Chemical composition of edible nut seeds and its implications in Human Health

Tree Nuts: Composition, Phytochemicals, and Health Effects

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 11-35

  Sathe, Shridhar K ^a   Monaghan, Erin K ^a   Kshirsagar, Harshal H ^a   Venkatachalam, Mahesh ^b  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85122844120     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fruit and Nut Situation and Outlook Yearbook, USDA, Springfield, VA, October 2007.
2. The Almond Board of California, Almond Almanac, Almond Board of California, Modesto, CA, 2006.
3. Maskan, M. and Karatas, S., Storage stability of whole-split pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) at various conditions, Food Chem., 66, 227-233, 1999.
4. Nanos, G.D., Kazantzis, I., Kefalas, P., Petrakis, C., and Stavroulakis, G.G., Irrigation and harvest time affect almond kernel quality and composition, Sci. Hortic., 96, 249-256, 2002.
5. Singanusong, R., Mason, R.L., D'Arcy, B.R., and Nottingham, S.M., Compositional changes of Australia-grown Western Schley pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] during maturation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 406-412, 2003.
6. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19, Published online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/ (accessed February 2007).
7. García-Lórda, C., Grané-Teruel, N., Berenguer-Navarro, V., García-García, J.E., and Martín Carratal, M.L., Major fatty acid composition of 19 almond cultivars of different origins. A chemometric approach, J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 1751-1755, 1996.
8. Ruggeri, S., Cappelloni, M., Gambelli, L., and Carnovale, E., Chemical composition and nutritive value of nuts grown in Italy, Ital. J. Food Sci., 10, 243-252, 1998.
9. Sathe, S.K., Solubilization, electrophoretic characterization and in vitro digestibility of almond (Prunus amygdalus) proteins, J. Food Biochem., 16, 249-264, 1993.
10. Venkatachalam, M., Kshirsagar, H.H., Seeram, N.P., Heber, D., Thompson, T.E., Roux, K.H. and Sathe, S.K., Biochemical composition and immunological comparison of select pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 9899-9907, 2007.
11. Parcerisa, J., Boatella, J., Codony, R., Farra, A., Garcia, J., Lopez, A., Rafecas, M., and Romero, A., Influence of variety and geographical origin on the lipid fraction of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) from Spain: I. Fatty acid composition, Food Chem., 48, 411-414, 1993.
12. Ryan, E., Galvin, K., O'Connor, T.P., Maguire, A.R., and O'Brien, N.M., Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of Brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr, 57, 219-228, 2006.
13. Phillips, K.M., Ruggio, D.M., and Shraf-Khorassani, M. Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 9436-9445, 2005.
14. Maguire, L.S., O'Sullivan, S.M., Galvin, K., O'Connor, T.P., and O'Brien, N.M., Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 55, 171-178, 2004.
15. Venkatachalam, M. and Sathe, S.K., Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 4705-4714, 2006.
16. Wells, B.J., Mainous III, A.G., and Everett, C.J., Association between dietary arginine and C-reactive protein, Nutrition, 21, 125-130, 2005.
17. Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Ohshima, T., Wanasundara, U., Yurttas, H.C., Liyanapathirana, C.M., and Rodrigues, F.B., Turkish Tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). 1. Compositional characteristics, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 3790-3805, 2003.
18. Li, L., Tsao, R., Yang, R., Kramer, J.K., and Hernandez, M., Fatty acid profiles, tocopherol contents, and antioxidant activities of heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) and Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1164-1169, 2007.
19. Çaglarirmak, N., Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.), Nahrung, 47, 28-32, 2003.
20. Çaglarirmak, N. and Batkan A.C., Nutrients and biochemistry of nuts in different consumption types in Turkey, J. Food Proc. Preserv., 29, 407-423, 2005.
21. Amarowicz, R., Troszynska, A., and Shahidi, F., Antioxidant activity of almond seed extract and its fractions, J. Food Lipids, 12, 344-358, 2005.
22. Milbury, P.E., Chen, C.Y., Dolnikowski, G.G., and Blumberg, J.B., Determination of flavonoids and phenolics and their distribution in almonds, J. Food Proc. Preserv., 54, 5027-5033, 2006.
23. Kornsteiner, M., Wagner, K.H., and Elmadfa, I., Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types, Food Chem., 98, 381-387, 2006.
24. Siriwardhana, S.S.K.W. and Shahidi, F., Antiradical activity of extracts of almond and its by-products, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 79, 903-908, 2002.
25. Shahidi, F., Alasalvar, C., and Liyana-Pathirana, C.M., Antioxidant phytochemicals in hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut byproducts, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1212-1220, 2007.
26. Fukuda, T., Ito, H., and Yoshida, T., Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.), Phytochemistry, 63, 795-801, 2003.
27. Alamprese, C., Pompei, C., and Scaramuzzi, F., Characterization and antioxidant activity of nocino liqueur, Food Chem., 90, 495-502, 2005.
28. Stampar, F., Solar, A., Hudina, M., Veberic, R., and Colaric, M., Traditional walnut liqueur-cocktail of phenolics, Food Chem., 95, 627-631, 2006.
29. Tokusoglu, O., Unal, M.K., and Yemis, F., Determination of the phytoalexin resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) in peanuts and pistachios by high-performance liquid chromatographic diode array (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 5003-5009, 2005.
30. Smeds, A.I., Eklund, P.C., Sjöholm, R.E., Willför, S.M., Nishibe, S., Deyama, T., and Holmbom, B.R., Quantification of a broad spectrum of lignans in cereals, oilseeds, and nuts, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1337-1346, 2007.
31. Wu, X., Beecher, G.R., Holden, J.M., Haytowitz, D.B., Gebhardt, S.E., and Prior, R.L., Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 4026-4037, 2004.
32. Gu, L., Kelm, M.A., Hammerstone, J.F., Beecher, G., Holden, J., Haytowitz, D., Gebhardt, S., and Prior, R.L., Concentrations of proanthocyanidins in common foods and estimations of normal consumption, J. Nutr, 134, 613-617, 2004.
33. Sang, S., Lapsley, K., Jeong, W.S., Lachance, P.A., Ho, C.-T., and Rosen, R.T., Antioxidative phenolic compounds isolated from almond skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch), J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 2459-2463, 2002.
34. Wu, X. and Prior, R.L., Identification and characterization of anthocyanins by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry in common foods in the United States: Vegetables, nuts, and grains, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 3101-3113, 2005.
35. Seeram, N., Zhang, Y, Henning, S.M., Lee, R., Niu, Y., Lin, G., and Heber, D., Pistachio skin phenolics are destroyed by bleaching resulting in reduced antioxidative capacities, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 7036-7040, 2006.
36. Sano, T, Oda, E., Yamashita, T., Naemura, A., Ijiri, Y., Yamakoshi, J., and Yamamoto, J., Anti-thrombotic effect of proanthocyanidin, a purified ingredient of grape seed, Thromb. Res, 115, 115-121, 2005.
37. Griel, A.E. and Kris-Etherton, P.M., Tree nuts and the lipid profile: A review of clinical studies, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 68S-78S, 2006.
38. Hu, F.B., Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease: An overview, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 78, 544S-551S, 2003.
39. Kelly, J.H. and Sabaté, J., Nuts and coronary heart disease: An epidemiological perspective, Br. J. Nutr, 96, 61S-67S, 2006.
40. Ros, E. and Mataix, J., Fatty acid composition of nuts-Implications for cardiovascular health, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 29S-35S, 2006.
41. Sabaté, J., Ros, E., and Salas-Salvado J., Nuts: Nutrition and health outcomes, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 1S-2S, 2006.
42. Gonzalez, C.A. and Salas-Salvado J., The potential of nuts in the prevention of cancer, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 87S-94S, 2006.
43. García-Lórda, P., Megias R.I., and Salas-Salvado J., Nut consumption, body weight and insulin resistance, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (Suppl.1), 8S-11S, 2003.
44. Jiang, R., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Mayer-Davis, E., Szklo, M., Herrington, D., Jenny, N.S., Kronmal, R., and Barr, R.G., Nut and seed consumption and inflammatory markers in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Am. J. Epidemiol, 163, 222-231, 2006.
45. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion-Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease, Docket No 02P-0505, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, 2003.
46. Albert, C.M., Gaziano, J.M., Willett, W.C., and Manson, J.E., Nut consumption and decreased risk of sudden cardiac death in the physicians' health study, Arch. Intern. Med., 162, 1382-1387, 2002.
47. Fraser, G.E., Sabaté, J., Beeson, W.L., and Strahan, T.M., A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. The adventist health study, Arch. Intern. Med., 152, 1416-1424, 1992.
48. Abbey, M., Noakes, M., Belling, G.B., and Nestel, P.J., Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 59, 995-999, 1994.
49. Jambazian, P.R., Haddad, E., Rajaram, S., Tanzman, J., and Sabaté, J., Almonds in the diet simultaneously improve plasma [A]-tocopherol concentrations and reduce plasma lipids, J. Am. Diet. Assoc, 105, 449-454, 2005.
50. Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C., Marchie, A., Parker, T.L., Connelly, P.W., Qian, W., Haight, J.S., Faulkner, D., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K.G., and Spiller, G.A., Dose response of almonds on coronary heart disease risk factors: Blood lipids, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, and pulmonary nitric oxide: A randomized, controlled, crossover trial, Circulation, 106, 1327-1332, 2002.
51. Lovejoy, J.C., Most, M.M., Lefevre, M., Greenway, F.L., and Rood, J.C., Effect of diets enriched in almonds on insulin action and serum lipids in adults with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 1000-1006, 2002.
52. Spiller, G.A., Jenkins, D.A.J., Bosello, O., Gates, J.E., Cragen, L.N., and Bruce, B., Nuts and plasma lipids: An almond-based diet lowers LDL-C while preserving HDL-C, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 17, 285-290, 1998.
53. Mercanligil, S.M., Arslan, P., Alasalvar, C., Okut, E., Pinar, A., Geyik, P.Ö., Tokgözoglu, L., and Shahidi, F., Effects of hazelnut-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolemic adult men, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 61, 212-220, 2007.
54. Curb, J.D., Wergowske, G., Dobbs, J.C., Abbott, R.D., and Huang, B., Serum lipid effects of a high-monounsaturated fat diet based on macadamia nuts, Arch. Intern. Med., 160, 1154-1158, 2000.
55. Garg, M.L., Blake, R.J., and Wills, R.B.H., Macadamia nut consumption lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic men, J. Nutr., 133, 1060-1063, 2003.
56. Morgan, W.A. and Clayshulte, B.J., Pecans lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with normal lipid levels, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 100, 312-318, 2000.
57. Rajaram, S., Burke, K., Connell, B., Myint, T., and Sabaté, J., A monounsaturated fatty acid-rich pecan-enriched diet favorably alters the serum lipid profile of healthy men and women, J. Nutr, 131, 2275-2279, 2001.
58. Edwards, K., Kwaw, I., Matud, J., and Kurtz, I. Effect of pistachio nuts on serum lipid levels in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, J. Am. Coll. Nutr, 18, 229-232, 1999.
59. Kocyigit, A., Koylu, A.A., and Keles, H., Effects of pistachio nuts consumption on plasma lipid profile and oxidative status in healthy volunteers, Nutr. Metab. Card. Dis., 16, 202-209, 2006.
60. Chisholm, A., Mc Auley, K., Mann, J., Williams, S., and Skeaff, M., Cholesterol lowering effects of nuts compared with a canola oil enriched cereal of similar fat composition, Nutr. Metab. Card. Dis., 15, 284-292, 2005.
61. Mukuddem-Petersen, J., Oosthuizen, W., and Jerling, J.C., A systematic review of the effects of nuts on blood lipid profiles in humans, J. Nutr., 135, 2082-2089, 2005.
62. Iwamoto, M., Imaizumi, K., Sato, M., Hirooka, Y., Sakai, K., Takeshita, A., and Kono, M., Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 56, 629-637, 2002.
63. Munoz, S., Merlos, M., Zambón, D., Rodríguez, C., Sabaté, J., Ros, E., and Laguna, J.C., Walnut-enriched diet increases the association of LDL from hypercholesterolemic men with human HepG2 cells, J. Lipid Res., 42, 2069-2076, 2001.
64. Ros, E., Núnez, I., Pérez-Heras, A., Serra, M., Gilabert, R., Casals, E., and Deulofeu, R., A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: A randomized crossover trial, Circulation, 109, 1609-1614, 2004.
65. Sabaté, J., Fraser, G.E., Burke, K., Knutsen, S.F., Bennett, H., and Lindsted, K.D., Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men, N. Engl. J. Med., 328, 603-607, 1993.
66. Tapsell, L.C., Gillen, L.J., Patch, C.S., Batterham, M., Owen, A., Baré, M., and Kennedy, M., Including walnuts in a low-fat/modified-fat diet improves HDL cholesterol-to-total cholesterol ratios in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 27, 2777-2783, 2004.
67. Zambón, D., Sabaté, J., Munoz, S., Campero, B., Casals, E., Merlos, M., Laguna, J.C., and Ros, E., Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women: A randomized crossover trial, Ann. Intern. Med., 132, 538-546, 2000.
68. Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C., Josse, A.R., Salvatore, S., Brighenti, F., Augustin, L.S.A., Ellis, P.E., Vidgen, E., and Rao, A.V., Almonds decrease postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and oxidative damage in healthy individuals, J. Nutr., 136, 2987-2992, 2006.
69. Jiang, R., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Liu, S., Willett, W.C., and Hu, F.B., Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 288, 2554-2560, 2002.
70. Parillo, M., Riviellesse, A.A., Ciardullo, A.V., Capaldo, B., Giacco, A., Genovese, S., and Riccardi, G., A high-monounsaturated-fat/low-carbohydrate diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients, Metabolism, 41, 1373-1378, 1992.
71. Garg, A., Bonanome, A., Grundy, S.M., Zhang, Z.J., and Unger, R.H., Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N. Engl. J. Med., 316, 829-834, 1988.
72. Blomhoff, R., Carlsen, M.H., Anderson, L.F., and Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Health benefits of nuts: Potential role of antioxidants, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 52S-60S, 2006.
73. Pischon, T., Hankinson, S.E., Hotamisligil, G.S., Rifai, N., Willett, W.C., and Rimm, E.B., Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women, Circulation, 108, 155-160, 2003.
74. Salas-Salvadó J., Bulló, M., Pérez-Heras, A., and Ros, E., Dietary fibre, nuts and cardiovascular diseases, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 45S-51S, 2006.
75. Zhao, G., Etherton, T.D., Martin, K.R., West, S.G., Gillies, P.J., and Kris-Etherton, P.M., Dietary A-linolenic acid reduces inflammatory and lipid cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolemic men and women, J. Nutr., 134, 2991-2997, 2004.
76. Mutanen, M. and Freese, R., Fats, lipids and blood coagulation, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 12, 25-29, 2001.
77. Rallidis, L.S., Paschos, G., Liakos, G.K., Velissaridou, A.H., Anastasiadis, G., and Zampelas, A., Dietary A-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients, Atherosclerosis, 167, 237-242, 2003.
78. Calder, P.C., Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation, Biochem. Soc. Trans, 33, 423-427, 2005.
79. Harris, W.S. and Bulchandani, D., Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides? Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 17, 387-393, 2006.
80. Sacks, F.M. and Campos, H., Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease: Time to widen our view of the mechanisms, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91, 398-400, 2006.
81. Yaqoob, P., Fatty acids and the immune system: From basic science to clinical applications, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 63, 89-104, 2004.
82. Perrotta, C., Palma, C.D., Falcone, S., Sciorati, C., and Clementi, E., Nitric oxide, ceramide and sphin-gomyelinase-coupled receptors: A tale of enzymes and messengers coordinating cell death, survival and differentiation, Life Sci., 77, 1732-1739, 2005.
83. Schmelz, E.M., Dietary sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids in health and disease, Nutr. Bullet, 25, 135-139, 2007.
84. Vesper, H., Schmelz, E.M., Nikolova-Karakashian, M.N., Dillehay, D.L., Lynch, D.V., and Merrill, A.H. Jr., Sphingolipids in food and the emerging importance of sphingolipids to nutrition, J. Nutr, 129, 1239-1250, 1999.
85. Fang, F., Ho, C.-T., Sang, S., and Rosen, R.T., Determination of sphingolipids in nuts and seeds by a single quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, J. Food Lipids, 12, 327-343, 2005.
86. Dillehay, D.L., Webb, S.K., Schmelz, E.M., and Merrill, A.H. Jr., Dietary sphingomyelin inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in CF1 mice, J. Nutr, 124, 615-620, 1994.
87. Schmelz, E.M., Dillehay, D.L., Webb, S.K., Reiter, A., Adams, J., and Merrill, A.H. Jr., Sphingomyelin consumption suppresses aberrant colonic crypt foci and increases the proportion of adenomas versus adenocarcinomas in CF1 mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine: Implications for dietary sphingolipids and colon carcinogenesis, Cancer Res, 56, 4936-4941, 1996.
88. Davis, P.A. and Iwahashi, C.K., Whole almonds and almond fractions reduce aberrant crypt foci in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Cancer Lett, 165, 27-33, 2001.
89. Thompson, G.R. and Grundy, S.M., History and development of plant sterol and stanol esters for cholesterol-lowering purposes, Am. J. Cardiol, 96 (Suppl. 1), 3S-9S, 2005.
90. Plat, J. and Mensink, R.P., Plant stanol and sterol esters in the control of blood cholesterol levels: Mechanism and safety aspects, Am. J. Cardiol, 96 (Suppl. 1), 15S-22S, 2005.
91. de Jong, A., Plat, J., and Mensink, R.P., Metabolic effects of plant sterols and stanols (review), J. Nutr. Biochem., 14, 362-369, 2003.
92. Moghadasian, M.H., McManus, B.M., Pritchard, P.H., and Frohlich, J.J., Tall oil-derived phytoster-ols reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 17, 119-126, 1997.
93. Brufau, G., Boatella, J., and Rafecas, M., Nuts: Source of energy and macronutrients, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 24S-28S, 2006.
94. Wu, G. and Meininger, C.J., Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietary factors, Annu. Rev. Nutr, 22, 61-86, 2002.
95. Cannon, R.O., III. Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease: Focus on the endothelium, Clin. Chem., 44, 1809-1819, 1998.
96. de Lorgeril, M., Dietary arginine and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, Cardiovasc. Res, 37, 560-563, 1998.
97. Yetik-Anacak, G. and Catravas, J.D., Nitric oxide and the endothelium: History and impact on cardiovascular disease, Vascul. Pharmacol., 45, 268-276, 2006.
98. Brown, A.A. and Hu, F.B., Dietary modulation of endothelial function: Implications for cardiovascular disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73, 673-686, 2001.
99. Lerman, A., Burnett, J.C. Jr., Higano, S.T., McKinley, L.J., and Holes, D.R. Jr., Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans, Circulation, 97, 2123-2128, 1998.
100. Preli, R.B., Klein, K.P., and Herrington, D.M., Vascular effects of dietary-arginine supplementation, Atherosclerosis, 162, 1-15, 2002.
101. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Dietary Reference Intakes, Published online at: http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/7/296/webtablevitamins.pdf (accessed January 2007).
102. Jialal, I. and Devaraj, S., Scientific evidence to support a vitamin E and heart disease health claim: Research needs, J. Nutr., 135, 348-353, 2005.
103. Connelly-Frost, A., Poole, C., Satia, J.A., Kupper, L.L., Millikan, R.C., and Sandler, R.S., Selenium, apoptosis, and colorectal adenomas, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 486-493, 2006.
104. Lee, S.O., Nadiminty, N., Wu, X.X., Lou, W., Dong, Y., Ip, C., Onate, S.A., and Gao, A.C., Selenium disrupts estrogen signaling by altering estrogen receptor expression and ligand binding in human breast cancer cells, Cancer Res., 65, 3487-3492, 2005.
105. Mark, S.D., Qiao, Y.L., Dawsey, S.M., Wu, Y.P., Katki, H., Gunter, E.W., Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., Blot, W.J., Dong, Z.W., and Taylor, P.R., Prospective study of serum selenium levels and incident esophageal and gastric cancers, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 92, 1753-1763, 2000.
106. Patrick, L., Selenium biochemistry and cancer: A review of the literature, Altern. Med. Rev, 9, 239-258, 2004.
107. Brenneisen, P., Steinbrenner, H., and Sies, H., Selenium, oxidative stress, and health aspects, Mol. Asp. Med., 26, 256-267, 2005.
108. Patel, R., Garg, R., Erande, S., and Maru, G.B., Chemopreventive herbal anti-oxidants: Current status and future perspectives, J. Clin. Bio. Nutr, 40, 82-91, 2007.
109. Klein, E.A., Lippman, S.M., Thompson, I.M., Goodman, P.J., Albanes, D., Taylor, P.R., and Coltman, C., The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial, World J. Urol, 21, 21-27, 2003.
110. Ip, C. and Lisk, D.J., Bioactivity of selenium from Brazil nut for cancer prevention and selenoenzyme maintenance, Nutr. Cancer, 21, 203-212, 1994.
111. Dumont, E., Vanhaecke, F., and Cornelis, R., Selenium speciation from food source to metabolites: A critical review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 385, 1304-1323, 2006.
112. Alasalvar, C., Karamać, M., Amarowicz, R., and Shahidi, F., Antioxidant and antiradical activities in extracts of hazelnut kernel (Corylus avellana L.) and hazelnut green leafy cover, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 4826-4832, 2006.
113. Quinn, L.A. and Tang, H.H., Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds in macadamia nuts, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 73, 1585-1588, 1996.
114. Anderson, K.J., Teuber, S.S., Gobeille, A., Cremin, P., Waterhouse, A.L., and Steinberg, F.M., Walnut polyphenolics inhibit in vitro human plasma and LDL oxidation, J. Nutr., 131, 2837-2842, 2001.
115. Paramashivappa, R., Kumar, P.P., Vithayathil, P.J., and Rao, A.S., Novel method for isolation of major phenolic constituents from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut shell liquid, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2548-2551, 2001.
116. Trevisan, M.T.S., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Würtele, G., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H., and Owen, R.W., Characterization of alkyl phenols in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) products and assay of their antioxidant capacity, Food Chem. Toxicol, 44, 188-197, 2006.
117. Vattem, D.A. and Shetty, K., Biological functionality of ellagic acid: A review, J. Food Biochem., 29, 234-266, 2005.
118. Yang, C.S., Landau, J.M., Huang, M.T., and Newmark, H.L., Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds, Annu. Rev. Nutr, 21, 381-406, 2001.
119. Kris-Etherton, P.M., Hecker, K.D., Bonanome, A., Coval, S.M., Binkoski, A.E., Hilpert, K.F., Griel, A.E., and Etherton, T.D., Bioactive compounds in foods: Their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, Am. J. Med., 113 (Suppl. 2), 71S-88S, 2002.
120. Chen, C.Y., Milbury, P.E., Lapsley, K., and Blumberg, J.B., Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavail-able and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation, J. Nutr., 135, 1366-1373, 2005.
121. Milbury, P., Chen, C.Y., Kwak, H.K., and Blumberg, J., Almond skins polyphenolics act synergistically with alpha-tocopherol to increase the resistance of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation, Free Radical Res., 36, 78-80, 2002.
122. Wijeratne, S.S.K., Abou-Zaid, M.M., and Shahidi, F., Antioxidant polyphenols in almond and its coproducts, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 54, 312-318, 2006.
123. Yu, Y.M., Chang, W.C., Wu, C.H., and Chiang, S.Y., Reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits by ellagic acid, J. Nutr. Biochem., 16, 675-681, 2005.
124. Khanduja, K.L., Gandhi, R.K., Pathania, V., and Syal, N., Prevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced lung tumorigenesis by ellagic acid and quercetin in mice, Food Chem. Toxicol, 37, 313-318, 1999.
125. Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M.A., and Ros, E., Other relevant components of nuts: Phytosterols, folate and minerals, Br. J. Nutr., 96 (Suppl. 2), 36S-44S, 2006.
126. Finnell, R.H., Shaw, G.M., Lammer, E.J., Brandl, K.L., Carmichael, S.L., and Rosenquist, T.H., Gene-nutrient interactions: Importance of folates and retinoids during early embryogenesis, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 198, 75-85, 2004.
127. Park, Y., Hunter, D.J., Spiegelman, D., Bergkvist, L., Berrino, F., van den Brandt, P.A., Buring, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Freudenheim, J.L., Fuchs, C.S., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R.A., Graham, S., Harnack, L., Hartman, A.M., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Kato, I., Krogh, V., Leitzmann, M.F., McCullough, M.L., Miller, A.B., Pietinen, P., Rohan, T.E., Schatzkin, A., Willett, W.C., Wolk, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Zhang, S.M., and Smith-Warner, S.A., Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 294, 2849-2857, 2005.
128. Almario, R.U., Vonghavaravat, V., Wong, R., and Kasim-Karakas, S.E., Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, 72-79, 2001.
129. Hu, F.B., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G.A., Rosner, B.A., Speizer, F.E., Hennekens, C.H., and Willett, W.C., Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: Prospective cohort study, Br. Med. J., 317, 1341-1345, 1998.
130. Wien, M.A., Sabaté, J., Iklé, D.N., Cole, S.E., and Kandeel, F.R., Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program, Int. J. Obes, 27, 1365-1372, 2003.
131. Sabaté, J., Nut consumption and body weight, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78, 647S-650S, 2003.
132. Rajaram, S. and Sabaté, J., Nuts, body weight and insulin resistance, Br. J. Nutr, 96 (Suppl. 2), 79S-86S, 2006.
133. Zemaitis, J. and Sabaté, J., Effect of almond consumption on stool weight and stool fat, FASEBJ., 15 (Abstract), A602, 2001.
134. Chen, C.Y., Lapsley, K., and Blumberg, J., A nutrition and health perspective on almonds, J. Sci. Food Agri., 86, 2245-2250, 2006.
135. Hu, F.B., Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 82, 242S-247S, 2005.
136. St-Onge, M.P., Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: Potential functional foods for weight control? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 7-15, 2005.
137. Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S., Luscombe-Marsh, N., Lejeune, M.P.G.M., Diepvens, K., Nieuwenhuizen, A., Engelen, M.P.K.J., Deutz, N.E.P., Azzout-Marniche, D., Tome, D., and Westerterp, K.R., Dietary protein, metabolism, and body-weight regulation: Dose-response effects, Int. J. Obes., 30 (Suppl. 3), 16S-23S, 2006.
138. Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, Food Allergy Facts and Statistics, Patients and Consumers, Fairfax, VA, 2006.
139. Sicherer, S.H., Muñoz-Furlong, A., and Sampson, H.A., Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: A 5-year follow-up study, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, 112, 1203-1207, 2003.
140. Poltronieri, P., Cappello, M.S., Dohmae, N., Conti, A., Fortunato, D., Pastorello, E.A., Ortolani, C., and Zacheo, G., Identification and characterization of the IgE-binding proteins 2S albumin and conglutin gamma in almond (Prunus dulcis) seeds, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol, 128, 97-104, 2002.
141. de Leon, S.Y. and Delores, M.I., Coconut, in Processing Fruits: Science and Technology, 2nd ed., Barrett, D.M., Somogyi, L., and Ramaswamy, H.S., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004, pp. 707-727.
142. Pereira-Lorenzo, S., Ramos-Cabrera, A.M., Díaz-Hernándeza, M.B., Ciordia-Arab, M., and Ríos-Mesac, D., Chemical composition of chestnut cultivars from Spain, Sci. Hortic, 107, 306-314, 2006.
143. FAO, FAO Statistical Yearbooks 2005/2006, Published online at: http://www.fao.org/statistics/ (accessed October 2008).
144. The Craker, Global Statistics, International Tree Nut Council Foundation, Modesto, CA, September, 2006.