Cell memory and cancer - The story of the trithorax and Polycomb group genes

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 313-329

  Caldas, Carlos ^a   Aparicio, Samuel ^a  

^a Departments of Oncology   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER GENETICS; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; DROSOPHILA; DROSOPHILA PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, HOMEOBOX; HUMANS; INSECT PROTEINS; NEOPLASMS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 0033399122     PISSN: 01677659     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006333610078     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Ingham PW: trithorax and the regulation of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila: a historical perspective. Int J Dev Biol 42: 423-429, 1998.
2. Kiyosue T, Ohad N, Yadegari R, et al.: Control of fertilization-independent endosperm development by the MEDEA polycomb gene in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 4186-4191, 1999.
3. Goodrich J, Puangsomlee P, Martin M, Long D, Meyerowitz EM, Coupland GA: Polycomb-group gene regulates homeotic gene expression in Arabidopsis [see comments]. Nature 386: 44-51, 1997.
4. Goodrich J: Plant development: Medea's maternal instinct. Curr Biol 8: R480-R484, 1998.
5. Ingram R, Charrier B, Scollan C, Meyer P: Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing the Drosophila Polycomb (Pc) Chromodomain Show Developmental Alterations. Possible role of pc chromodomain proteins in chromatin-mediated gene regulation in plants. Plant Cell 11: 1047-1060, 1999.
6. Preuss D: Chromatin silencing and arabidopsis development. A role for polycomb proteins [In Process Citation]. Plant Cell 11: 765-768, 1999.
7. van Lohuizen M: The trithorax-group and Polycomb-group chromatin modifiers: implications for disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9: 355-361, 1999.
8. Pirrotta V: Polycomb silencing and the maintenance of stable chromatin states [In Process Citation]. Results Probl Cell Differ 25: 205-228, 1999.
9. Santamaria P: Genesis versus epigenesis: the odd jobs of the Polycomb group of genes. Int J Dev Biol 42: 463-469, 1998.
10. Jenuwein T, Laible G, Dorn R, Reuter G: SET domain proteins modulate chromatin domains in eu- and heterochromatin. Cell Mol Life Sci 54: 80-93, 1998.
11. Lamond AI, Earnshaw WC: Structure and function in the nucleus. Science 280: 547-553, 1998.
12. Pirrotta V: Polycombing the genome: PcG, trxG, and chromatin silencing. Cell 93: 333-336, 1998.
13. Schumacher A, Magnuson T: Murine Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes regulate homeotic pathways and beyond. Trends Genet 13: 167-170, 1997.
14. Gould A: Functions of mammalian Polycomb group and trithorax group related genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7:488-494, 1997.
15. Zink B, Paro R: In vivo binding pattern of a trans-regulator of homoeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 337: 468-471, 1989.
16. Franke A, DeCamillis M, Zink D, Cheng N, Brock HW, Paro R: Polycomb and polyhomeotic are constituents of a multimeric protein complex in chromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Embo J 11: 2941-2950, 1992.
17. Alkema MJ, Bronk M, Verhoeven E, et al.: Identification of Bmi1-interacting proteins as constituents of a multimeric mammalian polycomb complex. Genes Dev 11: 226-240, 1997.
18. Orlando V, Paro R: Mapping Polycomb-repressed domains in the bithorax complex using in vivo formaldehyde cross-linked chromatin. Cell 75: 1187-1198, 1993.
19. Garcia E, Marcos-Gutierrez C, Lorente M, Moreno JC, Vidal M: RYBP, a new repressor protein that interacts with components of the mammalian Polycomb complex, and with the transcription factor YY1. Embo J 18: 3404-3418, 1999.
20. Orlando V, Jane EP, Chinwalla V, Harte PJ, Paro R: Binding of trithorax and Polycomb proteins to the bithorax complex: dynamic changes during early Drosophila embryogenesis. Embo J 17: 5141-5150, 1998.
21. Zink B, Engstrom Y, Gehring WJ, Paro R: Direct interaction of the Polycomb protein with Antennapedia regulatory sequences in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Embo J 10: 153-162, 1991.
22. Zink D, Paro R: Drosophila Polycomb-group regulated chromatin inhibits the accessibility of a trans-activator to its target DNA. Embo J 14: 5660-5671, 1995.
23. Muller J: Transcriptional silencing by the Polycomb protein in Drosophila embryos. Embo J 14: 1209-1220, 1995.
24. Poux S, Kostic C, Pirrotta V: Hunchback-independent silencing of late Ubx enhancers by a Polycomb Group Response Element. Embo J 15: 4713-4722, 1996.
25. Zhang CC, Bienz M: Segmental determination in Drosophila conferred by hunchback (hb), a repressor of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 7511-7515, 1992.
26. Jones CA, Ng J, Peterson AJ, Morgan K, Simon J, Jones RS: The Drosophila esc and E(z) proteins are direct partners in polycomb group-mediated repression. Mol Cell Biol 18: 2825-2834, 1998.
27. Sewalt RG, van der Vlag J, Gunster MJ, et al.: Characterization of interactions between the mammalian polycomb-group proteins Enx1/EZH2 and EED suggests the existence of different mammalian polycomb-group protein complexes. Mol Cell Biol 18: 3586-3595, 1998.
28. van Lohuizen M, Tijms M, Voncken JW, Schumacher A, Magnuson T, Wientjens E. Interaction of mouse polycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins Enx1 and Enx2 with Eed: indication for separate Pc-G complexes. Mol Cell Biol 18: 3572-3579, 1998.
29. Kehle J, Beuchle D, Treuheit S, et al.: dMi-2, a hunchback-interacting protein that functions in polycomb repression. Science 282: 1897-1900, 1998.
30. Lyko F, Brenton JD, Surani MA, Paro R: An imprinting element from the mouse H19 locus functions as a silencer in Drosophila. Nat Genet 16: 171-173, 1997.
31. Brenton JD, Ainscough JF, Lyko F, Paro R, Surani MA: Imprinting and gene silencing in mice and Drosophila. Novartis Found Symp 214: 233-244, 1998.
32. Simon J: Locking in stable states of gene expression: transcriptional control during Drosophila development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 7: 376-385, 1995.
33. Rastelli L, Chan CS, Pirrotta V: Related chromosome binding sites for zeste, suppressors of zeste and Polycomb group proteins in Drosophila and their dependence on Enhancer of zeste function. Embo J 12: 1513-1522, 1993.
34. Martin EC, Adler PN: The Polycomb group gene Posterior Sex Combs encodes a chromosomal protein. Development 117: 641-655, 1993.
35. Lonie A, D'Andrea R, Paro R, Saint R: Molecular characterisation of the Polycomblike gene of Drosophila melanogaster, a trans-acting negative regulator of homeotic gene expression. Development 120: 2629-2636, 1994.
36. Pelegri F, Lehmann R: A role of polycomb group genes in the regulation of gap gene expression in Drosophila. Genetics 136: 1341-1353, 1994.
37. Chinwalla V, Jane EP, Harte PJ: The Drosophila trithorax protein binds to specific chromosomal sites and is co-localized with Polycomb at many sites. Embo J 14: 2056-2065, 1995.
38. Satijn DP, Otte AP: RING1 interacts with multiple Polycomb-group proteins and displays tumorigenic activity. Mol Cell Biol 19: 57-68, 1999.
39. Satijn DP, Olson DJ, van der Vlag J, et al.: Interference with the expression of a novel human polycomb protein, hPc2, results in cellular transformation and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 17: 6076-6086, 1997.
40. Satijn DP, Gunster MJ, van der Vlag J, et al.: RING1 is associated with the polycomb group protein complex and acts as a transcriptional repressor. Mol Cell Biol 17: 4105-4113, 1997.
41. Gerasimova TI, Corces VG: Polycomb and trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator. Cell 92: 511-521, 1998.
42. Cavalli G, Paro R: The Drosophila Fab-7 chromosomal element conveys epigenetic inheritance during mitosis and meiosis. Cell 93: 505-518, 1998.
43. Hashimoto N, Brock HW, Nomura M, et al.: RAE28, BMI1, and M33 are members of heterogeneous multimeric mammalian Polycomb group complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245: 356-365, 1998.
44. Bel S, Core N, Djabali M, et al.: Genetic interactions and dosage effects of Polycomb group genes in mice. Development 125: 3543-3551, 1998.
45. Gindhart JG, Jr., Kaufman TC: Identification of Polycomb and trithorax group responsive elements in the regulatory region of the Drosophila homeotic gene Sex combs reduced. Genetics 139: 797-814, 1995.
46. Fauvarque MO, Dura JM: polyhomeotic regulatory sequences induce developmental regulator-dependent variegation and targeted P-element insertions in Drosophila. Genes Dev 7: 1508-1520, 1993.
47. Mihaly J, Mishra RK, Karch F: A conserved sequence motif in Polycomb- response elements [letter; comment]. Mol Cell 1: 1065-1066, 1998.
48. Strutt H, Cavalli G, Paro R: Co-localization of Polycomb protein and GAGA factor on regulatory elements responsible for the maintenance of homeotic gene expression. Embo J 16: 3621-3632, 1997.
49. Breen TR, Harte PJ: Trithorax regulates multiple homeotic genes in the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes and exerts different tissue-specific, parasegment- specific and promoter-specific effects on each. Development 117: 119-134, 1993.
50. Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rozovskaia T, Burakov D, et al.: The C-terminal SET domains of ALL-1 and TRITHORAX interact with the INI1 and SNR1 proteins, components of the SWI/SNF complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4152-4157, 1998.
51. Yu BD, Hanson RD, Hess JL, Horning SE, Korsmeyer SJ: MLL, a mammalian trithorax-group gene, functions as a transcriptional maintenance factor in morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 10632-10636, 1998.
52. Cui X, De Vivo I, Slany R, Miyamoto A, Firestein R, Cleary ML: Association of SET domain and myotubularin-related proteins modulates growth control [see comments]. Nat Genet 18: 331-337, 1998.
53. De Vivo I, Cui X, Domen J, Cleary ML: Growth stimulation of primary B cell precursors by the anti-phosphatase Sbf1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9471-9476, 1998.
54. Caldas C, Kim MH, MacGregor A, Cain D, Aparicio S, Wiedemann LM: Isolation and characterization of a puffer-fish MLL (mixed lineage leukemia)-like gene (fMll) reveals evolutionary conservation in vertebrate genes related to Drosophila trithorax. Oncogene 16: 3233-3241, 1998.
55. Aasland R, Stewart AF: The chromo shadow domain, a second chromo domain in heterochromatin- binding protein I, HP1. Nucleic Acids Res 23: 3168-3174, 1995.
56. Prasad R, Zhadanov AB, Sedkov Y, et al.: Structure and expression pattern of human ALR, a novel gene with strong homology to ALL-1 involved in acute leukemia and to Drosophila trithorax. Oncogene 15: 549-560, 1997.
57. Zeleznik-Le NJ, Harden AM, Rowley JD: 11q23 translocations split the 'AT-hook' cruciform DNA-binding region and the transcriptional repression domain from the activation domain of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10610-10614, 1994.
58. Prasad R, Yano T, Sorio C, et al.: Domains with transcriptional regulatory activity within the ALL1 and AF4 proteins involved in acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 12160-12164, 1995.
59. Yu BD, Hess JL, Horning SE, Brown GA, Korsmeyer SJ: Altered Hox expression and segmental identity in Mll-mutant mice. Nature 378: 505-508, 1995.
60. Hess JL, Yu BD, Li B, Hanson R, Korsmeyer SJ: Defects in yolk sac hematopoiesis in Mll-null embryos. Blood 90: 1799-1806, 1997.
61. Laible G, Wolf A, Dorn R, et al.: Mammalian homologues of the Polycomb-group gene Enhancer of zeste mediate gene silencing in Drosophila heterochromatin and at S. cerevisiae telomeres. Embo J 16: 3219-3232, 1997.
62. Tie F, Furuyama T, Harte PJ: The Drosophila Polycomb Group proteins ESC and E(Z) bind directly to each other and co-localize at multiple chromosomal sites. Development 125: 3483-3496, 1998.
63. Roche SE, Rio DC: Trans-silencing by P elements inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin involves the Drosophila Polycomb group gene, Enhancer of zeste. Genetics 149: 1839-1855, 1998.
64. Ogawa M, Hiraoka Y, Taniguchi K, Aiso S: Cloning and expression of a human/mouse Polycomb group gene, ENX- 2/Enx- 2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1395: 151-158, 1998.
65. Lessard J, Baban S, Sauvageau G: Stage-specific expression of polycomb group genes in human bone marrow cells. Blood 91: 1216-1224, 1998.
66. Denisenko O, Shnyreva M, Suzuki H, Bomsztyk K: Point mutations in the WD40 domain of Eed block its interaction with Ezh2. Mol Cell Biol 18: 5634-5642, 1998.
67. Denisenko ON, Bomsztyk K: The product of the murine homolog of the Drosophila extra sex combs gene displays transcriptional repressor activity. Mol Cell Biol 17: 4707-4717, 1997.
68. Faust C, Lawson KA, Schork NJ, Thiel B, Magnuson T: The Polycomb-group gene eed is required for normal morphogenetic movements during gastrulation in the mouse embryo. Development 125: 4495-4506, 1998.
69. Glicksman MA, Brower DL: Persistent ectopic expression of Drosophila homeotic genes resulting from maternal deficiency of the extra sex combs gene product. Dev Biol 142: 422-431, 1990.
70. Gutjahr T, Frei E, Spicer C, Baumgartner S, White RA, Noll M: The Polycomb-group gene, extra sex combs, encodes a nuclear member of the WD-40 repeat family. Embo J 14: 4296-4306, 1995.
71. Gutjahr T, Frei E, Noll M, Baumgartner S, Spicer C, White RA: Re-isolated extra sex combs (esc) gene of Drosophila [letter, comment]. Mech Dev 56: 221, 1996.
72. Korf I, Fan Y, Strome S: The Polycomb group in Caenorhabditis elegans and maternal control of germline development. Development 125: 2469-2478, 1998.
73. Landecker HL, Sinclair DA, Brock HW: Screen for enhancers of Polycomb and Polycomblike in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Genet 15: 425-434, 1994.
74. Kodjabachian L, Delaage M, Maurel C, Miassod R, Jacq B, Rosset R: Mutations in ccf, a novel Drosophila gene encoding a chromosomal factor, affect progression through mitosis and interact with Pc-G mutations. Embo J 17: 1063-1075, 1998.
75. Muller J, Gaunt S, Lawrence PA: Function of the Polycomb protein is conserved in mice and flies. Development 121: 2847-2852, 1995.
76. Pearce JJ, Singh PB, Gaunt SJ: The mouse has a Polycomb- like chromobox gene. Development 114: 921-929, 1992.
77. Schoorlemmer J, Marcos-Gutierrez C, Were F, et al.: Ring1A is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with the Polycomb- M33 protein and is expressed at rhombomere boundaries in the mouse hindbrain. Embo J 16: 5930-5942, 1997.
78. Sewalt RG, Gunster MJ, van der Vlag J, Satijn DP, Otte AP: C-Terminal binding protein is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with a specific class of vertebrate Polycomb proteins. Mol Cell Biol 19: 777-787, 1999.
79. van Lohuizen M: Functional analysis of mouse Polycomb group genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 54: 71-79, 1998.
80. Wang G, Horsley D, Ma A, et al.: M33, a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Polycomb localises to euchromatin within interphase nuclei but is enriched within the centromeric heterochromatin of metaphase chromosomes. Cytogenet Cell Genet 78: 50-55, 1997.
81. Kanno M, Hasegawa M, Ishida A, Isono K, Taniguchi M: mel-18, a Polycomb group-related mammalian gene, encodes a transcriptional negative regulator with tumor suppressive activity. Embo J 14: 5672-5678, 1995.
82. Akasaka T, Tsuji K, Kawahira H, et al.: The role of mel-18, a mammalian Polycomb group gene, during IL-7- dependent proliferation of lymphocyte precursors. Immunity 7: 135-146, 1997.
83. Akasaka T, Kanno M, Balling R, Mieza MA, Taniguchi M, Koseki H: A role for mel-18, a Polycomb group-related vertebrate gene, during theanteroposterior specification of the axial skeleton. Development 122: 1513-1522, 1996.
84. Alkema MJ, van der Lugt NM, Bobeldijk RC, Berns A, van Lohuizen M: Transformation of axial skeleton due to overexpression of bmi-1 in transgenic mice. Nature 374: 724-727, 1995.
85. Brunk BP, Martin EC, Adler PN: Drosophila genes Posterior Sex Combs and Suppressor two of zeste encode proteins with homology to the murine bmi-1 oncogene. Nature 353: 351-353, 1991.
86. Bunker CA, Kingston RE: Transcriptional repression by Drosophila and mammalian Polycomb group proteins in transfected mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 14: 1721-1732, 1994.
87. Cohen KJ, Hanna JS, Prescott JE, Dang CV: Transformation by the Bmi-1 oncoprotein correlates with its subnuclear localization but not its transcriptional suppression activity. Mol Cell Biol 16: 5527-5535, 1996.
88. Hasegawa M, Tetsu O, Kanno R, et al.: Mammalian Polycomb group genes are categorized as a new type of early response gene induced by B-cell receptor cross-linking. Mol Immunol 35: 559-563, 1998.
89. Ishida A, Asano H, Hasegawa M, et al.: Cloning and chromosome mapping of the human Mel-18 gene which encodes a DNA-binding protein with a new 'RING-finger' motif. Gene 129: 249-255, 1993.
90. Jacobs JJ, Kieboom K, Marino S, DePinho RA, van Lohuizen M: The oncogene and Polycomb-group gene bmi-1 regulates cell proliferation and senescence through the ink4a locus. Nature 397: 164-168, 1999.
91. Reijnen MJ, Hamer KM, den Blaauwen JL, et al.: Polycomb and bmi-1 homologs are expressed in overlapping patterns in Xenopus embryos and are able to interact with each other. Mech Dev 53: 35-46, 1995.
92. Sharp EJ, Abramova NA, Park WJ, Adler PN: The conserved HR domain of the Drosophila suppressor 2 of zeste [Su(z)2] and murine bmi-1 proteins constitutes a locus-specific chromosome binding domain. Chromosoma 106: 70-80, 1997.
93. van der Lugt NM, Domen J, Linders K, et al.: Posterior transformation, neurological abnormalities, and severe hematopoietic defects in mice with a targeted deletion of the bmi-1 proto-oncogene. Genes Dev 8: 757-769, 1994.
94. van der Lugt NM, Alkema M, Berns A, Deschamps J: The Polycomb-group homolog Bmi-1 is a regulator of murine Hox gene expression. Mech Dev 58: 153-164, 1996.
95. Simon J, Chiang A, Bender W: Ten different Polycomb group genes are required for spatial control of the abdA and AbdB homeotic products. Development 114: 493-505, 1992.
96. Campbell RB, Sinclair DA, Couling M, Brock HW: Genetic interactions and dosage effects of Polycomb group genes of Drosophila. Mol Gen Genet 246: 291-300, 1995.
97. Peterson AJ, Kyba M, Bornemann D, Morgan K, Brock HW, Simon J: A domain shared by the Polycomb group proteins Scm and ph mediates heterotypic and homotypic interactions. Mol Cell Biol 17: 6683-6692, 1997.
98. Pal-Bhadra M, Bhadra U, Birchler JA: Cosuppression in Drosophila: gene silencing of Alcohol dehydrogenase by white-Adh transgenes is Polycomb dependent [see comments]. Cell 90: 479-490, 1997.
99. Hodgson JW, Cheng NN, Sinclair DA, Kyba M, Randsholt NB, Brock HW: The polyhomeotic locus of Drosophila melanogasler is transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated during embryogenesis. Mech Dev 66: 69-81, 1997.
100. Fauvarque MO, Zuber V, Dura JM: Regulation of polyhomeotic transcription may involve local changes in chromatin activity in Drosophila. Mech Dev 52: 343-355, 1995.
101. Dura JM, Brock HW, Santamaria P: Polyhomeotic: a gene of Drosophila melanogaster required for correct expression of segmental identity. Mol Gen Genet 198: 213-220, 1985.
102. DeCamillis M, Cheng NS, Pierre D, Brock HW: The polyhomeotic gene of Drosophila encodes a chromatin protein that shares polytene chromosome- binding sites with Polycomb. Genes Dev 6: 223-232, 1992.
103. Cheng NN, Sinclair DA, Campbell RB, Brock HW: Interactions of polyhomeotic with Polycomb group genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 138: 1151-1162, 1994.
104. Buchenau P, Hodgson J, Strutt H, Arndt-Jovin DJ: The distribution of polycomb- group proteins during cell division and development in Drosophila embryos: impact on models for silencing. J Cell Biol 141: 469-481, 1998.
105. Bornemann D, Miller E, Simon J: The Drosophila Polycomb group gene Sex comb on midleg (Scm) encodes a zinc finger protein with similarity to polyhomeotic protein. Development 122: 1621-1630, 1996.
106. Bornemann D, Miller E, Simon J: Expression and properties of wild-type and mutant forms of the Drosophila sex comb on midleg (SCM) repressor protein. Genetics 150: 675-686, 1998.
107. Kennison JA, Tamkun JW: Dosage-dependent modifiers of polycomb and antennapedia mutations in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8136-8140, 1988.
108. Kyba M, Brock HW: The SAM domain of polyhomeotic, RAE28, and scm mediates specific interactions through conserved residues. Dev Genet 22: 74-84, 1998.
109. Montini E, Buchner G, Spalluto C, et al.: Identification of SCML2, a second human gene homologous to the drosophila sex comb on midleg (Scm): A new gene cluster on Xp22 [In Process Citation]. Genomics 58: 65-72, 1999.
110. van de Vosse E, Walpole SM, Nicolaou A, et al.: Characterization of SCML1, a new gene in Xp22, with homology to developmental polycomb genes. Genomics 49: 96-102, 1998.
111. Soulez M, Saurin AJ, Freemont PS, Knight JC: SSX and the synovial-sarcoma- specific chimaeric protein SYT-SSX co- localize with the human Polycomb group complex [In Process Citation]. Oncogene 18: 2739-2746, 1999.
112. Saurin AJ, Shiels C, Williamson J, et al.: The human polycomb group complex associates with pericentromeric heterochromatin to form a novel nuclear domain. J Cell Biol 142: 887-898, 1998.
113. Inouye C, Remondelli P, Karin M, Elledge S: Isolation of a cDNA encoding a metal response element binding protein using a novel expression cloning procedure: the one hybrid system. DNA Cell Biol 13: 731-742, 1994.
114. Gecz J, Gaunt SJ, Passage E, et al.: Assignment of a Polycomb-like chromobox gene (CBX2) to human chromosome 17q25. Genomics 26: 130-133, 1995.
115. Janitz K, Wild A, Beck S, et al.: Genomic organization of the HSET locus and the possible association of HLA- linked genes with immotile cilia syndrome (ICS) [In Process Citation]. Immunogenetics 49: 644-652, 1999.
116. Tillib S, Petruk S, Sedkov Y, et al.: Trithorax- and polycomb-group response elements within an ultrabithorax transcription maintenance unit consist of closely situated but separable sequences [In Process Citation]. Mol Cell Biol 19: 5189-5202, 1999.
117. Brown JL, Mucci D, Whiteley M, Dirksen ML, Kassis JA: The Drosophila Polycomb group gene pleiohomeotic encodes a DNA binding protein with homology to the transcription factor YY1 [see comments]. Mol Cell 1: 1057-1064, 1998.
118. Mozer BA, Dawid IB: Cloning and molecular characterization of the trithorax locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3738-3742, 1989.
119. Mazo AM, Huang DH, Mozer BA, Dawid IB: The trithorax gene, a trans-acting regulator of the bithorax complex in Drosophila, encodes a protein with zinc- binding domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 2112-2116, 1990.
120. Breen TR, Harte PJ: Molecular characterization of the trithorax gene, a positive regulator of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila. Mech Dev 35: 113-127, 1991.
121. Rowley JD: Rearrangements involving chromosome band 11Q23 in acute leukaemia. Semin Cancer Biol 4: 377-385, 1993.
122. Parry P, Djabali M, Bower M, et al.: Structure and expression of the human trithorax-like gene 1 involved in acute leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 4738-4742, 1993.
123. Ford AM, Ridge SA, Cabrera ME, et al.: In utero rearrangements in the trithorax- related oncogene in infant leukaemias. Nature 363: 358-360, 1993.
124. Sedkov Y, Tillib S, Mizrokhi L, Mazo A: The bithorax complex is regulated by trithorax earlier during Drosophila embryogenesis than is the Antennapedia complex, correlating with a bithorax-like expression pattern of distinct early trithorax transcripts. Development 120: 1907-1917, 1994.
125. Butler LH, Slany R, Cui X, Cleary ML, Mason DY: The HRX proto-oncogene product is widely expressed in human tissues and localizes to nuclear structures. Blood 89: 3361-3370, 1997.
126. Paro R, Strutt H, Cavalli G: Heritable chromatin states induced by the Polycomb and trithorax group genes. Novartis Found Symp 214: 51-61, 1998.
127. Cimino G, Rapanotti MC, Sprovieri T, Elia L: ALL1 gene alterations in acute leukemia: biological and clinical aspects. Haematologica 83: 350-357, 1998.
128. Sedkov Y, Benes JJ, Berger JR, et al.: Molecular genetic analysis of the Drosophila trithorax-related gene which encodes a novel SET domain protein. Mech Dev 82: 171-179, 1999.
129. Bhat KM, Farkas G, Karch F, Gyurkovics H, Gausz J, Schedl P: The GAGA factor is required in the early Drosophila embryo not only for transcriptional regulation but also for nuclear division. Development 122: 1113-1124, 1996.
130. Ohtsuki S, Levine M: GAGA mediates the enhancer blocking activity of the eve promoter in the Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev 12: 3325-3330, 1998.
131. Wilkins RC, Lis JT: Dynamics of potentiation and activation: GAGA factor and its role in heat shock gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3963-3968, 1997.
132. Lintermann KG, Roth GE, King-Jones K, Korge G, Lehmann M: Comparison of the GAGA factor genes of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis reveals high conservation of GAGA factor structure beyond the BTB/POZ and DNA- binding domains. Dev Genes Evol 208: 447-456, 1998.
133. Hagstrom K, Muller M, Schedl P: A Polycomb and GAGA dependent silencer adjoins the Fab-7 boundary in the Drosophila bithorax complex. Genetics 146: 1365-1380, 1997.
134. Tamkun JW: The role of brahma and related proteins in transcription and development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 5: 473-477, 1995.
135. Tamkun JW, Deuring R, Scott MP, et al.: brahma: a regulator of Drosophila homeotic genes structurally related to the yeast transcriptional activator SNF2/SWI2. Cell 68: 561-572, 1992.
136. Papoulas O, Beek SJ, Moseley SL, et al.: The Drosophila trithorax group proteins BRM, ASH1 and ASH2 are sub-units of distinct protein complexes. Development 125: 3955-3966, 1998.
137. Crosby MA, Miller C, Alon T, et al.: The trithorax group gene moira encodes a brahma-associated putative chromatin-remodeling factor in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 19: 1159-1170, 1999.
138. Daubresse G, Deuring R, Moore L, et al.: The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity. Development 126: 1175-1187, 1999.
139. Dingwall AK, Beek SJ, McCallum CM, et al.: The Drosophila snr1 and brm proteins are related to yeast SWI/SNF proteins and are components of a large protein complex. Mol Biol Cell 6: 777-791, 1995.
140. Vazquez M, Moore L, Kennison JA: The trithorax group gene osa encodes an ARID-domain protein that genetically interacts with the brahma chromatin- remodeling factor to regulate transcription. Development 126: 733-742, 1999.
141. Schofield J, Isaac A, Golovleva I, et al.: Expression of Drosophila trithorax-group homologues in chick embryos. Mech Dev 80: 115-118, 1999.
142. Tripoulas N, LaJeunesse D, Gildea J, Shearn A: The Drosophila ash1 gene product, which is localized at specific sites on polytene chromosomes, contains a SET domain and a PHD finger. Genetics 143: 913-928, 1996.
143. Tripoulas NA, Hersperger E, La Jeunesse D, Shearn A: Molecular genetic analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster gene absent, small or homeotic discs1 (ash1). Genetics 137: 1027-1038, 1994.
144. LaJeunesse D, Shearn A: Trans-regulation of thoracic homeotic selector genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes by the trithorax group genes: absent, small, and homeotic discs 1 and 2. Mech Dev 53: 123-139, 1995.
145. Adamson AL, Shearn A: Molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila ash2, a member of the trithorax group required for imaginai disc pattern formation. Genetics 144: 621-633, 1996.
146. Brizuela BJ, Kennison JA: The Drosophila homeotic gene moira regulates expression of engrailed and HOM genes in imaginal tissues. Mech Dev 65: 209-220, 1997.
147. Batchelder C, Dunn MA, Choy B, et al.: Transcriptional repression by the Caenorhabditis elegans germ-line protein PIE-1. Genes Dev 13: 202-212, 1999.
148. Seydoux G, Mello CC, Pettitt J, Wood WB, Priess JR, Fire A: Repression of gene expression in the embryonic germ lineage of C. elegans [letter]. Nature 382: 713-716, 1996.
149. Holdeman R, Nehrt S, Strome S: MES-2, a maternal protein essential for viability of the germline in Caenorhabditis elegans, is homologous to a Drosophila Polycomb group protein. Development 125: 2457-2467, 1998.
150. Luo M, Bilodeau P, Koltunow A, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ, Chaudhury AM: Genes controlling fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 296-301, 1999.
151. Bell AC, Felsenfeld G: Stopped at the border: boundaries and insulators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9: 191-198, 1999.
152. Farkas G, Gausz J, Galloni M, Reuter G, Gyurkovics H, Karch F: The trithorax-like gene encodes the Drosophila GAGA factor. Nature 371: 806-808, 1994.
153. Hagstrom K, Muller M, Schedl P: Fab-7 functions as a chromatin domain boundary to ensure proper segment specification by the Drosophila bithorax complex. Genes Dev 10: 3202-3215, 1996.
154. Mihaly J, Hogga I, Gausz J, Gyurkovics H, Karch F: In situ dissection of the Fab- 7 region of the bithorax complex into a chromatin domain boundary and a Polycomb-response element. Development 124: 1809-1820, 1997.
155. Zhou J, Barolo S, Szymanski P, Levine M: The Fab-7 element of the bithorax complex attenuates enhancer-promoter interactions in the Drosophila embryo. Genes Dev 10: 3195-3201, 1996.
156. Cillo C, Faiella A, Cantile M, Boncinelli E: Homeobox genes and cancer. Exp Cell Res 248: 1-9, 1999.
157. Rabbitts TH: Chromosomal translocation in human cancer. Nature 372: 143-149, 1994.
158. Look AT: Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukemias. Science 278: 1059-1064, 1997.
159. Zieman-van der Poel S, McCabe NR, Gill HJ, et al.: Identification of a gene, MLL, that spans the breakpoint in 11q23 translocations associated with human leukemias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88: 10735-10739, 1991.
160. Gu Y, Nakamura T, Alder H, et al.: The t(4;11)chromosome translocation of human acute leukemias fuses the ALL-1 gene, related to Drosophila trithorax, to the AF-4 gene. Cell 71: 701-708, 1992.
161. Tkachuk DC, Kohler S, Cleary ML: Involvement of a homolog of Drosophila trithorax by 11q23 chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Cell 71: 691-700, 1992.
162. Djabali M, Selleri L, Parry P, Bower M, Young B, Evans GA: A trithorax-like gene is interrupted by chromosome 11q23 translocations in acute leukaemias. Nat Genet 4: 431, 1993.
163. Djabali M, Selleri L, Parry P, Bower M, Young BD, Evans GA: A trithorax-like gene is interrupted by chromosome 11q23 translocations in acute leukaemias [published erratum appears in Nat Genet 1993 Aug;4(4):431]. Nat Genet 2: 113-118, 1992.
164. Moehrle A, Paro R: Spreading the silence: epigenetic transcriptional regulation during Drosophila development. Dev Genet 15: 478-484, 1994.
165. Gu Y, Alder H, Nakamura T, et al.: Sequence analysis of the breakpoint cluster region in the ALL-1 gene involved in acute leukemia. Cancer Research 54: 2327-2330, 1994.
166. Schichman SA, Caligiuri MA, Gu Y, et al.: ALL-1 partial duplication in acute leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 6236-6239, 1994.
167. Baffa R, Negrini M, Schichman SA, Huebner K, Croce CM: Involvement of the ALL-1 gene in a solid tumor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 4922-4926, 1995.
168. Lochner K, Siegler G, Fuhrer M, et al.: A specific deletion in the breakpoint cluster region of the ALL-1 gene is associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Canc Res 56: 2171-2177, 1996.
169. Marcucci G, Strout MP, Bloomfield CD, Caligiuri MA: Detection of unique ALL1 (MLL) fusion transcripts in normal human bone marrow and blood: distinct origin of normal versus leukemic ALL1 fusion transcripts. Cancer Res 58: 790-793, 1998.
170. Caldas C, So C, MacGregor A, et al.: Exon scrambling of MLL transcripts occur commonly and mimic partial genomic duplication of the gene. Gene 208: 167-176, 1998.
171. Schnittger S, Wormann B, Hiddemann W, Griesinger F: Partial tandem duplications of the MLL gene are detectable in peripheral blood and bone marrow of nearly all healthy donors. Blood 92: 1728-1734, 1998.
172. Ariyama Y, Fukuda Y, Okuno Y, et al.: Amplification on double-minute chromosomes and partial-tandem duplication of the MLL gene in leukemic cells of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Gen Chrom Canc 23: 267-272, 1998.
173. Domer PH, Fakharzadeh SS, Chen C-S, et al.: Acute mixed-lineage leukemia t(4;11)(q21;q23) generates an MLL-AF4 fusion product. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 90: 7884-7888, 1993.
174. Ma Q, Alder H, Nelson KK, et al.: Analysis of the murine All-1 gene reveals conserved domains with human ALL-1 and identifies a motif shared with DNA methyltransferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6350-6354, 1993.
175. Yano T, Nakamura T, Blechman J, et al.: Nuclear punctate distribution of ALL-1 is conferred by distinct elements at the N terminus of the protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 7286-7291, 1997.
176. Ennas M-G, Sorio C, Greim R, et al.: The human ALL-1/MLL/HRX antigen is predominantly localized in the nucleus of resting and proliferating peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Canc Res 57: 2035-2041, 1997.
177. Leshkowitz D, Rozenblatt O, Nakamura T, et al.: ALL-1 interacts with unr, a protein containing multiple cold shock domains. Oncogene 13: 2027-2031, 1996.
178. Adler HT, Nallaseth FS, Walter G, Tkachuk DC: HRX leukemic fusion proteins form a heterocomplex with the leukemia-associated protein SET and protein phosphatase 2A. J Biol Chem 272: 28407-28414, 1997.
179. Arakawa H, Nakamura T, Zhadanov AB, et al.: Identification and characterization of the ARP1 gene, a target for the human acute leukemia ALL1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4573-4578, 1998.
180. Corral J, Lavenir I, Impey H, et al.: An MII-AF9 fusion gene made by homologous recombination causes acute leukemia in chimieric mice: a method to create fusion oncogenes. Cell 85: 853-861, 1996.
181. Lavau C, Szilvassy SJ, Slany R, Cleary ML: Immortalization and leukemic transformation of a myelomonocytic precursor by retrovirally transduced HRX- ENL. Embo J 16: 4226-4237, 1997.
182. Versteege I, Sevenet N, Lange J, et al.: Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer. Nature 394: 203-206, 1998.
183. Cheng SW, Davies KP, Yung E, Beltran RJ, Yu J, Kalpana GV: c-MYC interacts with INI1/hSNF5 and requires the SWI/SNF complex for transactivation function. Nat Genet 22: 102-105, 1999.
184. Lee D, Sohn H, Kalpana GV, Choe J: Interaction of E1 and hSNF5 proteins stimulates replication of human papillomavirus DNA. Nature 399: 487-491, 1999.
185. Dunaief JL, Strober BE, Guha S, et al.: The retinoblastoma protein and BRG1 form a complex and cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest. Cell 79: 119-130, 1994.
186. Trouche D, Le Chalony C, Muchardt C, Yaniv M, Kouzarides T: RB and hbrm cooperate to repress the activation functions of E2F1. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 94: 11268-11273, 1997.
187. Muchardt C, Bourachot B, Reyes J-C, Yaniv M: ras transformation is associated with decreased expression of the brm/SNF2a ATPase from mammalian SWI-SNF complex. EMBO J 17: 223-231, 1998.
188. Khavarl PA, Peterson CL, Tamkun JW: BRG1 contains a conserved domain of the SWI2/SNF2 family necessary for normal mitotic growth and transcription. Nature 366: 170-174, 1993.
189. Stec I, Wright TJ, van Ommen GJ, et al.: WHSC1, a 90 kb SET domain- containing gene, expressed in early development and homologous to a Drosophila dysmorphy gene maps in the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region and is fused to IgH in t(4;14) multiple myeloma. Hum Mol Genet 7: 1071-1082, 1998.
190. Haupt Y, Alexander WS, Barri G, Klinken SP, Adams JM: Novel zinc finger gene implicated as myc collaborator by retrovirally accelerated lymphomagenesis in Eμ-myc mice. Cell 65: 753-763, 1991.
191. van Lohuizen M, Frasch M, Wientjens E, Berns A: Sequence similarity between the mammalian bmi-1 proto-oncogene and the Drosophila regulatory genes Psc and Su(z)2. Nature 353: 353-355, 1991.
192. Alkema MJ, Jacobs H, van Lohuizen M, Berns A: Perturbation of B and T cell development and predisposition to lymphomagenesis in EμBmi1 transgenic mice require the Bmi1 RING finger. Oncogene 15: 899-910, 1997.
193. Domer PH, Fakharzadeh SS, Chen CS, et al.: Acute mixed-lineage leukemia t(4;11)(q21;q23) generates an MLL-AF4 fusion product. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 7884-7888, 1993.
194. Rubnitz JE, Morrissey J, Savage PA, Cleary ML: ENL, the gene fused with HRX in t(11;19) leukemias, encodes a nuclear protein with transcriptional activation potential in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Blood 84: 1747-1752, 1994.
195. Thirman MJ, Levitan DA, Kobayashi H, Simon MC, Rowley JD: Cloning of ELL, a gene that fuses to MLL in a t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) in acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 91: 12110-12114, 1995.
196. Shilatifard A, Lane WS, Jackson KW, Conaway RC, Conaway JW: An RNA polymerase II elongation factor encoded by the human ELL gene. Science 271: 1873-1876, 1996.
197. So CW, Caldas C, Liu MM, et al.: EEN encodes for a member of a new family of proteins containing an Src homology 3 domain and is the third gene located on chromosome 19p13 that fuses to MLL in human leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 2563-2568, 1997.
198. Tse W, Zhu W, Chen HS, Cohen A: A novel gene, AF1q, fused to MLL in t(1;11) (q21;q23), is specifically expressed in leukemic and immature hematopoietic cells. Blood 85: 650-656, 1995.
199. Osaka M, Rowley JD, Zeleznik-Le NJ: MSF (MLL septin-like fusion), a fusion partner gene of MLL, in a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;17)(q23;q25)..
200. Megonigal MD, Rappaport EF, Jones DH, et al.: t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) In acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins fuses MLL with hCDCrel, a cell division cycle gene in the genomic region of deletion in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 6413-6418, 1998.
201. Sobulo OM, Borrow J, Tomek R, et al.: MLL is fused to CBP, a histone acetyltransferase, in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;16)(q23;p13.3) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 8732-8737, 1997.
202. Taki T, Sako M, Tsuchida M, Hayashi Y: The t(11;16)(q23;p13) translocation in myelodysplastic syndrome fuses the MLL gene to the CBP gene. Blood 89: 3945-3950, 1997.
203. Prasad R, Gu Y, Alder H, et al.: Cloning of the ALL-1 fusion partner, the AF-6 gene, involved in acute myeloid leukemias with the t(6;11) chromosome translocation. Cancer Res 53: 5624-5628, 1993.
204. Kuriyama M, Harada N, Kuroda S, et al.: Identification of AF-6 and canoe as putative targets for Ras. J Biol Chem 271: 607-610, 1996.
205. Nakamura T, Alder H, Gu Y, et al.: Genes on chromosomes 4, 9 and 19 involved in 11q23 abnormalities in acute leukemia share sequence homology and/or common motifs. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 90: 4631-4635, 1993.
206. Taki T, Hayashi Y, Taniwaki M, et al.: Fusion of the MLL gene with two different genes, AF-6 and AF-5alpha, by a complex translocation involving chromosomes 5, 6, 8 and 11 in infant leukemia. Oncogene 13: 2121-2130, 1996.
207. Chaplin T, Bernard O, Beverloo HB, et al.: The t(10;11) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (M5) consistently fuses the leucine zipper motif of AF10 onto the HRX gene. Blood 86: 2073-2076, 1995.
208. Prasad R, Leshkowitz D, Gu Y, et al.: Leucine-zipper dimerization motif encoded by the AFI7 gene fused to ALL-1 (MLL) in acute leukemia. Proc Natl Ac Sci USA 91: 8107-8111, 1994.
209. Bernard OA, Machauffe M, Mecucci C, van den Berghe H, Berger R: A novel gene, AF-1p, fused to HRX in t(1;11), is not related to AF-4, AF-9 nor ENL. Oncogene 9: 1039-1045, 1994.
210. Parry P, Wei Y, Evans G: Cloning and characterization of the t(X;11) breakpoint from a leukemic cell line identify a new member of the forkhead gene family. Gen Chrom Canc 11: 79-84, 1994.
211. Borkhardt A, Repp R, Haas OA, et al.: Cloning and characterization of AFX, the gene that fuses to MLL in acute leukemias with a t(X;11)(q13;q23). Oncogene 14: 195-202, 1997.
212. Hillion J, Le Coniat M, Jonveaux P, Berger R, Bernard OA: AF6q21, a novel partner of the MLL gene in t(6;11)(q21;q23), defines a forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily. Blood 90: 3714-3719, 1997.
213. Taki T, Shibuya N, Taniwaki M, et al.: ABI-1, a human homolog to mouse Ab1- interactor I, fuses the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia with t(10;11)(p11.2;q23). Blood 92: 1125-1130, 1998.
214. Ida K, Kitabayashi I, Taki T, et al.: Adenoviral E1A-associated protein p300 is involved in acute myeloid leukemia with t(11;22)(q23;q13). Blood 90: 4699-4704, 1997.
215. Schumacher A, Faust C, Magnuson T: Positional cloning of a global regulator of anterior-posterior positioning in mice. Nature 383: 250-253, 1996.
216. KatohFukui Y, Tsuchiya R, Shiroishi T, et al.: Male-to-female sex reversal in M33 mutant mice. Nature 393: 688-692, 1998.