A systematic review of persuasive marketing techniques to promote food to children on television

Obesity Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 281-293

  Jenkin, G ^a   Madhvani, N ^b   Signal, L ^a   Bowers, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Children; Food marketing; Persuasive techniques; Television

Indexed keywords

ADVERTIZING; ARTICLE; CONSUMER; EMOTION; FAST FOOD; FOOD; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MARKETING; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; QUALITY CONTROL; RELIABILITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TASTE; TELEVISION; ART; BEVERAGE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD PREFERENCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; PUBLIC FIGURE;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; BEVERAGES; CARTOONS AS TOPIC; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; FAMOUS PERSONS; FOOD; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD PREFERENCES; HUMANS; MARKETING; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; TELEVISION;

EID: 84895920818     PISSN: 14677881     EISSN: 1467789X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12141     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
2. World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
3. Wang Y, Beydoun M. The obesity epidemic in the United States: gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Review 2007; 29: 6-28.
4. Ogden C, Yanovski S, Carroll M, Flegal K. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2087-2102.
5. Cairns G, Angus K, Hastings G, Caraher M. Systematic reviews of the evidence of the nature, extent and effects of food marketing to children. A retrospective summary. Appetite 2013; 62: 209-215.
6. Hastings G, McDermott L, Angus K, Stead M, Thompson S. The extent, nature and effects of food promotion to children: a review of the evidence. Technical paper prepared for the World Health Organization: World Health Organization, 2006.
7. McDermott L. Desk research to examine the influence of marketing on children's food behaviour. Prepared for the World Health Organization. Glasgow: Centre for Social Marketing 2004.
8. McGinnis M, Gootman J, Kraak V. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? National Academies Press: Washington DC, 2006.
9. International Obesity Taskforce. The Sydney Principles: Guiding principles for achieving a substantial level of protection for children against the commercial promotion of foods and beverages. 2007. URL http://www.iaso.org/iotf/obesity/childhoodobesity/sydneyprinciples/August%202013 (accessed 7 January 2014).
10. World Health Organization. Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and nonalcoholic beverages. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
11. Persson M, Soroko R, Musicus A, Lobstein T. A junk-free childhood 2012: the 2012 report of the StanMark project on standards for marketing food and beverages to children in Europe: a briefing paper from the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2012. URL http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HDSPY_74GEQJ:www.iaso.org/site_media/uploads/A_Junk-free_Childhood_2012.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk. (accessed 7 January 2014).
12. Hawkes C. Marketing food to children: the global regulatory environment. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
13. Hawkes C. Marketing food to children: changes in the global regulatory environment 2004-2006. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
14. Office of Communications. Television advertising of food and drink products to children. Final statement. United Kingdom: Office of Communications, 2007.
15. Office of Legislative Drafting and Publishing. Children's Television Standards 2009 Federal Register of Legislative Instruments F2012C00061. Canberra; 2012.
16. Hebden L, King L, Kelly B. Art of persuasion: an analysis of techniques used to market foods to children. J Paediatr Child Health 2011; 47: 776-782.
17. World Health Organization. A framework for implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children: World Health Organization, 2012.
18. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097.
19. Arora S, Ashrafian H, Davis R, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, Sevdalis N. Emotional intelligence in medicine: a systematic review through the context of the ACGME competencies. Med Educ 2010; 44: 749-764.
20. Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.0.1. Cochrane Collaboration 2008.
21. Barroso CS, Rodriguez D, Camacho PL. Saturday morning television advertisements aired on English and Spanish language networks along the Texas-Mexico border. J Appl Res Child 2011; 2: 17.
22. Effertz T, Wilcke AC. Do television food commercials target children in Germany? Public Health Nutr 2012; 15: 1466-1473.
23. Galcheva SV. Iotova VM, Stratev VK. Television food advertising directed towards Bulgarian children. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93: 857-861.
24. Guran TT, Turan SS, Akcay TT etal. Content analysis of food advertising in Turkish television. J Paediatr Child H 2010; 46: 427-430.
25. Keller SK, Schulz PJ. Distorted food pyramid in kids programmes: a content analysis of television advertising watched in Switzerland. Eur J Public Health 2011; 21: 300-305.
26. Maryam A, Mehdi MR, Masood K, Mosoomeh G, Nasrin O. Yadollah M. Food advertising on Iranian children's television: a content analysis and an experimental study with junior high school students. Ecol Food Nutr 2005; 44: 123-133.
27. Moon YS. How food ads communicate 'health' with children: a content analysis of Korean television commercials. Asian J Commun 2010; 20: 456-476.
28. Romero-Fernandez M, Royo-Bordonada M, Rodriguez-Artalejo F. Compliance with self-regulation of television food and beverage advertising aimed at children in Spain. Public Health Nutr 2010; 13: 1013-1021.
29. Furnham A, Abramsky S, Gunter B. A cross-cultural content analysis of children's television advertisements. Sex Roles 1997; 37: 91-99.
30. Kelly B, Halford JCG, Boyland EJ etal. Television food advertising to children: a global perspective. Am J Public Health 2010; 100: 1730-1736.
31. Kent MP, Dubois L, Wanless A. Food marketing on children's television in two different policy environments. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: e433-e441.
32. Lewis MK, Hill AJ, Taras HL, Gage M. Food advertising on British children's television: a content analysis and experimental study with nine-year olds. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 206-214.
33. Pettigrew S, Roberts M, Chapman K, Quester P, Miller C. The use of negative themes in television food advertising. Appetite 2012; 58: 496-503.
34. Warren R, Wicks RH, Wicks JL, Fosu I, Chung D. Food and beverage advertising on US television: a comparison of child-targeted versus general audience commercials. J Broadcast Electron 2008; 52: 231-246.
35. Bell RA, Cassady D, Culp J, Alcalay R. Frequency and types of foods advertised on Saturday morning and weekday afternoon English and Spanish-language American television programs. J Nutr Educ Behav 2009; 41: 406-413.
36. Connor SM. Food-related advertising on preschool television: building brand recognition in young viewers. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 1478-1485.
37. Harrison K. Fast and sweet: nutritional attributes of television food advertisements with and without black characters. Howard J Comm 2006; 17: 249-264.
38. Harrison K, Marske AL. Nutritional content of foods advertised during the television programs children watch most. Am J Public Health 2005; 95: 1568-1574.
39. Kent MP, Dubois L, Wanless A. Self-regulation by industry of food marketing is having little impact during children's preferred television. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: 401-408.
40. Roberts M, Pettigrew S, Chapman K, Miller C, Quester P. Compliance with children's television food advertising regulations in Australia. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 846-851.
41. Wicks JL, Warren R, Fosu I, Wicks RH. Dual-modality disclaimers, emotional appeals, and production techniques in food advertising airing during programs rated for children: is there a good balance? J Advertising 2009; 38: 93-105.
42. Folta S, Goldberg J, Economos C, Bell R, Meltzer R. Food advertising targeted at school-age children: a content analysis. J Nutr Educ Behav 2006; 38: 244-248.
43. Zwarun L. Policy worth perpetuating? An analysis of how well food commercials marketed too kids comply with CARU self-regulatory guidelines. Southwestern Mass Commun J 2008; 23: 1-12.
44. Hebden L, King L, Chau J, Kelly B. Food advertising on children's popular subscription television channels in Australia. Aust N Z J Publ Health 2011; 35: 127-130.
45. Roberts M, Pettigrew S. A thematic content analysis of children's food advertising. Int J Advert 2007; 26: 357-367.
46. Sixsmith R, Furnham A. A content analysis of British food advertisements aimed at children and adults. Health Promot Int 2010; 25: 24-32.
47. Boyland EJ, Harrold JA, Kirkham TC, Halford JC. Persuasive techniques used in television advertisements to market foods to UK children. Appetite 2012; 58: 658-664.
48. Hill JM, Radimer KL. A content analysis of food advertisements in television for Australian children. Aust J Nutr Diet 1997; 54: 174-181.
49. Kunkel D, Mastro D, Ortiz M, McKinley C. Food marketing to children on US Spanish-language television. J Health Commun 2013; 18: 1084-1096.
50. Page R, Brewster A. Frequency of promotional strategies and attention elements in children's food commercials during children's programming blocks on US broadcast networks. Young Consum 2007; 8: 184-196.
51. Thompson DA, Flores G, Ebel BE, Christakis DA. Comida en venta: after-school advertising on Spanish-language television in the United States. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 576-581.
52. Rose GM, Merchant A, Bakir A. Fantasy in food advertising targeted at children. J Advertising 2012; 41: 75-90.
53. Dixon H, Scully M, Niven P etal. Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre-adolescent children's food preferences: experimental research. Pediatric Obes 2013; doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00169.x. [Epub ahead of print].
54. Warren R, Wicks JL, Wicks RH, Fosu I, Chung D. Food and beverage advertising to children on US television: did national food advertisers respond? Journalism Mass Comm 2007; 84: 795-810.
55. Page RM, Brewster A. Emotional and rational product appeals in televised food advertisements for children: analysis of commercials shown on US broadcast networks. J Child Health Care 2007; 11: 323-340.
56. Byrd-Bredbenner C, Grasso D. What is television trying to make children swallow? Content analysis of the nutrition information in prime-time advertisements. J Nutr Educ Behav 2000; 32: 187-195.
57. World Health Organization. Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
58. Regaud A, Craplet M The-Loi-Evin-a-French-exception. The Globe, 2004. URL http://www.ias.org.uk/What-we-do/Publication-archive/The-Globe/Issue-2-2004-1-2004/The-Loi-Evin-a-French-exception.aspx (accessed August 2013).
59. Page RM, Brewster A. Depiction of food as having drug-like properties in televised food advertisements directed at children: portrayals as pleasure enhancing and addictive. J Pediatr Health Care 2009; 23: 150-157.
60. Outley CW, Taddese A. A content analysis of health and physical activity messages marketed to African American children during after-school television programming. Arch of Pediatr & Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 432-435.