a AMGEN INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSPORIN A; GLIOTOXIN; RAPAMYCIN; SALICYLIC ACID; SPERGUALIN; TACROLIMUS;

ANIMAL CELL; DIMERIZATION; ENHANCER REGION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE INDUCTION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC REGULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATORY CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN FAMILY; REVIEW; TARGET CELL; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

EID: 0030747128     PISSN: 00652776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Angel, P. (1995). The role and regulation of the jun proteins in response to phorbol ester and UV light. In Inducible Gene Expression (P. Baeuerle, Ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 62-92. Birkhauser Verlag, Boston/Basel.
2. Auphan, N., DiDonato, J. A., Rosette, C., Helmberg, A., and Karin, M. (1995). Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: Inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis. Science 270, 286-290.
3. Baeuerle, P. A., and Baltimore, D. (1988a). Activation of DNA-binding in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-κB transcription factor. Cell 53, 211-217.
4. Baeuerle, P. A., and Baltimore, D. (1988b). IκB: A specific inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factor. Science 242, 540-546.
5. Baeuerle, P. A., and Baltimore, D. (1991). The physiology of the NF-κB transcription factor. In Molecular Aspects of Cellular Regulation Vol. 6, Hormonal Control Regulation of Gene Transcription (P. Cohen and J. G. Foulkes, Eds.), pp. 409-432. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.
6. Baeuerle, P. A., and Baltimore, D. (1996). NF-κB: Ten years after. Cell 87, 13-20.
7. Baeuerle, P. A., and Henkel, T. (1994). Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 141-179.
8. Baggiolini, M., and Thelan, M. (1991). The phagocytes and the respiratory burst. In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants (H. Sies, Ed.), pp. 399-420. Academic Press, London.
9. Baldwin, A. S., Jr. (1996). The NF-κB and IκB proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 649-681.
10. Beato, M., Herrlich, P., and Schutz, G. (1995). Steroid hormone receptors: Many actors in search of a plot. Cell 83, 851-857.
11. Beg, A., and Baldwin, A. (1993). The IκB proteins: Multifunctional regulators of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors. Genes Dev. 7, 2064-2070.
12. Beg, A. A., Sha, W. C., Bronson, R. T., Ghosh, S., and Baltimore, D. (1995). Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB. Nature 376, 167-170.
13. Bodey, G. P. (1988). The emergence of fungi as major hospital pathogens. J. Hosp. Infect. 11, 411-426.
14. Bodey, G., Bueltmann, B., Duguid, W., Gibbs, D., Hanak, H., Hotchi, M., Mall, G., Martino, P., Meunier, F., Milliken, S., et al. (1992). Fungal infections in cancer patients: An international autopsy survey. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 11, 99-109.
15. Brand, K., Rolger, G., Bartsch, A., Knuechel, R., Page, M., Kaltschmidt, C., Baeuerle, P. A., and Neumeier, D. (1996). Transcription factor NF-κB/Rel is activated in the atherosclerotic lesion. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 1715-1722.
16. Brostjan, C., Anrather, J., Csizmadia, V., Stroka, D., Soares, M., Bach, F. H., and Winkler, H. (1996). Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of NFkB activity in endothelial cells does not involve induction of IκBα: synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 19612-19616.
17. Caldenhoven, E., Liden, J., Wissink, S., Van de Stolpe, A., Raaijmakers, J., Koenderman, L., Okret, S., Gustafsson, J.-Ake, and Van der Saag, P. T. (1995). Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: A possible mechanism for the antiflamma-tory action of glucocorticoids. Mol. Endocrinol. 9, 401-412.
18. Cao, Z., Henzel, W. J., and Gao, X. (1996). IRAK: A kinase associated with the interleukin-1 receptor. Science 271, 1128-1131.
19. Chen, C. C., Rosenbloom, C. L., Anderson, D. G, and Manning, A. M. (1995). Selective inhibition of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by inhibitors of IκB-α phosphorylation. J. Immunol. 155, 3538-3545.
20. Chen, D., and Rothenberg, E. V. (1994). Interleukin 2 transcription factors as molecular targets of cAMP inhibition: Delayed inhibition kinetics and combinatorial transcription roles. J. Exp. Med. 179, 931-932.
21. Durand, D. B., Shaw, J.-P., Bush, M. R., Replogle, R. E., Belagaje, R., and Crabtree, G. R. (1988). Characterization of antigen receptor response elements within the interleukin-2 enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 1715-1724.
22. Feldmann, M., Brennan, F. M., and Maini, R. N. (1996). Rheumatoid arthritis. Cell 85, 307-310.
23. Fenteany, G., Standaert, R. F., Lane, W. S., Choi, S., Corey, E. J., and Schreiber, S. L. (1995). Inhibition of proteasome activities and subunit-specific amino-terminal threonine modification by lactacystin. Science 268, 726-731.
24. Ferran, C., Millan, M. T., Csizmadia, V., Cooper, J. T., Brostjan, C., Bach, F. H., and Winkler, H. (1995). Inhibition of NF-κB by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate blocks endotlielial cell activation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214, 212-223.
25. Frantz, B., and O'Neill, E. A. (1995). The effect of sodium salicylate and aspirin on NF-κB. Science 270, 2017-2018.
26. Frantz, B., Nordby, E. C., Bren, G., Steffan, N., Paya, C. V., Kincaid, R. L., Tocci, M. J., O'Keefe, S. J., and O'Neill, E. A. (1994). Calcineurin acts in synergy with PMA to inactivate IκB/MAD3, an inhibitor of NF-κB. EMBO J. 13, 861-870.
27. Gerritsen, M. E., Carley, W. W., Ranges, G. E., Shen, C.-P., Phan, S. A., Ligon, G. F., and Perry, C. A. (1995). Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression. Am. J. Pathol. 147, 278-292.
28. Grimm, S., Bauer, M., Baeuerle, P. A., and Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1996). Bcl-2 down-regulates the activity of transcription factor NF-κB induced upon apoptosis. J. Cell. Biol. 134, 13-23.
29. Haraguchi, S., Good, R. A., and Day, N. K. (1995). Immunosuppressive retroviral peptides: cAMP and cytokine patterns. Immunol. Today 16(12), 595-603.
30. 2 and vanadate stimulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells. J. Biol Chem. 265, 2896-2902.
31. Hsu, H., Xiong, J., and Goeddel, D. V. (1995). The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-κB activation. Cell 81, 495-504.
32. Hsu, H., Shu, H.-B., Pan, M.-P., and Goeddel, D. V. (1996a). TRADD-TRAF2 and TRADD-FADD interactions define two distinct TNF receptor-1 signal transduction pathways. Cell 84, 299-308.
33. Hsu, H., Huang, J., Shu, H.-B., Baichwal, V., and Goeddel, D. V. (1996b). TNF-dependent recruitment of the protein kinase RIP to the TNF receptor-1 signaling complex. Immunity 4, 387-396.
34. Israel, A., Le Bail, O., Hatat, D., Piette, J., Kieran, M., Logeat, F., Wallach, D., Fellous, M., and Kourilsky, P. (1989). TNF stimulates expression of mouse MHC class I genes by inducing an NF kappa B-like enhancer binding activity which displaces constitutive factors. EMBO J. 8, 3793-3800.
35. Jain, J., Loh, C, and Rao, A. (1995). Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 333-342.
36. Jongeneel, C. V. (1994). Regulation of the TNF alpha gene. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 338, 367-381.
37. Kaltschmidt, B., Volk, B., Baeuerle, P. A., and Kaltschmidt, C. (1997). Transcription factor NF-κB is activated in primary neurons by amyloid βA4 and in neurons surrounding early plaques from Alzheimer disease patients. Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press.
38. Kaltschmidt, C., Kaltschmidt, B., Lannes-Vieira, J., Kreuzberg, G., Wekerle, H., Baeuerle, P. A., and Gehrmann, J. (1994). Activation of transcription factor NF-κB in microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 55, 99-106.
39. Kaltschmidt, C., Kaltschmidt, B., Henkel, T., Stockinger, H., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1995). Selective recognition of the activated form of transcription factor NF-κB by a monoclonal antibody. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 376, 9-16.
40. Kazmi, S. M. I., Plante, R. K., Visconti, V., Taylor, G. R., Zhou, L., and Lau, C. Y. (1994). Suppression of NF-κB activation and NF-κB-dependent gene expression by tepoxalin, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. J. Cell. Biochem. 57, 299-310.
41. Kopp, E., and Ghosh, S. (1994). Inhibition of NF-κB by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265, 956-958.
42. Lai, J.-H., and Tan, T.-J. (1994). CD28 signaling causes a sustained down-regulation of IκB-α which can be prevented by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30077-30080.
43. Leibfarth, J. H., and Persellin, R. H. (1981). Mechanisms of action of gold. Agents Actions 11, 458-472.
44. Liebler, D. C. (1993). The role of metabolism in the antioxidant function of vitamin E. Citr. Rev. Toxicol. 23, 147-169.
45. Limbourg, F. P., Staedler, H., Chinnadurai, G., Baeuerle, P. A., and Schmitz, M. L. (1996). A hydrophobic region within the adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein is necessary for the transient inhibition of NF-κB activated by different stimuli. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 20392-20398.
46. Los, M., Schenk, H., Hexel, K., Baeuerle, P. A., Droge, W., and Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1995). IL-2 gene expression and NF-κB activation through CD28 requires reactive oxygen production by 5-lipoxygenase. EMBO J. 14, 3731-3740.
47. Maniatis, T., Whittemore, L. A., Du, W., Fan, C. M., Keller, A., Palombella, V., and Thanos, D. (1992). Positive and negative control of human interferon-β gene expression. In Transcriptional Regulation, Part 2 (S. L. McKnight and K. Yamamoto, Eds.), pp. 1193-1220. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
48. Marok, R., Winyard, P. G., Coumbe, A., Kus, M. L., Gaffney, K., Blades, S., Mapp, P. I., Morris, C. J., Blake, D. R., Kaltschmidt, C, and Baeuerle, P. A. (1996). Activation of transcription factor NF-κB in human inflamed synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 583-591.
49. Mattila, P. S., Ullman, K. S., Fiering, S., Emmel, E. A., McCutcheon, M., Crabtree, G. R., and Herzenberg, L. A. (1990). The actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 suggest a novel step in the activation of T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 9(13), 4425-4433.
50. 2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-1 as secondary antioxidantresponsive factor. EMBO J. 12, 2005-2015.
51. Meyer, M., Schreck, R., Muller, J. M., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1994). Redox control of gene expression by eukaryotic transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1 and SRF/TCF23 (C. Pasquier et al, Eds.), pp. 217-235. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
52. Mukaida, N., Morita, M., Ishikawa, Y., Rice, N., Okamoto, S.-L., Kasahara, T., and Matsushima, K. (1994). Novel mechanism of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13289-13295.
53. Munroe, D. G., Wang, E. Y., Maclntyre, J. P., Tam, S. S. C., Lee, D. H. S., Taylor, G. R., Zhou, L., Plante, R. K., Kazmi, S. M. I., Baeuerle, P. A., and Lau, C. Y. (1995). Novel intracellular signalling function of prostaglandin H synthase-1 in NF-κB activation. J. Inflamm. 45, 260-268.
54. Muraoka, K., Fujimoto, K., Sun, X., Yoshioka, K., Shimizu, K., Yagi, M., Bose, H., Jr., Miyazaki, I., and Yamamoto, K. (1996). Immunosuppressant FK506 induces interleukin-6 production through the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2433-2439.
55. Nabel, G., and Baltimore, D. (1987). An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326, 711-713.
56. Neumann, M., Grieshammer, T., Chuvpilo, S., Kneitz, B., Lohoff, M., Schimpl, A., Franza, B. R., Jr., and Serfling, E. (1995). RelA/p65 is a molecular target for the immunosuppressive action of protein kinase A. EMBO J. 14(9), 1991-2004.
57. Omar, B., McCord, J., and Downey, J. (1991). Ischaemia-reperfusion. In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants (H. Sies, Ed.), pp. 493-528. Academic Press, London.
58. O'Shea, J. J., McVicar, D. W., Bailey, T. L., Burns, C., and Smyth, M. J. (1992). Activation of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes by pharmacological induction of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10306-10310.
59. Pahl, H. L., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1996). Control of gene expression by proteolysis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 340-347.
60. Pahl, H. L., Kraub, B., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Traenckner, E. B.-M., Parks, T., Myers, C., Waring, P., Muehlbacher, A., Czernilofsky, P. A., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1996). The immunosuppressive funal gliotoxin is a selective inhibitor of transcription factor NF-κB. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1829-1840.
61. Palombella, V. J., Rando, O. J., Goldberg, A. L., and Maniatis, T. (1994). The ubiquitinproteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-κB1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-κB. Cell 78, 773-785.
62. Phipps, R. P., Stein, S. H., and Roper, R. L. (1991). A new view of prostaglandin E regulation of the immune response. Immunol. Today 12, 349-352.
63. Pierce, J. W., Read, M. A., Ding, H., Luscinskas, F. W., and Collins, T. (1996). Salicylates inhibit IκB-α phosphorylation, edothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, and neutrophil transmigration. J. Immunol. 156, 3961-3969.
64. Rappaport, R., and Dodge, G. R. (1982). Prostaglandin E inhibits the production of human interleukin 2. J. Exp. Med. 155, 943-948.
65. Ray, A., and Prefontaine, K. E. (1994). Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-κB and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 752-756.
66. Read, M. A., Neish, A. S., Luscinskas, F. W., Palombella, V. J., Maniatis, T., and Collins, T. (1995). The proteasome pathway is required for cytokine-induced endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression. Immunity 2, 493-506.
67. Roederer M., Staal, F. J., Raju, P. A., Ela, S. W., Herzenberg, L. A. (1990). Cytokinestimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4884-4888.
68. Rooney, J. W., Sun, Y.-I., Glimcher, L. H., and Hoey, T. (1995). Novel NFAT sites that mediate activation of the interleukin-2 promoter in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6299-6310.
69. Rothe, M., Wong, S. C., Henzel, W. J., and Goeddel, D. V. (1994). A novel family of putative signal transducers associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the 75 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 78, 681-692.
70. Sagone, A. L., and Husney, R. M. (1987). Oxidation of salicylates by stimulated granulocytes: Evidence that these drugs act as free radical scavengers in biological systems. J. Immunol. 138, 2177-2183.
71. Scheinman, R. I., Cogswell, P. C., Lofquist, A. K., and Baldwin, A. S., Jr. (1995a), Role of transcriptional activation of IκBα in mediation of immunosupression by glucocorticoids. Science 270, 283-286.
72. Scheinman, R. I., Gualberto, A., Jewell, C. M., Cidlowski, H. A., and Baldwin, A. S., Jr. (1995b). Characterization of mechanisms involved in transrepression of NF-κB by activated glucocorticoid receptors. Mol. Cell, Biol. 15, 943-953.
73. Schmidt, A., Hennighausen, L., and Siebenlist, U. (1990). Inducible nuclear factor binding to the κB elements of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells can be blocked by cyclosporin A in a signal-dependent manner. J. Virol. 64, 4037-4041.
74. Schmidt, K. N., Amstad, P., Cerutti, P., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1995a). The roles of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide as messengers in the activation of transcription factor NF-κB. Chem. Biol. 2, 13-22.
75. Schmidt, K. N., Traenckner, E. B.-M., Meier, B., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1995b). Induction of oxidative stress by okadaic acid is required for activation of transcription factor NF-κB. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27136-27142.
76. Schmitz, M. L., Indorf, A., Limbourg, F. P., Stadtler, H., Traenckner, E. B.-M., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1996). The dual effect of adenovirus 5 E1A 13S protein on NF-κB activation is antagonized by E1B 19 K. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15.
77. Schreck, R., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1991). A role for oxygen radicals as second messengers. Trends Cell. Biol. 1, 39-42.
78. Schreck, R., Albermann, K., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1992a). NF-κB: An oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells [review J. Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17, 221-237.
79. Schreck, R., Meier, B., Mannel, D., Droge, W., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1992b). Dithiocarba-mates as potent inhibitors of NF-κB activation in intact cells. J. Exp. Med. 175, 1181-1194.
80. Schreiber, S. L., and Crabtree, G. R. (1992). The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol. Today 13, 136-142.
81. Schulze-Osthoff, K., Bakker, A. C., Vanhaesebroeck, B., Beyaert, R., Jacobs, W. A., and Fiers, W. (1992). Cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor is mediated by early damage of mitochondrial functions. Evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial radical generation. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5317-5323.
82. Schulze-Osthoff, K., Los, M., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1995). Redox signalling by transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in lymphocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50, 735-741.
83. Sen, C. K., and Packer, L. (1996). Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB J. 10, 709-720.
84. Sies, H. (1991). Oxidative Stress. Oxidants and Antioxidants, p. 650. Academic Press, London.
85. Sigal, N. H., and Dumont, F. J. (1992). Cyclosporin A, FK-506, and rapamycin: Pharmacologic probes of lymphocyte signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10, 519-560.
86. Singh, S., and Aggarwal, B. B. (1995). Activation of transcription factor NF-κB is suppressed by curcumin (diferulolylmethane). J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24995-25000.
87. Staal, F. J. T., Roederer, M., Herzenberg, L. A., and Herzenberg, L. A. (1990). Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor κB and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9943-9947.
88. Stein, B., and Yang, M. X. (1995). Repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by estrogen receptor is mediated by NF-κB and C/EBPβ. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4971-4979.
89. Steinman, L. (1996). Multiple sclerosis: A coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system. Cell 85, 299-302.
90. Sutton, P., Newcombe, N. R., Waring, P., and Mullbacher, A. (1994). In vivo immunosuppressive activity of gliotoxin, a metabolite produced by human pathogenic fungi. Infect. Immun. 62, 1192-1198.
91. Suzuki, Y. J., and Packer, L. (1993). Inhibition of NF-κB activation by vitamin E derivatives. Biochem. Biophys. Bes. Commun. 193, 277-283.
92. Taylor, A. (1971). The toxicology of sporidesmin and other epipolythiodoxopiperazines. Microbiol. Toxins 7, 337-376.
93. Tepper, M. A., Nadler, S. G., Esselstyn, J. M., and Sterbenz, K. G. (1995). Deoxyspergualin inhibits κ light chain expression in 70Z/3 pre-B cells by blocking lipopolysaccharideinduced NF-κB activation. J. Immunol. 155, 2427-2436.
94. Traenckner, E. B.-M., Wilk, S., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1994). A proteasome inhibitor prevents activation of NF-κB and stabilizes a newly phosphorylated form of IκB-α that is still bound to NF-κB. EMBO J. 13, 5433-5441.
95. Traenckner, E. B.-M., Pahl, H. L., Schmidt, K. N., Wilk, S., and Baeuerle, P. A. (1995). Phosphorylation of human IκB-α on serines 32 and 36 controls IκB-α proteolysis and NF-κB activation in response to diverse stimuli. EMBO J. 14, 2876-2883.
96. Tsai, M.-J., and O'Malley, B. W. (1994). Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63, 451-486.
97. Verma, I. M., Stevenson, J. K., Schwarz, E. M., Van Antwerp, D., and Miyamoto, S. (1995). Rel/NF-κB/IκB family: Intimate tales of association and dissociation. Genes Dev. 9, 2723-2735.
98. Waring, P., Eichner, R. D., and Bullbacher, A. (1988). The chemistry and biology of the immunomodulating agent gliotoxin and related epipolythiodioxopiperazines. Med. Bes. Rev. 8, 499-524.
99. Weissmann, G. (1991). Aspirin. Sci. Am. 264, 84-90.
100. Williams, D. H., Jeffery, L. J., and Murray, E. J. (1992). Aurothioglucose inhibits introduced NF-κB and AP-1 activity by acting as an IL-1 functional antagonist. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1180, 9-14.
101. Wright, K. L., White, L. C., Kelly, A., Beck, S., Trowsdale, J., and Ting, J. P. (1995). Coordinate regulation of the human TAP1 and LMP2 genes from a shared bidirectional promoter. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1459-1471.
102. Wrighton, C. J., Warbinek, R. H., Moll, T., Eytner, R., Bach, F. H., and de Martin, R. (1996). Inhibition of endothelial cell activation by adenovirus-mediated expression of IκBα, an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1013-1022.
103. Yanez, R. J., Rodriguez, J. M., Nogal, M. L., Yuste, L., Enriquez, C., Rodriguez, J. F., and Vinuela, E. (1995). Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of African swine fever vims. Virology 208, 249-278.
104. Yang, J.-P., Merin, T., Nakano, T., Kato, T., Kitade, Y., and Okamato, T. (1995). Inhibition of the DN A-binding activity in NF-κB by gold compounds in vitro. FEBS Lett. 361, 89-96.
105. Zhou, L., Ritchie, D., Wang, E. Y., Barbone, A. G., Argentieri, D., and Lau, C. Y. (1994). Tepoxalin, a novel immunosuppressive agent with a different mechanism of action from cyclosporin A. J. Immunol. 153, 5026-5037.