Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 877, Issue , 1999, Pages 412-438

  Everitt, Barry J ^a   Parkinson, John A ^a   Olmstead, Mary C ^b   Arroyo, Mercedes ^a   Robledo, Patricia ^c   Robbins, Trevor W ^a  

^a University of Cambridge   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c HOSPITAL DE LA SANTA CREU I SANT PAU   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; DOPAMINE;

ADDICTION; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; APPETITE; BEHAVIOR; CONDITIONED REFLEX; CONFERENCE PAPER; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INNERVATION; LIMBIC CORTEX; MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; MOTIVATION; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOMOTOR ACTIVITY; RAT; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING;

EID: 0032811275     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09280.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. 1. Heimer, L. & R.D. Wilson. 1975. The subcortical projections of the allocortex: similarities in the neural associations of the hippocampus, the pyriform cortex and the neocortex. In Golgi Centennial Symposium. M. Santini, Ed.: 177-192. Raven Press. New York.
2. 2. Heimer, L. et al. 1997. The accumbens: beyond the core-shell dichotomy. J. Neuropsychiatry & Clin. Neurosci. 9: 354-381.
3. 3. Kelley, A.E. et al. 1982. The amygdalostriatal projection in the rat - an anatomical study by anterogrde and retrograde tracing methods. Neuroscience 7: 615-630.
4. 4. Groenewegen, H.J. et al. 1990. The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the thalamus and the amygdala: evidence for a parallel organization. Prog. Brain Res. 85: 95-118.
5. 5. Carlsen, J. & L. Heimer. 1986. The basolateral amygdaloid complex as a cortical-like structure. Brain Res. 441: 377-380.
6. 6. Mogenson, G. et al. 1984. From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Prog. Neurobiol. 14: 69-97.
7. 7. Groenewegen, H.J. et al. 1989. The compartmental organization of the ventral striatum in the rat. In Neural Mechanisms in Disorders of Movement: Current Problems in Neurology, Vol. 19. A.R. Crossman & M.A. Sambrook, Eds.: 45-54. Libbey & Co. London.
8. 8. Jongen-Relo, A.L. et al. 1993. Evidence for a multicompartmental histochemical organization of the nucleus-accumbens in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 337: 267-276.
9. 9. Jongen-Relo, A.L. et al. 1994. Immunohistochemical characterization of the shell and core territories of the nucleus-accumbens in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6: 1255-1264.
10. 10. Meredith, G.E. et al. 1996. Shell and core in monkey and human nucleus accumbens identified with antibodies to calbindin-D-28k. J. Comp. Neurol. 365: 628-639.
11. 11. Voorn, P. et al. 1989. Compartmental organization of the ventral striatum of the rat - Immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance-P, dopamine, and calcium-binding protein. J. Comp. Neurol. 289: 189-201.
12. 12. Zaborszky, L. et al. 1985. Cholecystokinin innervation of the ventral striatum - a morphological and radioimmunological study. Neuroscience 14: 427.
13. 13. Zahm, D.S. & L. Heimer. 1990. Two transpallidal pathways originating in the rat nucleus accumbens. J. Comp. Neurol. 302: 437-446.
14. 14. Zahm, D.S. 1991. Compartments in rat dorsal and ventral striatum revealed following injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral mesencephalon. Brain Res. 552: 164-169.
15. 15. Zahm, D.S. & J.S. Brog. 1992. On the significance of subterritories in the "accumbens" part of the rat ventral striatum. Neuroscience 50: 751-767.
16. 16. Deutch, A.Y. & D.S. Cameron. 1992. Pharmacological characterization of dopamine systems in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 46: 49-56.
17. 17. Groenewegen, H.J. & F.T. Russchen. 1984. Organization of the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens to pallidal, hypothalamic and mesencephalic structures. A tracing and immunohistochemical study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 223: 347-367.
18. 18. Heimer, L. et al. 1987. The ventral striatopallidal thalamic projection. I. The striatopallidal link originating in parts of the olfactory tubercle. J. Comp. Neurol. 255: 571-591.
19. 19. Alheid, G.F. & L. Heimer. 1988. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatrie disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid and corticopetal components of the substantia innominata. Neuroscience 27: 1-39.
20. 20. De Olmos, J. 1990. Amygdala. In The Human Nervous System. G. Paxinos, Ed.: 583-755. Academic Press. New York.
21. 21. Swanson, L.W. & G.D. Petrovich. 1998. What is the amygdala? Trends Neurosci. 21: 323-331.
22. 22. Alexander, G.E. et al. 1986. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9: 357-381.
23. 23. Everitt, B.J. & T.W. Robbins. 1992. Amygdala-ventral striatal interactions and reward-related processes. In The Amygdala. J.P. Aggleton, Ed,: 401-430. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.
24. 24. Robbins, T.W. & B.J. Everitt. 1996. Neurobehavioral mechanisms of reward and motivation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6: 228-236.
25. 25. Altman, J. el al. 1996. The biological, social and clinical bases of drug addiction: commentary and debate. Psychopharmacology 125: 285-345.
26. 26. Blackburn, J.R. et al. 1992. Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviors. Prog. Neurobiol. 39: 247-279.
27. 27. Phillips, A.G. et al. 1991. Dopamine and motivated behavior: insights provided by in vivo analyses. In The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: From Motivation to Action. P. Willner & J. Scheel-Kruger, Eds.: 473-495. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
28. 28. Wise, R.A. & M.A. Bozarth. 1987. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol. Rev. 94: 469-492.
29. 29. Weiskrantz, L. 1956. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49: 381-391.
30. 30. Gaffan, D.S. 1992. Amygdala and the memory of reward. In The Amygdala. J.P. Aggleton, Ed.: 471-484. Wiley and Sons. Chicester.
31. 31. Jones, B. & M. Mishkin. 1972. Limbic lesions and the problem of stimulus-reinforcement associations. Exp. Neurol. 36: 362-377.
32. 32. Davis, M. 1992. The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. In The Amygdala. J. P. Aggleton, Ed.: 255-306. Wiley-Liss Inc. New York.
33. 33. Phillips, R.G. & J.E. LeDoux. 1992. Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav. Neurosci. 106: 1-8.
34. 34. LeDoux, J.E. 1991. Emotion and the limbic system concept. Concepts Neurosci. 2: 169-199.
35. 35. LeDoux, J.E. 1993. Emotional memory: in search of systems and synapses. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 702: 149-157.
36. 36. Hitchcock, J. & M. Davis. 1986. Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm. Behav. Neurosci. 100: 11-22.
37. 37. Killcross, S., T.W. Robbins & B.J. Everitt. 1997. Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala. Nature 388: 377-380.
38. 38. Selden, N.R.W. et al. 1991. Complementary roles for the amygdala and hippocampus in aversive conditioning to explicit and contextual cues. Neuroscience 42: 335-350.
39. 39. Gaffan, D. & S. Harrison. 1987. Amygdalectomy and disconnection in visual learning for auditory secondary reinforcement in monkeys. J. Neurosci. 7: 2285-2280.
40. 40. Gallagher, M. & A.A. Chiba. 1996. The amygdala and emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6: 221-227.
41. 41. Saulskaya, N. & C.A. Marsden. 1995. Conditioned dopamine release: dependence on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience 67: 57-63.
42. 42. Wilkinson, L.S. et al. 1998. Dissociations in dopamine release in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum during the acquisition and extinction of classical aversive conditioning in the rat [Full text delivery]. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10: 1019-1026.
43. 43. Young, A.M. et al. 1993. Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus-accumbens. Neuroscience 54: 5-9.
44. 44. Young, A.M. et al. 1998. Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat during associative learning of neutral stimuli. Neuroscience 83: 1175-1183.
45. 45. Gabriel, M. 1990. Functions of anterior and posterior cingulate cortex during avoidance-learning in rabbits. Prog. Brain Res. 85: 467-483.
46. 46. Gabriel, M. et al. 1991. Effects of cingulate cortical lesions on avoidance learning and training-induced unit activity in rabbits. Exp. Brain Res. 86: 585.
47. 47. Maren, S. et al. 1997. Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 88: 261-274.
48. 48. Bussey, T.J. et al. 1997. Dissociable effects of cingulate and medial frontal cortex lesions on stimulus-reward learning using a novel pavlovian autoshaping procedure for the rat: implications for the neurobiology of emotion. Behav. Neurosci. 111:908-919.
49. 49. Williams, D.R. & H. Williams. 1969. Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 12: 511-520.
50. 50. Tomie, A. 1996. Locating reward cue at response manipulandum (CAM) induces symptoms of drug abuse. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20: 505-535.
51. 51. Parkinson, J.A. et al. 1997. Cortico-striatal circuitry: evidence for a functional connection between anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens core in pavlovian conditioning. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 779.
52. 52. Freeman, J.H. et al. 1996. Limbic thalamic, cingulate cortical and hippocampal neuronal correlates of discriminative approach learning in rabbits. Behav. Brain Res. 80: 123-136.
53. 53. Gabriel, M. et al. 1991. Effects of cingulate cortical-lesions on avoidance-learning and training-induced unit-activity in rabbits. Exp. Brain Res. 86: 585-600.
54. 54. Everitt, B.J. et al. 1991. The basolateral amygdala-ventral striatal system and conditioned place preference: further evidence of limbic-striatal interactions underlying reward-related processes. Neuroscience 42: 1-18.
55. 55. Louilot, A. et al. 1985. Modulation of dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens following facilitation or blockade of the dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala: a study by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry. Brain Res. 346: 141-145.
56. 56. Simon, H. et al. 1988. Lesion of dopaminergic terminals in the amygdala produces enhanced locomotor response to D-amphetamine and opposite changes in dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 447: 335-340.
57. 57. Caine, S.B. et al. 1995. Effects of the dopamine D-1 antagonist SCH-23390 micro-injected into the accumbens, amygdala or striatum on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Brain Res. 692: 47-56.
58. 58. Hurd, Y.L. et al. 1997. In vivo amygdala dopamine levels modulate cocaine self-administration behavior in the rat: D1 dopamine receptor involvement. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9: 2541-2548.
59. 59. Han, J.S. et al. 1997. The role of an amygdalo-nigrostriatal pathway in associative learning. J. Neurosci. 17: 3913-3919.
60. 60. Davis, M. et al. 1987. Anxiety and the amygdala: pharmacological and anatomical analysis of the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. G. H. Bower, Ed.: 263-305. Academic Press. New York.
61. 61. Holland, P.C. 1997. Brain mechanisms for changes in processing of conditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning: implications for behavior theory. Anim. Learn. Behav. 25: 373-399.
62. 62. Bussey, T.J. et al. 1997. Triple dissociation of anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal cortices on visual discrimination tasks using a touchscreen testing procedure for the rat. Behav. Neurosci. 111: 920-936.
63. 63. Kelley, A.E. et al. 1997. Response-reinforcement learning is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens core. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12174-12179.
64. 64. Robbins, T.W. & B.J. Everitt. 1992. Functions of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Sem. Neurosci. 4: 119-128.
65. 65. Sokolowski, J.D. & J.D. Salamone. 1998. The role of accumbens dopamine in lever pressing and response allocation: effects of 6-OHDA injected into core and dorsomedial shell. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 59: 557-566.
66. 66. Gallagher, M. et al. 1990. The amygdala central nucleus and appetitive Pavlovian conditioning: lesions impair one class of conditioned behavior. J. Neurosci. 10: 1906-1911.
67. 67. Gallagher, M. & P.C. Holland. 1994. The amygdala complex: multiple roles in associative learning and attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 11771-11776.
68. 68. Kapp, B.S. et al. 1994. Effects of electrical-stimulation of the amygdaloid central nucleus on neocortical arousal in the rabbit. Behav. Neurosci. 108: 81-93.
69. 69. Silvestri, A.J. & B.S. Kapp. 1998. Amygdaloid modulation of mesopontine peribrachial neuronal activity: implications for arousal. Behav. Neurosci. 112: 571-588.
70. 70. Mackintosh, N.J. 1974. The Psychology of Animal Learning. Academic Press. London.
71. 71. Robbins, T.W. 1978. The acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement: Effects of pipradrol, methylphenidate, D-amphetamine and nomifensine, Psychopharmacology 58: 79-87.
72. 72. Taylor, J.R. & T.W. Robbins. 1984. Enhanced behavioral control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of D-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 84: 405-412.
73. 73. Robbins, T.W. et al. 1983. Contrasting interactions of pipradrol, D-amphetamine, cocaine, cocaine analogues, apomorphine and other drugs with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 80: 113-119.
74. 74. Fibiger, H.C. et al. 1992. The neurobiology of cocaine-induced reinforcement. CIBA Found. Symp. 166: 96-111.
75. 75. Taylor, J.R. & T.W. Robbins. 1986. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, but not of the caudate nucleus, attenuate enhanced responding with reward-related stimuli produced by intra-accumbens D-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology 90: 390-397.
76. 76. Wolterink, G. et al. 1993. Relative roles of ventral striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in responding with conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 110: 355-364.
77. 77. Robbins, T.W. et al. 1989. Limbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13: 155-162.
78. 78. Burns, L.H. et al. 1993. Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala, ventral subiculum and medial prefrontal cortex on responding with conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity potentiated by intra-accumbens infusions of D-amphetamine. Behav. Brain Res. 55: 167-183.
79. 79. Cador, M. et al. 1989. Involvement of the amygdala in stimulus-reward associations: interaction with the ventral striatum. Neuroscience 30: 77-86.
80. 80. Everitt, B.J. et al. 1989. Interactions between the amygdala and ventral striatum in stimulus-reward associations: studies using a second-order schedule of sexual reinforcement. Neuroscience 30: 63-75.
81. 81. Everitt, B.J. et al. 1989. The effects of basolateral amygdala and ventral striatal lesions on conditioned place preference in rats. Soc. Neurosci. 15: 490.11.
82. 82. Hiroi, N. & N.M. White. 1991. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala mediates expression of the amphetamine conditioned place preference. J. Neurosci. 11: 2107-2116.
83. 83. Whitelaw, R.B. et al. 1996. Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala impair the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of reinforcememt. Psychopharmacology 127: 213-224.
84. 84. Parkinson, J.A. et al. 1999. Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell in appetitive pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 11: 1265-1274.
85. 85. Groenewegen, H.J. et al. 1991. Functional anatomy of the ventral, limbic system-innervated striatum. In The Mesolimbic Dopamine System: From Motivation to Action. P. Willner & J. Scheel-Kruger, Eds.: 19-60. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chichester.
86. 86. Wright, C.I. et at. 1996. Basal amygdaloid complex afferents to the rat nucleus accumbens are compartmentally organized. J. Neurosci. 16: 1877-1893.
87. 87. Blaha, C.D. et al. 1997. Gating of hippocampal and amygdalar inputs to the nucleus accumbens by dopamine: a combined in vivo extracellular electrophysiological and electrochemical recording study. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 505.6.
88. 88. Brudzynski, S.M. & C.J. Gibson, 1997. Release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens caused by stimulation of the subiculum in freely moving rats. Brain Res. Bull. 42: 303-308.
89. 89. Floresco, S.B. et at. 1998. Basolateral amygdala stimulation evokes glutamate receptor-dependent dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of the anaesthetized rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10: 1241-1251.
90. 90. Everitt, B.J. et al. 1989. Interactions between the amygdala and ventral striatum in stimulus-reward associations: studies using a second-order schedule of sexual reinforcement. Neuroscience 30: 63-75.
91. 91. Kelly, P.H. & K.E. Moore. 1976. Mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones in the rotational model of nigrostriatal function. Nature 263: 695-696.
92. 92. Koshikawa, N. et al. 1996. Contralateral turning elicited by unilateral stimulation of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rats is due to stimulation of these receptors in the shell, hut not the core, of this nucleus. Psychopharmacology 126: 185-190.
93. 93. Robbins, T.W. & B.J. Everitt. 1982. Functional studies of the central catecholamines. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 23: 303-365.
94. 94. Robledo, P. et al. 1996. Effects of excitotoxic lesions of the central amygdaloid nucleus on the potentiation of reward-related stimuli by intra-accumbens amphetamine. Behav. Neurosci. 110: 981-990.
95. 95. Hitchcott, P.K. et al. 1997. Enhanced acquisition of discriminative approach following intra-amygdala D-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology 132: 237-246.
96. 96. Hitchcott, P.K. et al. 1997. Enhanced stimulus-reward learning by intra-amygdala administration of a D-3 dopamine receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology 133: 240-248.
97. 97. Childress, A. et al. 1988. Conditioned craving and arousal in cocaine addiction: a preliminary report. NIDA Res. Monogr. 81: 74-80.
98. 98. Childress, A.R. et al. 1992. Classically conditioned factors in drug dependence. In Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Text Book. W. Lowinson, P. Luiz, R. B. Millman & J. G. Langard, Ed.: 56-69. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore.
99. 99. Gawin, F.H. 1991. Cocaine addiction: psychology and neurophysiology. Science 251: 1580-1586.
100. 100. O'Brien, C.P. & A.T. McLellan. 1996. Myths about the treatment of addiction. Lancet 347: 237-240.
101. 101. Ettenberg, A. & T.D. Geist. 1991. Animal model for investigating the anxiogenic effects of self-administered cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 103: 455-461.
102. 102. Goldberg, S.R. et al. 1981. Fixed-ratio responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 218: 271-281.
103. 103. Katz, J. 1979. A comparison of responding maintained under second-order schedules of intramuscular cocaine injection or food presentation in squirrel monkeys. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 32: 419-431.
104. 104. Everitt, B.J. et al. 1987. Studies of instrumental behavior with sexual reinforcement in male rats (Rattus norvegicus): I. Control by brief visual stimuli paired with a receptive female. J. Comp. Psychol. 101: 395-406.
105. 105. Arroyo, M. et al. 1998. Acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration under a second-order schedule of reinforcement in rats: effects of conditioned cues and continuous access to cocaine. Psychopharmacology 140: 331-344.
106. 106. Weissenborn, R., T.W. Robbins & B.J Everitt. 1997. Effects of medial prefrontal or anterior cingulate cortex lesions on responding tor cocaine under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules of reinforcement in rats. Psychopharmacology 134: 242-257.
107. 107. Alderson, H.L. et al. 1997. Establishment of intravenous self-administration of heroin in the rat under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 938.7.
108. 108. Maldanado-Irizzary, C.S. et al. 1995. Pharmacological and behavioral studies of craving and relapse in rat models of cocaine-seeking behavior. Am. College Neuropsychopharmacol. 34: 264.
109. 109. Meil, W.M. & R.E. She. 1997. Lesions of the basolateral amygdala abolish the ability of drug associated cues to reinstate responding during withdrawal from self-administered cocaine. Behav. Brain Res. 1997: 139-148.
110. 110. McGregor, A. & D.C.S. Roberts. 1993. Dopaminergic antagonism within the nucleus accumbens or the amygdala produces differential effects on intravenous cocaine self-administration under fixed and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. Brain Res. 624: 245-252.
111. 111. Koob, G.F. et al. 1993. Opponent process and drug dependence: neurobiological mechanisms. Sem. Neurosci. 5: 351-358.
112. 112. Koob, G.F. & E.J. Nestler. 1997. The neurobiology of drug addiction. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9: 482-497.
113. 113. Koob, G.F. & M. LeMoal. 1997. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278: 52-58.
114. 114. Parkinson, J.A. et al. 1996. Lesions of the nucleus accumbens core, but not basolateral amygdala or subiculum, disrupt stimulus-reward learning in a novel autoshaping procedure. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 111.8.
115. 115. Parkinson, J.P. et al. 1998. Selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core shell differentially affect aversive pavlovian conditioning to discrete and contextual cues. Psychobiology. In press.
116. 116. Wright, C.I. & H.J. Groenewegen. 1995. Patterns of convergence and segregation in the medial nucleus-accumbens of the rat - relationships of prefrontal cortical, midline thalamic, and basal amygdaloid afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 361: 383-403.
117. 117. Pennartz, C., M.A. et al. 1994. The nucleus accumbens as a complex of functionally distinct neuronal ensembles: an integration of behavioral, electrophysiological and anatomical data. Prog. Neurobiol. 42: 719-761.
118. 118. Blaha, C.D. et al. 1997. Stimulation of the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus evokes glutamate receptor-mediated changes in dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9: 902-911.
119. 119. Hatfield, T. et al. 1996. Neurotoxic lesions of basolateral, but not central, amygdala interfere with pavlovian second-order conditioning and reinforcer devaluation effects. J. Neurosci. 16: 5256-5265.
120. 120. Clugnet, M.-C. & J.E. LeDoux. 1990. Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body. J. Neurosci. 10: 2818-2824.
121. 121. LeDoux, J.E. et al. 1990. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 10: 1062-1069.
122. 122. Cahill, L. & J.L. McGaugh. 1998. Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci. 21: 294-299.
123. 123. LeDoux, J.E. & J. Muller. 1997. Emotional memory and psychopathology. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 352: 1719-1726.
124. 124. LeDoux, J.E. et al. 1988. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J. Neurosci. 8: 2517-2529.
125. 125. Killcross, A.S., B.J Everitt & T.W. Robbins. 1997. Symmetrical effects of amphetamine and alpha-flupenthixal on conditioned punishment and conditioned reinforcement: contrasts with midazolam. Psychopharmacology 129: 141-152.
126. 126. McCullough, L.D. et al. 1993. A neurochemical and behavioral investigation of the involvement of nucleus-accumbens dopamine in instrumental avoidance. Neuroscience 52: 919-925.