Identifying food marketing to teenagers: A scoping review

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2019, Pages

  Truman, Emily ^a   Elliott, Charlene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Exposure; Food advertising; Food marketing; Indicator; Monitor; Policy; Power; Scoping review; Teenager

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT NUTRITION; ADVERTISING; FOOD MARKETING; HUMAN; MARKETING; NUTRITION POLICY; REVIEW; TREND STUDY; FOOD; FOOD INDUSTRY; RESEARCH;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; FOOD; FOOD INDUSTRY; HUMANS; MARKETING; RESEARCH;

EID: 85071269869     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14795868     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0833-2     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Harris J, Heard A, Schwartz M. Older but still vulnerable: all children need protection from unhealthy food marketing. Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity. 2014; www.uconnruddcenter.org/files/Pdfs/Protecting-Older-Children-3-14.pdf.
2. Casey BJ, Jones RM, Hare TA. The adolescent brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1124:111-26.
3. Knoll LJ, Magis-Weinberg L, Speekenbrink M, Blakemore S. Social influence on risk perception during adolescence. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(5):583-92.
4. Albert D, Chein J, Steinberg L. The teenage brain: peer influences on adolescent decision making. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2013;22(2):114-20.
5. Steinberg L, Monahan KC. Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(6):1531-43.
6. World Health Organization. Tackling food marketing to children in a digital world: transdisciplinary perspectives. Denmark: World Health Organization; 2016.
7. World Health Organization. Evaluating implementation of the WHO set of recommendations on the marketing of food and non-alcoholic beverages to children: Progress, challenges and guidance for next steps in the WHO European region. Denmark: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2018.
8. World Health Organization. Marketing of food high in fat, salt and sugar to children: update 2012-2013. Denmark: The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization; 2013.
9. Heart & Stroke Foundation. The kids are not alright: How the food and beverage industry is marketing our children and youth to death. Ottawa: Heart & Stroke Foundation; 2017.
10. Prowse R. Food marketing to children in Canada: A settings-based scoping review on exposure, power and impact. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2017. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.9.03.
11. Elliott C. "Grab Gatorade!": food marketing, regulation and the young consumer. Eur J Mark. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-05-2018-0355.
12. Norman J, Kelly B, Boyland E, McMahon A. The impact of marketing and advertising on food behaviours: evaluating the evidence for a causal relationship. Curr Nutr Rep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-016-0166-6.
13. Jenkin G, Madhvani N, Signal L, Bowers S. A systematic review of persuasive marketing techniques to promote food to children on television. Obes Rev. 2013;15:281-93.
14. Kraak VI, Story M. Influence of food companies' brand mascots and entertainment companies' cartoon media characters on children's diet and health: a systematic review and research needs. Obes Rev. 2015;16:107-26.
15. Hebden L, King L, Kelly B, Chapman K, Innes-Hughes C. A menagerie of promotional characters: promoting food to children through food packaging. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011;43(5):349-55.
16. Castonguay J, Kunkel D, Wright P, Duff C. Health characters? An investigation of marketing practices in children's food advertising. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2013.03.007.
17. Kelly B, Hattersley L, King L, Flood V. Persuasive food marketing to children: use of cartoons and competitions in Australian commercial television advertisements. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(4):337-44.
18. Neeley SM, Schumann DW. Using animated spokes-characters in advertising to young children. J Advert. 2004;33(3):7-33.
19. Ogle AD, Graham DJ, Lucas-Thompson RG, Roberto CA. Influence of cartoon media characters on children's attention to and preference for food and beverage products. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117:265-70.
20. Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Dovey TM, Allison M, Dobson S, Jacobs M, Halford JCG. Food choice and overconsumption: effect of a premium sports celebrity endorser. J Pediatr. 2013;163:339-43.
21. McGale LS, Halford JCG, Harrold JA, Boyland EJ. The influence of brand equity characters on children's food preferences and choices. J Pediatr. 2013;177:33-8.
22. Roberto CA, Baik J, Harris JL, Brownell KD. Influence of licensed characters on children's taste and snack preferences. J Pediatr. 2010;126:88-93.
23. Elliott C. Assessing fun foods: nutritional content and analysis of supermarket foods targeted at children. Obes Rev. 2008;9:368-77.
24. Elliott C. Packaging fun: Analysing supermarket food messages targeted at children. Canadian J Comm. 2012;37(2):303-18.
25. World Cancer Research Fund International. NOURISHING framework: restrict food advertising and other forms of commercial promotion. London: World Cancer Research Fund International; 2019. https://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/4-Restrict%20advertising-May2019.pdf
26. Bill S-228: An Act to amend the Food and Drugs Act (prohibiting food and beverage marketing directed at children) [short title: Child Health Protection Act]. 3rd Reading, September 19, 2018, 42nd parliament, 1st session, December 3, 2015 - present. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2018.
27. Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S. The role of Google Scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138237.
28. Adachi-Mejia AM, Sutherland LA, Longacre MR, Beach ML, Titus-Ernstoff L, Gibson JJ, Dalton MA. Adolescent weight status and receptivity to food TV advertisements. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011;43(6):441-8.
29. Beaudoin CE. The mass media and adolescent socialization: a prospective study in the context of unhealthy food advertising. J Mass Commun Q. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014538829.
30. Berning J, Rabinowitz AN. Targeted advertising in the breakfast cereal industry. Am J Agric Econ. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.1.
31. Bibeau WS, Saksvig BI, Gittelsohn J, Williams S, Jones L, Young DR. Perceptions of the food marketing environment among African American teen girls and adults. Appetite. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.004.
32. Boyland E, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JCG. Persuasive techniques used in television advertisements to market foods to UK children. Appetite. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.017.
33. Boyland E, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JCG. The extent of food advertising to children on UK television in 2008. Pediatr Obes. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2011.608801.
34. Boyland E, Tatlow-Golden M. Exposure, power and impact of food marketing on children: evidence supports strong restrictions. Eur J Risk Regul. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2017.21.
35. Bragg MA, Miller AN, Elizee J, Dighe S, Elbel BD. Popular music celebrity endorsements in food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing. Pediatrics. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3977.
36. XBragg MA, Liu PJ, Roberto CA, Sarda V, Harris JL, Brownell KD. The use of sports references in marketing of food and beverage products in supermarkets. Public Health Nutr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003163.
37. Bragg MA, Roberto CA, Harris JL, Brownell KD, Elbel B. Marketing food and beverages to youth through sports. J Adolesc Health. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.016.
38. Breiner H, Parker L, Olson S. In: Montgomery K, editor. Challenges and opportunities for change in food marketing to children and youth: Workshop summary. Part 3 - Marketing to Adolescents. Washington: D.C: Institute of Medicine; 2013. p. 17-20.
39. Bruce AS, Bruce JM, Black WR, Lepping RJ, Henry JM, Cherry JBC, et al. Branding and a child's brain: An fMRI study of neural responses to logos. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss109.
40. Bruce AS, Pruitt SW, Ha O, Cherry JB, Smith TR, Bruce JM, Lim S. The influence of televised food commercials on children's food choices: evidence from ventromedial prefrontal cortex activations. Pediatrics. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.067.
41. Bugge AB. Food advertising towards children and young people in Norway. Appetite. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.008.
42. Burger KS, Stice E. Neural responsivity during soft drink intake, anticipation, and advertisement exposure in habitually consuming youth. Obes. 2014;22(2):441-50.
43. Calvert SL. Children as consumers: advertising and marketing. Futur Child. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0001.
44. Campos D, Hernandez-Torres JJ, Agil A, Comino M, Lopez JC, MacIas V, Campoy C. Analysis of food advertising to children on Spanish television: probing exposure to television marketing. Arch Med Sci. 2016. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2016.60969.
45. Cauchi D, Reiff S, Knai C, Gauci C, Spiteri J. Television food advertising to children in Malta. Health Promot Int. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav105.
46. Cervi MM, Agurs-Collins T, Dwyer LA, Thai CL, Moser RP, Nebeling LC. Susceptibility to food advertisements and sugar-sweetened beverage intake in non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adolescents. J Community Health Res. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0313-4.
47. Chester J, Montgomery K. Interactive food and beverage marketing: targeting adolescents in the digital age. J Adolesc Health. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.006.
48. Cheyne A, Mejia P, Nixon L, Dorfman L. Food and beverage marketing to youth. Curr Obes Rep. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0122y.
49. Cheyne A, Dorfman L, Bukofzer E, Harris JL. Marketing sugary cereals to children in the digital age: a content analysis of 17 child-targeted websites. J Health Commun. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.743622.
50. Chou S-Y, Rashad I, Grossman M. Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and its influence on childhood obesity. J Law Econ. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1086/590132.
51. Cowburn G, Boxer A. Magazines for children and young people and the links to internet food marketing: a review of the extent and type of food advertising. Public Health Nutr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007666658.
52. Dietz WH. New strategies to improve food marketing to children. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1294.
53. Disantis KI, Kumanyika S, Carter-Edwards L, Young DR, Grier SA, Lassiter V. Sensitizing black adult and youth consumers to targeted food marketing tactics in their environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111316.
54. Dority B, McGarvey M, Kennedy P. Marketing foods and beverages in schools: the effect of school food policy on students' overweight measures. J Public Policy Mark. 2010;29(2):204-18.
55. Effertz T, Wilcke A. Do television food commercials target children in Germany? Public Health Nutr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011003223.
56. Elliott C. Knowledge needs and the 'savvy' child: teenager perspectives on banning food marketing to children. Crit Public Health. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2016.1240356.
57. Elsey JW, Harris JL. Trends in food and beverage television brand appearances viewed by children and adolescents from 2009 to 2014 in the USA. Public Health Nutr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015003274.
58. European Commission. Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing to children and adolescents. London: European Commission- Joint Research Center; 2017.
59. Federal Trade Commission. Marketing food to children and adolescents: A review of industry expenditures, activities, and self-regulation. Washington: U.S: Federal Trade Commission; 2008.
60. Federal Trade Commission. A review of food marketing to children and adolescents: follow-up report. Washington: U.S: Federal Trade Commission; 2012.
61. Fleming-Milici F, Harris JL. Television food advertising viewed by preschoolers, children and adolescents: contributors to differences in exposure for black and white youth in the United States. Pediatr Obes. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12203.
62. Freeman B, Kelly B, Baur L, Chapman K, Chapman S, Gill T, King L. Digital junk: food and beverage marketing on Facebook. Am J Public Health Res. 2014. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302167.
63. Gantz W, Schwartz N, Angelini J, Rideout V. Food for thought: television food advertising to children in the United States. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation: Menlo Park; 2007.
64. Galbraith-Emami S, Lobstein T. The impact of initiatives to limit the advertising of food and beverage products to children: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12060.
65. Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Stice E, Harris JL, Brownell KD. Relation of obesity to neural activation in response to food commercials. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst059.
66. Gebauer H, Laska MN. Convenience stores surrounding urban schools: an assessment of healthy food availability, advertising and product placement. J Urban Health. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9576-3.
67. Giese H, König LM, Tǎut D, Ollila H, Bǎban A, Absetz P, et al. Exploring the association between television advertising of healthy and unhealthy foods, self-control, and food intake in three European countries. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12036.
68. Gregori D, Ballali S, Vecchio MG, Sciré AS, Foltran F, Berchialla P. Randomized controlled trials evaluating effect of television advertising on food intake in children: why such a sensitive topic is lacking top-level evidence? Ecol Food Nutr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2014.883976.
69. Grigsby-Toussaint DS, Moise IK, Geiger SD. Observations of marketing on food packaging targeted to youth in retail food stores. Obesity. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.120.
70. Goldberg ME, Gunasti K. Creating an environment in which youths are encouraged to eat a healthier diet. J Public Policy Mark. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.26.2.162.
71. Grossman M, Tekin E, Wada R. Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and on youth body composition. NBER Working Paper No. 18640. 2012.
72. Gupta S, Kalra S, Kaushik J, Gupta P. Content of food advertising for young adolescents on television. Indian J Community Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.199800.
73. Hammond KM, Wyllie A, Casswell S. The extent and nature of televised food advertising to New Zealand children and adolescents. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01204.x.
74. Han E, Powell LM, Kim TH. Trends in exposure to television food advertisements in South Korea. Appetite. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.10.015.
75. Harris JL, Heard A, Kunkel D. Marketing unhealthy foods to children on Facebook. In: Dimofte CV, Haugtvedt CP, Yalch R, Ebrary I, editors. Consumer psychology in a social media world. New York: Routledge; 2015. p. 239-53.
76. Harris JL, Hyary M, Schwartz MB. Effects of offering look-alike products as smart snacks in schools. Child Obes. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2016.0080.
77. Harris JL, Graff SK. Protecting young people from junk food advertising: implications of psychological research for first amendment law. Am J Public Health Res. 2012. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300328.
78. Harris JL, Lodolce M, Dembek C, Schwartz MB. Sweet promises: candy advertising to children and implications for industry self-regulation. Appetite. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.028.
79. Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Marketing foods to children and adolescents: licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket. Public Health Nutr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009991339.
80. Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Evaluating fast food nutrition and marketing to youth. New Haven: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity; 2010.
81. Harris JL, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD, Javadizadeh J, Weinberg M. Evaluating sugary drink nutrition and marketing to youth. New Haven: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity; 2011.
82. Heredia AM, Hipolito J, Nunes O, Ribeiro L, Moura T, Laneiro T. Fast-food marketing strategies and their impact on childhood obesity. J Spa Organ Dyn. 2017;5(3):296-315.
83. Herrera AL, Pasch KE. Targeting Hispanic adolescents with outdoor food & beverage advertising around schools. Ethn Health. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2017.1290217.
84. Hingle MD, Castonguay JS, Ambuel DA, Smith RM, Kunkel D. Alignment of children's food advertising with proposed federal guidelines. Am J Prev Med. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.004.
85. Interagency Working Group on Food Marketing to Children (FTC, CDC, FDA, USDA). Interagency working group on food marketed to children: Preliminary proposed nutrition principles to guide industry self-regulatory efforts. Washington: FTC, CDC, FDA, & USDA; 2011.
86. Jackson M, Harrison P, Swinburn B, Lawrence M. Unhealthy food, integrated marketing communication and power: a critical analysis. Crit Public Health. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2013.878454.
87. Jones SC, Kervin L. An experimental study on the effects of exposure to magazine advertising on children's food choices. Public Health Nutr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010002983.
88. Jones SC, Mannino N, Green J. Like me, want me, buy me, eat me: relationship-building marketing communications in children's magazines. Public Health Nutr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010000455.
89. Kelly B, Baur LA, Bauman AE, King L, Chapman K, Smith BJ. "Food company sponsors are kind, generous and cool": (Mis)conceptions of junior sports players. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-95.
90. Kelly B, Freeman B, King L, Chapman K, Baur LA, Gill T. The normative power of food promotions: Australian children's attachments to unhealthy food brands. Public Health Nutr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016001452.
91. Kelly B, Smith B, King L, Flood V, Bauman A. Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure. Public Health Nutr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007687126.
92. Korošec Ž, Pravst I. Television food advertising to children in Slovenia: analyses using a large 12-month advertising dataset. Int J Public Health Res. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0896-7.
93. Kumar G, Zytnick D, Onufrak S, Harris JL, Wethington H, Kingsley B, Park SH. Caregiver and adolescent responses to food and beverage marketing exposures through an online survey. J Child Obes. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2013.0124.
94. Lee B, Kim H, Lee S, Yoon J, Chung S. Effects of exposure to television advertising for energy-dense/nutrient-poor food on children's food intake and obesity in South Korea. Appetite. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.103.
95. Lee ST, Nguyen HL. Explicating the moral responsibility of the advertiser: TARES as an ethical model for fast food advertising. J Mass Media Ethics. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2013.792700.
96. Li D, Wang T, Cheng Y, Zhang M, Yang X, Zhu Z, et al. The extent and nature of television food advertising to children in Xi'an, China. BMC Public Health. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3468-0.
97. Linn SE. Food marketing to children in the context of a marketing maelstrom. J Public Health Policy. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3190036.
98. Maher A, Wilson N, Signal L. Advertising and availability of 'obesogenic' foods around New Zealand secondary schools: a pilot study. N Z Med J. 2005;118:1218.
99. Mazur A, Telega G, Kotowicz A, Małek H, Jarochowicz S, Gierczak B, et al. Impact of food advertising on food purchases by students in primary and secondary schools in south-eastern Poland. Public Health Nutr. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008002000.
100. McClure AC, Tanski SE, Gilbert-Diamond D, Adachi-Mejia AM, Li Z, Li Z, Sargent JD. Receptivity to television fast-food restaurant marketing and obesity among U.S. youth. Am J Prev Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011.
101. McGinnis JM, Gootman JA, Kraak VI. Food marketing to children and youth: threat or opportunity? Washington: Institute of Medicine; 2006.
102. Mehta KP, Coveney J, Ward P, Handsley E. Parents' and children's perceptions of the ethics of marketing energy-dense nutrient-poor foods on the internet: implications for policy to restrict children's exposure. Public Health Ethics. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phu002.
103. Montgomery KC, Chester J. Interactive food and beverage marketing: targeting adolescents in the digital age. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:S19-29.
104. Montgomery K, Grier S, Chester J, Dorman L. Food marketing in the digital age: a conceptual framework and agenda for research: Center for Digital Democracy. Berkeley: Berkeley Media Studies Group; 2011.
105. Moon YS. How food ads communicate 'health' with children: a content analysis of Korean television commercials. Asian J Commun. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2010.496858.
106. Moore ES. It's child play: Advergaming and the online marketing of food to children. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation: Menlo Park; 2006.
107. Neville L, Thomas M, Bauman A. Food advertising on Australian television: the extent of children's exposure. Health Promot Int. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah601.
108. Ng SH, Kelly B, Se CH, Chinna K, Sameeha MJ, Krishnasamy S, Ismail MN, Karupaiah T. Obesogenic television food advertising to children in Malaysia: sociocultural variations. Glob Health Action. 2015. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.25169.
109. No E, Kelly B, Devi A, Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S. Food references and marketing in popular magazines for children and adolescents in New Zealand: a content analysis. Appetite. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.013.
110. Outley CW, Taddese A. A content analysis of health and physical activity messages marketed to African American children during after-school television programming. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2016;160(4):432-5.
111. Pettigrew S, Tarabashkina L, Roberts M, Quester P, Chapman K, Miller C. The effects of television and internet food advertising on parents and children. Public Health Nutr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001067.
112. Pomeranz JL, Munsell CR, Harris JL. Energy drinks: an emerging public health hazard for youth. J Public Health Policy. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2013.6.
113. Potvin Kent M, Dubois L, Wanless A. Food marketing on children's television in two different policy environments. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2010.526222.
114. Potvin Kent M, Martin CL, Kent EA. Changes in the volume, power and nutritional quality of foods marketed to children on television in Canada. Obesity. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20826.
115. Powell LM, Harris JL, Fox T. Food marketing expenditures aimed at youth: putting the numbers in context. Am J Prev Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.003.
116. Powell LM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ. Adolescent exposure to food advertising on television. Am J Prev Med. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.009.
117. Powell LM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ, Braunschweig CL. Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3595.
118. Powell LM, Szczypka G, Chaloupka FJ. Trends in exposure to television food advertisements among children and adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.139.
119. Powell LM, Wada R, Khan T, Emery SL. Viewpoint: food and beverage television advertising exposure and youth consumption, body mass index and adiposity outcomes. Can J Econ. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12261.
120. Powell LM, Wada R, Kumanyika SK. Racial/ethnic and income disparities in child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage television ads across the U.S. media markets. Health Place. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.06.006.
121. Puggelli FR, Bertolotti M. Healthy and unhealthy food in Italian television ads for adults and children. Young Consum. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2013-00364.
122. Russell CA, Buhrau D. The role of television viewing and direct experience in predicting adolescents' beliefs about the health risks of fast-food consumption. Appetite. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.023.
123. Schwartz MB, Ross C, Harris JL, Jerigan DH, Siegel M, Ostroff J, Brownnell KD. Breakfast cereal industry pledges to self-regulate advertising to youth: will they improve the marketing landscape? J Public Health Policy. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2009.50.
124. Scully M, Wakefield M, Niven P, Chapman K, Crawford D, Pratt IS, Baur LA, Flood V, Morley B. Association between food marketing exposure and adolescents' food choices eating behaviours. Appetite. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.020.
125. Signal LN, Stanley J, Smith M, Barr MB, Chambers TJ, Zhou J, et al. Children's everyday exposure to food marketing: an objective analysis using wearable cameras. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3.
126. Sivathanu B. Food marketing and its impact on adolescents' food choices. J Mark. 2017. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2017/v47/i8/117432.
127. Skatrud-Mickelson M, Adachi-Mejia AM, MacKenzie TA, Sutherland LA. Giving the wrong impression: Food and beverage brand impressions delivered to youth through popular movies. J Public Health. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr089.
128. Speers SE, Harris JL, Schwartz MB. Child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage brand appearances during prime-time television programming. Am J Prev Med. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.04.018.
129. Staiano AE, Calvert SL. Digital gaming and pediatric obesity: at the intersection of science and social policy. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01035.x.
130. Stigler MH, Medina J, Arora M, Nazar G, Rodrigues LM, Reddy KS, Perry CL. Adolescents' response to food marketing in Delhi, India. In: Advances in communication research to reduce childhood obesity; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5511-0.
131. Story M, French S. Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the US. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-1-3.
132. Swinburn B, Vandevijvere S, Woodward A, Hornblow A, Richardson A, Burlingame B, et al. Proposed new industry code on unhealthy food marketing to children and young people: will it make a difference? N Z Med J. 2017;130(1450):94-101.
133. Théodore FL, Tolentino-Mayo L, Hernández-Zenil E, Bahena L, Velasco A, Popkin B, et al. Pitfalls of the self-regulation of advertisements directed at children on Mexican television. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12(4):312-9.
134. Uribe R, Fuentes-García A. The effects of TV unhealthy food brand placement on children. Its separate and joint effect with advertising. Appetite. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.030.
135. Vandevijvere S, Aitken C, Swinburn B. Volume, nature and potential impact of advertisements on Facebook and YouTube by food brands popular in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2018;131(1473):14-24.
136. Vandevijvere S, Soupen A, Swinburn B. Unhealthy food advertising directed to children on New Zealand television: extent, nature, impact and policy implications. Public Health Nutr. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000775.
137. Vandevijvere S, Sagar K, Kelly B, Swinburn B. Unhealthy food marketing to New Zealand children and adolescents through the internet. N Z Med J. 2017;130(1450):32-43.
138. Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B. Getting serious about protecting New Zealand children against unhealthy food marketing. N Z Med J. 2015;128(1417):36-40.
139. Veerman JL, Van Beeck EF, Barendregt JJ, MacKenbach JP. By how much would limiting TV food advertising reduce childhood obesity. Eur J Pub Health. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp039.
140. Velazquez CE, Black JL, Kent MP. Food and beverage marketing in schools: a review of the evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091054.
141. Weber K, Story M, Harnack L. Internet food marketing strategies aimed at children and adolescents: a content analysis of food and beverage brand web sites. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.014.
142. Wilson N, Signal L, Nicholls S, Thomson G. Marketing fat and sugar to children on New Zealand television. J Prev Med. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.11.009.
143. World Health Organization. Marketing of food and non-alcoholic beverages to children: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting. Norway: World Health Organization; 2006.
144. Zhou Z, Diao Q, Shao N, Liang Y, Lin L, Lei Y, Zheng L. The frequency of unhealthy food advertising on mainland chinese television (TV) and children and adolescents' risk of exposure to them. PLoS One. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128746.
145. World Health Organization. A framework for implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2012.
146. Stead M, McDermott L, MacKintosh AM, Adamson A. Why healthy eating is bad for young people's health: identity, belonging and food. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(7):1131-9.
147. Elliott C. Food as people: Teenagers' perspectives on food personalities and implications for healthy eating. Soc Sci Med. 2014;121:85-90.
148. World Health Organization. Monitoring and restricting digital Marketing of Unhealthy Products to children and adolescents. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2019.