Transcriptional regulation of T lymphocyte development and function

Annual Review of Immunology

Volumn 17, Issue , 1999, Pages 149-187

  Kuo, Chay T ^a   Leiden, Jeffrey M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Lineage determination; T cell activation; Th1 Th2 differentiation; Thymocyte development; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CELL LINEAGE; CELL MATURATION; GENE TARGETING; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; THYMOCYTE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DNA; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; GATA3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; HUMANS; KILLER CELLS, NATURAL; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; TH1 CELLS; TH2 CELLS; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 0032969001     PISSN: 07320582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.149     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Weissman IL. 1994. Developmental switches in the immune system. Cell 76:207-18
2. Weiss A, Littman DR. 1994. Signal transduction by lymphocyte antigen receptors. Cell 76:263-74
3. Janeway CA, Bottomly K. 1994. Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell 76:275-85
4. Clevers HC, Grosschedl R. 1996. Transcriptional control of lymphoid development: lessons from gene targeting. Immunol. Today 17:336-43
5. Fischer A, Malissen B. 1998. Natural and engineered disorders of lymphocyte development. Science 280:237-43
6. Clevers H, Ferrier P. 1998. Transcriptional control during T-cell development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:166-71
7. Leiden JM. 1993. Transcriptional regulation of T cell receptor genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11:539-70
8. Leiden JM, Thompson CB. 1994. Transcriptional regulation of T-cell genes during T-cell development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6:231-37
9. Georgopoulos K. 1997. Transcription factors required for lymphoid lineage commitment. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:222-27
10. Orkin SH. 1995. Hematopoiesis: How does it happen? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:870-77
11. Shortman K, Wu L. 1996. Early T lymphocyte progenitors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:29-47
12. Kondo M, Weissman IL, Akashi K. 1997. Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Cell 91:661-72
13. Rodewald HR, Moingeon P, Lucich JL, Dosiou C, Lopez P, Reinherz EL. 1992. A population of early fetal thymocytes expressing Fc gamma RII/III contains precursors of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cell 69:139-50
14. Sanchez MJ, Muench MO, Roncarolo MG, Lanier LL, Phillips JH. 1994. Identification of a common T/natural killer cell progenitor in human fetal thymus. J Exp Med. 180:569-76
15. Shivdasani RA, Orkin SH. 1996. The transcriptional control of hematopoiesis. Blood 87:4025-39
16. Georgopoulos K, Moore DD, Derfler B. 1992. Ikaros, an early lymphoid-specific transcription factor and a putative mediator for T cell commitment. Science 258:808-12
17. Georgopoulos K, Winandy S, Avitahl N. 1997. The role of the Ikaros gene in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. Annu. Review. Immunol. 15:155-76
18. Molnar A, Georgopoulos K. 1994. The Ikaros gene encodes a family of functionally diverse zinc finger DNA-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:8292-303
19. Hahm K, Ernst P, Lo K, Kim GS, Turck C, Smale ST. 1994. The lymphoid transcription factor LyF-1 is encoded by specific, alternative spliced mRNAs derived from the Ikaros gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7111-23
20. Morgan B, Sun L, Avitahl N, Andrikopoulos K, Ikeda T, Gonzales E, Wu P, Neben S, Georgopoulos K. 1997. Aiolos, a lymphoid restricted transcription factor that interacts with Ikaros to regulate lymphocyte differentiation. EMBO J. 16:2004-13
21. Georgopoulos K, Bigby M, Wang JH, Molnar A, Wu P, Winandy S, Sharpe A. 1994. The Ikaros gene is required for the development of all lymphoid lineages. Cell 79:143-56
22. Sun L, Liu A, Georgopoulos K. 1996. Zinc finger-mediated protein interactions modulate Ikaros activity, a molecular control of lymphocyte development. EMBO J. 15:5358-69
23. Winandy S, Wu P, Georgopoulos K. 1995. A dominant mutation in the Ikaros gene leads to rapid development of leukemia and lymphoma. Cell 83:289-99
24. Wang JH, Nichogiannopoulou A, Wu L, Sun L, Sharpe AH, Bigby M, Georgopoulos K. 1996. Selective defects in the development of the fetal and adult lymphoid system in mice with an Ikaros null mutation. Immunity 5:537-49
25. Pandolfi P, Roth M, Karis A, Leonard M, Dzierzak E, Grosveld F, Engel JD, Lindenhaum MH. 1995. Targeted disruption of the GATA-3 gene causes severe abnormalities in the nervous system and in the fetal liver haematopoiesis. Nat. Genet. 11: 40-44
26. Ko LJ, Engel JD. 1993. DNA-binding specificities of GATA transcription factor family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4011-22
27. Merika M, Orkin SH. 1993. DNA-binding specificity of GATA family transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3999-4010
28. Tsai SF, Martin DI, Zon LI, D'Andrea AD, Wong GG, Orkin SH. 1989. Cloning of cDNA for the major DNA binding protein of the erythroid lineage through expression in mammalian cells. Nature 339:446-51
29. Evans T, Felsenfeld G. 1989. The erythroid-specific transcription factor eryfl: a new finger protein. Cell 58:877-85
30. Lee ME, Temizer DH, Clifford JA, Quertermous T. 1991. Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16188-92
31. Dorfman DM, Wilson DB, Bruns GAP, and Orkin SH. 1992. Human transcription factor GATA-2: evidence for regulation of preproendothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1279-85
32. Ho IC, Vorhces PN, Marin BK, Oakley SF, Tsai SH, Orkin, Leiden JM. 1991. Human GATA-3: a lineage-restricted transcription factor that regulates the expression of the T cell receptor alpha-gene. EMBO J. 10:1187-92
33. Ko LJ, Yamamoto M, Leonard MW, George KM, Ting P, Engel JD. 1991. Murine and human T-lymphocyte GATA-3 factors mediate transcription through a cis-regulatory element within the human T-cell receptor delta gene enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2778-84
34. Arceci RJ, King AA, Simon MC, Orkin SH, Wilson DB. 1993. Mouse GATA-4: a retinoic acid-inducible GATA-binding transcription factor expressed in endodermally derived tissues and heart. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2235-46
35. Kelley C, Blumberg H, Zon LI, Evans T. 1993. GATA-4 is a novel transcription factor expressed in endocardium of the developing heart. Development 118:817-27
36. Laverriere AC, MacNeill C, Muellcr C, Poelmann RE, Burch JB, Evans T. 1994. GATA-4/5/6, a subfamily of three transcription factors transcribed in developing heart and gut. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23177-84
37. Morrisey EE, Ip HS, Tang Z, Lu MM, Parmacek MS. 1997. GATA5: a transcriptional activator expressed in a novel temporally and spatially-restricted pattern during embryonic development. Dev. Biol. 183:21-36
38. Morrisey EE, Ip HS, Lu MM, Parmacek MS. 1996. GATA6: a zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in multiple cell lineages derived from lateral mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 177:309-22
39. Pevny L, Simon MC, Robertson E, Klein WH, Tsai SF, Dagati V, Orkin SH, Constantini F. 1991. Erythroid differentiation in chimeric mice blocked by a targeted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1. Nature 349:257-60
40. Fujiwara Y, Browne CP, Cunniff K, Goff SC, Orkin SH. 1996. Arrested development of embryonic red cell precursors in mouse embryos lacking transcription factor GATA-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12355-58
41. Tsai FY, Keller G, Kuo FC, Weiss M, Chen J, Rosenblatt M, Alt FW, Orkin SH. 1994. An early haematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2. Nature 371:221-26
42. Kuo CT, Morrisey EE, Anandappa R, Sigrist K, Lu MM, Parmacek MS, Soudais C, Leiden JM. 1997. GATA4 transcription factor is required for ventral morphogenesis and heart tube formation. Genes Dev. 11:1048-60
43. Molkentin JD, Lin Q, Duncan SA, Olson EN. 1997. Requirement of the transcription factor GATA4 for heart tube formation and ventral morphogenesis. Genes Dev. 11:1061-72
44. Henderson AJ, McDougall D, Leiden JM, Calame KL. 1994. GATA elements are necessary for the activity and tissue specificity of the T-cell beta chain transcriptional enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4286-94
45. Joulin V, Bories D, Eleouet JF, Labastic MC, Chretien S, Mattei MG, Romeo PH. 1991. A T-cell-specific TCR delta DNA binding protein is a member of the human GATA family. EMBO J. 10:1809-16
46. Landry DB, Engel JD, Sen R. 1993. Functional GATA-3 binding sites within murine CD8 alpha upstream regulatory sequences. J. Exp. Med. 178:941-49
47. George KM, Leonard MW, Roth ME, Lieuw KH, Kioussis D, Grosveld F, Engel JD. 1994. Embryonic expression and cloning of the murine GATA-3. Genes Dev. 120:2673-86
48. Oosterwegel M, Timmerman J, Leiden J, Clevers H. 1992. Expression of GATA-3 during lymphocyte differentiation and mouse embryogenesis. Dev. Immunol. 3:1-11
49. Pandolfi PP, Roth ME, Karis A, Leonard MW, Dzierzak E, Grosveld FG, Engel JD, Lindenbaum MH. 1995. Targeted disruption of the GATA3 gene causes severe abnormalities in the nervous system and in fetal liver haematopoiesis. Nat. Genet. 11:40-44
50. Chen J, Landsford R, Steward V, Young F, Alt FW. 1993. RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation: an assay of gene function in lymphocyte development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4528-32
51. Ting CN, Olson MC, Barton KP, Leiden JM. 1996. Transcription factor GATA-3 is required for development of the T-cell lineage. Nature 384:474-78
52. Leprince D, Gegonne A, Coll J, de Taisne C, Schneeberger A, Lagrou C, Stehelin D. 1983. A putative second cell-derived oncogene of the avian leukaemia retrovirus E26. Nature 306:395-97
53. Nunn MF, Seeburg PH, Moscovici C, Duesberg PH. 1983. Tripartite structure of the avian erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming gene. Nature 306:391-95
54. Bassuk AG, Leiden JM. 1997. The role of Ets transcription factors in the development and function of the mammalian immune system. Adv. Immunol. 64:65-104
55. Lai ZC, Rubin GM. 1992. Negative control of photoreceptor development in Drosophila by the product of the yan gene, an ETS domain protein. Cell 70:609-20
56. Scott EW, Simon MC, Anastasi J, Singh H. 1994. Requirement of transcription factor PU.1 in the development of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Science 265:1573-77
57. Su GH, Chen HM, Muthusamy N, Garrett-Sinha LA, Baunoch D, Tenen DG, Simon MC. 1997. Defective B cell receptor-mediated responses in mice lacking the Ets protein, Spi-B. EMBO J. 16:7118-29
58. Bassuk AG, Leiden JM. 1995. A direct physical association between ETS and AP-1 transcription factors in normal human T cells. Immunity 3:223-37
59. Pognonec P, Boulukos KE, Gesquiere JC, Stehelin D, Ghysdael J. 1988. Mitogenic stimulation of thymocytes results in the calcium-dependent phosphorylation of c-ets-1 proteins. EMBO J. 7:977-83
60. Bhat NK, Komschlies KL, Fujiwara S, Fisher RJ, Mathieson BJ, Gregorio TA, Young HA, Kasik JW, Ozato K, Papas TS. 1989. Expression of ets genes in mouse thymocyte subsets and T cells. J. Immunol. 142:672-78
61. Rabault B, Ghysdael J. 1994. Calcium-induced phosphorylation of ETS1 inhibits its specific DNA binding activity. J. Biol. Chem. 269:28143-51
62. Muthusamy N, Barton K, Leiden JM. 1995. Defective activation and survival of T cells lacking the Ets-1 transcription factor. Nature 377:639-42
63. Bories JC, Willerford DM, Grevin D, Davidson L, Camus A, Martin P, Stehelin D, Alt FW. 1995. Increased T-cell apoptosis and terminal B-cell differentiation induced by inactivation of the Ets-1 protooncogene. Nature 377:635-38
64. Matsuyama T, Kimura T, Kitagawa M, Pfeffer K, Kawakami T, Watanabe N, Kundig TM, Amakawa R, Kishihara K, Wakeham A. 1993. Targeted disruption of IRF-1 or IRF-2 results in abnormal type 1 IFN gene induction and aberrant lymphocyte development. Cell 75:83-97
65. Ohteki T, Yoshida H, Matsuyama T, Duncan GS, Mak TW, Ohashi PS. 1998. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor I (IRF-1) is important during the maturation of natural killer 1.1+ T cell receptor-alpha/beta+ (NKI+ T) cells, natural killer cells, and intestinal intraepithelial T cells. J. Exp. Med. 187:967-72
66. Ogasawara K, Hida S, Azimi N, Tagaya Y, Sato T, Yokochi-Fukuda T, Waldmann TA, Taniguchi T, Taki S. 1998. Requirement for IRF-1 in the microenvironment supporting development of natural killer cells. Nature 391:700-3
67. Zuniga-Pflucker JC, Lenardo MJ. 1996. Regulation of thymocyte development from immature progenitors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8:215-24
68. von Boehmer H, Fehling HJ. 1997. Structure and function of the pre-T cell receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:433-52
69. Robey E, Fowlkes BJ. 1994. Selective events in T cell development. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:675-705
70. Jameson SC, Hogquist KA, Bevan MJ. 1995. Positive selection of thymocytes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:93-126
71. Scollay R. 1991. T-cell subset relationships in thymocyte development. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3:204-9
72. van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Dooijes D, Clevers H. 1991. Identification and cloning of TCF-1, a T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box. EMBO J. 10:123-32
73. Waterman ML, Fischer WH, Jones KA. 1991. A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the human T cell receptor C alpha enhancer. Genes Dev. 5:656-69
74. Travis A, Amsterdam A, Belanger C, Grosschedl R. 1991. LEF-1, a gene encoding a lymphoid-specific protein with an HMG domain, regulates T-cell receptor alpha enhancer function. Genes Dev. 5:880-94
75. Oosterwegel M, van de Wetering M, Dooijes D, Klomp L, Winoto A, Georgopoulos K, Meijlink F, Clevers H. 1991. Cloning of murine TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor interacting with functional motifs in the CD3-epsilon and T cell receptor alpha enhancers. J. Exp. Med. 173:1133-42
76. Oosterwegel M, van de Wetering M, Timmerman J, Kruisbeek A, Destree O, Meijlink F, Clevers H. 1993. Differential expression of the HMG box factors TCF-1 and LEF-1 during murine embryogenesis. Development 118:439-48
77. Verbeek S, Izon D, Hofhuis F, Robanus-Maandag E, te Riele H, van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, Wilson A, MacDonald HR, Clevers H. 1995. An HMG-box-containing T-cell factor required for thymocyte differentiation. Nature 374:70-74
78. Love JJ, Li X, Case DA, Giese K, Grosschedl R, Wright PE. 1995. Structural basis for DNA bending by the architectural transcription factor LEF-I. Nature 376:791-95
79. van Genderen C, Okamura RM, Farinas I, Quo RG, Parslow TG, Bruhn L, Grosschedl R. 1994. Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in LEF-1-deficient mice. Genes Dev. 8:2691-703
80. Okamura RM, Sigvardsson M, Galceran J, Verbeek S, Clevers H, Grosschedl R. 1998. Redundant regulation of T cell differentiation and TCRalpha gene expression by the transcription factors LEF-1 and TCF-1. Immunity 8:11-20
81. van de Wetering M, Oosterwegel M, van Norren K, Clevers H. 1993. Sox-4, an Sry-like HMG box protein, is a transcriptional activator in lymphocytes. EMBO J. 12:3847-54
82. Schilham MW, Oosterwegel MA, Moerer P, Ya J, de Boer P, van de Wetering M, Verheek S, Lamers WH, Kruisbeek AM, Cumano A, Clevers H. 1996. Defects in cardiac outflow tract formation and pro-B-lymphocyte expansion in mice lacking Sox-4. Nature 380:711-14
83. Schilham MW, Moerer P, Cumano A, Clevers HC. 1997. Sox-4 facilitates thymocyte differentiation. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1292-95
84. Crabtree GR. 1989. Contingent genetic regulatory events in T lymphocyte activation. Science 243:355-61
85. Chan AC, Desai DM, Weiss A. 1994. The role of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosinc phosphatases in T cell antigen receptor signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:555-92
86. Cantrell D. 1996. T cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathways. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:259-74
87. Alberola-Ila J, Takaki S, Kerner JD, Perlmutter RM. 1997. Differential signaling by lymphocyte antigen receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:125-54
88. Russell JH. 1995. Activation-induced death of mature T cells in the regulation of immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7:382-88
89. Abbas AK. 1996. Die and let live: eliminating dangerous lymphocytes. Cell 84:655-57
90. Dutton RW, Bradley LM, Swain SL. 1998. T cell memory. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16: 201-23
91. Tanchot C, Lemonnier FA, Perarnam B, Freitas AA, Rocha B. 1997. Differential requirements for survival and proliferation of CD8 naive or memory T cells. Science 276:2057-62
92. Miller IJ, Bieker JJ. 1993. A novel, erythroid cell-specific murine transcription factor that binds to the CACCC element and is related to the Kruppel family of nuclear proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2776-86
93. Anderson KP, Kern CB, Crable SC, Lingrel JB. 1995. Isolation of a gene encoding a functional zinc finger protein homologous to crythroid Kruppel-like factor: identification of a new multigene family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5957-65
94. Crossley M, Whitelaw W, Perkins A, Williams G, Fujiwara Y, Orkin SH, 1996. Isolation and characterization of the cDNA encoding BKLF/TEF-2, a major CACCC-box-binding protein in erythroid cells and selected other cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1695-705
95. Shields JM, Christy RJ, Yang VW. 1996. Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor expressed during growth arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20009-17
96. Yet SF, McA'Nulty MM, Folta SC, Yen HW, Yoshizumi M, Hsieh CM, Layne MD, Chin MT, Wang H, Perrella MA, Jain MK, Lee ME. 1998. Human EZF, a Kruppel-like zinc finger protein, is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and contains transcriptional activation and repression domains. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1026-31
97. Preiss A, Rosenberg UB, Kienlin A, Seifert E, Jackle H. 1985. Molecular genetics of Kruppel, a gene required for segmentation of the Drosophila embryo. Nature 313:27-32
98. Rosenberg UB, Schroder C, Preiss A, Kienlin A, Cote S, Riede I, Jackle H. 1986. Structural homology of the product of the Drosophila Kruppel gene with Xenopus transcription factor IIIA. Nature 319:336-39
99. Nardelli J, Gibson TJ, Vesque C, Charnay P. 1991. Base sequence discrimination by zinc-finger DNA-binding domains. Nature 349:175-78
100. Sogawa K, Imataka H, Yamasaki Y, Kusume H, Abe H, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. 1993. cDNA cloning and transcriptional properties of a novel GC box-binding protein, BTEB2. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 1527-32
101. Gessler M, Poustka A, Cavenee W, Neve RL, Orkin SH, Bruns GA. 1990. Homozygous deletion in Wilms tumours of a zinc-finger gene identified by chromosome jumping. Nature 343:774-78
102. Bicker JJ, Southwood CM. 1995. The erythroid Kruppel-like factor transactivation domain is a critical component for cell-specific inducibility of a β-globin promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:852-60
103. Nuez B, Michalovich D, Bygrave A, Ploemacher R, Grosveld RF. 1995. Defective haematopoiesis in fetal liver resulting from inactivation of the EKLF gene. Nature 375:316-18
104. Perkins AC, Sharpe AH, Orkin SH. 1995. Lethal β-thalassaemia in mice lacking the erythroid CACCC-transcription factor EKLF. Nature 375:318-22
105. Kuo CT, Veselits ML, Leiden JM. 1997. LKLF: a transcriptional regulator of single-positive T cell quiescence and survival. Science 277:1986-90
106. Kuo CT, Veselits ML, Barton KP, Lu MM, Clendenin C, Leiden JM. 1997. The LKLF transcription factor is required for normal tunica media formation and blood vessel stabilization during murine embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 11:2996-3006
107. Chen JH. 1985. The proto-oncogene c-ets is preferentially expressed in lymphoid cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2993-3000
108. Leung S, McCracken S, Ghysdael J, Miyamoto NG. 1993. Requirement of an ETS-binding element for transcription of the human Ick type 1 promoter. Oncogene 8:989-97
109. Baeuerle PA, Henkel T. 1994. Function and activation of NF-κB in the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:141-79
110. Baldwin AS Jr. 1996. The NF-κB and IκB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:649-83
111. Ghosh S, May MJ, Kopp EB. 1998. NF-κB and Rel proteins: evolutionary conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol 16:225-60
112. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. 1989. A 65-kD subunit of active NF-κB is required for inhibition of NF-κB by IκB. Genes Dev. 3:1689-98
113. Siebenlist U, Franzoso G, Brown K, 1994. Structure, regulation and function of NF-κB. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10:405-55
114. Verma IM, Stevenson JK, Schwarz EM, Van Antwerp D, Miyamoto S. 1995. Rel/NF-κB/IκB family: intimate tales of association and dissociation. Genes Dev. 9:2723-35
115. Thanos D, Maniatis T. 1995. NF-κB: a lesson in family values. Cell 80:529-32
116. Thompson JE, Phillips RJ, Erdjurnent-Bromage H, Tempst P, Ghosh S. 1995. IκB-beta regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-κB. Cell 80:573-82
117. Kunsch C, Ruben SM, Rosen CA. 1992. Selection of optimal kappa B/Rel DNA-binding motifs: interaction of both subunits of NF-κB with DNA is required for transcriptional activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4412-21
118. Beg AA, Finco TS, Nantermet PV, Baldwin AS Jr. 1993. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 lead to phosphorylation and loss of IκB alpha: a mechanism for NF-κB activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3301-10
119. Sen J, Venkatararnan L, Shinkai Y, Pierce JW, Alt FW, Burakoff SJ, Sen R. 1995. Expression and induction of nuclear factor-κB-related proteins in thymocytes. J. Immunol. 154:3213-21
120. Kopp EB, Ghosh S. 1995. NF-κB and rel proteins in innate immunity. Adv. Immunol. 58:1-27
121. Feuillard J, Dargemont C, Ferreira V, Tarantino N, Debre P, Raphael M, Korner M. 1997. Nuclear Rel-A and c-Rel protein complexes are differentially distributed within human thymoeytes. J. Immunol. 158:2585-91
122. Brown K, Park S, Kanno T, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. 1993. Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-κB and its inhibitor, IκB-alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2532-36
123. Henkel T, Maehleidt T, Alkalay I, Kronke M, Ben-Neriah Y, Baeuerle PA. 1993. Rapid proteolysis of IκB-alpha is necessary for activation of transcription factor NF-κB. Nature 365:182-85
124. Sha WC, Liou HC, Tuomanen EI, Baltimore D. 1995. Targeted disruption of the p50 subunit of NF-κB leads to multifocal defects in immune responses. Cell 80:321-30
125. Snapper CM, Zelazowski P, Rosas FR, Kehry MR, Tian M, Baltimore D, Sha WC. 1996. B cells from p50/NF-κB knockout mice have selective defects in proliferation, differentiation, germ-line CH transcription, and Ig class switching. J. Immunol. 156:183-91
126. Beg AA, Sha WC, Bronson RT, Ghosh S, Baltimore D. 1995. Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB. Nature 376:167-70
127. Doi TS, Takahashi T, Taguchi O, Azuma T, Obata Y. 1997. NF-κB RelA-deficient lymphocytes: normal development of T cells and B cells, impaired production of IgA and IgG1 and reduced proliferative responses. J. Exp. Med. 185:953-61
128. Horwitz BH, Scott ML, Cherry SR, Bronson RT, Baltimore D. 1997. Failure of lymphopoiesis after adoptive transfer of NF-κB-deficient fetal liver cells. Immunity 6:765-72
129. Burkly L, Hession C, Ogata L, Reilly C, Marconi LA, Olson D, Tizard R, Cate R, Lo D. 1995. Expression of relB is required for the development of thymic medulla and dendritic cells. Nature 373:531-36
130. Weih F, Carrasco D, Durham SK, Barton DS, Rizzo CA, Ryseck RP, Lira SA, Bravo R. 1995. Multiorgan inflammation and hematopoietic abnormalities in mice with a targeted disruption of RelB, a member of the NF-κB/Rel family. Cell 80:331-40
131. -/-) double-knockout mice. J. Exp. Med. 185:1359-70
132. Kontgen F, Grumont RJ, Strasser A, Mectcalf D, Li R, Tarlinton D, Gerondakis S. 1995. Mice lacking the c-rel proto-oncogene exhibit defects in lymphocyte proliferation, humoral immunity, and interleukin-2 expression. Genes Dev. 9:1965-77
133. Boothby MR, Mora AL, Scherer DC, Brockman JA, Ballard DW. 1997. Perturbation of the T lymphocyte lineage in transgenic mice expressing a constitutive repressor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. J. Exp. Med. 185:1897-907
134. Esslinger CW, Wilson A, Sordat B, Beermann F, Jongencel CV. 1997. Abnormal T lymphocyte development induced by targeted overexpression of IκB alpha. J. Immunol. 158:5075-78
135. Traenekner EB, Pahl HL, Henkel T, Schmidt KN, Wilk S, Baeuerle PA. 1995. Phosphorylation of human IκB-alpha on serines 32 and 36 controls IκB-alpha proteolysis and NF-κB activation in response to diverse stimuli. EMBO J. 14:2876-83
136. DiDonato J, Mercurio F, Rosette C, Wu-Li J, Suyang H, Ghosh S, Karin M. 1996. Mapping of the inducible IκB phosphorylation sites that signal its uhiquitination and degradation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 1295-304
137. Brown K, Gerstberger S, Carlson L, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. 1995. Control of IκB-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation. Science 267:1485-88
138. Hoeffler JP, Meyer TE, Yun Y, Jameson JL, Habener JF. 1988. Cyclic AMP-responsive DNA-binding protein: structure based on a cloned placental cDNA. Science 242:1430-33
139. Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH, Karr D, Menzel P, Biggs W, Vale WW, Montminy MR. 1989. A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence. Nature 337:749-52
140. Habener JF. 1990. Cyclic AMP response element binding proteins: a cornucopia of transcription factors. Mol. Endocrinol. 4:1087-94
141. Gonzalez GA, Montminy MR. 1989. Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostatin gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133. Cell 59:675-80
142. Brindle P, Linke S, Montminy M. 1993. Protein-kinase-A-dependent activator in transcription factor CREB reveals new role for CREM repressors. Nature 364:821-24
143. Chrivia JC, Kwok RP, Lamb N, Hagiwara M, Montminy MR, Goodman RH. 1993. Phosphorylated CREB binds specifically to the nuclear protein CBP. Nature 365: 855-59
144. Kwok RP, Lundblad Jr, Chrivia JC, Richards JP, Bachinger HP, Brennan RG, Roberts SG, Green MR, Goodman RH. 1994. Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB. Nature 370:223-26
145. Ginty DD, Bonni A, Greenberg ME. 1994. Nerve growth factor activates a Ras-dependent protein kinase that stimulates c-fos transcription via phosphorylation of CREB. Cell 77:713-25
146. Enslen H, Tokumitsu H, Soderling TR. 1995. Phosphorylation of CREB by CaM-kinase IV activated by CaM-kinase IV kinase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207:1038-43
147. Brindle P, Nakajima T, Montminy M. 1995. Multiple protein kinase A-regulated events are required for transcriptional induction by cAMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10521-25
148. Muthusamy N, Leiden JM. 1998. A protein kinase C-, ras-, and RSK2-dependent signal transduction pathway activates the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein transcription factor following T cell receptor engagement. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 22,841-47
149. Mayall TP, Sheridan PL, Montminy MR, Jones KA. 1997. Distinct roles for P-CREB and LEF-1 in TCR alpha enhancer assembly and activation on chromatin templates in vitro. Genes Dev. 11:887-99
150. Anderson SJ, Miyake S, Loh DY. 1989. Transcription from a murine T-cell receptor V beta promoter depends on a conserved decamer motif similar to the cyclic AMP response element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4835-45
151. Gao MH, Kavathas PB. 1993. Functional importance of the cyclic AMP response element-like decamer motif in the CD8 alpha promoter. J. Immunol. 150:4376-85
152. Gupta A, Terhorst C. 1994. CD3 delta enhancer. CREB interferes with the function of a murine CD3-delta A binding factor (M delta AF). J. Immunol. 152:3895-903
153. Barton K, Muthusamy N, Chanyangam M, Fischer C, Clendenin C, Leiden JM. 1996. Defective thymocyte proliferation and IL-2 production in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of CREB. Nature 379:81-85
154. Berkowitz LA, Riabowol KT, Gilman MZ. 1989. Multiple sequence elements of a single functional class are required for cyclic AMP responsiveness of the mouse c-fos promoter. Mol Cell. Biol. 9:4272-81
155. Sheng M, Dougan ST, McFadden G, Greenberg ME. 1988. Calcium and growth factor pathways of c-fos transcriptional activation require distinct upstream regulatory sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2787-96
156. Ofir R, Dwarki VJ, Rashid D, Verma IM. 1991. CREB represses transcription of fos promoter: role of phosphorylation. Gene Expression 1:55-60
157. Shaw JP, Utz PJ, Durand DB, Toole JJ, Emmel EA, Crabtree GR. 1988. Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes. Science 241:202-5
158. Rao A, Luo C, Hogan PG. 1997. Transcription factors of the NFAT family: regulation and function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:707-47
159. Flanagan WM, Corthesy B, Bram RJ, Crabtree GR. 1991. Nuclear association of a T-cell transcription factor blocked by FK-506 and cyclosporin A. Nature 352:803-7
160. Northrop JP, Ullman KS, Crabtree GR. 1993. Characterization of the nuclear and cytoplasmic components of the lymphoid-spedfic nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) complex. J. Biol. Chem. 268:2917-23
161. Jain J, McCaffrey PG, Miner Z, Kerppola TK, Lambert JN, Verdine GL, Curran T, Rao A. 1993. The T-cell transcription factor NFATp is a substrate for calcineurin and interacts with Fos and Jun. Nature 365:352-55
162. McCaffrey PG, Luo C, Kerppola TK, Jain J, Badalian TM, Ho AM, Burgeon E, Lane WS, Lambert JN, Curran T. 1993. Isolation of the cyclosporin-sensitive T cell transcription factor NFATp. Science 262:750-54
163. Northrop JP, Ho SN, Chen L, Thomas DJ, Timmerman LA, Nolan GP, Admon A, Crabtree GR. 1994. NF-AT components define a family of transcription factors targeted in T-cell activation. Nature 369:497-502
164. Jain J, Burgeon E, Badalian TM, Hogan PG, Rao A. 1995. A similar DNA-binding motif in NFAT family proteins and the Rel homology region. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 4138-45
165. Hoey T, Sun YL, Williamson K, Xu X. 1995. Isolation of two new members of the NF-AT gene family and functional characterization of the NF-AT proteins. Immunity 2:461-72
166. Rooney JW, Sun YL, Glimcher LH, Hoey T. 1995. Novel NFAT sites that mediate activation of the interleukin-2 promoter in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6299-310
167. Randak C, Brabletz T, Hergenrother M, Sobotta I, Serfling E. 1990. Cyclosporin A suppresses the expression of the interleukin 2 gene by inhibiting the binding of lymphocyte-specific factors to the IL-2 enhancer. EMBO J. 9:2529-36
168. Ruff VA, Leach KL. 1995. Direct demonstration of NFATp dephosphorylation and nuclear localization in activated HT-2 cells using a specific NFATp polyclonal antibody. J. Bioll. Chem. 270:22602-7
169. Crabtree GR, Clipstone NA. 1994. Signal transmission between the plasma membrane and nucleus of T lymphocytes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:1045 -83
170. O'Keefe SJ, Tamura J, Kincaid RL, Tocci MJ, O'Neill EA. 1992. FK-506-and CsA-sensitive activation of the interleukin-2 promoter by calcineurin. Nature 357:692-94
171. Park J, Yaseen NR, Hogan PG, Rao A, Sharma S. 1995. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor NFATp inhibits its DNA hinding activity in cyclosporin A-treated human B and T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:20653-59
172. Shaw KT, Ho AM, Raghavan A, Kim J, Jain J, Park J, Sharma S, Rao A, Hogan PG. 1995. Immunosuppressive drugs prevent a rapid dephosphorylation of transcription factor NFAT1 in stimulated immune cells. Proc. Natl. Adad. Sci. USA 92:11205-9
173. Masuda ES, Naito Y, Tokumitsu H, Campbell D, Saito F, Hannum C, Arai K, Arai N. 1995. NFATx, a novel member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells family that is expressed predominantly in the thymus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2697-706
174. Ho SN, Thomas DJ, Timmerman LA, Li X, Francke U, Crabtree GR. 1995. NFATc3, a lymphoid-specitic NFATc family member that is calcium-regulated and exhibits distinct DNA binding specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 270:19898-907
175. Hodge MR, Ranger AM, Charles de la Brousse F, Hoey T, Grusby MJ, Glimcher LH. 1996. Hyperproliferation and dysregulation of IL-4 expression in NF-ATp-deficient mice. Immunity 4:397-405
176. Xanthoudakis S, Viola JP, Shaw KT, Luo C, Wallace JD, Bozza PT, Luk DC, Curran T, Rao A. 1996. An enhanced immune response in mice lacking the transcription factor NFAT1. Science 272:892-95
177. de la Pompa JL, Timmerman LA, Takimoto H, Yoshida H, Elia AJ, Samper E, Potter J, Wakeham A, Marengere L, Langille BL, Crabtree GR, Mak TW. 1998. Role of the NF-ATc transcription factor in morphogenesis of cardiac valves and septum. Nature 392:182-86
178. Ranger AM, Grusby MJ, Hodge MR, Gravallese EM, de la Brousse FC, Hoey T, Mickanin C, Baldwin HS, Glimcher LH. 1998. The transcription factor NF-ATc is essential for cardiac valve formation. Nature 392:186-90
179. Yoshida H, Nishina H, Takimoto H, Marengere LE, Wakeham AC, Bouchard D, Kong YY, Ohteki T, Shahinian A, Bachmann M, Ohashi PS, Penninger JM, Crabtree GR, Mak TW. 1998. The transcription factor NF-ATc1 regulates lymphocyte proliferation and Th2 cytokine production. Immunity 8:115-24
180. Ranger AM, Hodge MR, Gravallese EM, Oukka M, Davidson L, Alt FW, de la Brousse FC, Hoey T, Grusby M, Glimcher LH. 1998. Delayed lymphoid repopulation with defects in IL-4-driven responses produced by inactivation of NF-ATc. Immunity 8:125-34
181. Fitch FW, McKisic MD, Lancki DW, Gajewski TF. 1993. Differential regulation of murine T lymphocyte subsets. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11:29-48
182. Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A. 1996. Functional diversity of helper T
183. + T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 635-73
184. Murphy KM. 1998. T lymphocyte differentiation in the periphery. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 10:226-32
185. + T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:297-322
186. Schindler C, Darnell JE Jr. 1995. Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64:621-51
187. Leonard WJ, O'Shea JJ. 1998. Jaks and STATs: biological implications. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:293-322
188. Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR. 1994. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264:1415-21
189. Yamamoto K, Quelle FW, Thierfelder WE, Kreider BL, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Silvennoinen O, Ihle JN. 1994. Stat4, a novel gamma interferon activation site-binding protein expressed in early myeloid differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4342-49
190. Zhong Z, Wen Z, Darnell JE Jr. 1994. Stat3 and Stat4: members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4806-10
191. Bacon CM, Petricoin EF 3rd, Ortaldo Jr, Rees RC, Larner AC, Johnston JA, O'Shea JJ. 1995. Interleukin 12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT4 in human lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7307-11
192. Jacobson NG, Szabo SJ, Weber-Nordt RM, Zhong Z, Schreiber RD, Darnell JE Jr, Murphy KM. 1995. Interleukin 12 signaling in T helper type I (Th1) cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 and Stat4. J. Exp. Med. 181:1755-62
193. Thierfelder WE, van Deursen JM, Yamamoto K, Tripp RA, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Sangster MY, Vignali DA, Doherty PC, Grosveld GC, Ihle JN. 1996. Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells. Nature 382:171-74
194. Kaplan MH, Sun YL, Hoey T, Grusby MJ. 1996. Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature 382:174-77
195. Hou J, Schindler U, Henzel WJ, Ho TC, Brasseur M, McKnight SL. 1994. An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat. Science 265:1701-6
196. Schindler C, Kashleva H, Pernis A, Pine R, Rothman P. 1994. STF-IL-4: a novel IL-4-induced signal transducing factor. EMBO J. 13:1350-56
197. Quelle FW, Shimoda K, Thierfelder W, Fischer C, Kim A, Ruben SM, Cleveland JL, Pierce JH, Keegan AD, Nelms K. 1995. Cloning of murine Stat6 and human Stat6, Stat proteins that are tyrosine phosphorylated in responses to IL-4 and IL-3 but are not required for mitogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3336-43
198. Chen XH, Patel BK, Wang LM, Frankel M, Ellmore N, Flavell RA, LaRochelle WJ, Pierce JH. 1997. Jak1 expression is required for mediating interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Stat6 signaling molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 6556-60
199. Witthuhn BA, Silvennoinen O, Miura O, Lai KS, Cwik C, Liu ET, Ihle JN. 1994. Involvement of the Jak-3 Janus kinase in signalling by interleukins 2 and 4 in lymphoid and myeloidcells. Nature 370:153-57
200. Messner B, Stutz AM, Albrecht B, Peiritsch S, Woisetschlager M. 1997. Cooperation of binding sites for STAT6 and NF κB/rel in the IL-4-induced up-regulation of the human IgE germline. J. Immunol. 159:3330-37
201. Kotanides H, Reich NC. 1996. Interleukin-4-induced STAT6 recognizes and activates a target site in the promoter of the interleukin-4 receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271:25555-61
202. Patel BKR, Pierce JH, LaRochelle WJ. 1998. Regulation of interleukin 4-mediated signaling by naturally occurring dominant negative and attenuated forms of human Stat6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:172-77
203. Takeda K, Tanaka T, Shi W, Matsumoto M, Minami M, Kashiwamura S, Nakanishi K, Yoshida N, Kishimoto T, Akira S. 1996. Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling. Nature 380:627-30
204. Shimoda K, van Deursen J, Sangster MY, Sarawar SR, Carson RT, Tripp RA, Chu C, Quelle FW, NosakaT, Vignali DA, Doherty PC, Grosveld G, Paul WE, Ihle JN. 1996. Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene. Nature 380:630-33
205. Kaplan MH, Schindler U, Smiley ST, Grusby MJ. 1996. Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for development of Th2 cells. Immunity 4:313-19
206. Zheng W, Flavell RA. 1997. The transcription factor GATA-3 is necessary and sufficient for Th2 cytokine gene expression in CD4 T cells. Cell 89:587-96
207. Zhang DH, Cohn L, Ray P, Bottomly K, Ray A. 1997. Transcription factor GATA-3 is differentially expressed in murine Th1 and Th2 cells and controls Th2-specific expression of the interleukin-5 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 272:21597-603
208. Lee HJ, O'Garra A, Arai K, Arai N. 1998. Characterization of cis-regulatory elements and nuclear factors conferring Th2-specific expression of the IL-5 gene: a role for a GATA-binding protein. J. Immunol. 160:2343-52
209. Kiani A, Viola JP, Lichtman AH, Rao A. 1997. Down-regulation of IL-4 gene transcription and control of Th2 cell differentiation by a mechanism involving NFAT1. Immunity 7:849-60
210. Kataoka K, Nishizawa M, Kawai S. 1993. Structure-function analysis of the maf oncogene product, a member of the b-Zip protein family. J. Virol. 67:2133-41
211. Nishizawa M, Kataoka K, Goto N, Fujiwara KT, Kawai S. 1989. v-maf, a viral oncogene that encodes a "leucine zipper" motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7711-15
212. Swaroop A, Xu JZ, Pawar H, Jackson A, Skolnick C, Agarwal NA. 1992. Conserved retina-specific gene encodes a basic motif/leucine zipper domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:26-70
213. Fujiwara KT, Kataoka K, Nishizawa M. 1993. Two new members of the maf oncogene family, mafK and mafF, encode nuclear b-Zip proteins lacking putative trans-activator domain. Oncogene 8:2371-80
214. Igarashi K, Itoh K, Motohashi H, Hayashi N, Matuzaki Y, Nakauchi H, Nishizawa M, Yamamoto M. 1995. Activity and expression of murine small Maf family protein MafK. J. Biol. Chem. 270:7615-24
215. Andrews NC, Kotkow KJ, Ney PA, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Orkin SH. 1993. The ubiquitous subunit of erythroid transcription factor NF-E2 is a small basic-leucine zipper protein related to the v-maf oncogene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11488-92
216. Kataoka K, Fujiwara KT, Noda M, Nishizawa M. 1994. MafB, a new Maf family transcription activator that can associate with Maf and Fos hut not with Jun. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7581-91
217. Kataoka K, Noda M, Nishizawa M. 1994. Maf nuclear oncoprotein recognizes sequences related to an AP-1 site and forms heterodimers with both fos and jun. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:700-12
218. Kerppola TK, Curran T. 1994. Maf and NrI can bind to AP-1 sites and form heterodimers with Fos and Jun. Oncogene 9:675-84
219. Ho IC, Hodge MR, Rooney JW, Glimcher LH. 1996. The proto-oncogene c-maf is responsible for tissue-specific expression of interleukin-4. Cell 85:973-83
220. Hodge MR, Chun HJ, Rengarajan J, Alt A, Lieberson R, Glimcher LH. 1996. NF-AT-Driven interleukin-4 transcription potentiated by NIP45. Science 274:1903-5
221. Nakayama H, Yamasaki H, Nishizawa M, Goto N. 1995. Tissue distribution of the DNA binding oncoprotein Maf during chicken development. Int. Dev. Biol. 39:957-64
222. Barton K, Muthusamy N, Fischer C, Ting C-N, Lanier L, Leiden JM. 1998. The Ets-1 transcription factor is required for the development of the natural killer cell lineage in mice. Immunity. In press.