β-cell behaviour during the prediabetic stage. Part II. Non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Diabetes and Metabolism

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 473-505

  Homo Delarche, F ^a  

^a HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; FOLIC ACID; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; INSULIN; MESSENGER RNA; PROINSULIN;

B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; FEMALE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; MALE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

AGING; ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; IMMUNE SYSTEM; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; MICE; MICE, INBRED NOD; PREDIABETIC STATE;

EID: 0031458745     PISSN: 12623636     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (386)

1. World Health Organization Study GROUP. Prevention of diabetes mellilus. Technical Report Series n.844. WHO ed (Geneva), 1994, 11-18.
2. Homo-Delarche F. Beta cell behavior during the prediabetic stage. Part I. Beta-cell pathophysiology. Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 181-194.
3. Debussche X, Lormeau B, Boitard C, Toublanc M, Assan R. Course of pancreatic beta cell destruction in prediabetic NOD mice : a histomorphometric evaluation. Diabete Metab, 1994, 20, 282-290.
4. Shimada A, Charlton B, Taylor-Edwards C, Fathman CG. Beta-cell destruction may be a late consequence of the autoimmune process in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1063-1067.
5. Gazda LS, Charlton B, Lafferty KJ. Diabetes results from' a late change in the autoimmune response of NOD mice. J Autoimmtin, 1997, 10, 261-270.
6. Guillausseau PJ, Tielmans D, Virallymonod M, Assayag M. Diabetes : From phenotypcs to genotypes. Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 14-21.
7. Elbein SC, Huffman MD, Bragg KL, Mayorga RA. The genetics of NIDDM. An update. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 1523-1533.
8. Froguel P. Tracking down genes to cure diabetes : An achievable task for the 21st century ? Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 8-13.
9. Elbein SC, Huffman MD, Mayorga RA, Barrett KL, Leppert M, Hasstedt S. Do non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) share genetic susceptibility loci ? An analysis of putative IDDM susceptibility regions in familial NIDDM. Metabolism, 1997, 46, 48-52.
10. Rich SS, Pantcr SS, Goctz FC, Hedlund B, Barbosa J. Shared genetic susceptibility of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus : contributions of HLA and haptoglobin. Diabelologia, 1991, 34, 350-355.
11. Kobayashi T, Tamemoto K, Nakanishi K, et al. Immunogenetic and clinical characterization of slowly progressive IDDM. Diabetes Care, 1993, 16, 780-788.
12. Owerbach D, Gabbay KH. The search for IDDM susceptibility genes : the next generation. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 544-551.
13. Todd JA. Genetic analysis of type 1 diabetes using whole genome approaches. Proc Nail Acad Sei USA, 1995, 92, 8560-8565.
14. Bennett ST, Todd JA. Human type 1 diabetes and the insulin gene : principles of mapping polygenes. Anna Rev Genet, 1996, 30, 343-370.
15. Field LL, Tobias R. Unravelling a complex trait : the genetics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin Invest Med, 1997, 20, 41-49.
16. Davies JL, Kawaguchi Y, Bennett ST, et al. A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes. Nature, 1994, 371, 130-136.
17. Mondino A, Khoruts A, Jenkins MK. The anatomy of T-cell activation and tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1996, 93, 2245-2252.
18. She JX. Susceptibility to type I diabetes : HLA-DQ and DR revisited. Immunol Today, 1996, 17, 323-329.
19. Boitard C, Caillatzucman S, Timsit J. Insulin-dependent diabetes and human leucocyte antigens. Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 22-28.
20. Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ. The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM2 regulates insulin transcription. Nat Genet, 1995, 9, 293-298.
21. Bennett ST, Wilson AJ, Cucca F, et al. IDDM2-VNTR-encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes : dominant protection and parental transmission of alleles of the insulin gene-linked minisatcllitc locus. J Autoimmun, 1996, 9, 415-421.
22. Vafiadis P, Bennett ST, Colle E, Grabs R, Goody er CG, Polychronakos C. Imprinted and genotype-specific expression of genes at the IDDM2 locus in pancreas and leucocytes. J Autoimmun, 1996, 9, 397-403.
23. Vafiadis P, Bennett ST, Todd JA, et al. Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus. Nat Genet, 1997, 15, 289-292.
24. Pugliese A, Zeller M, Femandez A JR, et al. The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes. Nat Genet, 1997, 75, 293-297.
25. Julier C, Hyer RN, Davies J, et al. InsuIin-IGF2 region on chromosome lip encodes a gene implicated in HLA-DR4-dependent diabetes susceptibility. Nature, 1991, 354, 155-159.
26. Doria A, Lee J, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Diabetes susceptibility at IDDM2 cannot be positively mapped to the VNTR locus of the insulin gene. Diabetologia, 1996, 39, 594-599.
27. Turner RC, Hattersley AT, Shaw JT, Levy JC. Type II diabetes : clinical aspects of molecular biological studies. Diabetes, 1995, 44, 1-10.
28. Velho G, Froguel P. Genetic determinants of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus : strategies and recent results. Diabetes Metab, 1997. 23, 7-17.
29. Gerbitz KD, Van Den Ouweland JM, Maassen JA, Jaksch M. Mitochondrial diabetes mellitus : a review. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1995, 1271, 253-260.
30. Taylor SI, Cama A, Accili D, et al. Mutations in the insulin receptor gene. Endocr Rev, 1992, 13, 566-595.
31. Steiner DF, Tager HS, Chan SJ, Nanjo K, Sänke T, Rubenstein AH. Lessons learned from molecular biology of insulin-gene mutations. Diabetes Care, 1990, 13, 600-609.
32. Sacks DB, McDonald JM. The pathogenesis of type II diabetes mellitus. A polygenic disease. Am J Clin Pathol, 1996, 705, 149156.
33. Groop L, Lehto M, Orho M. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus : a genetic and metabolic nightmare. Diab Nutr Metab, 1994, 7, 253-261.
34. Hansen LH, Abrahamsen N, Hager J, et al. The Gly40Ser mutation in the human glucagon receptor gene associated with NIDDM results in a receptor with reduced sensitivity to glucagon. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 725-730.
35. Aguilar-Bryan L, Nichols CG, Wechsler SW, et al. Cloning of the beta cell high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor : a regulator of insulin secretion. Science, 1995, 268, 423-426.
36. Inoue H, Ferrer J, Welling CM, et al. Sequence variants in the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) gene are associated with NIDDM in Caucasians. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 825-831.
37. Stirling B, Cox NJ, Bell GI, Hanis CL, Spielman RS, Concannon P. Linkage studies in NIDDM with markers near the sulphonylurea receptor gene. Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 1479-1481.
38. McCarthy MI, Froguel P, Hitman GA. The genetics of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus : tools and aims. Diabetologia, 1994, 37, 959-968.
39. Horion V, Stratton I, Zimmet P, et al. Autoimmune diabetes assessed by ICA, anti-GAD and DR3/4 in population based cohort of patients with NIDDM. Diabetes, 1995, 44 (suppl. 1), 236a.
40. Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmct PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W, MacKay IR. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulindependent onset of disease. Diabetes, 1993, 42, 359-362.
41. Kobayashi T. Immunology and immunogenetics of type I diabetes in Japan. Inl Diabetes Fed Bull, 1990, 35, 34-37.
42. Kajio H, Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, et al. Relationship between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus : beta-cell function, islet cell antibody, and haptoglobin in parents of IDDM patients. Metabolism, 1995, 44, 869-875.
43. Kobayashi T, Itoh T, Kosaka K, Sato K, Tsuji K. Time course oï islet cell antibodies and beta-cell function in non-insulin-dependent stage of type I diabetes. Diabetes, 1987, 36, 510-517.
44. Chem MM. Empirical risk for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) in sibs. Further definition of genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes, 1982, 31, 1115-1118.
45. Wagener DK, Sacks JM, Laporte RE, McGregor JM. The Pittsburgh Study of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 1982, 31, 136-144.
46. Groop LC, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D. Islet cell antibodies identify latent type I diabetes in patients aged 35-75 years at diagnosis. Diabetes, 1986, 55, 237-241.
47. Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Tuomilehto J, Hitman GA, et al. Genetic susceptibility to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance are located in HLA region. BMJ, 1993, 307, 155-159.
48. Groop L, Groop PH, Koskimies S. Relationship between B-cell function and HLA antigens in patients with type 2 (non-insulindependent) diabetes. Diabelologia, 1986, 29, 757-760.
49. Rich SS, French LR, Sprafka JM, Clements JP, Goetz FC. HLAassociated susceptibility to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus : the Wadena City Health Study. Diabelologia, 1993, 36, 234-238.
50. Groop L, Bottazzo GF. Genetic susceptibility to non-insulin dependent. BMJ, 1994, 308, 534.
51. Groop L, Miettinen A, Groop PH, Men S, Koskimies S, Bottazzo GF. Organ-specific autoimmunity and HLA-DR antigens as markers for beta-cell destruction in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes, 1988, 37, 99-103.
52. Ktorza A, Bernard C, Parent V, et al. Are animal models of diabetes relevant to the study of the genetics of non-insulin-dependent dia- ' betes in humans ? Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 38-46. \.
53. Colle E, Guttmann RD, Fuks A. Insulin-dependent diabetes melliti/s is associated with genes that map to the right of the class I RT1.A locus of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat. Diabetes, 1986. 35, 454-458.
54. Colle E, Ono SJ, Fuks A, Guttmann RD, Seemayer TA. Association of susceptibility to spontaneous diabetes in rat with genes of major histocompatibility complex. Diabetes, 1988, 37, 1438"-1443.
55. Jackson RA, Buse JB, Rifai R, et al. Two genes required for diabetes in BB rats. Evidence from cyclical intercrosses and backcrosses. J Exp Med, 1984, 759, 1629-1636.
56. Hattori M, Buse JB, Jackson RA, et al. The NOD mouse : recessive diabctogenic gene in the major histocompatibility complex. Science, 1986, 231, 733-735.
57. Prochazka M, Leiter EH, Serreze DV, Coleman DL. Three recessive loci required for insulin-dependent diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Science, 1987, 237, 286-289.
58. Wicker LS, Miller BJ, Coker LZ, et al. Genetic control of diabetes and insulitis in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. J Exp Med, 1987. 765, 1639-1654.
59. Acha-Orbea H, McDevitt HO. The first external domain of the nonobese diabetic mouse class II I-A beta chain is unique. Proc Nail Acad Sei USA, 1987. 84, 2435-2439.
60. Gottlieb PA, Eiscnbarth GS. Mouse and man : multiple genes and multiple autoantigens in the aetiology of type I DM and related autoimmune disorders. J Auloimmun, 1996, 9, 277-281.
61. Todd JA, Bell JI, McDevitt HO. HLA-DQbeta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature, 1987, 329, 599-604.
62. Slattery RM, Kjer-Nielsen L, Allison J, Charlton B, Mandel TE, Miller JF. Prevention of diabetes in non-obese diabetic I-Ak transgenic mire. Nature, 1990, 345, 724-726.
63. Lund T, O'Reilly L, Hutchings P, et al. Prevention of insulindependent diabetes mellitus in non-obese diabetic mice by transgenes encoding modified I-A beta-chain or normal I-E alpha-chain. Nature, 1990, 345, 727-729.
64. Miyazaki T, Uno M, Uehira M, et al. Direct evidence for the contribution of the unique I-ANOD to the development of insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Nature, 1990, 345, 722-724.
65. Singer SM, Tisch R, Yang XD, McDevitt HO. An Abd transgene prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by inducing regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA, 1993, 90, 9566-9570.
66. Nishimoto H, Kikutani H, Yamamura K, Kishimoto T. Prevention of autoimmune insulitis by expression of I-E molecules in NOD mice. Nature, 1987, 328, 432-434.
67. Boitard C, Bendelac A, Richard MF, Camaud C, Bach JF. Prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by anti-I-A monoclonal antibodies : transfer of protection by splenic T cells. Proc Nail Acad Sei USA, 1988, 85, 9719-9723.
68. Wicker LS, Todd JA, Peterson LB. Genetic control of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Annu Rev Immunol, 1995, 13, 179200.
69. Baxter AG, Cooke A. The genetics of the NOD mouse. Diabetes Metab Rev, 1995, 11, 315-335.
70. Prochazka M, Scrreze DV, Frankel WN, Leiter EH. NOR/Lt mice : MHC-matched diabetes-resistant control strain for NOD mice. Diabetes, 1992, 41, 98-106.
71. Ikegami H, Makino S. Genetic susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus from NOD mice to humans. In : Shafrir E, ed. Lessons from Animal Diabetes . London : Smith-Gordon, 1993, 39-50.
72. McAIeer MA, Reifsnyder P, Palmer SM, et al. Crosses of NOD mice with the related NON strain. A polygenic model for IDDM. Diabetes, 1995,44, 1186-1195.
73. Kikutani H, Makino S. The murine autoimmune diabetes model : NOD and related strains. Adv Immunol, 1992, 51, 285-322.
74. Tochino Y, Kanaya T, Makino S. Microangiopathy in the spontaneously diabetic nonobese mouse (NOD mouse) with insulitis. In : Abe H, Mitsuru H, eds. Diabetic microangiopathy . Tokyo : Univ. Tokyo Press, 1988, 423-432.
75. Eisenbarth GS. General discussion (Chapter II). In : Shafrir E, Renold AE, eds. II. Lessons from NOD mice : genetics, pathogenesis, cytotoxic mechanisms, immunopathology . New York : John LibbeyLtd, 1988, 135-141.
76. Sawa T, Ohgaku S, Morioka H, Yano S. Molecular cloning and DNA sequence analysis of preproinsulin genes in the NON mouse, an animal model of human non-obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Mol Endocrinol, 1990, 5, 61-67.
77. Winter WE, Beppu H, MacLaren NK, Cooper DL, Bell GI, Wakeland EK. Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms of S'-flanking region of insulin I gene in BB and other rat strains. Absence of association with IDDM. Diabetes, 1987, 36, 193-198.
78. Serreze DV, Leiter EH. Genetic and pathogenic basis of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Curr Opinion Immunol, 1994, 6, 900-906.
79. Prins JB, Todd JA, Rodrigues NR, et al. Linkage on chromosome 3 of autoimmune diabetes and defective Fc receptor for IgG in NOD mice. Science, 1993, 260, 695-698.
80. Luan JJ, Monteiro RC, Sautes C, et al. Defective Fc gamma RII gene expression in macrophages of NOD mice : genetic linkage with up-regulation of IgGl and IgG2b in serum. J Immunol, 1996, 757, 4707-4716.
81. Serreze DV, Gaskins HR, Leiter EH. Defects in the differentiation and function of antigen presenting cells in NOD/Lt mice. J Immunol, 1993, 750, 2534-2543.
82. Homo-Delarche F, Boitard C. Autoimmune diabetes : the role of the islets of Langerhans. Immunol Today, 1996, 17, 456-460.
83. Markholst H, Eastman S, Wilson D, Andreasen BE, Lemmark A. Diabetes segregates as a single locus in crosses between inbred BB rats prone or resistant to diabetes. J Exp Med, 1991, 174, 297-300.
84. Jacob HJ, Pettersson A, Wilson D, Mao Y, Lernmark A, Lander ES. Genetic dissection of autoimmune type I diabetes in the BB rat published. Nat Genet, 1992, 2, 56-60.
85. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 1994, 372, 425-432.
86. Maison ÇA, Wiatcr MF, Weigle DS. Leptin and the regulation of body adiposity. Diabetes Rev, 1996, 4, 488-508.
87. Coleman DL. Lessons from studies with genetic forms of diabetes in the mouse. Melab Clin Exp, 1983, 32, 162-164.
88. Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA, et al. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor : identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell, 1996, 84, 491-495.
89. Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, et al. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature, 1996, 379, 632-635.
90. Truett GE, Bahary N, Friedman JM.Leibel. Rat obesity gene fatty (fa) maps to chromosome 5 : evidence for homology with the mouse gene diabetes (db). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88, 7806-7809.
91. Chua Sc JR, Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, et al. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science, 1996, 271, 994-996.
92. Kawano K, Hirashima T, Mori S, Kurosumi MY, Saito Y. A new strain with non-insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus OLEFT . Rat News Lett, 1991, 25, 24-26.
93. Portha B, Serradas P, Bailbe D, Suzuki K, Goto Y, Giroix MH. Beta-cell insensitivity to glucose in the GK rat, a spontaneous nonobese model for type II diabetes. Diabetes, 1991, 40, 486-491.
94. Gauguier D, Froguel P, Parent V, et al. Chromosomal mapping of genetic loci associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes in the GK rat. Nat Genet, 1996, 12, 38-43.
95. Galli J, Li LS, Glaser A, et al. Genetic analysis of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the GK rat. Nat Genet, 1996, 12, 31-37.
96. Kawano K, Hirashima T, Mori S, Natori T. OLETF (Otsuka LongEvans Tokushima Fatty) rat : a new NIDDM rat strain. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1994, 24 Suppl, S317-S320.
97. Hirashima T, Kawano K, Mori S, Matsumoto K, Natori T. A diabctogenic gene (ODB-1) assigned to the X-chromosome in OLETF rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1995, 27, 91-96.
98. De Fronzo RA. Pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus : a balanced overview. Diabetologia, 1992, 55, 389-397.
99. De Fronzo RA, Bonadonna RC, Ferrannini E. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview. Diabetes Care, 1992, 75, 318-368.
100. Leahy JL, Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC. Beta-cell dysfunction induced by chronic hyperglycemia. Current ideas on mechanism of impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion. Diabetes Care, 1992, /5, 442455.
101. Zimmet PZ. Hyperinsulinemia - how innocent a bystander ? Diabetes Care, 1993, 16 Suppl 3, 56-70.
102. Hales CN. The pathogenesis of NIDDM. Diabetologia, 1994, 37 Suppl 2, S162-S168.
103. Zawalich WS, Kelley GG. The pathogenesis of NIDDM : the role of the pancreatic beta cell. Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 986-991.
104. Kahn CR. Banting Lecture. Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes, 1994, 43, 1066-1084.
105. Taylor SI, Accili D, Imai Y. Insulin resistance or insulin deficiency. Which is the primary cause of NIDDM ? Diabetes, 1994, 43, 735-740.
106. Leahy JL. ß-cell dysfunction in type II diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Endocr Diabetes, 1995, 2, 300-306.
107. Beck-Nielsen H, Groop LC. Metabolic and genetic characterization of prediabetic states. Sequence of events leading to non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 1994, 94, 1714-1721.
108. Olefsky JM. Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dcpcndent diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Endocrin Diabetes, 1995, 2, 290-299.
109. Polonsky KS, Stuns J, Bell 01. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med, 1996, 334, 777-783.
110. Gerich JE. Pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 (noninsulindependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Harm Melab Res, 1996, 28, 404-412.
111. Ward WK, Beard JC, Halter JB, Pfeifer MA, Porte D. Pathophysiology of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1984, 7, 491-502.
112. Cerasi E, Kaiser N, Gross DJ. From sand rats to diabetic patients : Is non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus a disease of the beta cell ? Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 47-51.
113. Mako ME, Starr JI, Rubenstein AH. Circulating proinsulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes. Am J Med, 1977, 63, 865-869.
114. Ward WK, La Cava EC, Paquette XL, Beard JC, Wallum BJ, Porte D JR. Disproportionate elevation of immunoreactive proinsulin in type 2 (non-insulin-dependcnt) diabetes mellitus and in experimental insulin resistance. Diabetologia, 1987, 30, 698-702.
115. Yoshioka N, Kuzuya T, Matsuda A, Taniguchi M, Iwamoto Y. Serum proinsulin levels at fasting and after oral glucose load in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 1988, 31, 355-360.
116. Temple RC, Carrington CA, Luzio SD, et al. Insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet, 1989, 1, 293-295.
117. Saad MF, Kahn SE, Nelson RG, et al. Disproportionately elevated proinsulin in Pima Indians with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1990, 70, 1247-1253.
118. Clark PM, Levy JC, Cox L, Bumett M, Turner RC, Hales CN. Immunoradiometric assay of insulin, intact proinsulin and 32-33 split proinsulin and radioimmunoassay of insulin in diet-treated type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. Diabetologia, 1992, 35, 469-474.
119. Reaven GM, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB, Sheu WH, Ostrega D, Polonsky KS. Plasma insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin concentrations in obese and nonobese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1993, 76, 44-48.
120. Davis SN, Piatti PM, Monti L, et al. Proinsulin and insulin concentrations following intravenous glucose challenges in normal, obese, and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Metabolism, 1993,42, 30-35.
121. Rhodes CI, Alarcon C. What beta-cell defect could lead to hyperproinsulinemia in NIDDM ? Some clues from recent advances made in understanding the proinsulin-processing mechanism. Diabetes, 1994,43, 511-517.
122. Porte D JR, Kahn SE. Hyperproinsulinemia and amyloid in NIDDM. Clues to etiology of islet beta-cell dysfunction ? Diabetes, 1989, 38, 1333-1336.
123. Steiner DF, Rouille Y, Gong Q, Martin S, Carroll R, Chan SJ. The role of prohormone convertases in insulin biosynthesis : evidence for inherited defects in their action in man and experimental animals. Diabetes Metab, 1996, 22, 94-104.
124. Aronoff SL, Bennett PH, Gorden P, Rushforth N, Miller M. Unexplained hyperinsulinemia in normal and prediabetic Pima Indians compared with normal Caucasians. An example of racial differences in insulin secretion. Diabetes, 1977, 26, 827-840.
125. Haffner SM, Stem MP, Hazuda HP, Pugh JA, Pattersorç,JK. Hyperinsulinemia in a population at high risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 1986, 315, 220-224.
126. Lillioja S, Nyomba BL, Saad MF, et al. Exaggerated early insulin release and insulin resistance in a diabetes-prone population : a metabolic comparison of Pima Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1991, 73, 866-876.
127. Sicree RA, Zimmct PZ, King HO, Coventry JS. Plasma insulin response among Nauruans. Prediction of deterioration in glucose tolerance over 6 yr. Diabetes, 1987,56, 179-186.
128. Eriksson J, Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, et al. Early metabolic defects in persons at increased risk for non-insulin-dcpendent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med, 1989, 321, 337-343.
129. Warram JH, Martin BC, Krolewski AS, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Ann Intern Med, 1990, 113, 909-915.
130. Martin BC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Bergman RN, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR. Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus : results of a 25-year follow-up study. Lancet, 1992, 340, 925-929.
131. Johnston C, Ward WK, Beard JC, McKnight B, Porte D JR. Islet function and insulin sensitivity in the non-diabetic offspring of conjugal type 2 diabetic patients. Diab Med, 1980, 7, 119-125.
132. Kahn SE. Regulation of ß-cell function in vivo. From health to disease. Diabetes Rev, 1996, 4, 372-389.
133. Rossetti L, Giaccari A, de Fronzo R A. Glucose toxicity. Diabetes Care, 1990, 13, 610-630.
134. Yki-Jarvinen H. Glucose toxicity. Endocr Rev, 1992, 13, 415-431.
135. Hellerstrom C. The life story of the pancreatic B cell. Diabetologia, 1984, 26, 393-400.
136. Zhu M, Noma Y, Mizuno A, Sano T, Shima K. Poor capacity for proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells in Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rat : a model of spontaneous NIDDM. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 941-946.
137. Swenne I, Andersson A. Effect of genetic background on the capacity for islet cell replication in mice. Diabelologia, 1984, 27, 464-467.
138. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med, 1993, 329, 1988-1992.
139. Chen KW, Boyko EJ, Bergstrom RW, et al. Earlier appearance of impaired insulin secretion than of visceral adiposity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. 5-Year follow-up of initially nondiabetic Japanese-American men. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18, 747-753.
140. Robertson RP. Type II diabetes, glucose « non-sense, » and islet desensitization. Diabetes, 1989, 38, 1501-1505.
141. Gorden P, Sherman BM, Simopoulos AP. Glucose intolerance with hypokalemia : an increased proportion of circulating proinsulin-like component. J Clin Endocrin Metab, 1972, 34, 235-240.
142. Davies MJ, Rayman G, Gray IP, Day IL, Haies CN. Insulin deficiency and increased plasma concentration of intact and 32/33 split proinsulin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med, 1993, 10, 313-320.
143. Krentz AJ, Clark PM, Cox L, Nattrass M. Hyperproinsulinaemia in impaired glucose tolerance. Clin Sei (Colch), 1993, 85, 97-100.
144. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Van Haeften TW. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus : defects in insulin secretion. Ear J Clin Invest, 1993, 23, 69-79.
145. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Valdez RA, et al. Disproportionately increased proinsulin levels are associated with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1994, 79, 1806-1810.
146. Swinn RA, Wareham NJ, Gregory R, et al. Excessive secretion of insulin precursors characterizes and predicts gestational diabetes. Diabetes, 1995,44, 911-915.
147. Mykkanen L, Haffner SM, Kuusisto J, Pyorala K, Hales CN, Laakso M. Serum proinsulin levels are disproportionately increased in elderly prediabetic subjects. Diabetologia, 1995, 38, 1176-1182.
148. Hartling SG, Game S, Binder C, et al. Proinsulin^ insulin, and C-peptide in cystic fibrosis after an oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Res, 1988, 7, 165-169.
149. Lcahy JL, Halban PA, Weir GC. Relative hypersecretion of proinsulin in rat model of NIDDM. Diabetes, 1991, 40, 985-989.
150. Leahy JL. Increased proinsulin/insulin ratio in pancreas extracts of hyperglycémie rats. Diabetes, 1993, 42, 22-27.
151. Alarcon C, Leahy JL, Schuppin GT, Rhodes CJ. Increased secretory demand rather than a defect in the proinsulin conversion mechanism causes hyperproinsulinemia in a glucose-infusion rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 1995, 95, 1032-1039.
152. Weir GC. Which comes first in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus : insulin resistance or beta-cell failure ? Both come first. JAMA, 1995, 273, 1878-1879.
153. Mandarino L, Baker B, Rizza R, Genest J, Gerich J. Infusion of insulin impairs human adipocyte glucose metabolism in vitro without decreasing adipocyte insulin receptor binding. Diabetologia, 1984, 27, 358-363.
154. Marangou AG, Weber KM, Boston RC, et al. Metabolic consequences of prolonged hyperinsulinemia in humans. Evidence for induction of insulin insensitivity. Diabetes, 1986, 35, 1383-1389.
155. Del Prato S, Leonetti F, Simonson DC, Sheehan P, Matsuda M, de Fronzo RA. Effect of sustained physiologic hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in man. Diabetohgia, 1994, 37, 1025-1035.
156. Kobayashi M, Olefsky JM. Effect of experimental hyperinsulinemia on insulin binding and glucose transport in isolated rat adipocytes. Am J Physiol, 1978, 235, E53-E62.
157. Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. A neuroendocrine reappraisal of the dualcentre hypothesis : its implications for obesity and insulin resistance. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 1995, 19, 517-534.
158. Hansen BC, Bodkin NL. Heterogeneity of insulin responses : phases leading to type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the rhesus monkey. Diabetologia, 1986, 29, 713-719.
159. Hansen BC, Bodkin NL. Beta-cell hyperresponsiveness : earliest event in development of diabetes in monkeys. Am J Physiol, 1990, 259, R612-R617.
160. McCulloch DK, Kahn SE, Schwanz MW, Koerker DJ, Palmer JP. Effect of nicotinic acid-induced insulin resistance on pancreatic B cell function in normal and streptozocin-treated baboons. J Clin Invest, 1991, 87, 1395-1401.
161. Kahn SE, McCulloch DK, Schwanz MW, Palmer JP, Porte D JR. Effect of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia on proinsulin release in a primate model of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 74, 192-197.
162. Krief S, Bazin R. Genetic obesity : is the defect in the sympathetic nervous system ? A review through developmental studies in the preobese Zucker rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1991, 198, 528-538.
163. Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Hochstrasser AC, Jeanrenaud B. Hyperinsulinemia of preobese and obese fa/fa rats is panly vagus nerve mediated. Am J Physiol, 1983, 244, E317-E322.
164. Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jean-Renaud B. Involvement of the cholinergic system in insulin and glucagon oversecretion of genetic preobesity. Endocrinology, 1985, 116, 830-834.
165. Apweiler R, Freund P. Development of glucose intolerance in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Harm Metab Res, 1993, 25, 521-524.
166. Lee HC, Curry DL, Stem JS. Direct effect of CNS on insulin hypersécrétion in obese Zucker rats : involvement of vagus nerve. Am J Physiol, 1989, 256, E439-E444.
167. Rohner F, Dufour AC, Karakash C, Le Marchand Y, Ruf KB, Jeanrenaud B. Immediate effect of lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic area upon glucose-induced insulin secretion in anaesthetized rats. Diabetologia, 1977, 13, 239-242.
168. Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B. Possible involvement of the cholinergic system in hormonal secretion by the perfused pancreas from ventromedial-hypothalamic lesioned rats. Diabetologia, 1981, 20, 217-222.
169. Atef N, Ktorza A, Picon L, Penicaud L. Increased islet blood flow in obese rats : role of the autonomie nervous system. Am J Physiol, 1992, 262, E736-E740.
170. Koh G, Seino Y, Usami M, et al. Importance of impaired insulingene expression in occurrence of diabetes in qbcse rats. Diabetes, 1990, 39, 1050-1056.
171. Timmers KI, Voyles NR, Recant L. Genetically obese rats with (SHR/N-cp) and without diabetes (LA/N-cp) share abnormal islet responses to glucose. Metabolism, 1992,47, 1125-1133.
172. Shafrir E. Development and consequences of insulin resistance : lessons from animals with hyperinsulinaemia. Diabetes Metab, 1996, 22, 122-131.
173. Kanety H, Moshe S, Shafrir E, Lunenfeld B, Karasik A. Hyperinsulinemia induces a reversible impairment in insulin receptor function leading to diabetes in the sand rat model of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 97, 1853-1857.
174. Gadot M, Leibowitz G, Shafrir E, Cerasi E, Gross DJ, Kaiser N. Hyperproinsulinemia and insulin deficiency in the diabetic Psatnmomys obesus. Endocrinology, 1994, 135, 610-616.
175. Gadot M, Ariav Y, Cerasi E, Kaiser N, Gross DJ. Hyperproinsulinemia in the diabetic Psammomys obesus is a result of increased secretory demand on the beta-cell. Endocrinology, 1995,136, 42184223.
176. Gross DJ, Lcibowitz G, Cerasi E, Kaiser N. Increased susceptibility of islets from diabetes-prone Psammomys obesus to the deleterious effects of chronic glucose exposure. Endocrinology, 1996, 137, 5610-5615.
177. Coleman DL. Obese and diabetes : two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. Diabelologia, 1978, 14, 141148.
178. Orland MJ, Permutt MA. Quantitative analysis of pancreatic proinsulin mRNA in genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Diabetes, 1987, 36, 341-347.
179. Warbritton A, Gill AM, Yen TT, Bucci T, Wolff GL. Pancreatic islet cells in preobcse yellow Avy/- mice : relation to adult hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1994, 206, 145-151.
180. Hotamisligil OS, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha : a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes, 1994, 43, 1271-1278.
181. Price P. Autoimmunity and the highway to diabetes. Immun Cell Biol, 1997, 75, 1-6.
182. Lemmark A, Moller C, Kockum I, Sanjeevi C. Islet cell autoimmunity. J Intern Med, 1993, 234. 361-369.
183. Atkinson MA, MacLaren NK. The pathogenesis of insulindependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med, 1994, 331, 14281436.
184. Drash AL, Lipton RB, Dorman JS, et al. The interface between epidemiology and molecular biology in the search for the causes of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Med, 1991, 23, 463-471.
185. Dahlquist G. Etiological aspects of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus : an epidemiological perspective. Autoimmunity, 1993, 15, 6165.
186. Leslie RD, Elliott RB. Early environmental events as a cause of IDDM. Evidence and implications. Diabetes, 1994, 43, 843-850.
187. Yilmaz MT. The remission concept in type 1 diabetes and its significance in immune intervention. Diabete Melab Rev, 1993, 9, 337348.
188. Bach JF. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease. Endocrine Rev, 1994, 75, 516-542.
189. Rossini AA, Handler ES, Mordes JP, Greiner DL. Human autoimmune diabetes mellitus : lessons from BB rats and NOD mice-Caveat emptor. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1995, 74, 2-9.
190. Serreze DV, Leiter EH. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and BB rats : origins in hematopoietic stem cell defects and implications for therapy. In : Shafrir E, eds. Lessons from animal diabetes . London : Smith-Gordon, 1995, 59-73.
191. Gepts W, Lecompte PM. The pancreatic islets in diabetes. Am J Med, 1981, 70, 105-115. ;
192. Foulis AK, Stewart JA. The pancreas in recent-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus : insulin content of islets, insulitis and associated changes in the exocrine acinar tissue. Diabetologia, 1984, 26, 456-461.
193. Klöppel G, Lohr M, Habich K, Oberholzer M, Heitz PU. Islet pathology and the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus revisited. Surv Synth Path Res, 1985, 4' 110-125.
194. Nakanishi K, Kobayashi T, Miyashita H, et al. Relationships among residual beta cells, exocrine pancreas, and islet cell antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 1993, 42, 196203.
195. Kimura N, Fujiya H, Yamaguchi K, Takahashi T, Nagura H. Vanished islets with pancreatitis in acute-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an adult Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1994, 118, 84-88.
196. Somoza N, Vargas F, Roura-Mir C, et al. Pancreas in recent onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Changes in HLA, adhesion . molecules and autoantigens, restricted T cell receptor V beta usage, and cytokine profile. J Immunol, 1994, 153, 1360-1377.
197. Jansen A, Homo-Delarche F, Hooijkaas H, Leenen PJ, Dardenne M, Drexhage HA. Immunohistochemical characterization of monocytes-macrophages and dendritic cells involved in the initiation of the insulitis and beta-cell destruction in NOD mice. Diabetes, 1994, 43, 667-675.
198. Jansen A, Rosmalen JG, Homo-Delarche F, Dardenne M, Drexhage HA. Effect of prophylactic insulin treatment on the number of ER-MP23 macrophages in the pancreas of NOD mice. Is the prevention of diabetes based on beta-cell rest ? J Autoimmun, 1996, 9, 341-348.
199. Faveeuw C, Gagnerault MC, Lepault F. Expression of homing and adhesion molecules in infiltrated islets of Langerhans and salivary glands of NOD (Nonobese diabetic) mice. J Immunol, 1994, 752, 5969-5978.
200. Papaccio G, Baccari GC, Strate C, Linn T. Pancreatic duct inflammatory infiltration in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. J Anat, 1994, 185, 465-470.
201. Liu HM, Potter EL. Development of the human pancreas. Arch Pathol, 1962, 74. 439-452.
202. Jansen A, Voorbij HA, Jeucken PH, Bruining GJ, Hooijkaas H, Drexhage HA. An immunohistochemical study on organized lymphoid cell infiltrates in fetal and neonatal pancreases. A comparison with similar infiltrates found in the pancreas of a diabetic infant. Autoimmunity. 1993, 15, 31-38.
203. Gazda LS, Gilchrist KA, Lafferty KJ. Autoimmune diabetes : caught in the causality trap ? Immunol Cell Biol, 1995, 73, 549-551.
204. Wegmann DR. The immune response to islets in experimental diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Immunol, 1996, 8, 860-864.
205. Andre I, Gonzalez A, Wang B, Katz J, Benoist C, Mathis D. Checkpoints in the progression of autoimmune disease : lessons from diabetes models. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996, 93, 22602263.
206. Steinman L. A few autoreactive cells in an autoimmune infiltrate control a vast population of nonspecific cells : a tale of smart bombs and the infantry. Proc Nail Acad Set USA, 1996, 93, 2253-2256.
207. Larger E, Becourt C, Bach JF, Boitard C. Pancreatic islet beta cells drive T cell-immune responses in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. J Exp Med, 1995, 181, 1635-1642.
208. Itoh A, Maki T. Protection of nonobese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes by reduction of islet mass before insulitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996, 93, 11053-11056.
209. Von Herrath M, Holz A. Pathological changes in the islet milieu precede infiltration of islets and destruction of beta-cells by autoreactive lymphocytes in a transgenic model of virus-induced 1DDM. J Autoimmun, 1997, 10, 231-238.
210. Boitard C, Larger E, Timsit J, Sempe P, Bach JF. IDDM : an islet or an immune disease ? Diabetologia, 1994, 37 Suppl 2, S90-S98.
211. Rudy G, Stone N, Harrison LC, et al. Similar peptides from two beta cell autoantigens, proinsulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, stimulate T cells of individuals at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes. Mol Med, 1995, 1, 625-633.
212. Roep BO. T-cell responses to autoantigens in IDDM. The search for the Holy Grail. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 1147-1156.
213. Harrison LC. Islet cell antibodies. Light at the end of the tube ? Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 1220-1222.
214. Nepom GT. Glutamic acid decarboxylase and other autoantigens in IDDM. Curr Opin Immunol, 1995, 7, 825-830.
215. Gale EA. Islet cell autoantibodies : a family story. Ear J Endocrinol, 1996, 135, 643-644.
216. Song YH, Li Y, MacLaren NK. The nature of autoantigjns targeted in autoimmune endocrine diseases. Immunol Today, 1996, 17, 232238.
217. Christie MR. Islet cell autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest, 1996, 26, 827-838.
218. Tisch R, McDevitt H. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cell, 1996, 85, 291-297.
219. Roll U, Ziegler AG. Combined antibody screening for improved prediction of IDDM - Modem strategies. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 1997, 705, 1-14.
220. Solimena M, Dirkx R JR, Hermel JM, et al. ICA 572, an autoantigen of type I diabetes, is an intrinsic membrane protein of neurosecretory granules. EMBO J, 1996, 75, 2102-2114.
221. Aanstoot HJ, Kang SM, Kim J, el al. Identification and characterization of glima 38, a glycosylated islet cell membrane antigen, which together with GAD65 and IA2 marks the early phases of autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Invest, 1996, 97, 2772-2783.
222. Bottazzo GF. ß-cell damage in diabetic insulitis : are we approaching a solution ? Diabetologia, 1984, 26, 241-249.
223. Bottazzo GF, Genovese S, Bosi E, Dean BM, Christie MR, Bonifacio E. Novel considerations on the antibody/autoantigen system in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Ann Med, 1991, 23, 453-461.
224. Bottazzo GF, Doniach D, Pouplard A. Humoral autoimmunity in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol, 1976, 205, 55-64.
225. Bottazzo GF, Lendrum R. Separate autoantibodies to human pancreatic glucagon and somatostatin cells. Lancet, 1976, I, 873-876.
226. Schöpfer K, Matter L, Tenschert R, Bauer S, Zuppinger K. Antiglucagon-cell and anti-adrenal-medullary-cell antibodies in isletcell-autoantibody-positive diabetic children. N Engl JMed, 1984, 570, 1536-1537.
227. Hall R. Pregnancy and autoimmune endocrine disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995, 9, 137-155.
228. Mauricio D, Balsclls M, Morales J, Corcoy R, Puig-Domingo M, de Leiva A. Islet cell autoimmunity in women with gestational diabetes and risk of progression to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev, 1996, 12, 275-285.
229. Van de Winkel M, Smets G, Gepts W, Pipeleers D. Islet cell surface antibodies from insulin-dependent diabetics bind specifically to pancreatic B cells. J Clin Invest, 1982, 70, 41-49.
230. Kuglin B, Cries FA, Kolb H. Evidence of IgG autoantibodies against human proinsulin in patients with IDDM before insulin treatment. Diabetes, 1988, 37, 130-132.
231. Dean BM, McNally JM, Bonifacio E, Bingley PJ, Gale EAM, Bottazzo GF. Evidence of multiple epitopes for proinsulin and insulin autoantibodies. Diab Nutr Melab, 1991, 4, 177-182.
232. Bohmer K, Keilacker H, Kuglin B, et al. Proinsulin autoantibodies are more closely associated with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus than insulin autoantibodies. Diabelologia, 1991, 34, 830-834.
233. Keilacker H, Rjasanowski I, Besch W, Kohnert KD. Autoanlibodies to insulin and to proinsulin in type 1 diabetic patients and in at-risk probands differentiate only little between both antigens. Harm Melab Res, 1995, 27, 90-94.
234. De Aizpurua HJ, Harrison LC. Glutamic acid dccarboxylase in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev, 1992, 8, 133-147.
235. Harrison LC. Islet cell antigens in insulin-dependent diabetes : Pandora's box revisited. Immunol Today, 1992, 13, 348-352.
236. Solimena M, de Camilli P. Diabetes. Spotlight on a neuronal enzyme news ; comment. Nature, 1993, 566, 15-17.
237. Faulkner-Jones BE, Cram DS, Kun J, Harrison LC. Localization and quantitation of expression of two glutamate decarboxylase genes in pancreatic beta-cells and other peripheral tissues of mouse and rat. Endocrinology, 1993, 133, 2962-2972.
238. Kim J, Richter W, Aanstoot HJ, et al. Differential expression of GAD65 and GAD67 in human, rat, and mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetes, 1993, 42, 1799-1808.
239. Pleau JM, Throsby M, Esling A, Dardenne M. Ontogeny of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression in the mouse pancreas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1997, 233, 227-230.
240. Reddy S, Wu D, Poole CA. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 isoforms in fetal, neonatal and adult porcine islets : predominant beta cell co-localization by light and confocal microscopy. J Autoimmun, 1996, 9, 21-27.
241. Kaufman DL, Clare-Salzler M, Tian J, et al. Spontaneous loss of T-cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase in murine insulindependent diabetes. Nature, 1993, 366, 69-72.
242. Tisch R, Yang XD, Singer SM, Liblau RS, Fugger L, McDevitt HO. Immune response to glutamic acid decarboxylase correlates with insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Nature, 1993, 566, 72-75.
243. Roll U, Christie MR, Fuchtenbusch M, Payton MA, Hawkes CI, Ziegler AG. Perinatal autoimmunity in offspring of diabetic parents. The German Multicenter BABY-DIAB study : detection of humoral immune responses to islet antigens in early childhood. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 967-973.
244. Honeyman MC, Harrison LC. The immunologie insult in type 1 diabetes. Springer Semin Immunopatliol, 1993, 14, 253-274.
245. Durinovic-Bello I, Hummel M, Ziegler AG. Cellular immune response to diverse islet cell antigens in IDDM. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 795-800.
246. Semakula C, Vandewalle CL, Van Schravendijk CF, et al. Abnormal circulating pancreatic enzyme activities in more than twenty-five percent of recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetic patients : association of hyperlipasemia with high-liter islet cell antibodies. Belgian Diabetes Registry. Pancreas, 1996, 12, 321-333.
247. Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA. Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity. Endocrine Rev, 1997, 18, 107-134.
248. Schifter T, Zahavi I, Moroz C. Antimitochondrial antibodies after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology, 1996, 87, 67-70.
249. Laguesse E. L'histogénie du pancréas chez le mouton. J Anat Physiol, 1896, 32, 171-198.
250. Benscome SA. The histogenesis and cytology of the pancreatic islets in the rabbit. Am J Anal, 1955, 96, 103-151.
251. Langmuir PB, Bridget! MM, Bothwell AL, Crispe IN. Bone marrow abnormalities in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Int Immunol, 1993, 5, 169-177.
252. Jansen A, Van Hagen M, Drexhage HA. Defective maturation and function of antigen-presenting cells in type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 1995, 345, 491-492.
253. Hock A, Alberts W, Leenen PJ, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA. Dendritic cells and macrophages in the pituitary and the gonads. Evidence for their role in the fine regulation of the reproductive endocrine response. Eur J Endocrinol, 1997, 136, 8-24.
254. Thomas-Reetz AC, de Camilli P. A role for synaptic vesicles in non-neuronal cells : clues from pancreatic beta cells and from chromaffin cells. FASEB J, 1994, 8, 209-216.
255. Le Douarin NM. On the origin of pancreatic endocrine cells. Cell, 1988, 53, 169-171.
256. Sorenson RL, Carry DG, Brelje TC. Structural and functional considerations of GABA in islets of Langerhans. Beta-cells and nerves. Diabetes, 1991, 40, 1365-1374.
257. Saravia-Femandez F, Faveeuw C, Blasquez-Bulant C, et al. Localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the pancreas of the nonobese diabetic mouse. Endocrinology, 1996, 137, 3497-3506.
258. Fujita T. Histological studies on the neuro-insular complex in the pancreas of some mammals. Zeitschrit FYr Zellforschung, 1959,50, 94-109.
259. Serizawa Y, Kobayashi S, Fujita T. Neuro-insular complex type I in the mouse. Re-evaluation of the pancreatic islet as a modified ganglion. Arch Histol Jap, 1979, 42, 389-394.
260. Lampeter EF, Homberg M, Quabeck K, et al. Transfer of insulindependent diabetes between HLA-identical siblings by bone marrow transplantation. Lancet, 1993, 341, 1243-1244.
261. Vialettes B, Maraninchi D, San Marco MP, et al. Autoimmune polyendocrine failure-type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism-after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with lymphoblastic leukaemia. Diabetologia, 1993, 36, 541-546.
262. Voorbij HA, Jeucken PH, Kabel PJ, de Haan M, Drexhage HA. Dendritic cells and scavenger macrophages in pancreatic islets of prediabetic BB rats. Diabetes, 1989, 38, 1623-16J9.
263. Bowman MA, Leiter EH, Atkinson MA. Prevention of diabetes in the NOD mouse : implications for therapeutic intervention in human disease. Immunol Today, 1994, 15, 115-120.
264. Yang XD, Michie SA, Mebius RE, Tisch R, Weissman I, McDevitt HO. The role of cell adhesion molecules in the development of IDDM : implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 705-710.
265. Rabinovitch A. Immunoregulatory and cytokine imbalances in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Therapeutic intervention by immunostimulation ? Diabetes, 1994, 43, 613-621.
266. Signore A, Procaccini E, Toscanp AM, et al. Histological study of pancreatic beta-cell loss in relation to the insulitis process in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Histochemislry, 1994, 707, 263-269.
267. Chatenoud L, Thervet E, Primo J, Bach JF. Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 97, 123-127.
268. Tarn AC, Smith CP, Spencer KM, Bottazzo GF, Gale EA. Type I (insulin dependent) diabetes : a disease of slow clinical onset ? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1987, 294, 342-345.
269. Bleich D, Jackson RA, Socldncr JS, Eisenbarth GS. Analysis of metabolic progression to type I diabetes in ICA+ relatives of patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care, 1990, 13, 111-118.
270. Granot M, Perlman R, Sprecher E, Tenenbaum G, Barzilai D, Vardi P. The role of beta cell maturity in the development of type I diabetes mellitus. Isr J Med Sci, 1994, 30, 22-25.
271. Carel JC, Boitard C, Bougneres PR Decreased insulin response to glucose in islet cell antibody-negative siblings of type 1 diabetic children. J Clin Invest, 1993, 92, 509-513.
272. Carel JC, Lotton C, Bougneres P. Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes : What can be expected from genetics ? Diabetes Metab, 1997, 23, 29-33.
273. Thivolet C, Beaufrere B, Geburher L, Châtelain P, Orgiazzi J, Francois R. Autoantibodies and genetic factors associated with the development of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in first degree relatives of diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 1991, 34, 186191.
274. Becker DJ, Orchard TJ, Laporte RE, et al. Metabolic alterations during prediabetes . In : Laron Z, Karp M, eds. Prediabetes - Are we ready to intervene ? . Basel : Karger, 1993, 76-83.
275. Soeldner JS, Srikanta S, Eisenbarth GS, Gleason RE. Prehyperglycemic diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem, 1986, 32, B7-18.
276. McCulIoch DK, Palmer JP. Early diagnosis of type I diabetes mellitus. Diab Nulr Metab, 1989, 2, 245-255.
277. Chase HP, Voss MA, Butler-Simon N, Hoops S, O'Brien D, Dobersen MJ. Diagnosis of pre-type I diabetes. J Pediatr, 1987, 111, 807-812.
278. Vardi P, Crisa L, Jackson RA. Predictive value of intravenous glucose tolerance test insulin secretion less than or greater than the first percentile in islet cell antibody positive relatives of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia, 1991, 34, 93102.
279. Calles-Escandon J, Robbins DC. Loss of early phase of insulin release in humans impairs glucose tolerance and blunts thermic effect of glucose. Diabetes, 1987, 36, 1167-1172.
280. Srikanta S, Ganda OP, Gleason RE, Jackson RA, Soeldner JS, Eisenbarth GS. Pre-type I diabetes. Linear loss of beta cell response to intravenous glucose. Diabetes, 1984, 33, 717-720.
281. Ganda OP, Srikanta S, Brink SJ, et al. Differential sensitivity to ß-cell secretagogues in early, type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 1984, 33, 516-521.
282. Lo SS, Hawa M, Beer SF, Pyke DA, Leslie RD. Altered islet beta-cell function before the onset of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 1992, 35, 277-282.
283. O'Meara NM, Stuns J, Herold KG, Ostrega DM, Polonsky KS. Alterations in the patterns of insulin secretion before and after diagnosis of IDDM. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18, 568-571.
284. Purrello F, Rabuazzo AM, Anello M, Patane G. Effects of prolonged glucose stimulation on pancreatic beta cells : from increased sensitivity to desensitization. Ada Diabetol Lot,; 1996,33, 253-256.
285. Bardet S, Rohmer V, Maugendre D, et al. Acute insulin response to intravenous glucose, glucagon and arginine in some subjects at risk for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 1991, 34, 648-654.
286. Chaillous L, Rohmer V, Maugendre D, et al. Differential beta-cell response to glucose, glucagon, and arginine during progression to type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 1996, 45, 306-314.
287. Vialettes B, Zevaco-Mattei C, Thirion X, et al. Acute insulin response to glucose and glucagon in subjects at risk of developing type I diabetes. Diabetes Care, 1993, 16, 973-977.
288. Cerasi E, Luft R. What is inherited - what is added . Hypothesis for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 1967, 16, 615627.
289. Lucas A, Boyes S, Bloom SR, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine responses to a milk feed in six-day-old term infants : differences between breast and cow's milk formula feeding. Ada Paediatr Scand, 1981, 70, 195-200.
290. Gcrstein HC. Cow's milk exposure and type I diabetes mellitus. A critical overview of the clinical literature. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17, 13-19.
291. Caprio S, Plewe G, Diamond MP, et al. Increased insulin secretion in puberty : a compensatory response to reductions in insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr, 1989, 114, 963-967.
292. Smith CP, Williams AJ, Thomas JM, et al The pattern of basal and stimulated insulin responses to intravenous glucose in first degree relatives of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children and unrelated adults aged 5 to 50 years. Diabetologia, 1988, 31, 430-434.
293. Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, Lauritano AA, Tamborlane \VV. Impaired insulin action in puberty. A contributing factor to poor glycémie control in adolescents with diabetes. New Engl J Med, 1986, 315, 215-219.
294. Bloch CA, demons P, Sperling MA. Puberty decreases insulin sensitivity. J Pediatr, 1987, 110, 481-487.
295. Gorsuch AN, Lister J, Dean BM, et al. Evidence for a long prediabctic period in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mcllitus. Lancet, 1981, 2, 1363-1365.
296. Amrani A, Jafarian-Tehrani M, Mormede P, et al. Interleukin-
297. effect on glycemia in the non-obese diabetic mouse at the prediabetic stage. J Endocrinol, 1996, 148, 139-148.
298. Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A. Immune-neuro-cndocrinc interactions : facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev, 1996, 17, 64-102.
299. Turnbull AV, Rivier C. Cytokines within the neuroendocrine system. Curr Opin Endocrin Diabetes, 1996, 3, 149-156.
300. Hau J, Buschard K. Effect of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus on murine foetal and placenta! growth monitored by quantification of maternal plasma levels of pregnancy-associated murine protein-
301. and alpha-fetoprotein. Ada Palhol Micwbiol Immunol Scand [Bl, 1986, 94, 339-342.
302. Surwit RS, Schneider MS. Role of stress in the etiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med, 1993,55, 380-393.
303. Millward BA, Alviggi L, Hoskins PJ, et al. Immune changes associated with insulin dependent diabetes may remit without causing the disease : a study in identical twins. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1986, 292, 793-796.
304. Eizirik DL, Welsh M, Strandell E, Welsh N, Sandier S. Interleukin1 depletes insulin messenger ribonucleic acid and increases the heat shock protein hsp70 in mouse pancreatic islets without impairing the glucose metabolism. Endocrinology, 1990, 727, 2290-2297.
305. Heaton DA, Millward BA, Gray P, et al. Evidence of beta cell dysfunction which does not lead on to diabetes : a study in identical twins of insulin dependent diabetics. Br Med 1 (Clin Res Ed), 1987, 294, 145-146.
306. Heaton DA, Millward BA, Gray IP, et al. Increased proinsulin levels as an early indicator of B-cell dysfunction in non-diabetic twins of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabelologia, 1988, 31, 182-184.
307. Hartling SG, Lindgren F, Dahlqvist G, Persson B, Binder C. Elevated proinsulin in healthy siblings of IDDM patients independent of HLA identity. Diabetes, 1989, 38, 1271-1274.
308. Spinas GA, Snorgaard O, Hartling SG, Oberholzer M, Berger W. Elevated proinsulin levels related to islet cell antibodies in firstdegree relatives of IDDM patients. Diabetes Care, 1992, 15, 632637.
309. Lindgren FA, Hartling SG, Dahlquist GG, Binder C, Efendic S, Persson BE. Glucose-induced insulin response is reduced and proinsulin response increased in healthy siblings of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetic Med, 1991, 8, 638-643.
310. Roder ME, Knip M, Hartling SG, Karjalainen J, Akerblom HK, Binder C. Disproportionately elevated proinsulin levels precede the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in siblings with low first phase insulin responses. The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1994, 79, 1570-1575.
311. Hollander PH, Asplin CM, Kniaz D, Hansen JA, Palmer JP. Betacell dysfunction in nondiabetic HLA identical siblings of insulindependent diabetics. Diabetes, 1982, 31, 149-153.
312. Ludvigsson J, Heding L. Abnormal proinsulin/C-peptide ratio in juvenile diabetes. Acta Diabet Lot, 1982, 19, 351-358.
313. Snorgaard O, Hartling SG, Binder C. Proinsulin and C-peptide at onset and during 12 months cyclosporin treatment of type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes mcllitus. Diabetologia, 1990, 33, 36-42.
314. Snorgaard O, Kjems LL, Roder ME, Härtung SG, Dinesen B, Binder C. Proinsulin immunoreactivity in recent-onset IDDM : the significance of insulin antibodies and insulin autoantibodies. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19, 146-150.
315. Lindgren FA, Hartling SG, Persson BE, et al. Proinsulin levels in newborn siblings of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children and their mothers. Diabetologia, 1993, 36, 560-563.
316. Heding LG, Persson B, Stangerberg M. B-cell function in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. Diabelologia, 1980, 19, 427-432.
317. Like AA, Butler L, Williams RM, Appel MC, Weringer EJ, Rossini AA. Spontaneous autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the BB rat. Diabetes, 1982, 31 (suppl.l), 7-13.
318. Nakhooda AF, Like AA, Chappel CI, Wci CN, Marliss EB. The spontaneously diabetic Wistar rat (the BB rat). Studies prior to and during development of the overt syndrome. Diabelologia, 1978, 14, 199-207.
319. Nakhooda AF, Poussier P, Marliss EB. Insulin and glucagon secretion in BB Wistar rats with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabelologia, 1983, 24, 58-62.
320. Markholst H, Lemmark A. Reduced pancreatic insulin is associated with retarded growth of the pancreas in young prcdiabetic BB rats. Pancreas, 1988, 3, 140-144.
321. Svenningsen A, Dyrberg T, Markholst H, Binder C, Lernmark A. Insulin release and pancreatic insulin is reduced in young prediabetic BB rats. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1986, 112, 367-371.
322. Kanazawa M, Ikeda J, Sato J, et al. Alteration of insulin and glucagon secretion from the perfused BB rat pancreas before and after the onset of diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1988, 5, 201-204.
323. Tominaga M, Komiya I, Johnson JH, et al. Loss of insulin response to glucose but not arginine during the development of autoimmune diabetes in BBAV rats : relationships to islet volume and glucose transport rate. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA, 1986, 83, 9749-9753.
324. Baudon MA, Ferre P, Penicaud L, et al. Normal insulin sensitivity during the phase of glucose intolerance but insulin resistance at the onset of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. Diabelologia, 1989, 32, 839-844.
325. Pederson RA, Curtis SB, Chisholm CB, Gaba NRA, Campos RV, Brown JC. Insulin secretion and islet endocrine cell content at onset and during the early stages of diabetes in the BB rat : effect of the level of glycémie control. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1991, 69, 1230-1236.
326. Curtis SB, Buchan AM. Proinsulin mRNA and peptide are present in beta-cells of diabetic BB rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1995, 73, 92-97.
327. Teruya M, Takei S, Forrcst LE, Grunewald A, Chan EK, Charle's MA. Pancreatic islet function in nondiabetic and diabetic BB rats. Diabetes, 1993,42, 1310-1317.
328. Tarui S, Hanafusa T. Immunopathogenesis of the diabetic syndrome in NOD mice. In : Shafrir E, Reinold AE, eds. Lessons from NOD mice : genetics, pathogenesis, cytotoxic mechanisms, immunopathology . New York : John Libbey, 1988, 99-104.
329. Reddy S, Liu \V, Thompson JMD, Bibby NJ, Elliott RB. First phase insulin release in the non-obese diabetic mouse : correlation with insulitis, beta cell number and autoantibodies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1992, 17, 17-25.
330. Kano Y, Kanatsuna T, Nakamura N, et al. Defect of the first-phase insulin secretion to glucose stimulation in the perfused pancreas of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Diabetes, 1986, 35, 486-490.
331. Eizirik DL, Sandier S, Palmer JP. Repair of pancreatic beta-cells. A relevant phenomenon in early IDDM ? Diabetes, 1993, 42, 13831391.
332. Ohneda A, Kobayashi T, Nihei J, Tochino Y, Kanaya H, Makino S. Insulin and glucagon in spontaneously diabetic non-obese mice. Diabetologia, 1984, 27, 460-463.
333. Nonaka Y, Yamada K, Miyazaki A, Tarui S. Changes in insulin and glucagon contents in the NOD mouse. Their relevance to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In : Shafrir E, Renold AE, eds. Lessons from animal diabetes . London : John Libbey, 1984, 337-342.
334. Signore A, Pozzilli P, Gale EA, Andreani D, Beverley PC. The natural history of lymphocyte subsets infiltrating the pancreas of NOD mice. Diabetologia, 1989, 32, 282-289.
335. Calafiore R, Pietropaolo M, Bastag, Falomi A, Picchio ML, Brunetti P. Pancreatic beta-cell destruction in non-obese diabetic mice. Metab Clin Exp, 1993, 42, 854-859.
336. Prochazka M, Gaskins HR, Shultz LD, Leiter EH. The nonobese diabetic seid mouse : model for spontaneous thymomagenesis associated with immuno-deficiency. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA, 1992, 89. 3290-3294.
337. Homo-Delarche F, Durant S, Throsby M, Amrani A, Coulaud J, Dardenne M. Elements modulating glucose homeostasis in the NOD mouse at the prediabctic stage. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 1997, 105, 27-28.
338. Leiter EH. Control of spontaneous glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and islet hyperplasia in non-obese C3H SW male mice by Y-linked locus and adrenal gland. Metabolism, 1988, 37, 689-696.
339. Leiter EH. The genetics of diabetes susceptibility in mice. FASEB J, 1989, 3, 2231-2241.
340. Yki-Jarvinen H. Sex and insulin sensitivity. Metab Clin Exp, 1984, 33, 1011-1015.
341. Moghetti P, Tosi F, Castello R, et al. The insulin resistance in women with hypcrandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment : evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. J Clin Endocrin Metab, 1996, 81, 952-960.
342. Rincon J, Holmang A, Wahlstrom EO, et al. Mechanisms behind insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle after oophorectomy and additional testosterone treatment. Diabetes, 1996, 45, 615-621.
343. Bergstrom E, Hemell O, Persson LA, Vessby B. Insulin resistance syndrome in adolescents. Metabolism, 1996, 45, 908-914.
344. Homo-Delarche F, Fitzpatrick F, Christeff N, Nunez EA, Bach JF, Dardenne M. Sex steroids, glucocorticoids, stress and autoimmunity. / Steroid Biochem Molec Biol, 1991, 40, 619-637.
345. Fox HS. Androgen treatment prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med, 1992, 775, 1409-1412.
346. Amrani A, Durant S, Coulaud J, Dardenne M, Homo-Delarch F. Glucose homeostasis in the NOD mouse at the prediabetic stage. Autoimmunity, 1995, 27, A015.
347. Amrani M, Durant S, Throsby M, Coulaud J, Dardenne M, HomoDelarche F. Glucose homeostasis in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse at the prediabetic stage. Endocrinology, (in press).
348. Purrello F, Buscema M. Effects of interleukin-lp on insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. Diab Nutr Metab, 1993, 6. 295-304.
349. Mandrup-Poulsen T, Zumsteg U, Reimers J, et al. Involvement of interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 antagonist in pancreatic ß-cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Cylokine, 1993, 5, 185-191.
350. Wogensen LD, Reimers J, Nerup J, et al. Repetitive in vivo treatment with human recombinant interleukin-1 beta modifies beta-cell function in normal rats. Diabetologia, 1992, 35, 331-339.
351. Jafarian-Tehrani M, Amrani A, Homo-Delarche F, Marquette C, Dardenne M, Haour F. Localization and characterization of interleukin-1 receptors in the islets of Langerhans from control and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Endocrinology, 1995,136, 609-613.
352. Aaen K, Rygaard J, Josefsen K, et al. Dependence of antigen expression on functional state of ß-cells. Diabetes, 1990, 39, 697-701.
353. Buschard K. The functional state of the beta celft in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity, 1991, 10, 65-69.
354. Bailey CJ, Ahmed-Sorour H. Role of ovarian hormones in the long-term control of glucose homeostasis. Effects on insulin secretion. Diabetologia, 1980, 19, 475-481.
355. Lenzen S, Bailey CJ. Thyroid hormones, gonadal and adrenocortical steroids and the function of the islets of Langerhans. Endocrine Rev, 1984,5,411-434.
356. Faure A, Sutter-Dub MT, Sutler BCJ, Assan R. Ovarian-adrenal interactions in regulation of endocrine pancreatic function in the rat. Diabetologia, 1983, 24, 122-127.
357. Schloot N, Eisenbarth GS. Isohormonal therapy of endocrine autoimmunity. Immunol Today, 1995, 16, 289-294.
358. Keller RJ, Eisenbarth GS, Jackson RA. Insulin prophylaxis in individuals at high risk of type I diabetes. Lancet, 1993, 341, 927-928.
359. Atkinson MA, MacLaren NK, Luchetta R. Insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice reduced by prophylactic insulin therapy. Diabetes, 1990, 39, 933-937.
360. Gottlieb PA, Handler ES, Appel MC, Greiner DL, Mordes Jp Rossini AA. Insulin treatment prevents diabetes mellitus but not thyroiditis in RT6-depleted diabetes resistant BBAVor rats. Diabe tologia, 1991, 34, 296-300.
361. Carel JC, Bougneres PF. Treatment of prediabetic patients with insulin : experience and future. European Prediabetes Study Group Horn Res, 1996, 45 Suppl 1, 44-47.
362. Sai P, Damage C, Rivereau AS, Hoeltzel A, Gouin E. Prophylactic oral administration of metabolically active insulin entrapped in isobutyl cyanoacrylate nanocapsules reduces the incidence of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Auloimmun, 1996, 9, 713-722.
363. Lcvine S, Berkenbosch F, Suchecki D, Tilders FJ. Pituitary-adrenal and interleukin-6 responses to recombinant interleukin-1 in neonatal rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1994, 19, 143-153.
364. Tappy L, Randin D, Vollenweider P, et al. Mechanisms of dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in healthy humans. J din Endpcrinol Melab, 1994, 79, 1063-1069.
365. Homo-Delarche F, Durant S. Hormones, Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides as modulators of lymphocyte functions. In : RolaPleszczynski M, eds. Immunopharmacology of lymphocytes. Handbook of Immunopharmacology . London : Acad. Press, 1994 171-240.
366. Durant S, Coulaud J, Amrani A, El Hasnaoui A, Dardenne M, Homo-Delarche F. Effects of various environmental stress paradigms and adrenalectomy on the expression of autoimmune type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. J Auloimmun, 1993, 6, 735-751.
367. Saravia-Femandez F, Durant S, El Hasnaoui A, Dardenne M, Homo-Delarche F. Environmental and experimental procedures leading to variations in the incidence of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD)mouse. Auloimmunity, 1996,24, 113-121.
368. Lehman CD, Rodin J, McEwen B, Brinton R. Impact of environmental stress on the expression of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Behav Neurosci, 1991, 705, 241-245.
369. Carter WR, Herman J, Stokes K, Cox DJ. Promotion of diabetes onset by stress in the BB rat. Diabelologia, 1987, 30, 674-675.
370. Aerts L, Holemans K, Van Assche FA. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy : consequences for the offspring. Diabetes Metab Rev, 1990, 6, 147-167.
371. Dorner G, Plagemann A. Perinatal hyperinsulinism as possible predisposing factor for diabetes mellitus, obesity and enhanced cardiovascular risk in later life. Harm Metab Res, 1994, 26, 213221.
372. Jackson WPU, Woolf N. Maternal prediabetes as a cause, of the unexplained stillbirth. Diabetes, 1958, 7, 446-448
373. Van Assche FA. A morphological study of the Langerhans'i'slets of the fetal pancreas in late pregnancy. Biol Neonat, 1968, 12, 331342.
374. Verhaeghe J, Peelers TL, Vandeputte M, Rombauts W, Bouillon R, Van Assche FA. Maternal and fetal endocrine pancreas in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. Biol Neonale, 1989, 55, 298-308.
375. Baird JD, Farquhar JW. Insulin-secreting capacity in newborn infants of normal and diabetic women. Lancet, 1962, I, 71-74.
376. Lavine RL, Chick WL, Like AA, Makdisi TW. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in neonatal and adult mice. Diabetes, 1971, 20, 134-139.
377. Blazquez E, Montoya E, Lopez Quijada C. Relationship between insulin concentrations in plasma and pancreas of foetal and weanling rats. J Endocrinol, 1970, 48, 553-561.
378. Senecat O., Martignat L, Elmansour A, Charbonnel B, Sai P. Diabetes enhancement and increased islet antigen expression following neonatal injections of glucose and arginine in non-obese diabetic mice. Metab Clin Exp, 1994, 43, 1410-1418.
379. Martignat L, Elmansour A, Audrain M, Julien JF, Charbonnel B, Sai P. Pancreatic expression of antigens for islet cell antibodies in non-obese diabetic mice. J Autoimmun, 1995, 8, 465-482.
380. Tonon MC, Bosler O, Stoeckel ME, Pelletier G, Tappaz M, Vaudry H. Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA and neuropcptide Y within axon terminals innervating the intermediate lobe of the frog Rana ridibunda. J Comp Neural, 1992, 319, 599-605. .
381. Femandes A., King LC, Guz Y, Stein R, Wright CV, Teitelman G. Differentiation of new insulin-producing cells is induced by injury in adult pancreatic islets. Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 1750-1762.
382. O'Reilly LA, Gud, Sarvetnick N, et al. Alpha-cell neogenesis in an animal model of IDDM. Diabetes, 1997, 46, 599-606.
383. Iglesias-Barreira V, Ahn MT, Reusens B, Dahri S, Hoet JJ, Remacle C. Pre- and postnatal low protein diet affect pancreatic islet blood flow and insulin release in adult rats. Endocrinology, 1996, 137, 3797-3801.
384. Argoud GM, Schade DS, Eaton RP. Insulin suppresses its own secretion in vivo. Diabetes, 1987, 36, 959-962.
385. Stagner J, Samols E, Polonsky K, Pugh W. Lack of direct inhibition of insulin secretion by exogenous insulin in the canine pancreas. J Clin Invest, 1986, 78, 1193-1198.
386. Karam JH, Salber PR, Forsham PH. Pancreatic hormones and diabetes mellitus. In : Grcenspan FS, eds. « Basic and Clinical endocrinology». London : Prentice-Hall Int. Inc., 1991, 592-650.