Cell cycle regulators: Mechanisms and their role in aetiology, prognosis, and treatment of cancer

Journal of Clinical Pathology

Volumn 52, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 555-568

  Michalides, R J A M ^a  

^a NETHERLANDS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; CADHERIN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; DNA; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; TELOMERASE;

ARTICLE; BLADDER CANCER; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CELL CYCLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; COLON POLYPOSIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; GENE MUTATION; GROWTH INHIBITION; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

EID: 0032794632     PISSN: 00219746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.52.8.555     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
2. Fearon ER. Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer. Science 1997;278:1043-50.
3. Pardee AB. G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 1989;246:603-8.
4. Morgan DO. Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and microprocessors. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1997;13:261- 91.
5. Jackman MR, Pines JN. Cyclins and the G2/M transition. Cancer Surv 1997;29:47-73.
6. Sherr CJ. D-type cyclins. Trends Biol Sci 1995;20:187-90.
7. Herber B, Truss M, Beato M, et al. Inducible regulatory elements in the human cyclin D1 promoter. Oncogene 1994;9: 2105-7.
8. Watanabe G, Albanese C, Lee RJ, et al. Inhibition of cyclin D1 kinase activity is associated with E2F-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 promoter activity through E2F and Sp1. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:3212-22.
9. Hunter T. Oncoprotein networks. Cell 1997;88:333-46.
10. Roussel MF. Key effectors of signal transduction and G1 progression. Adv Cancer Res 1998;74:1-24.
11. Lukas J, Bartkova J, Bartek J. Convergence of mitogenic signalling cascades from diverse classes of receptors at the cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase-pRb-controlled G1 checkpoint. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:6917-25.
12. Altucci L, Addeo R, Cicatiello L, et al. 17beta-Estradiol induces cyclin D1 gene transcription, p36D1-p34cdk4 complex activation and p105Rb phosphorylation during mitogenic stimulation of G(1)-arrested human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 1996;12:2315-24.
13. Brown JR, Nigh E, Lee RJ, et al. Fos family members induce cell cycle entry by activating cyclin D1. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:5609-19.
14. Assoian RK. Anchorage-dependent cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 1997;136:1-4.
15. Bottazzi ME, Assoian RK. The extracellular matrix and mitogenic growth factors control G1 phase cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol 1997;7: 348-52.
16. KIM J Cell Biol 1998;142: 557-71.
17. Schlaepfer DD, Hanks SK, Hunter T, et al. Integrin- mediated signal transduction linked to Ras pathway by GRB2 binding to focal adhesion kinase. Nature 1994;372: 786-91.
18. Quelle DE, Ashmun RA, Shurtleff SA, et al. Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev 1993;7:1559-71.
19. Lukas J, Bartkova J, Rohde M, et al. Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:2600- 11.
20. Arber N, Doki Y, Han EK, et al. Antisense to cyclin D1 inhibits the growth and tumorigenicity of human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 1997;57:1569-74.
21. Weinberg RA. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995;81:323-30.
22. Beijersbergen RL, Carlee L, Kerkhoven RM, et al. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes. Genes Dev 1995;9:1340-53.
23. Herrera RE, Sah VP, Williams BO, et al. Altered cell cycle kinetics, gene expression, and G1 restriction point regulation in Rb-deficient fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:2402-7.
24. Muller H, Lukas J, Schneider A, et al. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated by the retinoblastoma protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:2945-9.
25. Schulze A, Zerfass K, Spitkovsky D, et al. Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A gene promoter is mediated by a variant E2F site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:11264-8.
26. Ohtani K, DeGregori J, Nevins JR. Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:12146-50.
27. Kitagawa M, Higashi H, Jung HK, et al. The consensus motif for phosphorylation by cyclin D1-Cdk4 is different from that for phosphorylation by cyclin A/E-Cdk2. EMBO J 1996;15:7060-9.
28. Resnitzky A, Reed SI. Different roles for cyclin D1 and E in regulation of the G1-to-S transition. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15: 3463-9.
29. Ohtsubo M, Theodoras AM, Schumacher J, et al. Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:2612-24.
30. Bernards R. E2F: a nodal point in cell cycle regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997;1333:M33-40.
31. Moberg K, Slarz MA, Lees JA. E2F-4 switches from p130 to p107 and pRB in response to cell cycle reentry. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:1436-49.
32. Hurford RK, Cobrinik D, Lee MH, et al. pRB and p107/p130 are required for the regulated expression of different sets of E2F responsive genes. Genes Dev 1997;11: 1447-63.
33. Connell-Crowley L, Elledge SJ, Harper JW. G1 cyclin- dependent kinases are sufficient to initiate DNA synthesis in quiescent human fibroblasts. Curr Biol 1998;8:65-8.
34. Johnson DG, Schwarz JK, Cress WD, et al. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature 1993;365:349-52.
35. Yan Z, DeGregori J, Shohet R, et al. Cdc6 is regulated by E2F and is essential for DNA replication in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:3603-8.
36. Romanowski P, Madine MA, Mechanisms restricting DNA replication to once per cell cycle: the role of Cdc6p and ORC, Trends Cell Biol 1997;7:9-10.
37. Krek W, Xu G, Livingston DM. Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint. Cell 1995;83:1149-58.
38. Guadagno TM, Newport JW. Cdk2 kinase is required for entry into mitosis as a positive regulator of Cdc2-cyclin B kinase activity. Cell 1996;84:73-82.
39. Hunter T, Pines J. Cyclins and cancer II: cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell 1994;79:573-82.
40. Diehl JA, Sherr CJ, A dominant-negative cyclin D1 mutant prevents nuclear import of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and its phosphorylation by CDK-activating kinase. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:7362-74.
41. Won KA, Reed SI. Activation of cyclin E/CDK2 is coupled to site-specific autophosphorylation and ubiquitin- dependent degradation of cyclin. EMBO J 1996;15:4182- 93.
42. Hoyt MA. Eliminating all obstacles: regulated proteolysis in the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cell 1997;91:149-51.
43. Diehl JA, Zindy F, Sherr CJ. Inhibition of cyclin D1 phosphorylation on threonine-286 prevents its rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Genes Dev 1997;11:957-72.
44. Harper JW. Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Cancer Surv 1997;29:91-107.
45. Elledge SJ, Winston J, Harper JW. A question of balance: the role of cyclin-kinase inhibitors in development and tumorigenesis. Trends Cell Biol 1996;6:388-92.
46. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin- dependent kinases. Genes Dev 1995;9:1149-63.
47. Coleman KG, Wautlet BS, Morrissey D, et al. Identification of CDK4 sequences involved in cyclin D1 and p16 binding. J Biol Chem 1997;272:18869-74.
48. Sherr CJ. G1 phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 1994;79:551-5.
49. Sherr CJ. Cancer cell cycles. Science 1996;274:1672-7.
50. Blain SW, Montalvo E, Massague J. Differential interaction of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 with cyclin A-Cdk2 and cyclin D2-Cdk4. J Biol Chem 1997;272:25863-72.
51. Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Keyomarsi K, et al. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p21. Mol Biol Cell 1995;6: 387-400.
52. LaBaer J, Garrett MD, Stevenson LF, et al. New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors. Genes Dev 1997;11:847-62.
53. Sandhu C, Garbe J, Bhattacharya N, et al. Transforming growth factor beta stabilizes p15INK4B protein, increases p15INK4B-cdk4 complexes, and inhibits cyclin D1-cdk4 association in human mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:2458-67.
54. Planas-Silva MD, Weinberg RA, Estrogen-dependent cyclin E-cdk2 activation through p21 redistribution. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:4059-69.
55. Prall OWJ, Sarcevic B, Musgrove EA, et al. Hstrogen- induced activation of Cdk4 and Cdk2 during G1-S phase progression is accompanied by increased cyclin D1 expression and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor association with cyclin E-Cdk2. J Biol Chem 1997;272: 10882-94.
56. Hashemolhosseini S, Nagamine Y, Morley SJ, et al. Rapamycin inhibition of the G1 to S transition is mediated by effects on cyclin D1 mRNA and protein stability. J Biol Chem 1998;273:14424-9.
57. Niculescu AB, Chen X, Smeets M, et al. Effects of p21(Cip1/Waf1) at both the G1/S and the G2/M cell cycle transitions: pRb is a critical determinant in blocking DNA replication and in preventing endoreduplication Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:629-43 [published erratum appears in Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:1763].
58. Dulic V, Stein GH, Farahi Far D, et al. Nuclear accumulation of p21Cip1 at the onset of mitosis: a role at the G2/M-phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:546-57.
59. Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997;88:323-31.
60. O'Connor PM. Mammalian G1 and G2 phase checkpoints. Cancer Surv 1997;29:151-82.
61. Lane DP. Cancer. A death in the life of p53. Nature 1993;362:786-7.
62. White E. Tumour biology. p53, guardian of Rb. Nature 1994;371:21-2.
63. Lane DP. Awakening angels. Nature 1998;394:616-17.
64. Woo RA, McLure KG, Lees-Miller SP, et al. DNA- dependent protein kinase acts upstream of p53 in response to DNA damage. Nature 1998;394:700-4.
65. Banin S, Moyal L, Shieh S-Y, et al. Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage. Science 1998;281:1674-7.
66. Qin XQ, Livingston DM, Kaelin WG, et al. Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:10918-22.
67. Fan J, Bertino JR. Functional roles of E2F in cell cycle regulation. Oncogene 1997;14:1191-200.
68. Hiebert SW, Packham G, Strom DK, et al. E2F-1:DP-1 induces p53 and overrides survival factors to trigger apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:6864-74.
69. Chen J, Wu X, Lin J, et al. mdm-2 inhibits the G1 arrest and apoptosis functions of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:2445-52.
70. Kamijo T, Zindy F, Roussel MF, et al. Tumor suppression at the mouse INK4a locus mediated by the alternative reading frame product p19ARF. Cell 1997;91:649-59.
71. ARF links the tumour suppressors RB and p53. Nature 1998;395:124-5.
72. ARF links the tumour suppressor p53 to Ras. Nature 1998;395:125-6.
73. Zindy F, Eischen CM, Randle DH, et al. Myc signaling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization, Genes Dev 1998;12:2424-33.
74. de Stanchina E, McCurrach ME, Zindy F, et al. E1A signaling to p53 involves the p19(ARF) tumor suppressor. Genes Dev 1998;12:2434-42.
75. Chin L, Pomerantz J, DcPinho RA. The INK4a/ARF tumor suppressor: one gene two products two pathways. Trends Biol Sci 1998;23:291-6.
76. Sofer-Levi Y, Resnitzky D. Apoptosis induced by ectopic expression of cyclin D1 but not cyclin E. Oncogene 1996:13:2431-7.
77. Phillips AC, Bates S, Ryan KM, et al. Induction of DNA synthesis and apoptosis are separable functions of E2F-1. Genes Dev 1997;11:1853-63.
78. Shan B, Durfee T, Lee WH. Disruption of RB/E2F-1 interaction by single point mutations in E2F-1 enhances S-phase entry and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:679-84.
79. Tishler RB, Lamppu DM, Park S, et al. Microtubule-active drugs taxol, vinblastine, and nocodazole increase the levels of transcriptionally active p53. Cancer Res 1995;55:6021-5.
80. Hawkins DS, Demers GW, Galloway DA. Inactivation of p53 enhances sensitivity to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res 1996;56:892-8.
81. Pardo FS, Su M, Borek C. Cyclin D1 induced apoptosis maintains the integrity of the G1/S checkpoint following ionizing radiation irradiation. Somat Cell Mol Genet 1996;22:135-44.
82. Coco-Martin JM, Balkenende A, Verschoor T, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression enhances radiation-induced apoptosis and radiosensitivity in a breast tumor cell line. Cancer Res 1999;59:1134-40.
83. Michalides R, Tiemessen M, Verschoor T, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 enhances paclitaxel induced apoptosis.
84. Shapiro GI, Edwards CD, Ewen ME, et al. p16INK4A participates in a G1 arrest checkpoint in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:378-87.
85. Massague J. TGF-beta signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem 1998;67:753-9.
86. Li Y, Nichols MA, Shay JW, et al. Transcriptional repression of the D-type cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 by the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product pRb. Cancer Res 1994;54:6078-82.
87. Lukas J, Parry D, Aagaard L, et al. Retinoblastoma-protein- dependent cell-cycle inhibition by the tumour suppressor p16. Nature 1995;375:503-6.
88. Hiyama H, Iavarone A, LaBaer J, et al. Regulated ectopic expression of cyclin D1 induces transcriptional activation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene without altering cell cycle progression. Oncogene 1997;14:2533-42.
89. Liu Y, Martindale JL, Gorospe M, et al. Regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cancer Res 1996;56:31-5.
90. Serrano M, Lin AW, McCurrach ME, et al. Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 1997;88:593-602.
91. Hiyamn H, Iavarone A, Reeves SA. Regulation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene during cell cycle progression is under the control of the transcription factor E2F. Oncogene 1998; 16:1513-23.
92. De Jong JS, van Diest PJ, Michalides R, et al. Concerted overexpression of p21 and cyclin D1 is associated with growth inhibition and differentation in various carcinomas. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol (in press).
93. Han EK, Begemann M, Sgambato A, et al. Increased expression of cyclin D1 in a murine mammary epithelial cell line induces p27kip1, inhibits growth, and enhances apoptosis. Cell Growth Differ 1996;7:699-710.
94. Macleod KF, Sherry N, Hannon G, et al. p53-dependent and independent expression of p21 during cell growth, differentiation, and DNA damage. Genes Dev 1995;9:935-44.
95. Zwijsen RM, Klompmaker R, Wientjens EB, et al. Cyclin D1 triggers autonomous growth of breast cancer cells by governing cell cycle exit. Mol Cell Biol 1996:16:2554-60.
96. Parry D, Bates S, Mann DJ, et al. Lack of cyclin D-Cdk complexes in Rb-negative cells correlates with high levels of p16INK4/MTS1 tumour suppressor gene product. EMBO J 1995;14:503-11.
97. Bates S, Parry D, Bonetta L, et al. Absence of cyclin D/cdk complexes in cells lacking functional retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 1994;9:1633-40.
98. Keely P, Parise L, Juliano R. Integrins and GTPases in tumour cell growth, motility and invasion. Trends Cell Biol 1998;8:101-6.
99. Waf1-Cip1 Nature 1998;394:295-8.
100. Gjoerup O, Lukas J, Bartek J, et al. Rac and Cdc42 are potent stimulators of E2F-dependent transcription capable of promoting retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product hyperphosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1998,273:18812-18.
101. Resnitzky D. Ectopic expression of cyclin D1 but not cyclin E induces anchorage-independent cell cycle progression. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:5640-7.
102. Zhu X, Ohtsubo M, Bohmer RM, et al. Adhesion- dependent cell cycle progression linked to the expression of cyclin D1, activation of cyclin E-cdk2, and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. J Cell Biol 1996;133:391- 403.
103. Fang F, Orend G, Watanabe N, et al. Dependence of cyclin E-CK2 kinase activity on cell anchorage. Science 1996;271:499-502.
104. Frisch SM, Francis H. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interactions induces apoptosis. J Cell Biol 1994;124:619-26.
105. Cardone MH, Salvesen GS, Widmann C, et al. The regulation of anoikis: MEKK-1 activation requires cleavage by caspases. Cell 1997;90:315-23.
106. Clark EA, King WG, Brugge JS, et al. Integrin-mediated signals regulated by members of the rho family of GTPases. J Cell Biol 1998;142:573-86.
107. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, et al. Activation of beta- catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta- catenin or APC. Science 1997;275:1787-90.
108. He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, et al. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 1998;281:1509-12.
109. Wang J, Xie LY, Allan S, et al. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev 1998;12:1769-71.
110. Muller D, Bouchard C, Rudolph B, et al. Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 facilitates its Myc-induced release from cyclin E/cdk2 complexes. Oncogene 1997;15:2561-76.
111. Cahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, et al. Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers. Nature 1998;392:300- 3.
112. Liu B, Parsons R, Papadopoulos N, et al. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nature Med 1996;2:169-74.
113. Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 1997;386:623-7.
114. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, et al. Hypoxia- mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature 1996;379:88-91.
115. Evan G, Littlewood T. A matter of life and cell death. Science 1998;281:1317-22.
116. Schrier PI, Bernards R, Vaessen RT, et al. Expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens switched off by highly oncogenic adenovirus 12 in transformed rat cells. Nature 1983;305:771-5.
117. Shay JW, Wright WE. The reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer progression. Trends Genet 1996;12:129-31.
118. Schwab M. Amplification of oncogenes in human cancer cells. Bioessays 1998;20:473-9.
119. Hosokawa Y, Suzuki R, Joh T, et al. A small deletion in the 3′-untranslated region of the cyclin D1/PRAD1/bcl-1 oncogene in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 1998;76:791-6.
120. Sawa H, Ohshima TA, Ukita H, et al. Alternatively spliced forms of cyclin D1 modulate entry into the cell cycle in an inverse manner. Oncogene 1998;16:1701-12.
121. Betticher DC, Thatcher N, Altermatt HJ, et al. Alternate splicing produces a novel cyclin D1 transcript. Oncogene 1995;11:1005-11.
122. He J, Allen JR, Collins VP, et al. CDK4 amplification is an alternative mechanism to p16 gene homozygous deletion in glioma cell lines. Cancer Res 1994;54:5804-7.
123. Tsao H, Benoit E, Sober AJ, et al. Novel mutations in the p16/CDKN2A binding region of the cyclin-dependent kinase-4 gene. Cancer Res 1998;58:109-13.
124. Schmidt EE, Ichimura K, Reifenberger G, et al. CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) gene deletion or CDK4 amplification occurs in the majority of glioblastomas. Cancer Res 1994;54:6321-4.
125. Bartek J, Bartkova J, Lukas J. The retinoblastoma protein pathway and the restriction point. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996;8:805-14.
126. Tang R, Cheng A-J, Wang J-Y, et al. Close correlation between telomerase expression and adenomatous polyp progression in multistep colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1998;58:4052-4.
127. Snijders PJF, van Duin M, Walboomers JMM, et al. Telomerase activity exclusively in cervical carcinomas and a subset of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III lesions: strong association with elevated messenger RNA levels of its catalytic subunit and high-risk human papillomavirus DNA. Cancer Res 1998;58:3812-18.
128. Califano J, van der Riet P, Westra W, et al. Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 1996;56:2488-92.
129. Michalides RJ. Molecular basis of neoplasia. In: Jones AS, Phillips DE, and Hilges FJM, eds. Diseases of the nose and throat. London: Arnold, 1998:87-105.
130. Yoo GH, Xu HJ, Brennan JA, et al. Infrequent inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene despite frequent loss of chromosome 13q in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1994;54:4603-6.
131. Olshan AF, Weissler MC, Pei H, et al. Alterations of the p16 gene in head and neck cancer: frequency and association with p53, PRAD-1 and HPV. Oncogene 1997;14:811-18.
132. Reed AL, Califano J, Cairns P, et al. High frequency of p16 (CDKN2/MTS-1/INK4A) inactivation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Cancer Res 1996;56:3630-3.
133. Poon RY, Hunter T. Cell regulation. Innocent bystanders or chosen collaborators? Curr Biol 1905;5:1243-7.
134. Seghezzi W, Chua K, Shanahan F, et al. Cyclin E associates with components of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:1526-36.
135. Hirai H, Sherr CJ. Interaction of D-type cyclins with a novel myb-like transcription factor, DMP1, Mol Cell Biol 1906;16:6457-67.
136. Rao SS, Chu C, Kohtz DS. Ectopic expression of cyclin D1 prevents activation of gene transcription by myogenic basic helix-loop-helix regulators. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14: 5259-67.
137. Zwijsen RM, Wientjens E, Klompmaker R, et al. CDK-independent activation of estrogen receptor by cyclin D1, Cell 1997;88:405-15.
138. Neuman E, Ladha MH, Lin N, et al. Cyclin D1 stimulation of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity independent of cdk4. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:5338-47.
139. Trowbridge JM, Rogatsky I, Garabedian MJ. Regulation of estrogen receptor transcriptional enhancement by the cyclin A/Cdk2 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94: 10132-7.
140. Alevizopoulus K, Vlach J, Hennecke S, et al. Cyclin E and c-Myc promote cell proliferation in the presence of p16INK4a and of hypnphosphorylated retinoblastoma family proteins. EMBO J 1997;16:5322-33.
141. Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J 1996;15;6595-604.
142. Hinds PW, Dowdy SF, Eaton EN, et al. Function of a human cyclin gene as an oncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:709-13.
143. Mueller A, Odze R, Jenkins TD, et al. A transgenic mouse model with cyclin D1 overexpression results in cell cycle, epidermal growth factor receptor, and p53 abnormalities. Cancer Res 1997;57:5542-9.
144. Lovec H, Grzeschiczek A, Kowalski MB, et al. Cyclin D1/bcl-1 cooperates with myc genes in the generation of B-cell lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 1994;13: 3487-95.
145. Robles AI, Larcher F, Whalin RB, et al. Expression of cyclin D1 in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice results in epidermal hyperproliferation and severe thymic hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7634-8.
146. Wang TC, Cardiff RD, Zukerberg L., et al. Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 1994;369:669-71.
147. Bortner DM, Rosenberg MP. Induction of mammary gland hyperplasia and carcinomas in transgenic mice expressing human cyclin E. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:453-9.
148. Sicinski P, Donaher JL, Parker SB, et al. Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in the retina and breast. Cell 1995;82:621-30.
149. Fantl V, Stamp G, Andrews A, et al. Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development. Genes Dev 1995;9:2364-72.
150. Sicinski P, Donaher JL, Geng Y, et al. Cyclin D2 is an FSH-responsive gene involved in gonadal cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Nature 1996;384:470-4.
151. Jacks T, Fazeli A, Schmitt EM, et al. Effects of an Rb mutation in ihe mouse. Nature 1992;359:295-300.
152. Zhou P, Jiang W, Weghorst CM, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 enhances gene amplification. Cancer Res 1996;56:36-9.
153. Michalides RJ. Deregulation of ihe cell cycle in lung cancer. In: Brambilla C, Brambilla E, eds. Lung tumors: fundamental biology and clinical management. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998:211-26.
154. Michalides R. Deregulation of cyclin D1 in cancer. In: Mihich E, Croce C, eds. The biology tumors. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.
155. Hall M, Peters G. Genetic alterations of cyclins cyclin- dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1996;68:67-108.
156. Donnellan R, Chetty R. Cyclin D1 and human neoplasia. Mol Pathol 1998;51:1-7.
157. Lipponen PK, Liukkonen TJ. Reduced expression of retinoblastoma (Rb) gene protein is related to cell proliferation and prognosis in transitional-cell bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995;121:44-50.
158. Shin KY, Kong G, Kim WS, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 correlates with early recurrence in superficial bladder cancers. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1788-92.
159. Dublin EA, Patel NK, Gillett CE, et al. Retinoblastoma and p16 proteins in mammary carcinoma: their relationship to cyclin D1 and histopathological parameters. Int J Cancer 1998;79:71-5.
160. Jares P, Rey MJ, Fernandez PL, et al. Cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma gene expression in human breast carcinoma: correlation with tumour proliferation and oestrogen receptor status. J Pathol 1997;182:160-6.
161. Xu L, Sgroi D, Sterner CJ, et al. Mutational analysis of CDKN2 (MTS1/p16ink4) in human breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 1994;54:5262-4.
162. Geradts J, Kratzke RA, Niehans GA, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2/multiple tumor suppressor gene 1 (CDKN2/MTS1) product p16INK4A in archival human solid tumors: correlation with retinoblastoma protein expression. Cancer Res 1995;55:6006-11.
163. Geradts J, Wilson PA. High frequency of aberrant p16(INK4A) expression in human breast cancer. Am J Pathol 1996;149:15-20.
164. van Diest PJ, Michalides RJ, Jannink I, et al. Cyclin D1 expression in invasive breast cancer: correlations and prognostic value. Am J Pathol 1997;150:705-11.
165. Seshadri R, Lee CS, Hui R, et al. Cyclin D1 amplification is not associated with reduced overall survival in primary breast cancer but may predict early relapse in patients with features of good prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2:1177- 84.
166. Courjal F, Louason G, Speiser P, et al. Cyclin gene amplification and overexpression in breast and ovarian cancers: evidence for the selection of cyclin D1 in breast and cyclin E in ovarian tumors. Int J Cancer 1996;69:247-53.
167. Tsuda H, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, et al. Correlation between long-term survival in breast cancer patients and amplification of two putative oncogene-coamplification units; hst-1/int-2 and c-erbB-2/ear-1. Cancer Res 1989;49: 3104-8.
168. Schuuring E, Verhoeven E, van Tinteren H, et al. Amplification of genes within the chromosome 11q13 region is indicative of poor prognosis in patients with operable breast cancer. Cancer Res 1992;52:5229-34.
169. Weinstat-Saslow D, Merino MJ, Manrow RE, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D mRNA distinguishes invasive and in situ breast carcinomas from non-malignant lesions. Nature Med 1995;1:1257-60.
170. Simpson JF, Quan DE, O'Malley F, et al. Amplification of CCND1 and expression of its protein product, cyclin D1, in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Am J Pathol 1997; 151:161-8.
171. Oyama T, Kashiwabara K, Yoshimoto K, et al. Frequent overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Cancer Res 1998;58:2876-80.
172. Gillett C, Smith P, Gregory W, et al. Cyclin D1 and prognosis in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1996;69:92-9.
173. Michalides R, Hageman P, van Tinteren H, et al. A clinicopathological study on overexpression of cyclin D1 and of p53 in a series of 248 patients with operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1996;73:728-34.
174. Nielsen NH, Emdin SO, Cajander J, et al. Deregulation of cyclin E and D1 in breast cancer is associated with inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 1997;14: 295-304.
175. Hui R, Cornish AL, McClelland RA, et al. Cyclin D1 and estrogen receptor messenger RNA levels are positively correlated in primary breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1996;2: 923-8.
176. McIntosh GG, Anderson JJ, Milton I, et al. Determination of the prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer. Oncogene 1995;11:885-91.
177. Scott KA, Walker RA. Lack of cyclin E immunoreactivity in non-malignant breast and association with proliferation in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;76:1288-92.
178. Keyomarsi K, O'Leary N, Molnar G, et al. Cyclin E, a potential prognostic marker for breast cancer. Cancer Res 1994;54:380-5.
179. Porter PI, Malone KE, Heagerty PJ, et al. Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27Kip1 and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nature Med 1997;3:222-5.
180. Catzavelos C, Bhattacharya N, Ung YC, et al. Decreased levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 protein: prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nature Med 1997;3:227-30.
181. Tan P, Cady B, Wanner M, et al. The cell cycle inhibitor p27 is an independent prognostic marker in small (Tla,b) invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 1997;57:1259-63.
182. Fredersdorf S, Burns J, Milne AM, et al. High level expression of p27(kip1) and cyclin D1 in some human breast cancer cells: inverse correlation between the expression of p27(kip1) and degree of malignancy in human breast and colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:6380-5.
183. Tsihlias J, Kapusta LR, DeBoer G, et al. Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is a novel prognostic factor in localized human prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1998;58:542-8.
184. Kip1 levels with recurrence and survival in patients with stage C prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:916-20.
185. Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Strumane K, et al. E-cadherin is inactivated in a majority of invasive human lobular breast cancers by truncation mutations throughout its extracellular domain. Oncogene 1996;13:1919-25.
186. Sjogren S, Inganas M, Norberg T, et al. The p53 gene in breast cancer: prognostic value of complementary DNA sequencing versus immunohistochemistry. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:173-82.
187. Kovach JS, Hartmann A, Blaszyk H, et al. Mutation detection by highly sensitive methods indicates that p53 gene mutations in breast cancer can have important prognostic- value. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:1093-6.
188. Falette N, Paperin MP, Treilleux I, et al. Prognostic value of P53 gene mutations in a large series of node-negative breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1998;58:1451-5.
189. Barbareschi M, Pelosio P, Caffo O, et al. Cyclin-D1-gene amplification and expression in breast carcinoma: relation with clinicopathologic characteristics and with retinoblastoma gene product, p53 and p21WAF1 immunohistochemical expression. Int J Cancer 1997;74:171-4.
190. Rey MJ, Fernandez PL, Jares P, et al. p21WAF1/Cip1 is associated with cyclin D1CCND1 expression and tubular differentiation but is independent of p53 overexpression in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol 1998;184:265-71.
191. Swerdlow SH, Yang WI, Zukerberg LR, et al. Expression of cyclin D1 protein in centrocytic/mantle cell lymphomas with and without rearrangement of the BCL1/cyclin D1 gene. Hum Pathol 1995;26:999-1004.
192. de Boer CJ, van Krieken JH, Schuuring E, et al. Bcl-1 cyclin D1 in malignant lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1997; 8:109-17.
193. Michalides RJ, Van Veelen N, Hart A, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 correlates with recurrence in a group of forty- seven operable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Cancer Res 1995;55:975-8.
194. Michalides RJ, van Veelen R, Kristel P, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 indicates a poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:497-502.
195. Nogueira CP, Dolan RW, Gooey J, et al. Inactivation of p53 and amplification of cyclin D1 correlate with clinical outcome in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 1998;108: 345-50.
196. Ishikawa T, Furihata M, Ohtsuki Y, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression related to retinoblastoma protein expression as a prognostic marker in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1998;77:92-7.
197. Meredith SD, Levine PA, Burns JA, et al. Chromosome 11q13 amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Association with poor prognosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;121:790-4.
198. Masuda M, Hirakawa N, Nakashima T, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression in primary hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Cancer 1996;78:390-5.
199. Takes RP, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Schuuring E, et al. Markers for assessment of nodal metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123: 4121-9.
200. Doki Y, Imoto M, Han EK, et al. Increased expression of the P27KIP1 protein in human esophageal cancer cell lines that over-express cyclin D1. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1139- 48.
201. Nadal A, Jares P, Cazorla M, et al. p21WAF1/Cip1 expression is associated with cell differentiation but not with p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. J Pathol 1997;183:156-63.
202. Taga S, Usaki T, Ohgami A, et al. Prognostic value of the immunohistochemical detection of p16INK4 expression in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1997;80:389-95.
203. Okamoto A, Hussain SP, Hagiwara K, et al. Mutations in the p16INK4/MTS1/CDKN2, p15INK4B/MTS2, and p18 genes in primary and metastatic lung cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:1448-51.
204. Esposito V, Baldi A, De Luca A, et al. Prognostic role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1997;57:3381-5.
205. Yatabe Y, Masuda A, Koshikawa T, et al. p27KIP1 in human lung cancers: differential changes in small cell and non-small cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998;58:1042-7.
206. Gazzeri S, Gouyer V. Inactivation of RB gene and pRB function in lung cancer. In: Brambilla C, Brambilla E, eds. Lung tumors: fundamental biology and clinical management. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998.
207. INK4A gene is frequently lost in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:3926-31.
208. Maeda K, Chung YS, Kang SM, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 and p53 associated with disease recurrence in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J. Cancer 1997;74:310-15.
209. Maeda K, Chung Y, Kang S, et al. Cyclin D1 overexpression and prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Oncology 1998;55:145-51.
210. Bartkova J, Lukas J, Strauss M, et al. The PRAD-1/cyclin D1 oncogene product accumulates aberrantly in a subset of colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1994;58:568-73.
211. Zhang T, Nanney LB, Luongo C, et al. Concurrent overexpression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) in intestinal adenomas from multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice and human familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Cancer Res 1997;57:169-75.
212. Gansauge S, Gransauge F, Ramadani M, et al. Overexpression of cyclin D1 in human pancreatic carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Cancer Res 1997;57:1634-7.
213. Naka T, Kobayashi M, Ashida K, et al. Aberrant p16INK4 expression related to clinical stage and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol 1998;12:1111-16.
214. Dong Y, Walsh MD, McGuckin MA, et al. Reduced expression of retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) and high expression of p53 arc associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;74:407-15.
215. Barbieri F, Cagnoli M, Ragni N, et al. Expression of cyclin D1 correlates with malignancy in human ovarian tumours. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1263-8.
216. Kallakury BV, Sheehan CE, Ambros RA, et al. The prognostic significance of p34cdc2 and cyclin D1 protein expression in prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1997;80: 753-63.
217. Houldsworth J, Reuter V, Bosl GJ, et al. Aberrant expression of cyclin D2 is an early event in human male germ cell tumorigenesis. Cell Growth Differ 1997;8:293-9.
218. Aas T, Borresen AL, Geisler S, et al. Specific P53 mutations are associated with de novo resistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer patients Plasminogen and wound healing. Inactivation of p53 enhances sensitivity to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res 1996;56: 892-8.
219. Righetti SC, Della Torre G, Pilotti S, et al. A comparative study of p53 gene mutations, protein accumulation, and response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 1996;56:689-93.
220. Rusch V, Klimstra D, Venkatraman E, et al. Aberrant p53 expression predicts clinical resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:5038-42.
221. Wu SG, el-Deiry WS. p53 and chemosensitivity. Nature Med 1996;2:255-6.
222. Blagosklonny MV, el-Deiry WS. Acute overexpression of wt p53 facilitates anticancer drug- induced death of cancer and normal cells. Int J Cancer 1998;75:933-40.