MicroRNA and microvascular complications of diabetes

International Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 2018, Issue , 2018, Pages

  Barutta, F ^a   Bellini, S ^a   Mastrocola, R ^b   Bruno, G ^a   Gruden, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 126; MICRORNA 130B; MICRORNA 135A; MICRORNA 146; MICRORNA 146A; MICRORNA 150; MICRORNA 155; MICRORNA 15A; MICRORNA 184; MICRORNA 192; MICRORNA 195; MICRORNA 200B; MICRORNA 200C; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 215; MICRORNA 216A; MICRORNA 25; MICRORNA 26A; MICRORNA 27A; MICRORNA 29A; MICRORNA 29B; MICRORNA 29C; MICRORNA 341; MICRORNA 34A; MICRORNA 377; MICRORNA 93; MICRORNA LET 7I; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL DAMAGE; DIABETIC COMPLICATION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; RNA ANALYSIS; RNA SYNTHESIS;

EID: 85055638950     PISSN: 16878337     EISSN: 16878345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2018/6890501     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. D. P. Bartel, "MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function," Cell, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 281-297, 2004.
2. Y. Lee, M. Kim, J. Han et al., "MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II," The EMBO Journal, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 4051-4060, 2004.
3. Y. Zeng, R. Yi, and B. R. Cullen, "Recognition and cleavage of primary microRNA precursors by the nuclear processing enzyme Drosha," The EMBO Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 138-148, 2005.
4. M. T. Bohnsack, K. Czaplinski, and D. Gorlich, "Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs," RNA, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 185-191, 2004.
5. T. P. Chendrimada, R. I. Gregory, E. Kumaraswamy et al., "TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing," Nature, vol. 436, no. 7051, pp. 740-744, 2005.
6. R. I. Gregory, T. P. Chendrimada, N. Cooch, and R. Shiekhattar, "Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing," Cell, vol. 123, no. 4, pp. 631-640, 2005.
7. E. Maniataki and Z. Mourelatos, "A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNA," Genes & Development, vol. 19, no. 24, pp. 2979-2990, 2005.
8. M. M. Janas, B. Wang, A. S. Harris et al., "Alternative RISC assembly: binding and repression of microRNA-mRNA duplexes by human Ago proteins," RNA, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2041-2055, 2012.
9. J. Krol, I. Loedige, and W. Filipowicz, "The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay," Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 597-610, 2010.
10. A. Wilczynska and M. Bushell, "The complexity of miRNAmediated repression," Cell Death & Differentiation, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 22-33, 2015.
11. N. Cheung, P. Mitchell, and T. Y. Wong, "Diabetic retinopathy," The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9735, pp. 124-136, 2010.
12. R. Singh, L. Kishore, and N. Kaur, "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: current perspective and future directions," Pharmacological Research, vol. 80, pp. 21-35, 2014.
13. K. R. Tuttle, G. L. Bakris, R. W. Bilous et al., "Diabetic kidney disease: A report from an ADA consensus conference," American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 510-533, 2014.
14. J. M. Forbes and M. E. Cooper, "Mechanisms of diabetic complications," Physiological Reviews, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 137-188, 2013.
15. P. Ye, J. Liu, F. He, W. Xu, and K. Yao, "Hypoxia-induced deregulation of miR-126 and its regulative effect on VEGF and MMP-9 expression," International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 17-23, 2014.
16. Y. Bai, X. Bai, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, C. Ruan, and J. Miao, "MicroRNA-126 inhibits ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization via regulating angiogenic growth factors," Experimental and Molecular Pathology, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 471-477, 2011.
17. Y. Wang and H. Yan, "MicroRNA-126 contributes to Niaspan treatment induced vascular restoration after diabetic retinopathy," Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, article 26909, 2016.
18. A. K. McAuley, M. Dirani, J. J. Wang, P. P. Connell, E. L. Lamoureux, and A. W. Hewitt, "A genetic variant regulating miR-126 is associated with sight threatening diabetic retinopathy," Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 133-138, 2015.
19. S. Ling, Y. Birnbaum, M. K. Nanhwan, B. Thomas, M. Bajaj, and Y. Ye, "MicroRNA-dependent cross-talk between VEGF and HIF1α in the diabetic retina," Cellular Signalling, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2840-2847, 2013.
20. K. McArthur, B. Feng, Y. Wu, S. Chen, and S. Chakrabarti, "MicroRNA-200b regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated alterations in diabetic retinopathy," Diabetes, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1314-1323, 2011.
21. Q. Wang, S. Navitskaya, H. Chakravarthy et al., "Dual antiinflammatory and anti-angiogenic action of miR-15a in diabetic retinopathy," eBioMedicine, vol. 11, pp. 138-150, 2016.
22. B. Kovacs, S. Lumayag, C. Cowan, and S. Xu, "MicroRNAs in early diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats," Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 4402-4409, 2011.
23. L. Shi, A. J. Kim, R. C.-A. Chang et al., "Deletion of miR-150 exacerbates retinal vascular overgrowth in high-fat-diet induced diabetic mice," PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 6, article e0157543, 2016.
24. Y. Takahashi, Q. Chen, R. V. S. Rajala, and J. Ma, "Micro-RNA-184 modulates canonical Wnt signaling through the regulation of frizzled-7 expression in the retina with ischemia-induced neovascularization," FEBS Letters, vol. 589, no. 10, pp. 1143-1149, 2015.
25. J. Chen, A. Stahl, N. M. Krah et al., "Wnt signaling mediates pathological vascular growth in proliferative retinopathy," Circulation, vol. 124, no. 17, pp. 1871-1881, 2011.
26. Z. Zhuang, Xiao-qin, H. Hu et al., "Down-regulation of microRNA-155 attenuates retinal neovascularization via the PI3K/Akt pathway," Molecular Vision, vol. 21, pp. 1173-1184, 2015.
27. N. Yousefzadeh, M. R. Alipour, and F. G. Soufi, "Deregulation of NF-κB-miR-146a negative feedback loop may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy," Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 51-58, 2015.
28. Y. Huang, Y. Liu, L. Li et al., "Involvement of inflammationrelated miR-155 and miR-146a in diabetic nephropathy: implications for glomerular endothelial injury," BMC Nephrology, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 142, 2014.
29. K. Bhatt, L. L. Lanting, Y. Jia et al., "Anti-inflammatory role of microRNA-146a in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 2277-2288, 2016.
30. B. Feng, S. Chen, K. McArthur et al., "miR-146a-mediated extracellular matrix protein production in chronic diabetes complications," Diabetes, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 2975-2984, 2011.
31. X. S. Liu, B. Fan, A. Szalad et al., "MicroRNA-146a mimics reduce the peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic mice," Diabetes, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 3111-3121, 2017.
32. L. Wang, M. Chopp, A. Szalad et al., "The role of miR-146a in dorsal root ganglia neurons of experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy," Neuroscience, vol. 259, pp. 155-163, 2014.
33. H. W. Lee, S. Q. Khan, S. Khaliqdina et al., "Absence of miR-146a in podocytes increases risk of diabetic glomerulopathy via up-regulation of ErbB4 and Notch-1," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 292, no. 2, pp. 732-747, 2017.
34. P. Zhuang, C. K. Muraleedharan, and S. Xu, "Intraocular delivery of miR-146 inhibits diabetes-induced retinal functional defects in diabetic rat model," Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1646-1655, 2017.
35. C. Ciccacci, R. Morganti, D. Di Fusco et al., "Common polymorphisms in MIR146a, MIR128a and MIR27a genes contribute to neuropathy susceptibility in type 2 diabetes," Acta Diabetologica, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 663-671, 2014.
36. G. Kaidonis, M. C. Gillies, S. Abhary et al., "A singlenucleotide polymorphism in the microRNA-146a gene is associated with diabetic nephropathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Caucasian patients," Acta Diabetologica, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 643-650, 2016.
37. M. A. Baker, S. J. Davis, P. Liu et al., "Tissue-specific micro-RNA expression patterns in four types of kidney disease," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 2985-2992, 2017.
38. H. Y. Chen, X. Zhong, X. R. Huang et al., "MicroRNA-29b inhibits diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice," Molecular Therapy, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 842-853, 2014.
39. J. Zhang, M. Chen, J. Chen et al., "Long non-coding RNA MIAT acts as a biomarker in diabetic retinopathy by absorbing miR-29b and regulating cell apoptosis," Bioscience Reports, vol. 37, no. 2, 2017.
40. X. Zhang, X. Gong, S. Han, and Y. Zhang, "MiR-29b protects dorsal root ganglia neurons from diabetic rat," Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 1105-1111, 2014.
41. Q. Chen, F. Qiu, K. Zhou et al., "Pathogenic role of micro-RNA-21 in diabetic retinopathy through downregulation of PPARα," Diabetes, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1671-1682, 2017.
42. J. Y. Lai, J. Luo, C. O'Connor et al., "MicroRNA-21 in glomerular injury," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 805-816, 2015.
43. N. Dey, F. Das, M. M. Mariappan et al., "MicroRNA-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex 1, resulting in renal cell pathology in diabetes," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 29, pp. 25586-25603, 2011.
44. X. Zhong, A. C. K. Chung, H. Y. Chen et al., "miR-21 is a key therapeutic target for renal injury in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes," Diabetologia, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 663-674, 2013.
45. J. Wang, L. Duan, L. Tian et al., "Serum miR-21 may be a potential diagnostic biomarker for diabetic nephropathy," Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, vol. 124, no. 7, pp. 417-423, 2016.
46. A. Sakai and H. Suzuki, "Nerve injury-induced upregulation of miR-21 in the primary sensory neurons contributes to neuropathic pain in rats," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 435, no. 2, pp. 176-181, 2013.
47. R. Simeoli, K. Montague, H. R. Jones et al., "Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma," Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1778, 2017.
48. Y. Shi and P. M. Vanhoutte, "Macro-and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes," Journal of Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 434-449, 2017.
49. E. Araldi and Y. Suárez, "MicroRNAs as regulators of endothelial cell functions in cardiometabolic diseases," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, vol. 1861, no. 12, pp. 2094-2103, 2016.
50. C. Beltrami, T. G. Angelini, and C. Emanueli, "Noncoding RNAs in diabetes vascular complications," Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 89, Part A, pp. 42-50, 2015.
51. C. Cheng, M. Kobayashi, J. A. Martinez et al., "Evidence for epigenetic regulation of gene expression and function in chronic experimental diabetic neuropathy," Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, vol. 74, no. 8, pp. 804-817, 2015.
52. K. Zeng, Y. Wang, N. Yang et al., "Resveratrol inhibits diabetic-induced Müller cells apoptosis through microRNA-29b/specificity protein 1 pathway," Molecular Neurobiology, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 4000-4014, 2017.
53. L. Jia, L. Wang, M. Chopp et al., "MiR-29c/PRKCI regulates axonal growth of dorsal root ganglia neurons under hyperglycemia," Molecular Neurobiology, pp. 1-8, 2017.
54. C. L. Lin, P. H. Lee, Y. C. Hsu et al., "MicroRNA-29a promotion of nephrin acetylation ameliorates hyperglycemiainduced podocyte dysfunction," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1698-1709, 2014.
55. J. Long, Y. Wang, W. Wang, B. H. J. Chang, and F. R. Danesh, "Identification of microRNA-93 as a novel regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor in hyperglycemic conditions," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 30, pp. 23457-23465, 2010.
56. S. S. Badal, Y. Wang, J. Long et al., "miR-93 regulates Msk2-mediated chromatin remodelling in diabetic nephropathy," Nature Communications, vol. 7, article 12076, 2016.
57. X. Lin, Y. You, J. Wang, Y. Qin, P. Huang, and F. Yang, "MicroRNA-155 deficiency promotes nephrin acetylation and attenuates renal damage in hyperglycemia-induced nephropathy," Inflammation, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 546-554, 2015.
58. Z. Zhou, J. Wan, X. Hou, J. Geng, X. Li, and X. Bai, "Micro-RNA-27a promotes podocyte injury via PPARγ-mediated β-catenin activation in diabetic nephropathy," Cell Death & Disease, vol. 8, no. 3, article e2658, 2017.
59. J. Long, Y. Wang, W. Wang, B. H. J. Chang, and F. R. Danesh, "MicroRNA-29c is a signature microRNA under high glucose conditions that targets Sprouty homolog 1, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 286, no. 13, pp. 11837-11848, 2011.
60. K. Kanasaki, S. Shi, M. Kanasaki et al., "Linagliptinmediated DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates kidney fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a therapeutic regimen," Diabetes, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2120-2131, 2014.
61. X. Yang, D. Wu, H. Du, F. Nie, X. Pang, and Y. Xu, "Micro-RNA-135a is involved in podocyte injury in a transient receptor potential channel 1-dependent manner," International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1511-1519, 2017.
62. R. Mortuza, B. Feng, and S. Chakrabarti, "miR-195 regulates SIRT1-mediated changes in diabetic retinopathy," Diabetologia, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1037-1046, 2014.
63. Y. Q. Chen, X. X. Wang, X. M. Yao et al., "MicroRNA-195 promotes apoptosis in mouse podocytes via enhanced caspase activity driven by BCL2 insufficiency," American Journal of Nephrology, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 549-559, 2011.
64. Y. Q. Chen, X. X. Wang, X. M. Yao et al., "Abated microRNA-195 expression protected mesangial cells from apoptosis in early diabetic renal injury in mice," Journal of Nephrology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 566-576, 2012.
65. X. Wang, B. Lin, L. Nie, and P. Li, "MicroRNA-20b contributes to high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis by targeting SIRT7," Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 5667-5674, 2017.
66. Y. Liu, H. Li, J. Liu et al., "Variations in microRNA-25 expression influence the severity of diabetic kidney disease," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 3627-3638, 2017.
67. H. Li, X. Zhu, J. Zhang, and J. Shi, "MicroRNA-25 inhibits high glucose-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells via PTEN/AKT pathway," Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 96, pp. 471-479, 2017.
68. Y. Fu, Y. Zhang, Z. Wang et al., "Regulation of NADPH oxidase activity is associated with miRNA-25-mediated NOX4 expression in experimental diabetic nephropathy," American Journal of Nephrology, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 581-589, 2010.
69. L. Zhang, S. He, S. Guo et al., "Down-regulation of miR-34a alleviates mesangial proliferation in vitro and glomerular hypertrophy in early diabetic nephropathy mice by targeting GAS1," Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 259-264, 2014.
70. Q. Hou, L. Zhou, J. Tang et al., "LGR4 is a direct target of microRNA-34a and modulates the proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells," PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 12, article e0168320, 2016.
71. L. Denby, V. Ramdas, M. W. McBride et al., "miR-21 and miR-214 are consistently modulated during renal injury in rodent models," The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 179, no. 2, pp. 661-672, 2011.
72. Z. Zhang, H. Peng, J. Chen et al., "MicroRNA-21 protects from mesangial cell proliferation induced by diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice," FEBS Letters, vol. 583, no. 12, pp. 2009-2014, 2009.
73. J. T. Park, M. Kato, H. Yuan et al., "FOG2 protein downregulation by transforming growth factor-β1-induced micro-RNA-200b/c leads to Akt kinase activation and glomerular mesangial hypertrophy related to diabetic nephropathy," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 288, no. 31, pp. 22469-22480, 2013.
74. M. Kato, V. Dang, M. Wang et al., "TGF-β induces acetylation of chromatin and of Ets-1 to alleviate repression of miR-192 in diabetic nephropathy," Science Signaling, vol. 6, no. 278, article ra43, 2013.
75. R. H. Jenkins, J. Martin, A. O. Phillips, T. Bowen, and D. J. Fraser, "Transforming growth factor β1 represses proximal tubular cell microRNA-192 expression through decreased hepatocyte nuclear factor DNA binding," Biochemical Journal, vol. 443, no. 2, pp. 407-416, 2012.
76. P. Igarashi, X. Shao, B. T. Mcnally, and T. Hiesberger, "Roles of HNF-1β in kidney development and congenital cystic diseases," Kidney International, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 1944-1947, 2005.
77. M. Kato, J. Zhang, M. Wang et al., "MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-β-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 3432-3437, 2007.
78. S. Putta, L. Lanting, G. Sun, G. Lawson, M. Kato, and R. Natarajan, "Inhibiting microRNA-192 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 458-469, 2012.
79. M. Kato, L. Arce, M. Wang, S. Putta, L. Lanting, and R. Natarajan, "A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-β1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells," Kidney International, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 358-368, 2011.
80. S. D. Deshpande, S. Putta, M. Wang et al., "Transforming growth factor-β-induced cross talk between p53 and a microRNA in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy," Diabetes, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 3151-3162, 2013.
81. M. Kato, L. Wang, S. Putta et al., "Post-transcriptional upregulation of Tsc-22 by Ybx1, a target of miR-216a, mediates TGF-β-induced collagen expression in kidney cells," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 44, pp. 34004-34015, 2010.
82. W. Qin, A. C. K. Chung, X. R. Huang et al., "TGF-β/Smad3 signaling promotes renal fibrosis by inhibiting miR-29," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 1462-1474, 2011.
83. B. Du, L. M. Ma, M. B. Huang et al., "High glucose downregulates miR-29a to increase collagen IV production in HK-2 cells," FEBS Letters, vol. 584, no. 4, pp. 811-816, 2010.
84. B. Wang, R. Komers, R. Carew et al., "Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-β1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 252-265, 2012.
85. B. Wang, J. C. Jha, S. Hagiwara et al., "Transforming growth factor-β1-mediated renal fibrosis is dependent on the regulation of transforming growth factor receptor 1 expression by let-7b," Kidney International, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 352-361, 2014.
86. J. T. Park, M. Kato, L. Lanting et al., "Repression of let-7 by transforming growth factor-β1-induced Lin28 upregulates collagen expression in glomerular mesangial cells under diabetic conditions," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 307, no. 12, pp. F1390-F1403, 2014.
87. E. P. Brennan, K. A. Nolan, E. Borgeson et al., "Lipoxins attenuate renal fibrosis by inducing let-7c and suppressing TGFβR1," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 627-637, 2013.
88. N. Yan, L. Wen, R. Peng et al., "Naringenin ameliorated kidney injury through let-7a/TGFBR1 signaling in diabetic nephropathy," Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2016, Article ID 8738760, 13 pages, 2016.
89. N. E. Castro, M. Kato, J. T. Park, and R. Natarajan, "Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) enhances expression of profibrotic genes through a novel signaling cascade and microRNAs in renal mesangial cells," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 289, no. 42, pp. 29001-29013, 2014.
90. Q. Wang, Y. Wang, A. W. Minto et al., "MicroRNA-377 is up-regulated and can lead to increased fibronectin production in diabetic nephropathy," The FASEB Journal, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 4126-4135, 2008.
91. A. Krupa, R. Jenkins, D. D. Luo, A. Lewis, A. Phillips, and D. Fraser, "Loss of microRNA-192 promotes fibrogenesis in diabetic nephropathy," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 438-447, 2010.
92. B. Wang, M. Herman-Edelstein, P. Koh et al., "E-cadherin expression is regulated by miR-192/215 by a mechanism that is independent of the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-β," Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1794-1802, 2010.
93. O. Tang, X. M. Chen, S. Shen, M. Hahn, and C. A. Pollock, "MiRNA-200b represses transforming growth factor-β1-induced EMT and fibronectin expression in kidney proximal tubular cells," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 304, no. 10, pp. F1266-F1273, 2013.
94. M. Xiong, L. Jiang, Y. Zhou et al., "The miR-200 family regulates TGF-β1-induced renal tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition through Smad pathway by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression," American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 302, no. 3, pp. F369-F379, 2012.
95. B. Wang, P. Koh, C. Winbanks et al., "miR-200a prevents renal fibrogenesis through repression of TGF-β2 expression," Diabetes, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 280-287, 2011.
96. R. Peng, H. Liu, H. Peng et al., "Promoter hypermethylation of let-7a-3 is relevant to its down-expression in diabetic nephropathy by targeting UHRF1," Gene, vol. 570, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2015.
97. X. Zhong, A. C. K. Chung, H.-Y. Chen, X.-M. Meng, and H. Y. Lan, "Smad3-mediated upregulation of miR-21 promotes renal fibrosis," Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1668-1681, 2011.
98. A. R. Gomaa, E. T. Elsayed, and R. F. Moftah, "MicroRNA-200b expression in the vitreous humor of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy," Ophthalmic Research, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 168-175, 2017.
99. A. R. Murray, Q. Chen, Y. Takahashi, K. K. Zhou, K. Park, and J. Ma, "MicroRNA-200b downregulates oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) expression in the retina of type 1 diabetes model," Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1689-1697, 2013.
100. Y. Cao, B. Feng, S. Chen, Y. Chu, and S. Chakrabarti, "Mechanisms of endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the retina in diabetes," Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 7321-7331, 2014.
101. X. Hou, J. Tian, J. Geng et al., "MicroRNA-27a promotes renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via suppressing PPARγ pathway in diabetic nephropathy," Oncotarget, vol. 7, no. 30, pp. 47760-47776, 2016.
102. K. Koga, H. Yokoi, K. Mori et al., "MicroRNA-26a inhibits TGF-β-induced extracellular matrix protein expression in podocytes by targeting CTGF and is downregulated in diabetic nephropathy," Diabetologia, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 2169-2180, 2015.
103. F. He, F. Peng, X. Xia et al., "MiR-135a promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating TRPC1," Diabetologia, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1726-1736, 2014.
104. J. Mu, Q. Pang, Y. H. Guo et al., "Functional implications of microRNA-215 in TGF-β1-induced phenotypic transition of mesangial cells by targeting CTNNBIP1," PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 3, article e58622, 2013.
105. X. Bai, J. Geng, Z. Zhou, J. Tian, and X. Li, "MicroRNA-130b improves renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via repression of Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy," Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, article 20475, 2016.
106. N. Kosaka, H. Iguchi, Y. Yoshioka, F. Takeshita, Y. Matsuki, and T. Ochiya, "Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 285, no. 23, pp. 17442-17452, 2010.
107. D. L. Michell and K. C. Vickers, "Lipoprotein carriers of microRNAs," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, vol. 1861, no. 12, pp. 2069-2074, 2016.
108. K. C. Vickers, B. T. Palmisano, B.M.Shoucri, R. D. Shamburek, and A. T. Remaley, "MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins," Nature Cell Biology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 423-433, 2011.
109. J. Wang, J. Chen, and S. Sen, "MicroRNA as biomarkers and diagnostics," Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 231, no. 1, pp. 25-30, 2016.
110. C. Wang, S. Wan, T. Yang et al., "Increased serum micro-RNAs are closely associated with the presence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus," Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, article 20032, 2016.
111. G. Sebastiani, L. Nigi, I. Spagnuolo, E. Morganti, C. Fondelli, and F. Dotta, "MicroRNA profiling in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reveals an upregulation of miR-31 expression in subjects with microvascular complications," Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, vol. 06, no. 05, pp. 58-64, 2013.
112. A. Zampetaki, P. Willeit, S. Burr et al., "Angiogenic micro-RNAs linked to incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes," Diabetes, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 216-227, 2016.
113. F. Barutta, G. Bruno, G. Matullo et al., "MicroRNA-126 and micro-/macrovascular complications of type 1 diabetes in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study," Acta Diabetologica, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 133-139, 2017.
114. L. L. Qin, M. X. An, Y. L. Liu, H. C. Xu, and Z. Q. Lu, "Micro-RNA-126: A promising novel biomarker in peripheral blood for diabetic retinopathy," International Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 530-534, 2017.
115. S. Qing, S. Yuan, C. Yun et al., "Serum miRNA biomarkers serve as a fingerprint for proliferative diabetic retinopathy," Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1733-1740, 2014.
116. Q. Jiang, X. M. Lyu, Y. Yuan, and L. Wang, "Plasma miR-21 expression: an indicator for the severity of type 2 diabetes with diabetic retinopathy," Bioscience Reports, vol. 37, no. 2, 2017.
117. H. L. Zou, Y. Wang, Q. Gang, Y. Zhang, and Y. Sun, "Plasma level of miR-93 is associated with higher risk to develop type 2 diabetic retinopathy," Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 255, no. 6, pp. 1159-1166, 2017.
118. M. G. Pezzolesi, E. Satake, K. P. McDonnell, M. Major, A. M. Smiles, and A. S. Krolewski, "Circulating TGF-β1-regulated miRNAs and the risk of rapid progression to ESRD in type 1 diabetes," Diabetes, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 3285-3293, 2015.
119. J. Zhou, R. Peng, T. Li et al., "A potentially functional polymorphism in the regulatory region of let-7a-2 is associated with an increased risk for diabetic nephropathy," Gene, vol. 527, no. 2, pp. 456-461, 2013.
120. H. Y. Chien, C. Y. Chen, Y. H. Chiu, Y. C. Lin, and W. C. Li, "Differential microRNA profiles predict diabetic nephropathy progression in Taiwan," International Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 457-465, 2016.
121. Y. Shao, H. Ren, C. Lv, X. Ma, C. Wu, and Q. Wang, "Changes of serum Mir-217 and the correlation with the severity in type 2 diabetes patients with different stages of diabetic kidney disease," Endocrine, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 130-138, 2017.
122. G. Al-Kafaji, G. Al-Mahroos, H. A. Al-Muhtaresh, C. Skrypnyk, M. A. Sabry, and A. R. Ramadan, "Decreased expression of circulating microRNA-126 in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A potential blood-based biomarker," Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 815-822, 2016.
123. C. Lv, Y.-h. Zhou, C. Wu, Y. Shao, C.-l. Lu, and Q.-y. Wang, "The changes in miR-130b levels in human serum and the correlation with the severity of diabetic nephropathy," Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 717-724, 2015.
124. C. C. Szeto, K. B. Ching-Ha, L. Ka-Bik et al., "Micro-RNA expression in the urinary sediment of patients with chronic kidney diseases," Disease Markers, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 137-144, 2012.
125. G. Wang, B. C.-H. Kwan, F. M.-M. Lai, K.-M. Chow, P. K.-T. Li, and C.-C. Szeto, "Urinary sediment miRNA levels in adult nephrotic syndrome," Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 418, pp. 5-11, 2013.
126. M. Cardenas-Gonzalez, A. Srivastava, M. Pavkovic et al., "Identification, confirmation, and replication of novel urinary microRNA biomarkers in lupus nephritis and diabetic nephropathy," Clinical Chemistry, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 1515-1526, 2017.
127. C. Argyropoulos, K. Wang, S. McClarty et al., "Urinary microRNA profiling in the nephropathy of type 1 diabetes," PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 1, article e54662, 2013.
128. C. Argyropoulos, K. Wang, J. Bernardo et al., "Urinary microRNA profiling predicts the development of microalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes," Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1498-1517, 2015.
129. F. Barutta, M. Tricarico, A. Corbelli et al., "Urinary exosomal microRNAs in incipient diabetic nephropathy," PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 11, article e73798, 2013.
130. D. Delić, C. Eisele, R. Schmid et al., "Urinary exosomal miRNA signature in type II diabetic nephropathy patients," PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 3, article e0150154, 2016.
131. S. Eissa, M. Matboli, and M. M. Bekhet, "Clinical verification of a novel urinary microRNA panal: 133b,-342 and-30 as biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy identified by bioinformatics analysis," Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 83, pp. 92-99, 2016.
132. Y. Jia, M. Guan, Z. Zheng et al., "miRNAs in urine extracellular vesicles as predictors of early-stage diabetic nephropathy," Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2016, Article ID 7932765, 10 pages, 2016.
133. H. S. Cheng, N. Sivachandran, A. Lau et al., "MicroRNA-146 represses endothelial activation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways," EMBO Molecular Medicine, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1017-1034, 2013.
134. A. Zampetaki, S. Kiechl, I. Drozdov et al., "Plasma microRNA profiling reveals loss of endothelial miR-126 and other micro-RNAs in type 2 diabetes," Circulation Research, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 810-817, 2010.
135. T. Zhang, C. Lv, L. Li et al., "Plasma miR-126 is a potential biomarker for early prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus in susceptible individuals," BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 761617, 6 pages, 2013.
136. A. Zernecke, K. Bidzhekov, H. Noels et al., "Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection," Science Signaling, vol. 2, no. 100, article ra81, 2009.
137. Q. Gong, Z. Lu, Q. Huang et al., "Altered microRNAs expression profiling in mice with diabetic neuropathic pain," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 456, no. 2, pp. 615-620, 2015.
138. K. Hirota, H. Keino, M. Inoue, H. Ishida, and A. Hirakata, "Comparisons of microRNA expression profiles in vitreous humor between eyes with macular hole and eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy," Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 253, no. 3, pp. 335-342, 2015.
139. H. Peng, M. Zhong, W. Zhao et al., "Urinary miR-29 correlates with albuminuria and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes patients," PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 12, article e82607, 2013.