Role of Dopamine D2-like Receptors in Cocaine Self-Administration: Studies with D2 Receptor Mutant Mice and Novel D2 Receptor Antagonists

Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 2002, Pages 2977-2988

  Caine, S Barak ^a,d   Negus, S Stevens ^a   Mello, Nancy K ^a   Patel, Smita ^b   Bristow, Linda ^b   Kulagowski, Janusz ^b   Vallone, Daniela ^c   Saiardi, Adolfo ^c   Borrelli, Emiliana ^c  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b M Sharp Dohme Neurosci Res Labs   (United Kingdom)

^c INSTITUT DE GÉNÉTIQUE ET DE BIOLOGIE MOLÉCULAIRE ET CELLULAIRE   (France)

^d MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cocaine; D2; D3; D4; Dopamine; Receptor

Indexed keywords

3 [[4 (4 CHLOROPHENYL) 1 PIPERAZINYL]METHYL] 1H PYRROLO[2,3 B]PYRIDINE; COCAINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE 4 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 4 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ETICLOPRIDE; L 741626; L 745829; QUINELORANE; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DRD3 PROTEIN, MOUSE; DRD3 PROTEIN, RAT; DRD4 PROTEIN, MOUSE; DRD4 PROTEIN, RAT; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; SALICYLAMIDE DERIVATIVE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; EMBRYO; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOTE; MALE; MOUSE; MOUSE MUTANT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; WILD TYPE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; C57BL MOUSE; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; HOMOZYGOTE; INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIOASSAY; REINFORCEMENT; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; CONDITIONING, OPERANT; DOPAMINE AGONISTS; DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HETEROZYGOTE; HOMOZYGOTE; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MICE, MUTANT STRAINS; QUINOLINES; RADIOLIGAND ASSAY; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D3; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D4; REINFORCEMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); SALICYLAMIDES; SELF ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 0036547075     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02977.2002     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Ahmed SH, Koob GF (1998) Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: change in hedonic set point. Science 282:298-300.
2. Baik J-H, Picetti R, Saiardi A, Thirlet G, Dierich A, Depaulls A, Le Meur M, Borrelli E (1995) Parkinsonian-like locomotor impairment in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 377:424-428.
3. Barr JE, Holmes DB, Ryan LJ, Sharpless SK (1979) Techniques for the chronic cannulation of the jugular vein in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11:115-118.
4. Balster RL, Schuster CR (1973) Fixed-interval schedule of cocaine reinforcement: effect of dose and infusion duration. J Exp Anal Behav 20:119-129.
5. Baxter BL, Gluckman MI, Stein L, Scerni RA (1974) Self-injection of apomorphine in the rat: Positive reinforcement by a dopamine receptor stimulant. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2:387-391; 1974.
6. Bergman J, Madras BK, Johnson SE, Spealman RD (1989) Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. III. Self-administration by squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 251:150-155.
7. Bergman J, Kamien JB, Spealman RD (1990) Antagonism of cocaine self-administration by selective dopamine D1 and D2 antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 1:355-363.
8. Boulay D, Depoortere R, Rostene W, Perrault G, Sanger DJ (1999a) Dopamine D3 receptor agonists produce similar decreases in body temperature and locomotor activity in D3 knock-out and wild-type mice. Neuropharmacology 38:555-565.
9. Boulay D, Depoortere R, Perrault G, Borrelli E, Sanger DJ (1999b) Dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice are insensitive to the hypolocomotor and hypothermic effects of dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists. Neuropharmacology 38:1389-1396.
10. Bristow LJ, Collinson N, Cook GP, Curtis N, Freedman SB, Kulagowski JJ, Leeson PD, Patel S, Ragan CI, Ridgill M, Saywell KL, Tricklebank MD (1997) L-745,870, a subtype selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, does not exhibit a neuroleptic-like profile in rodent behavioral tests. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:1256-1263.
11. Burris KD, Pacheco MA, Filtz TM, Kung M-P, Kung HF, Molinoff PB (1995) Lack of discrimination by agonists for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. Neuropscyhopharmacology 12:335-345.
12. Caine SB, Koob GF (1993) Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors. Science 260:1814-1816.
13. Caine SB, Koob GF (1994a) Effects of mesolimbic dopamine depletion on responding maintained by cocaine and food. J Exp Anal Behav 61:213-221.
14. Caine SB, Koob GF (1994b) Effects of dopamine D-1 and D-2 antagonists on cocaine self-administration under different schedules of reinforcement in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:209-218.
15. Caine SB, Koob GF (1995) Pretreatment with the dopamine agonist 7-OH-DPAT shifts the cocaine self-administration dose-effect function to the left under different schedules in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 6:333-347.
16. Caine SB, Lintz R, Koob GF (1993) Intravenous drug self-administration techniques in animals. In: Behavioral neuroscience: a practical approach (Sahgal A, ed), pp 117-143. Oxford: Oxford UP.
17. Caine SB, Gold LH, Koob GF, Deroche V, Heyser C, Polis I, Robers A, Xu M, Tonegawa S (1995) Intravenous cocaine self-administration in mice: strain differences and effects of D-1 dopamine receptor targeted gene mutation. Soc Neurosci Abstr 21:719.
18. 3 receptor test in vitro predicts decreased cocaine self-administration in rats. NeuroReport 8:2373-2377.
19. Caine SB, Negus SS, Mello NK, Bergman J (1999a) Effects of D1-like and D2-like agonists in rats that self-administer cocaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:353-360.
20. Caine SB, Negus SS, Mello NK (1999b) Method for training operant responding and evaluating cocaine self-administration behavior in mutant mice. Psychopharmacology 147:22-24.
21. Caine SB, Negus SS, Mello NK (2000a) Effects of D1-like and D2-1ike like agonists on cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: rapid assessment of cocaine dose-effect functions. Psychopharmacology 148:41-51.
22. Caine SB, Negus SS, Mello NK, Bergman J (2000b) Effects of D1-like and D2-like agonists in rats trained to discriminate cocaine from saline: influence of experimental history. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 8:404-414.
23. Cheng KC, Prusoff WH (1973) Relationship between the inhibition constant (Ki) and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 percent inhibition (150) of an enzymatic reaction. Biochem Pharmacol 22:3099-3108.
24. Costanza RM, Terry P (1998) The dopamine D4 receptor antagonist L-745,870: effects in rats discriminating cocaine from saline. Eur J Pharmacol 345:129-132.
25. Crawford CA, Drago J, Watson JB, Levine MS (1997) Effects of repeated amphetamine treatment on the locomotor activity of the dopamine D1A deficient mouse. NeuroReport 8:2523-2527.
26. De La Garza R, Johanson CE (1982) Effects of haloperidol and physostigmine on self-administration of local anesthetics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:1295-1299.
27. Deroche V, Caine SB, Heyser C, Polis I, Koob GF, Gold LH (1997) Differences in the liabilitv to self-administer intravenous cocaine between C57BL6XSJL and BALB/cByJ mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57:429-440.
28. deWit H, Wise RA (1977) Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blockers phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. Can J Psychol 31:195-203.
29. Emmett-Oglesby MW, Peltier RL, Depoortere RY, Pickering CL, Hooper ML, Gong YH, Lane JD (1993) Tolerance to self-administration of cocaine in rats: timecourse and dose-response determinants using a multi dose method. Drug Alchohol Depend 32:247-256.
30. Gackenheimer SL, Schaus JM, Gehlert DR (1995) [3H]-quinelorane binds to D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1558-1565.
31. Gabriel KI, Caine SB, Berkowitz KS Zhang J, Xu M (2001) Evaluation of operant behavior in dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice: implications for cocaine self-administration studies. Drug Alcohol Depend 63:S51.
32. Gerlai R (1996) Gene-targeting studies of mammalian behavior: is it the mutation or the background genotype? Trends Neurosci 19:177-181.
33. th Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psycho-Pharmacologicum (Deniker P, Radouco-Thomas C, Villeneuve A, eds), pp 1477-1484. New York: Pergamon.
34. Gilliland SL, Alper RH (2000) Characterization of dopaminergic compounds at hD2short, hD4.2 and hD4.7 receptors in agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding assays. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 361:498-504.
35. Goldberg SR, Kelleher RT (1976) Behavior controlled by scheduled injections of cocaine in squirrel and rhesus monkeys. J Exp Analysis Behav 25:93-104.
36. Grech DM, Spealman RD, Bergman J (1996) Self-administration of D1 receptor agonists by squirrel monkeys. Psychopharmacology 125:97-104.
37. Herling S, Woods JH (1980) Chlorpromazine effects on cocaine-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys: reciprocal modification of rate-altering effects of the drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214:354-361.
38. Herling S, Downs DA, Woods JH (1979) Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital effects on responding maintained by food or cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 64:261-269.
39. Katz JL (1989) Drugs as reinforcers: pharmacological and behavioural factors. In: The neuropharmacological basis of reward (Lieberman JM, Cooper SJ, eds), pp 165-212. Oxford: Oxford UP.
40. Kelly MA, Rubinstein M, Phillips TJ, Lessov CN, Burkhart-Kasch S, Zhang G, Bunzow JR, Fang Y, Gerhardt GA, Grandy DK, Low MJ (1998) Locomotor activity in D2 dopamine deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background, and developmental adaptations. J Neurosci 18:3470-3479.
41. Koob GF, Le Moal M (2001) Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 24:97-129.
42. Koob GF, Le HT, Creese I (1987) The D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 increases cocaine self-administration in the rat. Neurosci Lett 79:315-320.
43. Lamas X, Negus SS, Nader MA, Mello NK (1996) Effects of the putative dopamine receptor agonist 7-OH-DPAT in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from saline. Psychopharmacology 124:306-314.
44. Lariviere WR, Chesler EJ, Mogil JS (2001). Transgenic studies of pain and analgesia: mutation or background genotype? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297:467-473.
45. Mello NK, Negus SS (1996) Preclinical evaluation of pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine and opioid abuse using drug self-administration procedures. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:375-424.
46. Mendelson JH, Mello NK (1996) Management of cocaine abuse and dependence. N Engl J Med 334:965-972.
47. Merchant KM, Gill GS, Harris DW, Huff RM, Eaton MJ, Lookingland K, Lutzke BS, McCall RB, Piercey MF, Schreur PJ, Sethy VH, Smith MW, Srensson KA, Tang AH, Vonvoightlander PF, Tenbrick RE (1996) Pharmacological characterization of U-101387, a dopamine D4 receptor selective antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279:1392-1403.
48. Millan MJ, Newman-Tacredi A, Brocco M, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Audinot V, Rivet J-M, Schreiber R, Dekeyne A, Spedding M, Nicolas J-P, Peglion J-L (1998) S18126, a potent, selective and competitive antagonist at dopamine D4 receptors: an in vitro and in vivo comparison with L745,870 and raclopride. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287:167-186.
49. Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Rivet J-M, Dubuffet T, Lavielle G, Brocco M (2000) S33084, a novel, potent, selective, and competitive antagonist at dopamine D3 receptors: II. Functional and behavioral profile compared with GR218,231 and L741,626. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:1063-1073.
50. Miner LL (1997) Cocaine reward and locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and 129Sv/J inbred mice and their F1 cross. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:25-30.
51. Miner LL, Drago J, Chamberlain PM, Donovan D, Uhl GR (1995) Retained cocaine conditioned place preference in D1 receptor deficient mice. NeuroReport 6:2314-2316.
52. Moore RJ, Vinsant SL, Nader MA, Porrino LJ, Friedman DP (1998) Effects of cocaine self-administration on dopamine D2 receptors in rhesus monkeys. Synapse 30:88-96.
53. 2 receptors and cocaine self-administration. Nat Neurosci 5:169-174.
54. Nader MA, Mach RH (1996) Self-administration of the dopamine D3 agonist 7-OH-DPAT in rhesus monkeys is modified by previous cocaine exposure. Psychopharmacology 125:13-22.
55. Nader MA, Gage HD, Mach RH, Morgan D (2001) The use of PET imaging to examine the effects of cocaine and socially derived stress on dopamine D2 receptors in nonhuman primates. In: Problems of drug dependence 2001, Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting (Harris LS, ed), NIDA Research Monograph. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
56. Negus SS, Mello NK, Lamas X, Mendelson JH (1996) Acute and chronic effects of flupenthixol on the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:879-890.
57. NIDA (1999) Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, NIH Publication No. 00-4529. Washington: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
58. Patel S, Freedman S, Chapman KL, Emms F, Fletcher AE, Knowles M, Marwood R, McAllister G, Myers J, Curtis N, Kulagowski JJ, Leeson PD, Ridgill M, Graham M, Matheson S, Rathbone D, Watt AP, Bristow LJ, Rupnick NM, Baskin E, Lynch JJ, Ragan CI (1997) Biological profile of L-745,870, a selective antagonist with high affinity for the dopamine D4 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:636-647.
59. Pettit HO, Etttenberg A, Bloom FE, Koob GF (1984) Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology 84:167-173.
60. Phillips TJ, Hen R, Crabbe JC (1999) Complications associated with genetic background effects in research using knockout mice. Psychopharmacology 147:5-7.
61. Pickens R, Thompson T (1968) Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 161:122-129.
62. Ralph RJ, Varty GB, Kelly MA, Wang YM, Caron MG, Rubinstein M, Grandy DK, Low MJ, Geyer MA (1999) The dopamine D2, but not D3 or D4, receptor subtype is essential for the disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by amphetamine in mice. J Neurosci 19:4627-4633.
63. Ranaldi R, Pocock D, Zereik R, Wise RA (1999) Dopamine fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens during maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous D-amphetamine self-administration. J Neurosci 19:4102-4109.
64. Reavill C, Taylor SG, Wood MD, Ashmeade T, Austin NE, Avenell KY, Boyfield I, Branch CL, Cilia J, Coldwell MC, Hadley MS, Hunter AJ, Jeffey P, Jewitt F, Johnson CN, Jones DNC, Medhurst AD, Middlemiss DN, Nash DJ, Riley GJ, Routledge C, Stemp G, Thewlis KM, Trail B, Vong AKK, Hagan JJ (2000) Pharmacological actions of a novel, high-affinity, and selective human dopamine D3 antagonist, SB-277011-A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:1154-1165.
65. Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR, Kuhar MJ (1987) Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine. Science 237:1219-1223.
66. Roberts DCS, Corcoran ME, Fibiger HC (1977) On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 6:615-620.
67. Roberts DCS, Koob GF, Klonoff P, Fibiger HC (1980) Extinction and recovery of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 12:781-787.
68. Rocha BA, Scearce-Levie K, Lucas JJ, Hiroi N, Castanon N, Crabbe JC, Nestler EJ, Hen R (1998a) Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor. Nature 393:175-178.
69. Rocha BA, Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Ator R, Giros B, Miller GW, Caron MG (1998b) Cocaine self-administration in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Nat Neurosci 1:132-137.
70. Rubinstein M, Phillips TJ, Bunzow JR, Falzone TL, Dziewczapolski G, Zhang G, Fang Y, Larson JL, McDougal JA, Chester JA, Saez C, Pugsley TA, Gershanik O, Low MJ, Grandy KD (1997) Mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors are supersensitive to ethanol, cocaine and methamphetamine. Cell 90:991-1001.
71. Sautel F, Griffon N, Levesque D, Pilon C, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P (1995) A functional test identifies dopamine agonists selective for D3 versus D2 receptors. NeuroReport 6:329-332.
72. Schwartz JC, Giros B, Martres MP, Sokoloff P (1992) The dopamine receptor family: molecular biology and pharmacology. Semin Neurosci 4:99-108.
73. Self DW, Stein L (1992) The D1 agonists SKF 82958 and SKF 77434 are self-administered by rats. Brain Res 582:349-352.
74. Self DW, Barnhart WJ, Lehman DA, Nestler EJ (1996) Opposite modulation of cocaine-seeking behavior by D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor agonists. Science 271:1586-1589.
75. Sibley DR, Monsma FJ, Shen Y (1993) Molecular neurobiology of dopaminergic receptors. Int Rev Neurobiol 35:391-415.
76. Sinnott RS, Mach RH, Nader MA (1999) Dopamine D2/D3 receptors modulate cocaine's reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects in rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 54:97-110.
77. Sora I, Wichems C, Takahashi N, Li XF, Zeng Z, Revay R, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR (1998) Cocaine reward models: conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7699-7704.
78. Sora I, Hall FS, Andrews AM, Itokawa M, Li X-F, Wei H-B, Wichems C, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR (2001) Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: Combined dopamine and serotonin knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5300-5305.
79. Spealman RD (1996) Dopamine D3 receptor agonists partially reproduce the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 278:1128-1137.
80. Tang L, Todd RD, Heller A, O'Malley KL (1994) Pharmacological and functional characterization of D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors in fibroblast and dopaminergic cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:495-502.
81. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Schlyer D, Shine C-Y, Alpert R, Dewey SL, Logan J, Bendriem B, Christman D, Hitzemann R, Hann F (1990) Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Am J Psychiatry 147:719-724.
82. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang G-J, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer KJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP (1993) Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14:169-177.
83. Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Wong C, Hitzemann R, Pappas NR (1999a) Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:409-415.
84. Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Gifford A, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Pappas NR (1999b) Prediction of reinforcing responses to psychostimulants in humans by brain dopamine D2 receptor levels. Am J Psychiatry 156:1440-1443.
85. Wang Y, Xu R, Sasaoka T, Tonegawa S, Kung M-P, Sankoorikal E-B (2000) Dopamine D2 long receptor-deficient mice display alterations in striatum-dependent functions. J Neurosci 20:8305-8314.
86. Weed MR, Woolverton WL (1995) The reinforcing effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275:1367-1374.
87. Wilson MC, Hitomi M, Schuster CR (1971) Psychomotor-stimulant self-administration as a function of dosage per injection in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacology 22:271-281.
88. Wilson MC, Schuster CR (1972) The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the rhesus monkey. Psychopharmacology 26:115-126.
89. Winger G (1994) Dopamine antagonist effects on behavior maintained by cocaine and alfentanil in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol 5:141-152.
90. Wise RA, Yokel RA, Hansson PA, Gerber GJ (1977) Concurrent intracranial self-stimulation and amphetamine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:459-461.
91. White FJ (1998) Drug addiction: cocaine and the serotonin saga. Nature 393:118.
92. Woods JH, Schuster CR (1968) Reinforcement properties of morphine, cocaine and SPA as a function of unit dose. Int J Addict 3:231-237.
93. th Congress, Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum (Deniker P, Radouco-Thomas C, Villeneuve A, eds), pp 1485-1502. New York: Pergamon.
94. Woods JH, Winger GD, France CP (1987) Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine: analysis of pharmacological mechanisms. In Cocaine: clinical and biobehavioral aspects (Fisher S, Raskin A, Uhlenhuth EH, eds), pp 21-65. Oxford: Oxford UP.
95. Woolverton WL, Johnson KM (1992) Neurobiology of cocaine abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:193-200.
96. Woolverton WL, Virus RM (1989) The effects of a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist on behavior maintained by cocaine or food. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:691-697.
97. Woolverton WL, Goldberg LI, Ginos JZ (1984) Intravenous self-administration of dopamine receptor agonists by rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:678-683.
98. Xu M, Moratella R, Gold LH, Hiroi N Koob GF, Graybiel AM, Tonegawa S (1994a) Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dynorphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses. Cell 79:729-742.
99. Xu M, Hu X-T, Cooper DC, Moratella R, Graybiel AM, White FJ, Tonegawa S (1994b) Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice. Cell 79:945-955.
100. Xu M, Koeltzow TE, Santiago GT, Moratella R, Cooper DC, Hu X-T, White NM, Graybiel AM, White FJ, Tonegawa S (1997) Dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice exhibit increased behavioral sensitivity to concurrent stimulation of D1 and D2 receptors. Neuron 19:837-848.
101. Xu M, Koeltzow TE, Cooper DC, Tonegawa S, White FJ (1999) Dopamine D3 receptor mutant and wild-type mice exhibit identical responses to putative D3 receptor-selective agonists and antagonists. Synapse 31:210-215.
102. Xu M, Guo Y, Vorhees CV, Zhang J (2000) Behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine administration in mice lacking the dopamine D1 receptor. Brain Res 852:198-207.
103. Yokel RA, Wise RA (1978) Amphetamine-type reinforcement by central dopamine blockade in rats. Psychopharmacology 58:289-296.