메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 245-258

Limb development: A paradigm of gene regulation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BAT; BOVINE; CELL DISRUPTION; CHROMATIN; CYTOARCHITECTURE; DNA MODIFICATION; ECTRODACTYLY; ENHANCER REGION; FINGER AMPUTATION; FORELIMB; GENE; GENE CONTROL; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HINDLIMB; HUMAN; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; LIMB MALFORMATION; LIMB REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SNAKE; WING; ZRS GENE; ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METABOLISM; ORGANOGENESIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 85011623248     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: 14710064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2016.167     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (118)

References (146)
  • 1
    • 77955319729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular regulation of vertebrate limb patterning
    • Butterfield, N. C., McGlinn, E. & Wicking, C. The molecular regulation of vertebrate limb patterning. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 90, 319-341 (2010).
    • (2010) Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. , vol.90 , pp. 319-341
    • Butterfield, N.C.1    McGlinn, E.2    Wicking, C.3
  • 2
    • 70449805406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate limb bud development: Moving towards integrative analysis of organogenesis
    • Zeller, R., Lopez-Rios, J. & Zuniga, A. Vertebrate limb bud development: moving towards integrative analysis of organogenesis. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 845-858 (2009).
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.10 , pp. 845-858
    • Zeller, R.1    Lopez-Rios, J.2    Zuniga, A.3
  • 3
    • 84879911829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of lineage-specific regulatory activities in the human embryonic limb
    • Cotney, J. et al. The evolution of lineage-specific regulatory activities in the human embryonic limb. Cell 154, 185-196 (2013).
    • (2013) Cell , vol.154 , pp. 185-196
    • Cotney, J.1
  • 4
    • 84961922811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptomic and epigenomic characterization of the developing bat wing
    • Eckalbar, W. L. et al. Transcriptomic and epigenomic characterization of the developing bat wing. Nat. Genet. 48, 528-536 (2016).
    • (2016) Nat. Genet. , vol.48 , pp. 528-536
    • Eckalbar, W.L.1
  • 5
    • 84872376764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pitx1 broadly associates with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements
    • Infante, C. R., Park, S., Mihala, A. G., Kingsley, D. M. & Menke, D. B. Pitx1 broadly associates with limb enhancers and is enriched on hindlimb cis-regulatory elements. Dev. Biol. 374, 234-244 (2013).
    • (2013) Dev. Biol. , vol.374 , pp. 234-244
    • Infante, C.R.1    Park, S.2    Mihala, A.G.3    Kingsley, D.M.4    Menke, D.B.5
  • 6
    • 60149091656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ChIP-seq accurately predicts tissue-specific activity of enhancers
    • Visel, A. et al. ChIP-seq accurately predicts tissue-specific activity of enhancers. Nature 457, 854-858 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature , vol.457 , pp. 854-858
    • Visel, A.1
  • 7
    • 53549125545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-scale analysis of the cis-regulatory circuitry underlying sonic hedgehog-mediated patterning of the mammalian limb
    • Vokes, S. A., Ji, H., Wong, W. H. & McMahon, A. P. A genome-scale analysis of the cis-regulatory circuitry underlying sonic hedgehog-mediated patterning of the mammalian limb. Genes Dev. 22, 2651-2663 (2008).
    • (2008) Genes Dev. , vol.22 , pp. 2651-2663
    • Vokes, S.A.1    Ji, H.2    Wong, W.H.3    McMahon, A.P.4
  • 8
    • 84861911346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromatin state signatures associated with tissue-specific gene expression and enhancer activity in the embryonic limb
    • Cotney, J. et al. Chromatin state signatures associated with tissue-specific gene expression and enhancer activity in the embryonic limb. Genome Res. 22, 1069-1080 (2012).
    • (2012) Genome Res. , vol.22 , pp. 1069-1080
    • Cotney, J.1
  • 9
    • 84908042311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide identification of signaling center enhancers in the developing limb
    • VanderMeer, J. E., Smith, R. P., Jones, S. L. & Ahituv, N. Genome-wide identification of signaling center enhancers in the developing limb. Development 141, 4194-4198 (2014).
    • (2014) Development , vol.141 , pp. 4194-4198
    • VanderMeer, J.E.1    Smith, R.P.2    Jones, S.L.3    Ahituv, N.4
  • 10
    • 84881119091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The genomic landscape of cohesin-associated chromatin interactions
    • DeMare, L. E. et al. The genomic landscape of cohesin-associated chromatin interactions. Genome Res. 23, 1224-1234 (2013).
    • (2013) Genome Res. , vol.23 , pp. 1224-1234
    • DeMare, L.E.1
  • 11
    • 84928825813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole transcriptome expression profiling of mouse limb tendon development by using RNA-seq
    • Liu, H. et al. Whole transcriptome expression profiling of mouse limb tendon development by using RNA-seq. J. Orthop. Res. 33, 840-848 (2015).
    • (2015) J. Orthop. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 840-848
    • Liu, H.1
  • 12
    • 84940749611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between gene network structure and expression variation among individuals and species
    • Sears, K. E. et al. The relationship between gene network structure and expression variation among individuals and species. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005398 (2015).
    • (2015) PLoS Genet. , vol.11 , pp. e1005398
    • Sears, K.E.1
  • 13
    • 84902665521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique expression patterns of multiple key genes associated with the evolution of mammalian flight
    • Wang, Z. et al. Unique expression patterns of multiple key genes associated with the evolution of mammalian flight. Proc. Biol. Sci. 281, 20133133 (2014).
    • (2014) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.281 , pp. 20133133
    • Wang, Z.1
  • 14
    • 0029977495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a role for T-box genes in the evolution of limb morphogenesis and the specification of forelimb/hindlimb identity
    • Gibson-Brown, J. J. et al. Evidence of a role for T-box genes in the evolution of limb morphogenesis and the specification of forelimb/hindlimb identity. Mech. Dev. 56, 93-101 (1996).
    • (1996) Mech. Dev. , vol.56 , pp. 93-101
    • Gibson-Brown, J.J.1
  • 15
    • 76049089129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbx4/5 gene duplication and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages
    • Minguillon, C., Gibson-Brown, J. J. & Logan, M. P. Tbx4/5 gene duplication and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21726-21730 (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 21726-21730
    • Minguillon, C.1    Gibson-Brown, J.J.2    Logan, M.P.3
  • 16
    • 84938556850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RA acts in a coherent feed-forward mechanism with Tbx5 to control limb bud induction and initiation
    • Nishimoto, S., Wilde, S. M., Wood, S. & Logan, M. P. RA acts in a coherent feed-forward mechanism with Tbx5 to control limb bud induction and initiation. Cell Rep. 12, 879-891 (2015).
    • (2015) Cell Rep. , vol.12 , pp. 879-891
    • Nishimoto, S.1    Wilde, S.M.2    Wood, S.3    Logan, M.P.4
  • 17
    • 0037323976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbx5 is essential for forelimb bud initiation following patterning of the limb field in the mouse embryo
    • Agarwal, P. et al. Tbx5 is essential for forelimb bud initiation following patterning of the limb field in the mouse embryo. Development 130, 623-633 (2003).
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 623-633
    • Agarwal, P.1
  • 18
    • 0036830806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limb identity gene Tbx5 promotes limb initiation by interacting with Wnt2b and Fgf10
    • Ng, J. K. et al. The limb identity gene Tbx5 promotes limb initiation by interacting with Wnt2b and Fgf10. Development 129, 5161-5170 (2002).
    • (2002) Development , vol.129 , pp. 5161-5170
    • Ng, J.K.1
  • 19
    • 11244268534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbx5 and Tbx4 are not sufficient to determine limb-specific morphologies but have common roles in initiating limb outgrowth
    • Minguillon, C., Del Buono, J. & Logan, M. P. Tbx5 and Tbx4 are not sufficient to determine limb-specific morphologies but have common roles in initiating limb outgrowth. Dev. Cell 8, 75-84 (2005).
    • (2005) Dev. Cell , vol.8 , pp. 75-84
    • Minguillon, C.1    Del Buono, J.2    Logan, M.P.3
  • 20
    • 0030790518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mesenchymal factor, FGF10, initiates and maintains the outgrowth of the chick limb bud through interaction with FGF8, an apical ectodermal factor
    • Ohuchi, H. et al. The mesenchymal factor, FGF10, initiates and maintains the outgrowth of the chick limb bud through interaction with FGF8, an apical ectodermal factor. Development 124, 2235-2244 (1997).
    • (1997) Development , vol.124 , pp. 2235-2244
    • Ohuchi, H.1
  • 21
    • 0032947346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fgf10 is essential for limb and lung formation
    • Sekine, K. et al. Fgf10 is essential for limb and lung formation. Nat. Genet. 21, 138-141 (1999).
    • (1999) Nat. Genet. , vol.21 , pp. 138-141
    • Sekine, K.1
  • 22
    • 0031885801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-mediated reciprocal regulation loop between FGF8 and FGF10 is essential for limb induction
    • Xu, X. et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-mediated reciprocal regulation loop between FGF8 and FGF10 is essential for limb induction. Development 125, 753-765 (1998).
    • (1998) Development , vol.125 , pp. 753-765
    • Xu, X.1
  • 23
    • 0041911184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbx5 is required for forelimb bud formation and continued outgrowth
    • Rallis, C. et al. Tbx5 is required for forelimb bud formation and continued outgrowth. Development 130, 2741-2751 (2003).
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 2741-2751
    • Rallis, C.1
  • 24
    • 0037071859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-box gene tbx5 is essential for formation of the pectoral limb bud
    • Ahn, D. G., Kourakis, M. J., Rohde, L. A., Silver, L. M. & Ho, R. K. T-box gene tbx5 is essential for formation of the pectoral limb bud. Nature 417, 754-758 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 754-758
    • Ahn, D.G.1    Kourakis, M.J.2    Rohde, L.A.3    Silver, L.M.4    Ho, R.K.5
  • 25
    • 84978476526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic basis of hindlimb loss in a naturally occurring vertebrate model
    • Don, E. K. et al. Genetic basis of hindlimb loss in a naturally occurring vertebrate model. Biol. Open 5, 359-366 (2016).
    • (2016) Biol. Open , vol.5 , pp. 359-366
    • Don, E.K.1
  • 26
    • 0041971124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Tbx4 blocks hindlimb development and affects vascularization and fusion of the allantois
    • Naiche, L. A. & Papaioannou, V. E. Loss of Tbx4 blocks hindlimb development and affects vascularization and fusion of the allantois. Development 130, 2681-2693 (2003).
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 2681-2693
    • Naiche, L.A.1    Papaioannou, V.E.2
  • 27
    • 0029821237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P-OTX: A PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development
    • Szeto, D. P., Ryan, A. K., O'Connell, S. M. & Rosenfeld, M. G. P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7706-7710 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 7706-7710
    • Szeto, D.P.1    Ryan, A.K.2    O'Connell, S.M.3    Rosenfeld, M.G.4
  • 28
    • 84943348158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, function and evolution of topologically associating domains (TADs) at HOX loci
    • Lonfat, N. & Duboule, D. Structure, function and evolution of topologically associating domains (TADs) at HOX loci. FEBS Lett. 589, 2869-2876 (2015).
    • (2015) FEBS Lett. , vol.589 , pp. 2869-2876
    • Lonfat, N.1    Duboule, D.2
  • 29
    • 84861095603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions
    • Dixon, J. R. et al. Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions. Nature 485, 376-380 (2012).
    • (2012) Nature , vol.485 , pp. 376-380
    • Dixon, J.R.1
  • 30
    • 84878754528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A switch between topological domains underlies HoxD genes collinearity in mouse limbs
    • Andrey, G. et al. A switch between topological domains underlies HoxD genes collinearity in mouse limbs. Science 340, 1234167 (2013).
    • (2013) Science , vol.340 , pp. 1234167
    • Andrey, G.1
  • 31
    • 84959369417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A single three-dimensional chromatin compartment in amphioxus indicates a stepwise evolution of vertebrate Hox bimodal regulation
    • Acemel, R. D. et al. A single three-dimensional chromatin compartment in amphioxus indicates a stepwise evolution of vertebrate Hox bimodal regulation. Nat. Genet. 48, 336-341 (2016).
    • (2016) Nat. Genet. , vol.48 , pp. 336-341
    • Acemel, R.D.1
  • 32
    • 84864803205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hox genes regulate the onset of Tbx5 expression in the forelimb
    • Minguillon, C. et al. Hox genes regulate the onset of Tbx5 expression in the forelimb. Development 139, 3180-3188 (2012).
    • (2012) Development , vol.139 , pp. 3180-3188
    • Minguillon, C.1
  • 33
    • 84897385060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A combination of activation and repression by a colinear Hox code controls forelimb-restricted expression of Tbx5 and reveals Hox protein specificity
    • Nishimoto, S., Minguillon, C., Wood, S. & Logan, M. P. A combination of activation and repression by a colinear Hox code controls forelimb-restricted expression of Tbx5 and reveals Hox protein specificity. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004245 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS Genet. , vol.10 , pp. e1004245
    • Nishimoto, S.1    Minguillon, C.2    Wood, S.3    Logan, M.P.4
  • 34
    • 84986207701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory evolution of Tbx5 and the origin of paired appendages
    • Adachi, N., Robinson, M., Goolsbee, A. & Shubin, N. H. Regulatory evolution of Tbx5 and the origin of paired appendages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 11 3, 10115-10120 (2016).
    • (2016) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.113 , pp. 10115-10120
    • Adachi, N.1    Robinson, M.2    Goolsbee, A.3    Shubin, N.H.4
  • 35
    • 50649114724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual hindlimb control elements in the Tbx4 gene and region-specific control of bone size in vertebrate limbs
    • Menke, D. B., Guenther, C. & Kingsley, D. M. Dual hindlimb control elements in the Tbx4 gene and region-specific control of bone size in vertebrate limbs. Development 135, 2543-2553 (2008).
    • (2008) Development , vol.135 , pp. 2543-2553
    • Menke, D.B.1    Guenther, C.2    Kingsley, D.M.3
  • 36
    • 84945255277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared enhancer activity in the limbs and phallus and functional divergence of a limb-genital cis-regulatory element in snakes
    • Infante, C. R. et al. Shared enhancer activity in the limbs and phallus and functional divergence of a limb-genital cis-regulatory element in snakes. Dev. Cell 35, 107-119 (2015).
    • (2015) Dev. Cell , vol.35 , pp. 107-119
    • Infante, C.R.1
  • 37
    • 74549118236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer
    • Chan, Y. F. et al. Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer. Science 327, 302-305 (2010).
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 302-305
    • Chan, Y.F.1
  • 38
    • 0033614409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate limb outgrowth and identity
    • Rodriguez-Esteban, C. et al. The T-box genes Tbx4 and Tbx5 regulate limb outgrowth and identity. Nature 398, 814-818 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 814-818
    • Rodriguez-Esteban, C.1
  • 39
    • 0033614374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbx5 and Tbx4 genes determine the wing/leg identity of limb buds
    • Takeuchi, J. K. et al. Tbx5 and Tbx4 genes determine the wing/leg identity of limb buds. Nature 398, 810-814 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 810-814
    • Takeuchi, J.K.1
  • 40
    • 0033548659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of Pitx1 upstream of Tbx4 in specification of hindlimb identity
    • Logan, M. & Tabin, C. J. Role of Pitx1 upstream of Tbx4 in specification of hindlimb identity. Science 283, 1736-1739 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1736-1739
    • Logan, M.1    Tabin, C.J.2
  • 41
    • 33749537239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, tendon, and bones of the hindlimb
    • DeLaurier, A., Schweitzer, R. & Logan, M. Pitx1 determines the morphology of muscle, tendon, and bones of the hindlimb. Dev. Biol. 299, 22-34 (2006).
    • (2006) Dev. Biol. , vol.299 , pp. 22-34
    • DeLaurier, A.1    Schweitzer, R.2    Logan, M.3
  • 43
    • 0033005419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene
    • Lanctot, C., Moreau, A., Chamberland, M., Tremblay, M. L. & Drouin, J. Hindlimb patterning and mandible development require the Ptx1 gene. Development 126, 1805-1810 (1999).
    • (1999) Development , vol.126 , pp. 1805-1810
    • Lanctot, C.1    Moreau, A.2    Chamberland, M.3    Tremblay, M.L.4    Drouin, J.5
  • 44
    • 0033557807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development
    • Szeto, D. P. et al. Role of the Bicoid-related homeodomain factor Pitx1 in specifying hindlimb morphogenesis and pituitary development. Genes Dev. 13, 484-494 (1999).
    • (1999) Genes Dev. , vol.13 , pp. 484-494
    • Szeto, D.P.1
  • 45
    • 81755162283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pitx1 is necessary for normal initiation of hindlimb outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies via targeted growth control
    • Duboc, V. & Logan, M. P. Pitx1 is necessary for normal initiation of hindlimb outgrowth through regulation of Tbx4 expression and shapes hindlimb morphologies via targeted growth control. Development 138, 5301-5309 (2011).
    • (2011) Development , vol.138 , pp. 5301-5309
    • Duboc, V.1    Logan, M.P.2
  • 46
    • 84878111737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liebenberg syndrome is caused by a deletion upstream to the PITX1 gene resulting in transformation of the upper limbs to reflect lower limb characteristics
    • Al-Qattan, M. M., Al-Thunayan, A., Alabdulkareem, I. & Al Balwi, M. Liebenberg syndrome is caused by a deletion upstream to the PITX1 gene resulting in transformation of the upper limbs to reflect lower limb characteristics. Gene 524, 65-71 (2013).
    • (2013) Gene , vol.524 , pp. 65-71
    • Al-Qattan, M.M.1    Al-Thunayan, A.2    Alabdulkareem, I.3    Al Balwi, M.4
  • 47
    • 84867276487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation associated with genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus
    • Spielmann, M. et al. Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation associated with genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 91, 629-635 (2012).
    • (2012) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.91 , pp. 629-635
    • Spielmann, M.1
  • 48
    • 84911436065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chromosomal 5q31.1 gain involving PITX1 causes Liebenberg syndrome
    • Seoighe, D. M. et al. A chromosomal 5q31.1 gain involving PITX1 causes Liebenberg syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 164A, 2958-2960 (2014).
    • (2014) Am. J. Med. Genet. A , vol.164 A , pp. 2958-2960
    • Seoighe, D.M.1
  • 49
    • 84962211170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two domestic avian species
    • Domyan, E. T. et al. Molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two domestic avian species. eLife 5, e12115 (2016).
    • (2016) ELife , vol.5 , pp. e12115
    • Domyan, E.T.1
  • 51
    • 84962355549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bat accelerated regions identify a bat forelimb specific enhancer in the HoxD locus
    • Booker, B. M. et al. Bat accelerated regions identify a bat forelimb specific enhancer in the HoxD locus. PLoS Genet. 12, e1005738 (2016).
    • (2016) PLoS Genet. , vol.12 , pp. e1005738
    • Booker, B.M.1
  • 52
    • 55949119338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second wave of Sonic hedgehog expression during the development of the bat limb
    • Hockman, D. et al. A second wave of Sonic hedgehog expression during the development of the bat limb. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16982-16987 (2008).
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 16982-16987
    • Hockman, D.1
  • 53
    • 38349076024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory divergence modifies limb length between mammals
    • Cretekos, C. J. et al. Regulatory divergence modifies limb length between mammals. Genes Dev. 22, 141-151 (2008).
    • (2008) Genes Dev. , vol.22 , pp. 141-151
    • Cretekos, C.J.1
  • 54
    • 34347214774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation, genomic structure and developmental expression of Fgf8 in the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata
    • Cretekos, C. J. et al. Isolation, genomic structure and developmental expression of Fgf8 in the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 51, 333-338 (2007).
    • (2007) Int. J. Dev. Biol. , vol.51 , pp. 333-338
    • Cretekos, C.J.1
  • 55
    • 15544368562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hoxd13 expression in the developing limbs of the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata
    • Chen, C. H., Cretekos, C. J., Rasweiler, J. J. IV & Behringer, R. R. Hoxd13 expression in the developing limbs of the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. Evol. Dev. 7, 130-141 (2005).
    • (2005) Evol. Dev. , vol.7 , pp. 130-141
    • Chen, C.H.1    Cretekos, C.J.2    Rasweiler, J.J.I.V.3    Behringer, R.R.4
  • 56
    • 84903713669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterning and post-patterning modes of evolutionary digit loss in mammals
    • Cooper, K. L. et al. Patterning and post-patterning modes of evolutionary digit loss in mammals. Nature 5 11, 41-45 (2014).
    • (2014) Nature , vol.511 , pp. 41-45
    • Cooper, K.L.1
  • 57
    • 84859039425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental basis of mammalian digit reduction: A case study in pigs
    • Sears, K. E. et al. Developmental basis of mammalian digit reduction: a case study in pigs. Evol. Dev. 13, 533-541 (2011).
    • (2011) Evol. Dev. , vol.13 , pp. 533-541
    • Sears, K.E.1
  • 58
    • 84875365663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple phases of chondrocyte enlargement underlie differences in skeletal proportions
    • Cooper, K. L. et al. Multiple phases of chondrocyte enlargement underlie differences in skeletal proportions. Nature 495, 375-378 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.495 , pp. 375-378
    • Cooper, K.L.1
  • 59
    • 84903747246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuated sensing of SHH by Ptch1 underlies evolution of bovine limbs
    • Lopez-Rios, J. et al. Attenuated sensing of SHH by Ptch1 underlies evolution of bovine limbs. Nature 5 11, 46-51 (2014).
    • (2014) Nature , vol.511 , pp. 46-51
    • Lopez-Rios, J.1
  • 60
    • 33744784016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental basis for hind-limb loss in dolphins and origin of the cetacean bodyplan
    • Thewissen, J. G. M. et al. Developmental basis for hind-limb loss in dolphins and origin of the cetacean bodyplan. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8414-8418 (2006).
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 8414-8418
    • Thewissen, J.G.M.1
  • 61
    • 78650215490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates
    • Keyte, A. L. & Smith, K. K. Developmental origins of precocial forelimbs in marsupial neonates. Development 137, 4283-4294 (2010).
    • (2010) Development , vol.137 , pp. 4283-4294
    • Keyte, A.L.1    Smith, K.K.2
  • 62
    • 84864042802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparate Igf1 expression and growth in the fore-and hind limbs of a marsupial (Monodelphis domestica)
    • Sears, K. E. et al. Disparate Igf1 expression and growth in the fore-and hind limbs of a marsupial (Monodelphis domestica). J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 318, 279-293 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. , vol.318 , pp. 279-293
    • Sears, K.E.1
  • 63
    • 84855598837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HOXA13 and HOXD13 expression during development of the syndactylous digits in the marsupial Macropus eugenii
    • Chew, K. Y., Yu, H., Pask, A. J., Shaw, G. & Renfree, M. B. HOXA13 and HOXD13 expression during development of the syndactylous digits in the marsupial Macropus eugenii. BMC Dev. Biol. 12, 2 (2012).
    • (2012) BMC Dev. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 2
    • Chew, K.Y.1    Yu, H.2    Pask, A.J.3    Shaw, G.4    Renfree, M.B.5
  • 64
    • 84855658200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated modification of early limb morphogenesis programmes underlies the convergence of relative limb length in Anolis lizards
    • Sanger, T. J., Revell, L. J., Gibson-Brown, J. J. & Losos, J. B. Repeated modification of early limb morphogenesis programmes underlies the convergence of relative limb length in Anolis lizards. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279, 739-748 (2012).
    • (2012) Proc. Biol. Sci. , vol.279 , pp. 739-748
    • Sanger, T.J.1    Revell, L.J.2    Gibson-Brown, J.J.3    Losos, J.B.4
  • 65
    • 0033519674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes
    • Cohn, M. J. & Tickle, C. Developmental basis of limblessness and axial patterning in snakes. Nature 399, 474-479 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 474-479
    • Cohn, M.J.1    Tickle, C.2
  • 66
    • 0141817844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental basis of evolutionary digit loss in the Australian lizard Hemiergis
    • Shapiro, M. D., Hanken, J. & Rosenthal, N. Developmental basis of evolutionary digit loss in the Australian lizard Hemiergis. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 297, 48-56 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. , vol.297 , pp. 48-56
    • Shapiro, M.D.1    Hanken, J.2    Rosenthal, N.3
  • 67
    • 84994399741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss and re-emergence of legs in snakes by modular evolution of Sonic hedgehog and HOXD enhancers
    • Leal, F. & Cohn, M. J. Loss and re-emergence of legs in snakes by modular evolution of Sonic hedgehog and HOXD enhancers. Curr. Biol. 26, 2966-2973 (2016).
    • (2016) Curr. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 2966-2973
    • Leal, F.1    Cohn, M.J.2
  • 68
    • 84992505836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive loss of function in a limb enhancer during snake evolution
    • Kvon, E. Z. et al. Progressive loss of function in a limb enhancer during snake evolution. Cell. 167, 633-642 (2016).
    • (2016) Cell. , vol.167 , pp. 633-642
    • Kvon, E.Z.1
  • 69
    • 84982717690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reorganisation of Hoxd regulatory landscapes during the evolution of a snake-like body plan
    • Guerreiro, I. et al. Reorganisation of Hoxd regulatory landscapes during the evolution of a snake-like body plan. eLife 5, e16087 (2016).
    • (2016) ELife , vol.5 , pp. e16087
    • Guerreiro, I.1
  • 70
    • 70350152726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patched 1 is a crucial determinant of asymmetry and digit number in the vertebrate limb
    • Butterfield, N. C. et al. Patched 1 is a crucial determinant of asymmetry and digit number in the vertebrate limb. Development 136, 3515-3524 (2009).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 3515-3524
    • Butterfield, N.C.1
  • 71
    • 84926347191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals
    • Dai, M. et al. Differential expression of Meis2, Mab21l2 and Tbx3 during limb development associated with diversification of limb morphology in mammals. PLoS ONE 9, e106100 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , pp. e106100
    • Dai, M.1
  • 72
    • 84960848840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARCKS-like protein is an initiating molecule in axolotl appendage regeneration
    • Sugiura, T., Wang, H., Barsacchi, R., Simon, A. & Tanaka, E. M. MARCKS-like protein is an initiating molecule in axolotl appendage regeneration. Nature 531, 237-240 (2016).
    • (2016) Nature , vol.531 , pp. 237-240
    • Sugiura, T.1    Wang, H.2    Barsacchi, R.3    Simon, A.4    Tanaka, E.M.5
  • 73
    • 2342507670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A stepwise model system for limb regeneration
    • Endo, T., Bryant, S. V. & Gardiner, D. M. A stepwise model system for limb regeneration. Dev. Biol. 270, 135-145 (2004).
    • (2004) Dev. Biol. , vol.270 , pp. 135-145
    • Endo, T.1    Bryant, S.V.2    Gardiner, D.M.3
  • 74
    • 84971010761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FGF8 and SHH substitute for anterior-posterior tissue interactions to induce limb regeneration
    • Nacu, E., Gromberg, E., Oliveira, C. R., Drechsel, D. & Tanaka, E. M. FGF8 and SHH substitute for anterior-posterior tissue interactions to induce limb regeneration. Nature 533, 407-410 (2016).
    • (2016) Nature , vol.533 , pp. 407-410
    • Nacu, E.1    Gromberg, E.2    Oliveira, C.R.3    Drechsel, D.4    Tanaka, E.M.5
  • 75
    • 0022463544 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration from discontinuous circumferences in axolotl limbs
    • Muneoka, K., Holler-Dinsmore, G. & Bryant, S. Regeneration from discontinuous circumferences in axolotl limbs. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 217A, 61-65 (1986).
    • (1986) Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. , vol.217 A , pp. 61-65
    • Muneoka, K.1    Holler-Dinsmore, G.2    Bryant, S.3
  • 76
    • 36549051746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation between Shh expression and DNA methylation status of the limb-specific Shh enhancer region during limb regeneration in amphibians
    • Yakushiji, N. et al. Correlation between Shh expression and DNA methylation status of the limb-specific Shh enhancer region during limb regeneration in amphibians. Dev. Biol. 312, 171-182 (2007).
    • (2007) Dev. Biol. , vol.312 , pp. 171-182
    • Yakushiji, N.1
  • 77
    • 84948719330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic modification maintains intrinsic limb-cell identity in Xenopus limb bud regeneration
    • Hayashi, S. et al. Epigenetic modification maintains intrinsic limb-cell identity in Xenopus limb bud regeneration. Dev. Biol. 406, 271-282 (2015).
    • (2015) Dev. Biol. , vol.406 , pp. 271-282
    • Hayashi, S.1
  • 78
    • 84964354323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of tissue repair by regeneration enhancer elements
    • Kang, J. et al. Modulation of tissue repair by regeneration enhancer elements. Nature 532, 201-206 (2016).
    • (2016) Nature , vol.532 , pp. 201-206
    • Kang, J.1
  • 79
    • 79955019510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cis-regulatory mutations are a genetic cause of human limb malformations
    • VanderMeer, J. E. & Ahituv, N. Cis-regulatory mutations are a genetic cause of human limb malformations. Dev. Dyn. 240, 920-930 (2011).
    • (2011) Dev. Dyn. , vol.240 , pp. 920-930
    • VanderMeer, J.E.1    Ahituv, N.2
  • 80
    • 84994128778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking beyond the genes: The role of non-coding variants in human disease
    • Spielmann, M. & Mundlos, S. Looking beyond the genes: the role of non-coding variants in human disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 25, R157-R165 (2016).
    • (2016) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.25 , pp. R157-R165
    • Spielmann, M.1    Mundlos, S.2
  • 81
    • 0037188510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly
    • Lettice, L. A. et al. Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7548-7553 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 7548-7553
    • Lettice, L.A.1
  • 82
    • 84983072055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shh and ZRS enhancer colocalisation is specific to the zone of polarising activity
    • Williamson, I., Lettice, L. A., Hill, R. E. & Bickmore, W. A. Shh and ZRS enhancer colocalisation is specific to the zone of polarising activity. Development 143, 2994-3001 (2016).
    • (2016) Development , vol.143 , pp. 2994-3001
    • Williamson, I.1    Lettice, L.A.2    Hill, R.E.3    Bickmore, W.A.4
  • 83
    • 58149463874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal dynamics at the Shh locus: Limb bud-specific differential regulation of competence and active transcription
    • Amano, T. et al. Chromosomal dynamics at the Shh locus: limb bud-specific differential regulation of competence and active transcription. Dev. Cell 16, 47-57 (2009).
    • (2009) Dev. Cell , vol.16 , pp. 47-57
    • Amano, T.1
  • 84
    • 84898766379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of five digits is controlled by a bipartite long-range cis-regulator
    • Lettice, L. A. et al. Development of five digits is controlled by a bipartite long-range cis-regulator. Development 141, 1715-1725 (2014).
    • (2014) Development , vol.141 , pp. 1715-1725
    • Lettice, L.A.1
  • 85
    • 77952350426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development
    • Galli, A. et al. Distinct roles of Hand2 in initiating polarity and posterior Shh expression during the onset of mouse limb bud development. PLoS Genet. 6, e1000901 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Genet. , vol.6 , pp. e1000901
    • Galli, A.1
  • 86
    • 33745584051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pbx1/Pbx2 requirement for distal limb patterning is mediated by the hierarchical control of Hox gene spatial distribution and Shh expression
    • Capellini, T. D. et al. Pbx1/Pbx2 requirement for distal limb patterning is mediated by the hierarchical control of Hox gene spatial distribution and Shh expression. Development 133, 2263-2273 (2006).
    • (2006) Development , vol.133 , pp. 2263-2273
    • Capellini, T.D.1
  • 87
    • 84856995675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opposing functions of the ETS factor family define Shh spatial expression in limb buds and underlie polydactyly
    • Lettice, L. A. et al. Opposing functions of the ETS factor family define Shh spatial expression in limb buds and underlie polydactyly. Dev. Cell 22, 459-467 (2012).
    • (2012) Dev. Cell , vol.22 , pp. 459-467
    • Lettice, L.A.1
  • 88
    • 84893786171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GATA6 is a crucial regulator of Shh in the limb bud
    • Kozhemyakina, E., Ionescu, A. & Lassar, A. B. GATA6 is a crucial regulator of Shh in the limb bud. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004072 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS Genet. , vol.10 , pp. e1004072
    • Kozhemyakina, E.1    Ionescu, A.2    Lassar, A.B.3
  • 89
    • 4644328190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an expansion-based temporal Shh gradient in specifying vertebrate digit identities
    • Harfe, B. D. et al. Evidence for an expansion-based temporal Shh gradient in specifying vertebrate digit identities. Cell 11 8, 517-528 (2004).
    • (2004) Cell , vol.118 , pp. 517-528
    • Harfe, B.D.1
  • 90
    • 0027760995 scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA
    • Riddle, R. D., Johnson, R. L., Laufer, E. & Tabin, C. Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell 75, 1401-1416 (1993).
    • (1993) Cell , vol.75 , pp. 1401-1416
    • Riddle, R.D.1    Johnson, R.L.2    Laufer, E.3    Tabin, C.4
  • 91
    • 14844341770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elimination of a long-range cis-regulatory module causes complete loss of limb-specific Shh expression and truncation of the mouse limb
    • Sagai, T., Hosoya, M., Mizushina, Y., Tamura, M. & Shiroishi, T. Elimination of a long-range cis-regulatory module causes complete loss of limb-specific Shh expression and truncation of the mouse limb. Development 132, 797-803 (2005).
    • (2005) Development , vol.132 , pp. 797-803
    • Sagai, T.1    Hosoya, M.2    Mizushina, Y.3    Tamura, M.4    Shiroishi, T.5
  • 92
    • 0033611494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for the polydactylous mouse mutant Sasquatch
    • Sharpe, J. et al. Identification of sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for the polydactylous mouse mutant Sasquatch. Curr. Biol. 9, 97-100 (1999).
    • (1999) Curr. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 97-100
    • Sharpe, J.1
  • 93
    • 41149157070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Point mutations in a distant sonic hedgehog cis-regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial polydactyly
    • Lettice, L. A., Hill, A. E., Devenney, P. S. & Hill, R. E. Point mutations in a distant sonic hedgehog cis-regulator generate a variable regulatory output responsible for preaxial polydactyly. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17, 978-985 (2008).
    • (2008) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.17 , pp. 978-985
    • Lettice, L.A.1    Hill, A.E.2    Devenney, P.S.3    Hill, R.E.4
  • 94
    • 77951680304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic regions associated with dermal hyperpigmentation, polydactyly and other morphological traits in the Silkie chicken
    • Dorshorst, B., Okimoto, R. & Ashwell, C. Genomic regions associated with dermal hyperpigmentation, polydactyly and other morphological traits in the Silkie chicken. J. Hered. 101, 339-350 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Hered. , vol.101 , pp. 339-350
    • Dorshorst, B.1    Okimoto, R.2    Ashwell, C.3
  • 95
    • 84856010344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a novel DLX5 mutation in a family with autosomal recessive split hand and foot malformation
    • Shamseldin, H. E., Faden, M. A., Alashram, W. & Alkuraya, F. S. Identification of a novel DLX5 mutation in a family with autosomal recessive split hand and foot malformation. J. Med. Genet. 49, 16-20 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Med. Genet. , vol.49 , pp. 16-20
    • Shamseldin, H.E.1    Faden, M.A.2    Alashram, W.3    Alkuraya, F.S.4
  • 96
    • 84916218306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation associated with isolated split-hand/foot malformation with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in two unrelated families. Birth Defects Res
    • Sowinska-Seidler, A., Badura-Stronka, M., Latos-Bielenska, A., Stronka, M. & Jamsheer, A. Heterozygous DLX5 nonsense mutation associated with isolated split-hand/foot malformation with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in two unrelated families. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 100, 764-771 (2014).
    • (2014) A Clin. Mol. Teratol. , vol.100 , pp. 764-771
    • Sowinska-Seidler, A.1    Badura-Stronka, M.2    Latos-Bielenska, A.3    Stronka, M.4    Jamsheer, A.5
  • 97
    • 84906263906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exome sequencing reveals a heterozygous DLX5 mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant split-hand/foot malformation
    • Wang, X. et al. Exome sequencing reveals a heterozygous DLX5 mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal-dominant split-hand/foot malformation. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 22, 1105-1110 (2014).
    • (2014) Eur. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.22 , pp. 1105-1110
    • Wang, X.1
  • 98
    • 85006856444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in DLX5 gene underlies isolated split hand foot malformation type 1
    • Ullah, A., Ullah, M. F., Khalid, Z. M. & Ahmad, W. A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation in DLX5 gene underlies isolated split hand foot malformation type 1. Pediatr. Int. 58, 1348-1350 (2016).
    • (2016) Pediatr. Int. , vol.58 , pp. 1348-1350
    • Ullah, A.1    Ullah, M.F.2    Khalid, Z.M.3    Ahmad, W.4
  • 99
    • 84868126624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of tissue-specific enhancers in the DLX5/6 locus
    • Birnbaum, R. Y. et al. Functional characterization of tissue-specific enhancers in the DLX5/6 locus. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 4930-4938 (2012).
    • (2012) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.21 , pp. 4930-4938
    • Birnbaum, R.Y.1
  • 100
    • 84958753016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic subregions within the split-hand/foot malformation 1 locus
    • Rasmussen, M. B. et al. Phenotypic subregions within the split-hand/foot malformation 1 locus. Hum. Genet. 135, 345-357 (2016).
    • (2016) Hum. Genet. , vol.135 , pp. 345-357
    • Rasmussen, M.B.1
  • 101
    • 84861456609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coding exons function as tissue-specific enhancers of nearby genes
    • Birnbaum, R. Y. et al. Coding exons function as tissue-specific enhancers of nearby genes. Genome Res. 22, 1059-1068 (2012).
    • (2012) Genome Res. , vol.22 , pp. 1059-1068
    • Birnbaum, R.Y.1
  • 102
    • 84875249885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrated holo-enhancer unit defines tissue and gene specificity of the Fgf8 regulatory landscape
    • Marinic, M., Aktas, T., Ruf, S. & Spitz, F. An integrated holo-enhancer unit defines tissue and gene specificity of the Fgf8 regulatory landscape. Dev. Cell 24, 530-542 (2013).
    • (2013) Dev. Cell , vol.24 , pp. 530-542
    • Marinic, M.1    Aktas, T.2    Ruf, S.3    Spitz, F.4
  • 103
    • 84877049294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoupling the function of Hox and Shh in developing limb reveals multiple inputs of Hox genes on limb growth
    • Sheth, R. et al. Decoupling the function of Hox and Shh in developing limb reveals multiple inputs of Hox genes on limb growth. Development 140, 2130-2138 (2013).
    • (2013) Development , vol.140 , pp. 2130-2138
    • Sheth, R.1
  • 104
    • 0036158262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 117-kb microdeletion removing HOXD9-HOXD13 and EVX2 causes synpolydactyly
    • Goodman, F. R., Majewski, F., Collins, A. L. & Scambler, P. J. A 117-kb microdeletion removing HOXD9-HOXD13 and EVX2 causes synpolydactyly. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70, 547-555 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.70 , pp. 547-555
    • Goodman, F.R.1    Majewski, F.2    Collins, A.L.3    Scambler, P.J.4
  • 105
    • 0038613098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global control region defines a chromosomal regulatory landscape containing the HoxD cluster
    • Spitz, F., Gonzalez, F. & Duboule, D. A global control region defines a chromosomal regulatory landscape containing the HoxD cluster. Cell 11 3, 405-417 (2003).
    • (2003) Cell , vol.113 , pp. 405-417
    • Spitz, F.1    Gonzalez, F.2    Duboule, D.3
  • 106
    • 84855988700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duplications of BHLHA9 are associated with ectrodactyly and tibia hemimelia inherited in non-Mendelian fashion
    • Klopocki, E. et al. Duplications of BHLHA9 are associated with ectrodactyly and tibia hemimelia inherited in non-Mendelian fashion. J. Med. Genet. 49, 119-125 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Med. Genet. , vol.49 , pp. 119-125
    • Klopocki, E.1
  • 107
    • 84919622900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene dosage of the transcription factor Fingerin (bHLHA9) affects digit development and links syndactyly to ectrodactyly
    • Schatz, O., Langer, E. & Ben-Arie, N. Gene dosage of the transcription factor Fingerin (bHLHA9) affects digit development and links syndactyly to ectrodactyly. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, 5394-5401 (2014).
    • (2014) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.23 , pp. 5394-5401
    • Schatz, O.1    Langer, E.2    Ben-Arie, N.3
  • 108
    • 84919596990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations affecting the BHLHA9 DNA-binding domain cause MSSD, mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction, Malik-Percin type
    • Malik, S. et al. Mutations affecting the BHLHA9 DNA-binding domain cause MSSD, mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction, Malik-Percin type. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 95, 649-659 (2014).
    • (2014) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.95 , pp. 649-659
    • Malik, S.1
  • 109
    • 81355148487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancer-adoption as a mechanism of human developmental disease
    • Lettice, L. A. et al. Enhancer-adoption as a mechanism of human developmental disease. Hum. Mutat. 32, 1492-1499 (2011).
    • (2011) Hum. Mutat. , vol.32 , pp. 1492-1499
    • Lettice, L.A.1
  • 110
    • 84953295207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minor loops in major folds: Enhancer-promoter looping, chromatin restructuring, and their association with transcriptional regulation and disease
    • Matharu, N. & Ahituv, N. Minor loops in major folds: enhancer-promoter looping, chromatin restructuring, and their association with transcriptional regulation and disease. PLoS Genet. 11, e1005640 (2015).
    • (2015) PLoS Genet. , vol.11 , pp. e1005640
    • Matharu, N.1    Ahituv, N.2
  • 111
    • 84930091577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions
    • Lupianez, D. G. et al. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. Cell 161, 1012-1025 (2015).
    • (2015) Cell , vol.161 , pp. 1012-1025
    • Lupianez, D.G.1
  • 112
    • 84991727599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of new chromatin domains determines pathogenicity of genomic duplications
    • Franke, M. et al. Formation of new chromatin domains determines pathogenicity of genomic duplications. Nature 538, 265-269 (2016).
    • (2016) Nature , vol.538 , pp. 265-269
    • Franke, M.1
  • 113
    • 84939255435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoding enhancers using massively parallel reporter assays
    • Inoue, F. & Ahituv, N. Decoding enhancers using massively parallel reporter assays. Genomics 106, 159-164 (2015).
    • (2015) Genomics , vol.106 , pp. 159-164
    • Inoue, F.1    Ahituv, N.2
  • 114
    • 84928205754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-throughput functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas9
    • Shalem, O., Sanjana, N. E. & Zhang, F. High-throughput functional genomics using CRISPR-Cas9. Nat. Rev. Genet. 16, 299-311 (2015).
    • (2015) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.16 , pp. 299-311
    • Shalem, O.1    Sanjana, N.E.2    Zhang, F.3
  • 115
    • 84860469898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcriptional enhancers in protein-coding exons of vertebrate developmental genes
    • Ritter, D. I., Dong, Z., Guo, S. & Chuang, J. H. Transcriptional enhancers in protein-coding exons of vertebrate developmental genes. PLoS ONE 7, e35202 (2012).
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , pp. e35202
    • Ritter, D.I.1    Dong, Z.2    Guo, S.3    Chuang, J.H.4
  • 116
    • 78650304236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charting histone modifications and the functional organization of mammalian genomes
    • Zhou, V. W., Goren, A. & Bernstein, B. E. Charting histone modifications and the functional organization of mammalian genomes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12, 7-18 (2011).
    • (2011) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.12 , pp. 7-18
    • Zhou, V.W.1    Goren, A.2    Bernstein, B.E.3
  • 117
    • 79961022267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription initiation platforms and GTF recruitment at tissue-specific enhancers and promoters
    • Koch, F. et al. Transcription initiation platforms and GTF recruitment at tissue-specific enhancers and promoters. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 956-963 (2011).
    • (2011) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 956-963
    • Koch, F.1
  • 118
    • 84927641804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of the determinants of enhancer-promoter interaction specificity
    • van Arensbergen, J., van Steensel, B. & Bussemaker, H. J. In search of the determinants of enhancer-promoter interaction specificity. Trends Cell Biol. 24, 695-702 (2014).
    • (2014) Trends Cell Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 695-702
    • Van Arensbergen, J.1    Van Steensel, B.2    Bussemaker, H.J.3
  • 119
    • 0031604766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recruitment of CBP/p300 by the IFNβ enhanceosome is required for synergistic activation of transcription
    • Merika, M., Williams, A. J., Chen, G., Collins, T. & Thanos, D. Recruitment of CBP/p300 by the IFNβ enhanceosome is required for synergistic activation of transcription. Mol. Cell 1, 277-287 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Cell , vol.1 , pp. 277-287
    • Merika, M.1    Williams, A.J.2    Chen, G.3    Collins, T.4    Thanos, D.5
  • 120
    • 84874368349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activating RNAs associate with Mediator to enhance chromatin architecture and transcription
    • Lai, F. et al. Activating RNAs associate with Mediator to enhance chromatin architecture and transcription. Nature 494, 497-501 (2013).
    • (2013) Nature , vol.494 , pp. 497-501
    • Lai, F.1
  • 121
    • 57349111119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits
    • Boisvert, C. A., Mark-Kurik, E. & Ahlberg, P. E. The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature 456, 636-638 (2008).
    • (2008) Nature , vol.456 , pp. 636-638
    • Boisvert, C.A.1    Mark-Kurik, E.2    Ahlberg, P.E.3
  • 122
    • 0029027342 scopus 로고
    • Hox gene expression in teleost fins and the origin of vertebrate digits
    • Sordino, P., van der Hoeven, F. & Duboule, D. Hox gene expression in teleost fins and the origin of vertebrate digits. Nature 375, 678-681 (1995).
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 678-681
    • Sordino, P.1    Van Der Hoeven, F.2    Duboule, D.3
  • 123
    • 0038613098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global control region defines a chromosomal regulatory landscape containing the HoxD cluster
    • Spitz, F., Gonzales, F. & Duboule, D. A global control region defines a chromosomal regulatory landscape containing the HoxD cluster. Cell 11 3, 405-417 (2003).
    • (2003) Cell , vol.113 , pp. 405-417
    • Spitz, F.1    Gonzales, F.2    Duboule, D.3
  • 124
    • 0030878664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs
    • Shubin, N., Tabin, C. & Carroll, S. Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature 388, 639-648 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 639-648
    • Shubin, N.1    Tabin, C.2    Carroll, S.3
  • 125
    • 0027358721 scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the Hoxd13 gene induces localized heterochrony leading to mice with neotenic limbs
    • Dolle, P. et al. Disruption of the Hoxd13 gene induces localized heterochrony leading to mice with neotenic limbs. Cell 75, 431-441 (1993).
    • (1993) Cell , vol.75 , pp. 431-441
    • Dolle, P.1
  • 126
    • 84994614037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of Hoxa11 regulation in vertebrates is linked to the pentadactyl state
    • Kherdjemil, Y. et al. Evolution of Hoxa11 regulation in vertebrates is linked to the pentadactyl state. Nature 539, 89-92 (2016).
    • (2016) Nature , vol.539 , pp. 89-92
    • Kherdjemil, Y.1
  • 127
    • 38949158940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biphasic Hoxd gene expression in shark paired fins reveals an ancient origin of the distal limb domain
    • Freitas, R., Zhang, G. & Cohn, M. J. Biphasic Hoxd gene expression in shark paired fins reveals an ancient origin of the distal limb domain. PLoS ONE 2, e754 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS ONE , vol.2 , pp. e754
    • Freitas, R.1    Zhang, G.2    Cohn, M.J.3
  • 128
    • 84893777034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation and divergence of regulatory strategies at Hox loci and the origin of tetrapod digits
    • Woltering, J. M., Noordermeer, D., Leleu, M. & Duboule, D. Conservation and divergence of regulatory strategies at Hox loci and the origin of tetrapod digits. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001773 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS Biol. , vol.12 , pp. e1001773
    • Woltering, J.M.1    Noordermeer, D.2    Leleu, M.3    Duboule, D.4
  • 129
    • 84879606197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of the tetrapod limb: From expeditions to enhancers
    • Schneider, I. & Shubin, N. H. The origin of the tetrapod limb: from expeditions to enhancers. Trends Genet. 29, 419-426 (2013).
    • (2013) Trends Genet. , vol.29 , pp. 419-426
    • Schneider, I.1    Shubin, N.H.2
  • 130
    • 34249337760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An autopodial-like pattern of Hox expression in the fins of a basal actinopterygian fish
    • Davis, M. C., Dahn, R. D. & Shubin, N. H. An autopodial-like pattern of Hox expression in the fins of a basal actinopterygian fish. Nature 447, 473-476 (2007).
    • (2007) Nature , vol.447 , pp. 473-476
    • Davis, M.C.1    Dahn, R.D.2    Shubin, N.H.3
  • 131
    • 33645745783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb
    • Shubin, N. H., Daeschler, E. B. & Jenkins, F. A. Jr. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature 440, 764-771 (2006).
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 764-771
    • Shubin, N.H.1    Daeschler, E.B.2    Jenkins, F.A.3
  • 132
    • 84921395685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep conservation of wrist and digit enhancers in fish
    • Gehrke, A. R. et al. Deep conservation of wrist and digit enhancers in fish. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 11 2, 803-808 (2015).
    • (2015) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.112 , pp. 803-808
    • Gehrke, A.R.1
  • 133
    • 36349037013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish fingers: Digit homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins
    • Johanson, Z. et al. Fish fingers: digit homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. 308B, 757-768 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol. , vol.308 B , pp. 757-768
    • Johanson, Z.1
  • 134
    • 52049084333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tri-phasic expression of posterior Hox genes during development of pectoral fins in zebrafish: Implications for the evolution of vertebrate paired appendages
    • Ahn, D. & Ho, R. K. Tri-phasic expression of posterior Hox genes during development of pectoral fins in zebrafish: implications for the evolution of vertebrate paired appendages. Dev. Biol. 322, 220-233 (2008).
    • (2008) Dev. Biol. , vol.322 , pp. 220-233
    • Ahn, D.1    Ho, R.K.2
  • 135
  • 136
    • 79961238023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appendage expression driven by the Hoxd Global Control Region is an ancient gnathostome feature
    • Schneider, I. et al. Appendage expression driven by the Hoxd Global Control Region is an ancient gnathostome feature. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 12782-12786 (2011).
    • (2011) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.108 , pp. 12782-12786
    • Schneider, I.1
  • 137
    • 0035937421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WNT signals control FGF-dependent limb initiation and AER induction in the chick embryo
    • Kawakami, Y. et al. WNT signals control FGF-dependent limb initiation and AER induction in the chick embryo. Cell 104, 891-900 (2001).
    • (2001) Cell , vol.104 , pp. 891-900
    • Kawakami, Y.1
  • 138
    • 0032557302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct WNT pathways regulating AER formation and dorsoventral polarity in the chick limb bud
    • Kengaku, M. et al. Distinct WNT pathways regulating AER formation and dorsoventral polarity in the chick limb bud. Science 280, 1274-1277 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1274-1277
    • Kengaku, M.1
  • 139
    • 0033594485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development
    • Yang, A. et al. p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398, 714-718 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 714-718
    • Yang, A.1
  • 140
    • 0033926317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Split-hand/split-foot malformation is caused by mutations in the p63 gene on 3q27
    • Ianakiev, P. et al. Split-hand/split-foot malformation is caused by mutations in the p63 gene on 3q27. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67, 59-66 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.67 , pp. 59-66
    • Ianakiev, P.1
  • 141
    • 0036558218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development
    • Robledo, R. F., Rajan, L., Li, X. & Lufkin, T. The Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are essential for craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeletal development. Genes Dev. 16, 1089-1101 (2002).
    • (2002) Genes Dev. , vol.16 , pp. 1089-1101
    • Robledo, R.F.1    Rajan, L.2    Li, X.3    Lufkin, T.4
  • 142
    • 43049181659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 gene expression by p63 is involved in EEC and SHFM congenital limb defects
    • Lo Iacono, N. et al. Regulation of Dlx5 and Dlx6 gene expression by p63 is involved in EEC and SHFM congenital limb defects. Development 135, 1377-1388 (2008).
    • (2008) Development , vol.135 , pp. 1377-1388
    • Lo Iacono, N.1
  • 143
    • 77957371805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide profiling of p63 DNA-binding sites identifies an element that regulates gene expression during limb development in the 7q21 SHFM1 locus
    • Kouwenhoven, E. N. et al. Genome-wide profiling of p63 DNA-binding sites identifies an element that regulates gene expression during limb development in the 7q21 SHFM1 locus. PLoS Genet. 6, e1001065 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Genet. , vol.6 , pp. e1001065
    • Kouwenhoven, E.N.1
  • 144
    • 80052657539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A symphony of regulations centered on p63 to control development of ectoderm-derived structures
    • Guerrini, L., Costanzo, A. & Merlo, G. R. A symphony of regulations centered on p63 to control development of ectoderm-derived structures. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 864904 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Biomed. Biotechnol. , vol.2011 , pp. 864904
    • Guerrini, L.1    Costanzo, A.2    Merlo, G.R.3
  • 145
    • 84925548629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sp6 and Sp8 transcription factors control AER formation and dorsal-ventral patterning in limb development
    • Haro, E. et al. Sp6 and Sp8 transcription factors control AER formation and dorsal-ventral patterning in limb development. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004468 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS Genet. , vol.10 , pp. e1004468
    • Haro, E.1
  • 146
    • 84896544495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Next generation sequencing of chromosomal rearrangements in patients with split-hand/split-foot malformation provides evidence for DYNC1I1 exonic enhancers of DLX5/6 expression in humans
    • Lango Allen, H. et al. Next generation sequencing of chromosomal rearrangements in patients with split-hand/split-foot malformation provides evidence for DYNC1I1 exonic enhancers of DLX5/6 expression in humans. J. Med. Genet. 51, 264-267 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Med. Genet. , vol.51 , pp. 264-267
    • Lango Allen, H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.