Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Current perspective and future directions

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 80, Issue , 2014, Pages 21-35

  Singh, Randhir ^a   Kishore, Lalit ^a   Kaur, Navpreet ^a  

^a MAHARISHI MARKANDESHWAR DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; Herbal intervention; Hyperglycemia; Therapeutic approaches

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; AMINOGUANIDINE; AMITRIPTYLINE; BENFOTIAMINE; EPALRESTAT; FIDARESTAT; FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE; GLUCOSE; HEXOSAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; INSULIN; METFORMIN; MINOCYCLINE; NICOTINAMIDE; PLACEBO; PONALRESTAT; REPAGLINIDE; RESVERATROL; RUBOXISTAURIN; RUTOSIDE; SORBINIL; SULFONYLUREA; TAURINE; THIOCTIC ACID; TRIGONELLINE; UBIDECARENONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZENARESTAT;

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DRUG MECHANISM; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; METABOLISM; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; TRENDS;

DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 84892158539     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. P. Balakumar, M.K. Arora, S.S. Ganti, J. Reddy, and M. Singh Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for diabetic nephropathy: current perspectives and future directions Pharmacol Res 60 2009 24 32
2. A.I. Vinik, T.S. Park, K.B. Stansberry, and G.L. Pittenger Diabetic neuropathies Diabetologia 43 2000 957 973 (Pubitemid 30655714)
3. J.L. Edwards, A.M. Vincent, H.T. Cheng, and E.L. Feldman Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management Pharmacol Ther 120 2008 1 34
4. S. Tesfaye Recent advances in the management of diabetic symmetrical polyneuropathy J Diabet Invest 2 2010 33 42
5. M. Davies, S. Brophy, R. Williams, and A. Taylor The prevalence, severity and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes Diabet Care 29 2006 1518 1522 (Pubitemid 44127574)
6. C. Quattrini, and S. Tesfaye Understanding the impact of painful diabetic neuropathy Diabet Metab Res Rev 19 2003 S2 S8
7. S. Tesfaye, A.J. Boulton, P.J. Dyck, R. Freeman, M. Horowitz, and P. Kempler et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity and treatments Diabet Care 33 2010 2285 2293
8. W. Athans, and H. Stephens Open calcaneal fractures in diabetic patients with neuropathy: a report of three cases and literature review Foot Ankle Int 29 2008 1049 1053
9. A. Veves, M. Backonja, and R.A. Malik Painful diabetic neuropathy: epidemiology, natural history, early diagnosis, and treatment options Pain Med 9 2008 660 674
10. I.G. Obrosova Diabetic painful and insensate neuropathy: pathogenesis and potential treatments Neurotherapeutics 6 2009 638 647
11. R.A. Gandhi, J.L. Marques, D. Selvarajah, C.J. Emery, and S. Tesfaye Painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with greater autonomic dysfunction than painless diabetic neuropathy Diabet Care 33 2010 1585 1590
12. A.A. Sima, and K. Sugimoto Experimental diabetic neuropathy: an update Diabetologia 42 1999 773 788 (Pubitemid 29325066)
13. A.G. Smith, and J.R. Singleton Diabetic neuropathy Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 18 2012 60 84
14. P.J. Oates Polyol pathway and diabetic peripheral neuropathy Int Rev Neurobiol 50 2002 325 392
15. C. Toth, L.L. Rong, C. Yang, J. Martinez, F. Song, and N. Ramji et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) and experimental diabetic neuropathy Diabetes 57 2008 1002 1017
16. 2 J Clin Invest 96 1995 733 740
17. D.R. Tomlinson Mitogen-activated protein kinases as glucosetransducers for diabetic complications Diabetologia 42 1999 1271 1281 (Pubitemid 29500963)
18. I. Vareniuk, I.A. Pavlov, and I.G. Obrosova Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene deficiency counteracts multiple manifestations of peripheral neuropathy in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of diabetes Diabetologia 51 2008 2126 2133
19. P.A. Low, T.D. Lagerlund, and P.G. McManis Nerve blood flow and oxygen delivery in normal, diabetic, and ischemic neuropathy Int Rev Neurobiol 31 1989 355 438
20. I. Yamakawa, H. Kojima, T. Terashima, M. Katagi, J. Oi, and H. Urabe et al. Inactivation of TNF-α ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 301 2011 E844 E852
21. N.E. Cameron, and M.A. Cotter Pro-inflammatory mechanisms in diabetic neuropathy: focus on the nuclear factor kappa B pathway Curr Drug Targets 9 2008 60 67 (Pubitemid 351209290)
22. G.M. Leinninger, A.M. Vincent, and E.L. Feldman The role of growth factors in diabetic peripheral neuropathy J Peripher Nerv Syst 9 2004 26 53 (Pubitemid 38338438)
23. M. Jack, and D. Wright Role of advanced glycation endproducts and glyoxalase I in diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy Transl Res 159 2012 355 365
24. M. Brownlee Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications Nature 414 2001 813 820 (Pubitemid 34000785)
25. A.M. Schmidt, S.D. Yan, J.L. Wautier, and D. Stern Activation of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts: a mechanism for chronic vascular dysfunction in diabetic vasculopathy and atherosclerosis Circ Res 84 1999 489 497 (Pubitemid 29138585)
26. R. Mastrocola, F. Restivo, I. Vercellinatto, O. Danni, E. Brignardello, and M. Aragno et al. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in brain mitochondria of diabetic rats J Endocrinol 187 2005 37 44 (Pubitemid 41556399)
27. G.M. Somfai, B. Knippel, E. Ruzicska, K. Stadler, M. Toth, and G. Salacz et al. Soluble semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity is related to oxidative stress and subchronic inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Neurochem Int 48 2006 746 752
28. J.S. Johansen, A.K. Harris, D.J. Rychly, and A. Ergul Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice Cardiovasc Diabetol 4 2005 5
29. G. Baydas, V.S. Nedzvetskiib, P.A. Nerushc, S.V. Kirichenkob, and T. Yoldasd Altered expression of NCAM in hippocampus and cortex may underlie memory and learning deficits in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus Life Sci 73 2003 1907 1916 (Pubitemid 36934505)
30. A. Koivisto, M. Hukkanen, M. Saarnilehto, H. Chapman, K. Kuokkanen, and H. Wei et al. Inhibiting TRPA1 ion channel reduces loss of cutaneous nerve fiber function in diabetic animals: sustained activation of the TRPA1 channel contributes to the pathogenesis of peripheral diabetic neuropathy Pharmacol Res 65 2012 149 158
31. G.M. Leinninger, J.L. Edwards, M.J. Lipshaw, and E.L. Feldman Mechanisms of disease: mitochondria as new therapeutic targets in diabetic neuropathy Nat Clin Pract 2 2006 620 628 (Pubitemid 44614088)
32. D.M. Niedowicz, and D.L. Daleke The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications Cell Biochem Biophys 43 2005 289 330 (Pubitemid 41095268)
33. G.L. King, and M.R. Loeken Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic complications Histochem Cell Biol 122 2004 333 338 (Pubitemid 39506591)
34. W.H. Wilson Tang, A. Maroo, and J.B. Young Ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure in diabetic patients Med Clin North Am 88 2004 1037 1061 (Pubitemid 39090349)
35. American Diabetes Association Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus Diabet Care 28 2005 S37 S42
36. M. Dobretsov, D. Romanovsky, and J.R. Stimers Early diabetic neuropathy: triggers and mechanisms World J Gastroenterol 13 2007 175 191 (Pubitemid 46231321)
37. D. Sigaudo-Roussel, B. Fromy, and J.L. Saumet Diabetic neuropathy in animal models Drug Discov Today 4 2007 39 44 (Pubitemid 350286529)
38. M.M. Huizinga, and A. Peltier Painful diabetic neuropathy: a management-centered review Clin Diabetes 25 2007 6 15
39. A. Hovaguimian, and C.H. Gibbons Clinical approach to the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2 2011 27 38
40. C.J. Bailey Potential new treatments for type 2 diabetes Trends Pharmacol Sci 21 2000 259 265 (Pubitemid 30445253)
41. M. Brownlee, L.P. Aiello, M.E. Cooper, A.I. Vinik, R.W. Nesto, and A.J.M. Boulton Complications of diabetes mellitus H.M. Kronenberg, S. Melmed, K.S. Polonsky, P.R. Larsen, Williams textbook of endocrinology 2008 Saunders Elsevier Philadelphia 1417 1501
42. T. Oyama, Y. Miyasita, H. Watanabe, and K. Shirai The role of polyol pathway in high glucose-induced endothelial cell damages Diabet Res Clin Pract 73 2006 227 234 (Pubitemid 44131488)
43. M. Oka, and N. Kato Aldose reductase inhibitors J Enzym Inhib 16 2001 465 473 (Pubitemid 34303250)
44. B. Tesfamariam Free radicals in diabetes endothelial cell dysfunction Free Radic Biol Med 16 1994 383 391 (Pubitemid 24122884)
45. S. Yagihashi, S.I. Yamagishi, R.-I. Wada, M. Baba, T.C. Hohman, and C. Yabe-Nishimura et al. Neuropathy in diabetic mice overexpressing human aldose reductase and effects of aldose reductase inhibitor Brain 124 2001 2448 2458 (Pubitemid 33134934)
46. R.G. Judzewitsch, J.B. Jaspan, K.S. Polonsky, C.R. Weinberg, J.B. Halter, and E. Halar et al. Aldose reductase inhibition improves nerve conduction velocity in diabetic patients N Engl J Med 308 1983 119 125 (Pubitemid 13224116)
47. R.J. Young, D.J. Ewing, and B.F. Clarke A controlled trial of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in chronic painful diabetic neuropathy Diabetes 32 1983 938 942 (Pubitemid 13000657)
48. I.G. Lewin, I.A. O'Brien, M.H. Morgan, and R.J. Corrall Clinical and neurophysiological studies with the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, in symptomatic diabetic neuropathy Diabetologia 26 1984 445 448 (Pubitemid 14080820)
49. N.E. Cameron, M.B. Leonard, I.S. Ross, and P.H. Whiting The effects of sorbinil on peripheral nerve conduction velocity, polyol concentrations and morphology in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat Diabetologia 29 1986 168 174 (Pubitemid 16137026)
50. P.H. Whiting, and I.S. Ross Increased nerve polyol levels in experimental diabetes and their reversal by Sorbinil Br J Exp Pathol 69 1988 697 702
51. L.J. Coppey, J.S. Gellett, E.P. Davidson, J.A. Dunlap, and M.A. Yorek Effect of treating streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with sorbinil, myo-inositol or aminoguanidine on endoneurial blood flow, motor nerve conduction velocity and vascular function of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve Int J Exp Diabet Res 3 2002 21 36 (Pubitemid 35174542)
52. D. Raccah, T. Coste, N.E. Cameron, D. Dufayet, P. Vague, and T.C. Hohman Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor tolrestat on nerve conduction velocity, Na/K ATPase activity, and polyols in red blood cells, sciatic nerve, kiDPNey cortex, and kiDPNey medulla of diabetic rats J Diabet Complications 12 1998 154 162 (Pubitemid 28241440)
53. A.A. Sima, A. Prashar, W.X. Zhang, S. Chakrabarti, and D.A. Greene Preventive effect of long-term aldose reductase inhibition (ponalrestat) on nerve conduction and sural nerve structure in the spontaneously diabetic Bio-Breeding rat J Clin Invest 85 1990 1410 1420 (Pubitemid 20176432)
54. C. Pekiner, and W.G. McLean Impaired induction of nerve ornithine decarboxylase activity in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat is prevented by the aldose reductase inhibitor ponalrestat Br J Pharmacol 101 1990 978 980
55. N.E. Cameron, and M.A. Cotter Dissociation between biochemical and functional effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor, ponalrestat, on peripheral nerve in diabetic rats Br J Pharmacol 107 1992 939 944
56. N. Hotta, T. Toyota, K. Matsuoka, Y. Shigeta, R. Kikkawa, and T. Kaneko et al. Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 52-week multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind parallel group study Diabet Care 24 2001 1776 1782 (Pubitemid 33716481)
57. Y. Kuzumoto, S. Kusunoki, N. Kato, T. Suzuki, and S. Yagihashi Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat on experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat Diabetologia 49 2006 3085 3093 (Pubitemid 44730313)
58. E.G. Zotova, G.J. Christ, W. Zhao, M. Tar, S.D. Kuppam, and J.C. Arezzo Effects of fidarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on nerve conduction velocity and bladder function in streptozotocin-treated female rats J Diabet Complications 21 2007 187 195 (Pubitemid 46687064)
59. N. Hotta, Y. Akanuma, R. Kawamori, K. Matsuoka, Y. Oka, and M. Shichiri et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative aldose reductase inhibitor-diabetes complications trial Diabet Care 29 2006 1538 1544 (Pubitemid 44127578)
60. K. Matsuoka, N. Sakamoto, Y. Akanuma, N. Hotta, M. Shichiri, and T. Toyota et al. A long-term effect of epalrestat on motor conduction velocity of diabetic patients: ARI-Diabetes Complications Trial (ADCT) Diabet Res Clin Pract 77 2007 S263 S268
61. T. Kawai, I. Takei, M. Tokui, O. Funae, K. Miyamoto, and M. Tabata et al. Effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes, in relation to suppression of N(É)-carboxymethyl lysine J Diabet Complications 24 2010 424 432
62. D.A. Greene, J.C. Arezzo, and M.B. Brown Effect of aldose reductase inhibition on nerve conduction and morphometry in diabetic neuropathy Neurology 53 1999 580 591 (Pubitemid 29382055)
63. M. Kihara, Y. Mitsui, M. Shioyama, T. Hasegawa, M. Takahashi, and S. Takakura et al. Effect of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on endoneurial blood flow in experimental diabetic neuropathy of rat Neurosci Lett 310 2001 81 84 (Pubitemid 32822809)
64. V. Bril, and R. Buchanan Long-term effects of ranirestat (AS-3201) on peripheral nerve function in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy Diabet Care 29 2006 68 72 (Pubitemid 44033433)
65. T. Matsumoto, Y. Ono, M. Kurono, A. Kuromiya, K. Nakamura, and V. Bril Ranirestat (AS-3201), a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, reduces sorbitol levels and improves motor nerve conduction velocity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats J Pharmacol Sci 107 2008 231 237 (Pubitemid 352030308)
66. I. Borghini, A. Ania-Lahuerta, R. Regazzi, G. Ferrari, A. Gjinovci, and C.B. Wollheim et al. Alpha, beta I, beta II, delta, and epsilon protein kinase C isoforms and compound activity in the sciatic nerve of normal and diabetic rats J Neurochem 62 1994 686 696
67. R.E. Roberts, and W.G. McLean Protein kinase C isozyme expression in sciatic nerves and spinal cords of experimentally diabetic rats Brain Res 754 1997 147 156 (Pubitemid 27170262)
68. N.D. Evcimen, and G.L. King The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes Pharmacol Res 55 2007 498 510 (Pubitemid 46962309)
69. H. Ishii, D. Koya, and G.L. King Protein kinase C activation and its role in the development of vascular complication in diabetes mellitus J Mol Med 76 1998 21 31 (Pubitemid 28085058)
70. N.E. Cameron, and M.A. Cotter Effects of protein kinase C β inhibition on neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic rats: interaction with oxidative stress and essential fatty acid dysmetabolism Diabet Metab Res Rev 18 2002 315 323
71. A.K. Srivastava High glucose-induced activation of protein kinase signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells: a potential role in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in diabetes Int J Mol Med 9 2002 85 89
72. A.I. Vinik, V. Bril, P. Kempler, W.J. Litchy, S. Tesfaye, and K.L. Price et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the protein kinase C beta-inhibitor ruboxistaurin mesylate during a 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial Clin Ther 27 2005 1164 1180 (Pubitemid 41393912)
73. C.M. Casellini, P.M. Barlow, A.L. Rice, M. Casey, K. Simmons, and G. Pittenger et al. A 6-month, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of the protein kinase C-beta inhibitor ruboxistaurin on skin microvascular blood flow and other measures of diabetic peripheral neuropathy Diabet Care 30 2007 896 902 (Pubitemid 46556584)
74. B. Brooks, C. Delaney-Robinson, L. Molyneaux, and D.K. Yue Endothelial and neural regulation of skin microvascular blood flow in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: effect of treatment with the isoform-specific protein kinase C beta inhibitor, ruboxistaurin J Diabet Complications 22 2008 88 95 (Pubitemid 351226619)
75. A. Boyd, C. Casselini, E. Vinik, and A. Vinik Quality of life and objective measures of diabetic neuropathy in a prospective placebo-controlled trial of ruboxistaurin and topiramate J Diabet Sci Technol 5 2011 714 722
76. S. Marshall, W.T. Garvey, and R.R. Traxinger New insights into the metabolic regulation of insulin action and insulin resistance: role of glucose and amino acids FASEB J 5 1991 3031 3036 (Pubitemid 21892862)
77. G. Boden, X. Chen, J. Ruiz, J.V. White, and L. Rossetti Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake J Clin Invest 93 1994 2438 2446 (Pubitemid 24177157)
78. E.D. Schleicher, and C. Weigert Role of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in diabetic nephropathy Kidney Int Suppl 58 2000 S13 S18
79. V. Kolm-Litty, U. Sauer, A. Nerlich, R. Lehmann, and E.D. Schleicher et al. High glucose-induced transforming growth factor beta1 production is mediated by the hexosamine pathway in porcine glomerular mesangial cells J Clin Invest 101 1998 160 169 (Pubitemid 28058915)
80. P.P. Sayeski, and J.E. Kudlow Glucose metabolism to glucosamine is necessary for glucose stimulation of transforming growth factor-alpha gene transcription J Biol Chem 271 1996 15237 15243 (Pubitemid 26195005)
81. H. Kaneto, G. Xu, K.H. Song, K. Suzuma, S. Bonner-Weir, and A. Sharma et al. Activation of the hexosamine pathway leads to deterioration of pancreatic beta-cell function through the induction of oxidative stress J Biol Chem 276 2001 31099 31104
82. H. Stracke, A. Lindemann, and K. Federlin A benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 104 1996 311 316 (Pubitemid 26306123)
83. H. Stracke, W. Gaus, U. Achenbach, K. Federlin, and R.G. Bretzel Benfotiamine in diabetic polyneuropathy (BENDIP): results of a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical study Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 116 2008 600 605
84. E. Haupt, H. Ledermann, and W. Kopcke Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy - a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study) Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 43 2005 71 77 (Pubitemid 40298057)
85. S. Wu, and J. Ren Benfotiamine alleviates diabetes-induced cerebral oxidative damage independent of advanced glycation end-product, tissue factor and TNF-alpha Neurosci Lett 394 2006 158 162 (Pubitemid 43061479)
86. P. Balakumar, A. Rohilla, P. Krishan, P. Solairaj, and A. Thangathirupathi The multifaceted therapeutic potential of benfotiamine Pharmacol Res 61 2010 482 488
87. R. Wada, and S. Yagihashi Role of advanced glycation end products and their receptors in development of diabetic neuropathy Ann N Y Acad Sci 1043 2005 598 604 (Pubitemid 41123949)
88. L.K. Bhatt, and A. Veeranjaneyulu Minocycline with aspirin: a therapeutic approach in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy Neurol Sci 31 2010 705 716
89. M.E. Cooper, V. Thallas, J. Forbes, E. Scalbert, S. Sastra, and I. Darby et al. The cross-link breaker, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide prevents vascular advanced glycation end-product accumulation Diabetologia 43 2000 660 664 (Pubitemid 30322084)
90. C.E. McIlduff, and S.B. Rutkove Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy Ther Clin Risk Manage 7 2011 377 385
91. D. Ziegler, P.A. Low, W.J. Litchy, A.J. Boulton, A.I. Vinik, and R. Freeman et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial Diabet Care 34 2011 2054 2060
92. - mouse, a type 2 diabetes model Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 2013 690 695
93. Y.P. Zhang, A. Eber, Y. Yuan, Z. Yang, Y. Rodriguez, and R.C. Levitt et al. Prophylactic and antinociceptive effects of coenzyme Q10 on diabetic neuropathic pain in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes Anesthesiology 118 2013 945 954
94. G. Negi, A. Kumar, R.K. Kaundal, A. Gulati, and S.S. Sharma Functional and biochemical evidence indicating beneficial effect of melatonin and nicotinamide alone and in combination in experimental diabetic neuropathy Neuropharmacology 58 2010 585 592
95. S.S. Sharma, A. Kumar, M. Arora, and R.K. Kaundal Neuroprotective potential of combination of resveratrol and 4-amino 1,8 naphthalimide in experimental diabetic neuropathy: focus on functional, sensorimotor and biochemical changes Free Radic Res 43 2009 400 408
96. A. Kumar, and S.S. Sharma NF-kappaB inhibitory action of resveratrol: a probable mechanism of neuroprotection in experimental diabetic neuropathy Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394 2010 360 365
97. P. Muthenna, C. Akileshwari, M. Saraswat, and G. Bhanuprakash Reddy Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation on eye lens protein by rutin Br J Nutr 107 2012 941 949
98. F. Li, I.G. Obrosova, O. Abatan, D. Tian, D. Larkin, and E.L. Stuenkel et al. Taurine replacement attenuates hyperalgesia and abnormal calcium signaling in sensory neurons of STZ-D rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288 2005 E29 E36
99. F. Li, O.I. Abatan, H. Kim, D. Burnett, D. Larkin, and I.G. Obrosova et al. Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats Neurobiol Dis 22 2006 669 676 (Pubitemid 43832137)
100. T. Askwith, W. Zeng, M.C. Eggo, and M.J. Stevens Oxidative stress and dysregulation of the taurine transporter in high-glucose-exposed human Schwann cells: implications for pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297 2009 E620 E628
101. T. Askwith, W. Zeng, M.C. Eggo, and M.J. Stevens Taurine reduces nitrosative stress and nitric oxide synthase expression in high glucose-exposed human Schwann cells Exp Neurol 233 2012 154 162
102. J.Y. Zhou, and S.W. Zhou Protection of trigonelline on experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012 2012 164219
103. UKPDS Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) Lancet 352 1998 837 853
104. A. Ulugol, H.C. Karadag, and M. Tamer Involvement of adenosine in the anti-allodynic effect of amitriptyline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Neurosci Lett 328 2002 129 132 (Pubitemid 34804728)
105. N.B. Finnerup, M. Otto, H.J. McQuay, T.S. Jensen, and S.H. Sindrup Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal Pain 118 2005 289 295
106. T. Saarto, and P.J. Wiffen Antidepressants for neuropathic pain Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2007 CD005454
107. Z. Simmons, E.L. Feldman, and R. Williams et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The evidence base for diabetes care 2002 John Wiley & Sons West Sussex, England 555 576
108. M.B. Max, M. Culnane, S.C. Schafer, R.H. Gracely, D.J. Walther, and B. Smoller et al. Amitriptyline relieves diabetic neuropathy pain in patients with normal or depressed mood Neurology 37 1987 589 596 (Pubitemid 17057933)
109. M. Vrethem, J. Boivie, H. Arnqvist, H. Holmgren, T. Lindstrom, and L.H. Thorell A comparison a amitriptyline and maprotiline in the treatment of painful polyneuropathy in diabetics and nondiabetics Clin J Pain 13 1997 313 323 (Pubitemid 28028096)
110. C.M. Morello, S.G. Leckband, C.P. Stoner, D.F. Moorhouse, and G.A. Sahagian Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of gabapentin with amitriptyline on diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain Arch Intern Med 159 1999 1931 1937 (Pubitemid 29424714)
111. J.E. Hammack, J.C. Michalak, C.L. Loprinzi, J.A. Sloan, P.J. Novotny, and G.S. Soori et al. Phase III evaluation of nortriptyline for alleviation of symptoms of cisplatinum- induced peripheral neuropathy Pain 98 2002 195 203 (Pubitemid 34722482)
112. M.B. Max, S.A. Lynch, J. Muir, S.E. Shoaf, B. Smoller, and R. Dubner Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neuropathy N Engl J Med 326 1992 1250 1256
113. S.H. Sindrup, L.F. Gram, T. Skjold, A. Froland, and H. Beck-Nielsen Concentration-response relationship in imipramine treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms Clin Pharmacol Ther 47 1990 509 515 (Pubitemid 20151477)
114. S.H. Sindrup, L.F. Gram, T. Skjold, E. Grodum, K. Brosen, and H. Beck-Nielsen Clomipramine vs desipramine vs placebo in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. A double-blind cross-over study Br J Clin Pharmacol 30 1990 683 691 (Pubitemid 20377596)
115. S.H. Sindrup, L.F. Gram, K. Brosen, O. Eshoj, and E.F. Mogensen The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms Pain 42 1990 135 144 (Pubitemid 20258898)
116. S.H. Sindrup, U. Bjerre, A. Dejgaard, K. Brosen, T. Aaes-Jorgensen, and L.F. Gram The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram relieves the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy Clin Pharmacol Ther 52 1992 547 552
117. C.E. Argoff, M.M. Backonja, M.J. Belgrade, G.J. Bennett, M.R. Clark, and B.E. Cole et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: consensus guidelines for treatment J Fam Pract 2006 1 19
118. S.L. Collins, R.A. Moore, McQuayHJ, and P. Wiffen Antidepressants and anticonvulsants for diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review J Pain Symptom Manage 20 2000 449 458
119. D.K. Kajdasz, S. Iyengar, D. Desaiah, M.M. Backonja, J.T. Farrar, and D.A. Fishbain et al. Duloxetine for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: evidence-based findings from post hoc analysis of three multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies Clin Ther 29 2007 2536 2546 (Pubitemid 350299457)
120. M.C. Rowbotham, V. Goli, N.R. Kunz, and D. Lei Venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study Pain 110 2004 697 706 (Pubitemid 39036802)
121. A. Sultan, H. Gaskell, S. Derry, and R.A. Moore Duloxetine for painful diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia pain: systematic review of randomised trials BMC Neurol 8 2008 29
122. D.J. Goldstein, Y. Lu, M.J. Detke, T.C. Lee, and S. Iyengar Duloxetine vs. placebo in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy Pain 116 2005 109 118 (Pubitemid 40828506)
123. J. Raskin, Y.L. Pritchett, F. Wang, D.P.N. D'Souza, A.L. Waninger, and S. Iyengar et al. A double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain Pain Med (Malden, MA) 6 2005 346 356 (Pubitemid 41727332)
124. J.F. Wernicke, Y.L. Pritchett, D.P.N. D'Souza, A. Waninger, P. Tran, and S. Iyengar et al. A randomized controlled trial of duloxetine in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain Neurology 67 2006 1411 1420 (Pubitemid 44632065)
125. A. Yucel, S. Ozyalcin, Koknel, E. Kiziltan, B. Yucel, and O.K. Andersen et al. The effect of venlafaxine on ongoing and experimentally induced pain in neuropathic pain patients: a double blind, placebo controlled study Eur J Pain 9 2005 407 416 (Pubitemid 40836035)
126. P.J. Wiffen, H.J. McQuay, and R.A. Moore Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2005 CD005451
127. N.J. East Hanover Tegretol (carbamazepine) [package insert] 2008 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com
128. Lamictal (lamotrigine) tablets prescribing information 2004 GlaxoSmithKline Research Triangle Park, NC http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ DrugSafety/UCM152835.pdf
129. E. Eisenberg, Y. Lurie, C. Braker, D. Daoud, and A. Ishay Lamotrigine reduces painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, controlled study Neurology 57 2001 505 509 (Pubitemid 32757601)
130. K. Ichikawa, N. Koyama, S. Kiguchi, M. Kojima, and T. Yokota Inhibitory effect of oxcarbazepine on high frequency firing in peripheral nerve fibers Eur J Pharmacol 420 2001 119 122 (Pubitemid 32537686)
131. A.F. Ambrosio, P. Soares-Da-Silva, C.M. Carvalho, and A.P. Carvalho Mechanisms of action of carbamazepine and its derivatives, oxcarbazepine, BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024 Neurochem Res 27 2002 121 130 (Pubitemid 34242438)
132. A. Fox, C. Gentry, S. Patel, A. Kesingland, and S. Bevan Comparative activity of the anti-convulsants oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and gabapentin in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat and guinea-pig Pain 105 2003 355 362 (Pubitemid 37162506)
133. S. Kiguchi, T. Imamura, K. Ichikawa, and M. Kojima Oxcarbazepine antinociception in animals with inflammatory pain or painful diabetic neuropathy Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 31 2004 57 64 (Pubitemid 38230749)
134. S. Dogra, S. Beydoun, J. Mazzola, M. Hopwood, and Y. Wan Oxcarbazepine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study Eur J Pain 9 2005 543 554 (Pubitemid 41219786)
135. A. Beydoun, A. Shaibani, M. Hopwood, and Y. Wan Oxcarbazepine in painful diabetic neuropathy: results of a dose-ranging study Acta Neurol Scand 113 2006 395 404 (Pubitemid 44046325)
136. P. Raskin, P.D. Donofrio, N.R. Rosenthal, D.J. Hewitt, D.M. Jordan, and J. Xiang et al. Topiramate vs placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy: analgesic and metabolic effects Neurology 63 2004 865 873 (Pubitemid 39297649)
137. U. Thienel, W. Neto, S.K. Schwabe, and U. Vijapurkar Topiramate in painful diabetic polyneuropathy: findings from three double-blind placebo-controlled trials Acta Neurol Scand 110 2004 221 231 (Pubitemid 39274056)
138. A.C. Errington, T. Stohr, C. Heers, and G. Lees The investigational anticonvulsant lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels Mol Pharmacol 73 2008 157 169 (Pubitemid 350294207)
139. D. Ziegler, T. Hidvégi, I. Gurieva, S. Bongardt, R. Freynhagen, and D. Sen et al. Efficacy and safety of lacosamide in painful diabetic neuropathy Diabet Care 33 2010 839 841
140. M. Backonja, A. Beydoun, K.R. Edwards, S.L. Schwartz, V. Fonseca, and M. Hes et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial J Am Med Assoc 280 1998 1831 1836 (Pubitemid 28544423)
141. A.S.C. Rice, S. Maton Postherpetic Neuralgia Study Group Gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study Pain 94 2001 215 224 (Pubitemid 33016615)
142. M.G. Serpell Neuropathic Pain Study Group Gabapentin in neuropathic pain syndromes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Pain 99 2002 557 566 (Pubitemid 35284287)
143. P.J. Wiffen, H. McQuay, J. Edwards, and R.A. Moore Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2005 CD005452
144. H. Lesser, U. Sharma, L. La Moreaux, and R.M. Poole Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial Neurology 63 2004 2104 2110 (Pubitemid 39636259)
145. B. Lee, L. Shi, D.B. Kassel, T. Asakawa, K. Takeuchi, and R.J. Christopher Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, in rats, dogs, and monkeys Eur J Pharmacol 589 2008 306 314
146. J.J. Neumiller, L. Wood, and R.K. Campbell Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Pharmacotherapy 30 2010 463 484
147. S. Lam, and M. Saad Saxagliptin: a new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes Cardiol Rev 18 2010 213 217
148. E.P. Davidson, L.J. Coppey, B. Dake, and M.A. Yorek Treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with alogliptin: effect on vascular and neural complications Exp Diabet Res 2011 8104 8169
149. R. Bianchi, I. Cervellini, C. Porretta-Serapiglia, N. Oggioni, B. Burkey, and P. Ghezzi et al. Beneficial effects of PKF275-055, a novel, selective, orally bioavailable, long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy J Pharmacol Exp Ther 340 2012 64 72
150. K. Farmer, S.J. Williams, L. Novikova, K. Ramachandran, S. Rawal, and B.S. Blagg et al. KU-32, a novel drug for diabetic neuropathy, is safe for human islets and improves in vitro insulin secretion and viability Exp Diabet Res 2012 6716 6773
151. H.S. Hwang, E.J. Yang, S.M. Lee, S.C. Lee, and S.M. Choi Antiallodynic effects of electroacupuncture combined with MK-801 treatment through the regulation of p35/p25 in experimental diabetic neuropathy Exp Neurobiol 20 2011 144 152
152. P. Beaulieu Effects of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, on postoperative pain Can J Anaesth 53 2006 769 775 (Pubitemid 44420062)
153. C. Toth, S. Mawani, S. Brady, C. Chan, C. Liu, and E. Mehina et al. An enriched-enrolment, randomized withdrawal, flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment efficacy study of nabilone as adjuvant in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain Pain 153 2012 2073 2082
154. W.J. Liu, H.Y. Jin, J.H. Park, H.S. Baek, and T.S. Park Effect of rimonabant, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, on peripheral nerve in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat Eur J Pharmacol 637 2010 70 76
155. H.G. Kress Tapentadol and its two mechanisms of action: is there a new pharmacological class of centrally-acting analgesics on the horizon? Eur J Pain 14 2010 781 783
156. T.M. Tzschentke, J. De Vry, R. Terlinden, H.H. Hennies, C. Lange, and W. Strassburger et al. Tapentadol HCl Drugs Future 31 2006 1053 1061
157. T.M. Tzschentke, T. Christoph, B. Kögel, K. Schiene, H.-H. Hennies, and W. Englberger et al. (-)-(1R,2R)-3-(3-Di- methylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl- propyl)- phenol hydrochloride (tapentadol HCl): a novel μ-opioid receptor agonist/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with broadspectrum analgesic properties J Pharmacol Exp Ther 323 2007 265 276 (Pubitemid 47443277)
158. M. Afilalo, and B. Morlion Efficacy of tapentadol ER for managing moderate to severe chronic pain Pain Physician 16 2013 27 40
159. J.F. Peppin, K. Majors, L.R. Webster, D.M. Simpson, J.K. Tobias, and G.F. Vanhove Tolerability of NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% patch for peripheral neuropathic pain J Pain Res 4 2011 385 392
160. C. Martini, A. Yassen, E. Olofsen, P. Passier, M. Stoker, and A. Dahan Pharmacodynamic analysis of the analgesic effect of capsaicin 8% patch (Qutenza™) in diabetic neuropathic pain patients: detection of distinct response groups J Pain Res 5 2012 51 59
161. L.R. Webster, J.F. Peppin, F.T. Murphy, J.K. Tobias, and G.F. Vanhove Tolerability of NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% patch, in conjunction with three topical anesthetic formulations for the treatment of neuropathic pain J Pain Res 5 2012 7 13
162. L. Coppey, E. Davidson, B. Lu, C. Gerard, and M. Yorek Vasopeptidase inhibitor ilepatril (AVE7688) prevents obesity- and diabetes-induced neuropathy in C57Bl/6J mice Neuropharmacology 60 2011 259 266
163. M.C. Rowbotham, W.R. Duan, J. Thomas, W. Nothaft, and M.M. Backonja A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ABT-594 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain Pain 146 2009 245 252
164. M.C. Rowbotham, A. Arslanian, W. Nothaft, W.R. Duan, A.E. Best, and Y. Pritchett et al. Efficacy and safety of the α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist ABT-894 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain Pain 153 2012 862 868
165. L. Wang, M. Chopp, A. Szalad, Z. Liu, M. Bolz, and F.M. Alvarez et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 is a therapeutic target for peripheral neuropathy in diabetic mice Neuroscience 193 2011 399 410
166. A. Kumar, G. Negi, and S.S. Sharma Suppression of NF-κB and NF-κB regulated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by BAY 11-7082 (IκB phosphorylation inhibitor) in experimental diabetic neuropathy Biochimie 94 2012 1158 1165
167. L. Wang, M. Chopp, A. Szalad, Z. Liu, M. Lu, and L. Zhang et al. Thymosin β4 promotes the recovery of peripheral neuropathy in type II diabetic mice Neurobiol Dis 48 2012 546 555
168. M.E. Inkster, M.A. Cotter, and N.E. Cameron Treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, improves nerve and vascular function in diabetic rats Eur J Pharmacol 561 2007 63 71 (Pubitemid 46435845)
169. X. Xu, Z. Liu, H. Liu, X. Yang, and Z. Li The effects of galanin on neuropathic pain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Eur J Pharmacol 680 2012 28 33
170. M. Landry, H.X. Liu, T.J. Shi, P. Brumovsky, F. Nagy, and T. Hokfelt Galaninergic mechanisms at the spinal level: focus on histochemical phenotyping Neuropeptides 39 2005 223 231 (Pubitemid 40804589)
171. M. Landry, R. Bouali-Benazzouz, C. Andre, T.J. Shi, C. Leger, and F. Nagy et al. Galanin receptor 1 is expressed in a subpopulation of glutamatergic interneurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord J Comp Neurol 499 2006 391 403 (Pubitemid 44571935)
172. M. Ouardouz, E. Coderre, A. Basak, A. Chen, G.W. Zamponi, and S. Hameed et al. Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: I. GluR6 kainate receptors Ann Neurol 65 2009 151 159
173. M. Ouardouz, E. Coderre, G.W. Zamponi, S. Hameed, X. Yin, and B.D. Trapp et al. Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II. AMPA and GluR5 receptors Ann Neurol 65 2009 160 166
174. W. Sun, B. Miao, X.C. Wang, J.H. Duan, X. Ye, and W.J. Han et al. Gastrodin inhibits allodynia and hyperalgesia in painful diabetic neuropathy rats by decreasing excitability of nociceptive primary sensory neurons PLoS ONE 7 2012 e73964
175. A. Soumyanath, D. Dimitrova, G. Arnold, H. Belding, N. Seifer, and N. Le et al. P02.186. CAST (Centella asiatica selected triterpenes): stability, safety, and effect on diabetic neuropathy (DPN) BMC Complem Altern Med 12 2012 242
176. L. Li The effect of neuragen PN on neuropathic pain: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial BMC Complem Altern Med 10 2010 22
177. A. Kaeidi, S. Esmaeili-Mahani, V. Sheibani, M. Abbasnejad, B. Rasoulian, and Z. Hajializadeh et al. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract attenuates early diabetic neuropathic pain through prevention of high glucose-induced apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies J Ethnopharmacol 136 2011 188 196
178. V. Tiwari, A. Kuhad, and K. Chopra Emblica officinalis corrects functional, biochemical and molecular deficits in experimental diabetic neuropathy by targeting the oxido-nitrosative stress mediated inflammatory cascade Phytother Res 25 2011 1527 1536
179. Z.Q. Wang, D. Ribnicky, X.H. Zhang, A. Zuberi, I. Raskin, and Y. Yu et al. An extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. enhances insulin receptor signaling and modulates gene expression in skeletal muscle in KK-A(y) mice J Nutr Biochem 22 2011 71 78
180. S. Logendra, D.M. Ribnicky, H. Yang, A. Poulev, J. Ma, and E.J. Kennelly et al. Bioassay-guided isolation of aldose reductase inhibitors from Artemisia dracunculus Phytochemistry 67 2006 1539 1546 (Pubitemid 44092913)
181. P. Watcho, R. Stavniichuk, D.M. Ribnicky, I. Raskin, and I.G. Obrosova High-fat diet-induced neuropathy of prediabetes and obesity: effect of PMI-5011, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. Mediators Inflamm 2010 268547
182. I. Kheterpal, L. Coleman, G. Ku, Z.Q. Wang, D. Ribnicky, and W.T. Cefalu Regulation of insulin action by an extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. in primary human skeletal muscle culture: a proteomics approach Phytother Res 24 2010 1278 1284
183. P. Watcho, R. Stavniichuk, P. Tane, H. Shevalye, Y. Maksimchyk, and P. Pacher et al. Evaluation of PMI-5011, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L., on peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic mice Int J Mol Med 27 2011 299 307
184. Z.A. Malik, M. Singh, and P.L. Sharma Neuroprotective effect of Momordica charantia in global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion induced neuronal damage in diabetic mice J Ethnopharmacol 133 2011 729 734
185. N. Kim, S.H. Kim, Y.J. Kim, J.K. Kim, M.K. Nam, and H. Rhim et al. Neurotrophic activity of DA-9801, a mixture extract of Dioscorea japonica Thunb. and Dioscorea nipponica Makino, in vitro J Ethnopharmacol 137 2011 312 319
186. T.H. Kang, E. Moon, B.N. Hong, S.Z. Choi, M. Son, and J.H. Park et al. Diosgenin from Dioscorea nipponica ameliorates diabetic neuropathy by inducing nerve growth factor Biol Pharm Bull 34 2011 1493 1498
187. A.S. Morani, S.L. Bodhankar, V. Mohan, and P.A. Thakurdesai Ameliorative effects of standardized extract from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds on painful peripheral neuropathy in rats Asian Pac J Trop Med 5 2012 385 390
188. R. Stavniichuk, V.R. Drel, H. Shevalye, Y. Maksimchyk, T.M. Kuchmerovska, and J.L. Nadler et al. Baicalein alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy through inhibition of oxidative-nitrosative stress and p38 MAPK activation Exp Neurol 230 2011 106 113
189. A. Kuhad, and K. Chopra Tocotrienol attenuates oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammatory cascade in experimental model of diabetic neuropathy Neuropharmacology 57 2009 456 462
190. K. Chopra, V. Tiwari, V. Arora, and A. Kuhad Sesamol suppresses neuro-inflammatory cascade in experimental model of diabetic neuropathy J Pain 11 2010 950 957
191. A. Kuhad, S. Sharma, and K. Chopra Lycopene attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain Eur J Pain 12 2008 624 632 (Pubitemid 351615310)
192. R. Singh, N. Kaur, L. Kishore, and G.K. Kumar Management of diabetic complications: a chemical constituents based approach J Ethnopharmacol 150 2013 51 70
193. M. Anjaneyulu, and K. Chopra Quercetin, a bioflavonoid, attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathic pain Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27 2003 1001 1005 (Pubitemid 37141388)
194. M. Anjaneyulu, and K. Chopra Quercetin attenuates thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia in STZ-induced diabetic rats Indian J Exp Biol 42 2004 766 769 (Pubitemid 39059184)
195. H.D. Nickerson, and S. Dutta Diabetic complications: current challenges and opportunities J Cardiovasc Trans Res 5 2012 375 379
196. I. Gilron, J.M. Bailey, D. Tu, R.R. Holden, D.F. Weaver, and R.L. Houlden Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain N Engl J Med 352 2005 1324 1334 (Pubitemid 40411499)
197. I. Gilron, J.M. Bailey, D. Tu, R.R. Holden, A.C. Jackson, and R.L. Houlden Nortriptyline and gabapentin, alone and in combination for neuropathic pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled crossover trial Lancet 374 2009 1252 1261
198. M. Hanna, C. O'Brien, and M.C. Wilson Prolonged-release oxycodone enhances the effects of existing gabapentin therapy in painful diabetic neuropathy patients Eur J Pain 12 2008 804 813
199. N.B. Finnerup, S.H. Sindrup, and T.S. Jensen Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain F1000 Med Rep 2 2010 52
200. J.A. Rull, R. Quibrera, H. Gonzalez-Millan, and O. Lozano Castaneda Symptomatic treatment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy with carbamazepine (Tegretol): double blind crossover trial Diabetologia 5 1969 215 218
201. A.I. Vinik, M. Tuchman, B. Safirstein, C. Corder, L. Kirby, and K. Wilks et al. Lamotrigine for treatment of pain associated with diabetic neuropathy: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies Pain 128 2007 169 179 (Pubitemid 46216610)
202. J. Rosenstock, M. Tuchman, L. LaMoreaux, and U. Sharma Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial Pain 110 2004 628 638 (Pubitemid 39036794)
203. J.H. Vranken, M.G. Dijkgraaf, M.R. Kruis, M.H. van der Vegt, M.W. Hollmann, and M. Heesen Pregabalin in patients with central neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a flexible-dose regimen Pain 136 2008 150 157 (Pubitemid 351491377)
204. T. Tolle, R. Freynhagen, M. Versavel, U. Trostmann, and J.P. Young Jr. Pregabalin for relief of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind study Eur J Pain 12 2008 203 213 (Pubitemid 350180540)
205. R.W. Richter, R. Portenoy, U. Sharma, L. Lamoreaux, H. Bockbrader, and L.E. Knapp Relief of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy with pregabalin: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial J Pain 6 2005 253 260 (Pubitemid 40488803)
206. C.P. Watson, D. Moulin, J. Watt-Watson, A. Gordon, and J. Eisenhoffer Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial in painful diabetic neuropathy Pain 105 2003 71 78 (Pubitemid 37162475)
207. J.S. Gimbel, P. Richards, and R.K. Portenoy Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial Neurology 60 2003 927 934 (Pubitemid 36348923)
208. Y. Harati, C. Gooch, M. Swenson, S. Edelman, D. Greene, and P. Raskin et al. Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy Neurology 50 1998 1842 1846 (Pubitemid 28283262)
209. C.M. Campbell, M.S. Kipnes, B.C. Stouch, K.L. Brady, M. Kelly, and W.K. Schmidt et al. Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy Pain 153 2012 1815 1823
210. S.H. Sindrup, A. Graf, and N. Sfikas The NK1-receptor antagonist TKA731 in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomised, controlled trial Eur J Pain 10 2006 567 571 (Pubitemid 43947641)