Use of cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: current concepts, indications and limitations for clinical practice and research

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 51-72

  Bornstein, Michael M ^a   Horner, Keith ^a   Jacobs, Reinhilde ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY; CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PEROPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PROCEDURES; RADIATION DOSE; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TOOTH IMPLANT; TOOTH IMPLANTATION;

CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RADIATION DOSAGE; SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 85006729147     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: 16000757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12161     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. ™: part 2 - three-dimensional alveolar bone volumetric analysis of CBCT imaging. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015: 27: 631–639.
2. Academy of Osseointegration. 2010 Guidelines of the Academy of Osseointegration for the provision of dental implants and associated patient care. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2010: 25: 620–627.
3. Ahmad M, Jenny J, Downie M. Application of cone beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Aust Dent J 2012: 57 (Suppl 1): 82–94.
4. Al-Ekrish AA. Effect of exposure time on the accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography in the assessment of dental implant site dimensions in dry skulls. Saudi Dent J 2012: 24: 127–134.
5. Anavi Y, Allon DM, Avishai G, Calderon S. Complications of maxillary sinus augmentations in a selective series of patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008: 106: 34–38.
6. Arimoto S, Hasegawa T, Okamoto N, Shioyasono A, Tateishi C, Akashi M, Suzuki H, Furudoi S, Komori T. Determining the location of the internal maxillary artery on ultrasonography and unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging before orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015: 44: 977–983.
7. Avila-Ortiz G, Rodriguez JC, Rudek I, Benavides E, Rios H, Wang HL. Effectiveness of three different alveolar ridge preservation techniques: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2014: 34: 509–521.
8. Baciut M, Hedesiu M, Bran S, Jacobs R, Nackaerts O, Baciut G. Pre- and postoperative assessment of sinus grafting procedures using cone-beam computed tomography compared with panoramic radiographs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013: 24: 512–516.
9. Bell GE, Joshi BB, Mcleaod RI. Maxillary sinus disease: diagnosis and treatment. Br Dent J 2011: 12: 113–118.
10. Benavides E, Rios HF, Ganz SD, An CH, Resnik R, Reardon GT, Feldman SJ, Mah JK, Hatcher D, Kim MJ, Sohn DS, Palti A, Perel ML, Judy KW, Misch CE, Wang HL. Use of cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: the International Congress of Oral Implantologists consensus report. Implant Dent 2012: 21: 78–86.
11. Benic GI, Mokti M, Chen CJ, Weber HP, Hämmerle CH, Gallucci GO. Dimensions of buccal bone and mucosa at immediately placed implants after 7 years: a clinical and cone beam computed tomography study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012: 23: 560–566.
12. Benic GI, Sancho-Puchades MS, Jung RE, Deyhle H, Hämmerle CHF. In vitro assessment of artifacts induced by titanium dental implants in cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013: 24: 378–383.
13. Benic GI, Elmasry M, Hämmerle CH. Novel digital imaging techniques to assess the outcome in oral rehabilitation with dental implants: a narrative review. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015: 26 (Suppl 11): 86–96.
14. Bornstein MM, Halbritter S, Harnisch H, Weber HP, Buser D. A retrospective analyis of patients referred for implant placement to a specialty clinic: indications, surgical procedures, and early failures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008: 23: 1109–1116.
15. Bornstein MM, von Arx T, Altermatt HJ. Loss of pulp sensitivity and pain as the first symptoms of an Ewing's sarcoma in the right maxillary sinus and alveolar process: Report of a case. J Endod 2008: 34: 1549–1553.
16. Bornstein MM, Wasmer J, Sendi P, Janner SFM, Buser D, von Arx T. Characteristics and dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane and apical bone in maxillary molars referred for apical surgery: a comparative radiographic analysis using limited cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod 2012: 38: 51–57.
17. Bornstein MM, Scarfe WC, Vaughn VM, Jacobs R. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29 (Suppl): 55–77.
18. Bornstein MM, Al-Nawas B, Kuchler U, Tahmaseb A. Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding contemporary surgical and radiographic techniques in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29 (Suppl): 78–82.
19. Bornstein MM, Engel Brügger O, Janner SFM, Kuchler U, Chappuis V, Jacobs R, Buser D. Indications and frequency for the use of cone beam computed tomography for implant treatment planning in a specialty clinic. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015: 30: 1076–1083.
20. Bornstein MM, Seiffert C, Maestre-Ferrin L, Fodich I, Jacobs R, Buser D, von Arx T. An analysis of frequency, morphology and location of maxillary sinus septa using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2016: 31: 280–287.
21. Burger I, Kass N. Ethical conduct of radiology research with human participants. J Am Coll Radiol 2006: 3: 932–939.
22. Burgess J. Digital DICOM in dentistry. Open Dent J 2015: 9: 330–336.
23. Buser D, Chappuis V, Kuchler U, Bornstein MM, Wittneben JG, Buser R, Cavusoglu Y, Belser UC. Long-term stability of early implant placement with contour augmentation. J Dent Res 2013: 92 (Suppl 12): 176S–182S.
24. Cagici CA, Yilmazer C, Hurcan C, Ozer C, Ozer F. Appropriate interslice gap for screening coronal paranasal sinus tomography for mucosal thickening. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009: 266: 519–525.
25. Cassola VF, Milian FM, Kramer R, de Oliveira Lira CA, Khoury HJ. Standing adult human phantoms based on 10th, 50th and 90th mass and height percentiles of male and female Caucasian populations. Phys Med Biol 2011: 56: 3749–3772.
26. Caulier H, Naert I, Kalk W, Jansen JA. The relationship of some histologic parameters, radiographic evaluations, and Periotest measurements of oral implants: an experimental animal study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997: 12: 380–386.
27. Chappuis V, Suter VGA, Bornstein MM. Displacement of a dental implant into the maxillary sinus. Report of an unusual complication when performing staged sinus floor elevation (SFE) procedures. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2009: 29: 81–87.
28. Chappuis V, Engel O, Reyes M, Shahim K, Nolte LP, Buser D. Ridge alterations post-extraction in the esthetic zone: a 3D analysis with CBCT. J Dent Res 2013: 92 (Suppl 12): 195S–201S.
29. Chappuis V, Engel O, Shahim K, Reyes M, Katsaros C, Buser D. Soft tissue alterations in esthetic postextraction sites: A 3-dimensional analysis. J Dent Res 2015: 94 (Suppl 9): 187S–193S.
30. Chen SK. Integration of the digital imaging and communications in medicine standard into an oral and maxillofacial image management and communication system. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001: 91: 235–238.
31. Chen ST, Buser D. Esthetic outcomes following immediate and early implant placement in the anterior maxilla–a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29 (Suppl): 186–215.
32. Choi M, Culjat MO, Singh RS, White SN. Ultrasound imagery for dental implant diagnosis and treatment planning in a porcine model. J Prosthet Dent 2012: 108: 344–353.
33. Cooper LF, Pin-Harry OC. “Rules of six” - diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for single-tooth implant success. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2013: 34: 94–98, 100–101.
34. Correa LR, Spin-Neto R, Stavropoulos A, Schropp L, da Silveira HE, Wenzel A. Planning of dental implant size with digital panoramic radiographs, CBCT-generated panoramic images, and CBCT cross-sectional images. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014: 25: 690–695.
35. Dagassan-Berndt DC, Zitzmann NU, Walter C, Schulze RK. Implant treatment planning regarding augmentation procedures: panoramic radiographs vs. cone beam computed tomography images. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016: 27: 1010–1016.
36. Dave M, Davies J, Wilson R, Palmer R. A comparison of cone beam computed tomography and conventional periapical radiography at detecting peri-implant bone defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013: 24: 671–678.
37. Dawood A, Brown J, Sauret-Jackson V, Purkayashta S. Optimization of cone beam CT exposure for pre-surgical evaluation of the implant site. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2012: 41: 70–74.
38. Drago C, Carpentieri J. Treatment of maxillary jaws with dental implants: guidelines for treatment. J Prosthodont 2011: 20: 336–437.
39. Dula K, Bornstein MM, Buser D, Dagassan-Berndt D, Ettlin DA, Filippi A, Gabioud F, Katsaros C, Krastl G, Lambrecht JT, Lauber R, Luebbers H-T, Pazera P, Türp JC. SADMFR guidelines for the use of cone-beam computed tomography/digital volume tomography. Oral and maxillofacial surgery, temporomandibular joint disorders and orthodontics. A consensus workshop organized by the Swiss Association of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Swiss Dent J 2014: 124: 1170–1183.
40. Dula K, Benic G, Bornstein MM, Dagassan-Berndt D, Filippi A, Hicklin S, Kissling-Jeger F, Luebbers H-T, Sculean T, Sequeira-Byron P, Walter C, Zehnder M. SADMFR guidelines for the use of cone-beam computed tomography/digital volume tomography. Endodontics, Periodontology, Reconstructive Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry. A consensus workshop organized by the Swiss Association of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Swiss Dent J 2015: 125: 945–953.
41. Du Toit J, Gluckman H, Gamil R, Renton T. Implant injury case series and review of the literature Part 1: inferior alveolar nerve injury. J Oral Implantol 2015: 41: e144–e151.
42. Engel Brügger O, Bornstein MM, Kuchler U, Janner SFM, Chappuis V, Buser D. Implant therapy in a surgical specialty clinic: an analysis of patients, indications, surgical procedures, risk factors and early failures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015: 30: 151–160.
43. European Commission. Protection Radiation No 172. Cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology (Evidence-based guidelines). 2012. Available at, http://www.sedentexct.eu/files/radiation_protection_172.pdf; accessed March 5th, 2016.
44. Farman AG. ALARA still applies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005: 100: 395–397.
45. Flügge T, Hövener JB, Ludwig U, Eisenbeiss AK, Spittau B, Hennig J, Schmelzeisen R, Nelson K. Magnetic resonance imaging of intraoral hard and soft tissues using an intraoral coil and FLASH sequences. Eur Radiol 2016: 26: 4616–4623.
46. Fortin T, Camby E, Alik M, Isidori M, Bouchet H. Panoramic images versus three-dimensional planning software for oral implant planning in atrophied posterior maxillary: a clinical radiological study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2013: 15: 198–204.
47. Frei C, Buser D, Dula K. Study on the necessity for cross-section imaging of the posterior mandible for treatment planning of standard cases in implant dentistry. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004: 15: 490–497.
48. Fryback DG, Thornbury JR. The efficacy of diagnostic imaging. Med Decis Making 1991: 11: 88–94.
49. Galindo-Moreno P, Padial-Molina M, Avila G, Rios HF, Hernàndez-Cortés P, Wang H-L. Complications associated with implant migration into the maxillary sinus cavity. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012: 23: 1152–1160.
50. Galli M, Barausse C, Masi I, Falisi G, Baffone M, Tuci L, Felice P. Inferior alveolar nerve laceration after implant site preparation: a case report. Eur J Oral Implantol 2015: 8: 293–296.
51. Golubovic V, Mihatovic I, Becker J, Schwarz F. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography to assess the configuration and extent of ligature-induced peri-implantitis defects. A pilot study. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012: 16: 349–354.
52. González-García A, González-García J, Diniz-Freitas M, García-García A, Bullón P. Accidental displacement and migration of endosseous implants into adjacent craniofacial structures: a review and update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012: 17: e769–e774.
53. Gorla LF, Spin-Neto R, Boos FB, Pereira Rdos S, Garcia-Junior IR, Hochuli-Vieira E. Use of autogenous bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate in maxillary sinus lifting: a prospective, randomized, volumetric computed tomography study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015: 44: 1486–1491.
54. Goulston R, Davies J, Horner K, Murphy F. Dose optimization by altering the operating potential and tube current exposure time product in dental cone beam CT: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2016: 45: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20150254.
55. Greenstein G, Cavallaro J, Romanos G, Tarnow D. Clinical recommendations for avoiding and managing surgical complications associated with implant dentistry: a review. J Periodontol 2008: 79: 1317–1329.
56. Gröndahl K, Sunden S, Gröndahl HG. Inter- and intraobserver variability in radiographic bone level assessment at Branemark fixtures. Clin Oral Implants Res 1998: 9: 243–250.
57. Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet 2003: 362: 1225–1230.
58. Guerrero ME, Botetano R, Beltran J, Horner K, Jacobs R. Can imaging help to predict postoperative outcome after wisdom tooth removal? A randomized controlled trial using panoramic radiography versus cone-beam CT. Clin Oral Investig 2014: 18: 335–342.
59. Guerrero ME, Noriega J, Jacobs R. Preoperative implant planning considering alveolar bone grafting needs and complication prediction using panoramic versus CBCT images. Imaging Sci Dent 2014: 44: 213–220.
60. Handelsman M. Surgical guidelines for dental implant placement. Br Dent J 2006: 201: 139–152.
61. Harris D, Buser D, Dula K, Gröndahl K, Harris D, Jacobs R, Lekholm U, Nakielny R, van Steenberghe D, van der Stelt P; EAO. Guidelines for the use of Diagnostic Imaging in Implant Dentistry. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002: 13: 566–570.
62. Harris D, Horner K, Gröndahl K, Jacobs R, Helmrot E, Benic GI, Bornstein MM, Dawood A, Quirynen M. Guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011: update of the E.A.O. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration in the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012: 23: 1243–1253.
63. Hassan B, Giménez Gonzalez B, Tahmaseb A, Jacobs R, Bornstein MM. Three-dimensional facial scanning technology: applications and future trends. Forum Implantol 2014: 10: 6–15.
64. Hidalgo Rivas JA, Horner K, Thiruvenkatachari B, Davies J, Theodorakou C. Development of a low-dose protocol for cone beam CT examinations of the anterior maxilla in children. Br J Radiol 2015: 88: 20150559.
65. Hodez C, Griffaton-Taillandier C, Bensimon I. Cone-beam imaging: applications in ENT. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2011: 128: 65–78.
66. Hofmann E, Schmid M, Lell M, Hirschfelder U. Cone beam computed tomography and low-dose multislice computed tomography in orthodontics and dentistry: a comparative evaluation on image quality and radiation exposure. J Orofac Orthop 2014: 75: 384–398.
67. Hol C, Hellén-Halme K, Torgersen G, Nilsson M, Møystad A. How do dentists use CBCT in dental clinics? A Norwegian nationwide survey. Acta Odontol Scand 2015: 73: 195–201.
68. Horner K, Islam M, Flygare L, Tsiklakis K, Whaites E. Basic principles for use of dental cone beam computed tomography: consensus guidelines of the European Academy of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009: 38: 187–195.
69. Horner K, O'Malley L, Taylor K, Glenny AM. Guidelines for clinical use of CBCT: a review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015: 44: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20140225.
70. Hu KS, Choi DY, Lee WJ, Kim HJ, Jung UW, Kim S. Reliability of two different presurgical preparation methods for implant dentistry based on panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography in cadavers. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2012: 42: 39–44.
71. Huang Y, Van Dessel J, Liang X, Depypere M, Zhong W, Ma G, Lambrichts I, Maes F, Jacobs R. Effects of immediate and delayed loading on peri-implant trabecular structures: a cone beam CT evaluation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014: 16: 873–883.
72. International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007: 37: 1–332.
73. Jacobs R, Quirynen M, Bornstein MM. Neurovascular disturbances after implant surgery. Periodontol 2000 2014: 66: 188–202.
74. Jaju PP, Jaju SP. Cone-beam computed tomography: Time to move from ALARA to ALADA. Imaging Sci Dent 2015: 45: 263–265.
75. Janner SFM, Caversaccio M, Dubach P, Sendi P, Buser D, Bornstein MM. Characteristics and dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane: a radiographic analysis using cone beam computed tomography in patients referred for dental implant surgery in the posterior maxilla. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011: 22: 1446–1453.
76. Joda T, Gallucci GO. The virtual patient in dental medicine. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015: 26: 725–726.
77. Jung RE, Benic GI, Scherrer D, Hämmerle CH. Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of regenerated buccal bone 5 years after simultaneous implant placement and guided bone regeneration procedures - a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015: 26: 28–34.
78. Kaminaka A, Nakano T, Ono S, Kato T, Yatani H. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Horizontal and Vertical Dimensional Changes in Buccal Peri-Implant Alveolar Bone and Soft Tissue: A 1-Year Prospective Clinical Study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015: 17 (Suppl 2): e576–e585.
79. Kapila SD, Nervina JM. CBCT in orthodontics: assessment of treatment outcomes and indications for its use. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015: 44: 20140282.
80. Khan M, Elathamna EN, Lin WS, Harris BT, Farman AG, Scheetz JP, Morton D, Scarfe WC. Comparison of virtual dental implant planning using the full cross-sectional and transaxial capabilities of cone beam computed tomography vs reformatted panoramic imaging and 3D modeling. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015: 30: 814–819.
81. Khawaja N, Renton T. Case studies on implant removal influencing the resolution of inferior alveolar nerve injury. Br Dent J 2009: 206: 365–370.
82. Korn P, Elschner C, Schulz MC, Range U, Mai R, Scheler U. MRI and dental implantology: two which do not exclude each other. Biomaterials 2015: 53: 634–645.
83. Kuchler U, Chappuis V, Gruber R, Lang NP, Salvi GE. Immediate implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration in the esthetic zone: 10-year clinical and radiographic outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016: 27: 253–257.
84. Kühl S, Zürcher S, Zitzmann NU, Filippi A, Payer M, Dagassan-Berndt D. Detection of peri-implant bone defects with different radiographic techniques - a human cadaver study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016: 27: 529–534.
85. Kütük N, Demirbaş AE, Gönen ZB, Topan C, Kiliç E, Etöz OA, Alkan A. Anterior mandibular zone safe for implants. J Craniofac Surg 2013: 24: e405–e408.
86. Lai CS, Bornstein MM, Mock L, Heuberger BM, Dietrich T, Katsaros C. Impacted maxillary canines and root resorptions of neighbouring teeth: a radiographic analysis using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Eur J Orthod 2013: 35: 529–538.
87. Libersa P, Savignat M, Tonnel A. Neurosensory disturbances of the inferior alveolar nerve: a retrospective study of complaints in a 10-year period. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007: 65: 1486–1489.
88. Loubele M, Maes F, Schutyser F, Marchal G, Jacobs R, Suetens P. Assessment of bone segmentation quality of cone-beam CT versus multislice spiral CT: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006: 102: 225–234.
89. Loubele M, Guerrero ME, Jacobs R, Suetens P, van Steenberghe D. A comparison of jaw dimensional and quality assessments of bone characteristics with cone-beam CT, spiral tomography, and multi-slice spiral CT. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2007: 22: 446–454.
90. Ludlow JB, Timothy R, Walker C, Hunter R, Benavides E, Samuelson DB, Scheske MJ. Effective dose of dental CBCT - a meta analysis of published data and additional data for nine CBCT units. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015: 44: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20140197.
91. Manchikanti L, Falco FJ, Benyamin RM, Kaye AD, Boswell MV, Hirsch JA. A modified approach to grading of evidence. Pain Physician 2014: 17: E319–E325.
92. Marine PM, Stabin MG, Fernald MJ, Brill AB. Changes in radiation dose with variations in human anatomy: larger and smaller normal-stature adults. J Nucl Med 2010: 51: 806–811.
93. Marković A, Mišić T, Calvo-Guirado JL, Delgado-Ruíz RA, Janjić B, Abboud M. Two-center prospective, randomized, clinical, and radiographic study comparing osteotome sinus floor elevation with or without bone graft and simultaneous implant placement. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016: 18: 873–882.
94. Meloni SM, Tallarico M, Lolli FM, Deledda A, Pisano M, Jovanovic SA. Postextraction socket preservation using epithelial connective tissue graft vs porcine collagen matrix. 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Oral Implantol 2015: 8: 39–48.
95. Mengel R, Kruse B, Flores-de-Jacoby L. Digital volume tomography in the diagnosis of peri-implant defects: an in vitro study on native pig mandibles. J Periodontol 2006: 77: 1234–1241.
96. Merheb J, Van Assche N, Coucke W, Jacobs R, Naert I, Quirynen M. Relationship between cortical bone thickness or computerized tomography-derived bone density values and implant stability. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010: 21: 612–617.
97. Misch CM, Jensen OT, Pikos MA, Malmquist JP. Vertical bone augmentation using recombinant bone morphogenetic protein, mineralized bone allograft, and titanium mesh: a retrospective cone beam computed tomography study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2015: 30: 202–207.
98. Monje A, Monje F, Hernández-Alfaro F, Gonzalez-García R, Suárez-López del Amo F, Galindo-Moreno P, Montanero-Fernández J, Wang HL. Horizontal bone augmentation using autogenous block grafts and particulate xenograft in the severe atrophic maxillary anterior ridges: a cone-beam computerized tomography case series. J Oral Implantol 2015: 41: 366–371.
99. Mozzo P, Procacci C, Tacconi A, Tinazzi Martini P, Bergamo Andreis IA. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the cone-beam technique: preliminary results. Eur Radiol 1998: 8: 1558–1564.
100. Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M. Clinical assessment and surgical implications of anatomic challenges in the anterior mandible. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2003: 5: 219–225.
101. Nackaerts O, Maes F, Yan H, Couto Souza P, Pauwels R, Jacobs R. Analysis of intensity variability in multislice and cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011: 22: 873–879.
102. Naitoh M, Hayashi H, Tsukamoto N, Ariji E. Labial bone assessment surrounding dental implant using cone-beam computed tomography: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012: 23: 970–974.
103. Nemtoi A, Czink C, Haba D, Gahleitner A. Cone beam CT: a current overview of devices. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013: 42: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20120443.
104. Noffke CE, Farman AG, Nel S, Nzima N. Guidelines for the safe use of dental and maxillofacial CBCT: a review with recommendations for South Africa. SADJ 2011: 66: 262, 264–266.
105. Oh E, Kraut RA. Effect of sinus membrane perforation on dental implant integration: a retrospective study on 128 patients. Implant Dent 2011: 20: 13–19.
106. Ohe JY, Kim GT, Lee JW, Al Nawas B, Jung J, Kwon YD. Volume stability of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic bone graft material in maxillary sinus floor elevation: a radiographic study using 3D cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016: 27: 348–353.
107. Patcas R, Müller L, Ullrich O, Peltomäki T. Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography at different resolutions assessed on the bony covering of the mandibular anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012: 141: 41–50.
108. Patel S, Durack C, Abella F, Shemesh H, Roig M, Lemberg K. Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics - a review. Int Endod J 2015: 48: 3–15.
109. Pauwels R, Beinsberger J, Collaert B, Theodorakou C, Rogers J, Walker A, Cockmartin L, Bosmans H, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Horner K; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. Eur J Radiol 2012: 81: 267–271.
110. Pauwels R, Cockmartin L, Ivanauskaité D, Urboniené A, Gavala S, Donta C, Tsiklakis K, Jacobs R, Bosmans H, Bogaerts R, Horner K; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. Estimating cancer risk from dental cone-beam CT exposures based on skin dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2014: 59: 3877–3891.
111. Pauwels R, Zhang G, Theodorakou C, Walker A, Bosmans H, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Horner K; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. Effective radiation dose and eye lens dose in dental cone beam CT: effect of field of view and angle of rotation. Br J Radiol 2014: 87: doi: 10.1259/bjr.20130654.
112. Pauwels R, Jacobs R, Singer SR, Mupparapu M. CBCT-based bone quality assessment: are Hounsfield units applicable? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015: 44: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20140238.
113. Pazera P, Bornstein MM, Pazera A, Sendi P, Katsaros C. Incidental maxillary sinus findings in orthodontic patients: a radiographic study using cone-beam computed tomoraphy (CBCT). Orthod Craniofac Res 2011: 14: 17–24.
114. Pertl L, Gashi-Cenkoglu B, Reichmann J, Jakse N, Pertl C. Preoperative assessment of the mandibular canal in implant surgery: comparison of rotational panoramic radiography (OPG), computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for preoperative assessment in implant surgery. Eur J Oral Implantol 2013: 6: 73–80.
115. Pittayapat P, Bornstein MM, Nozu Imada TS, Coucke W, Lambrichts I, Jacobs R. Accuracy of linear measurements using three imaging modalities: two lateral cephalograms and one 3D model from CBCT data. Eur J Orthod 2015: 37: 202–208.
116. Razavi T, Palmer RM, Davies J, Wilson R, Palmer PJ. Accuracy of measuring the cortical bone thickness adjacent to dental implants using cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010: 21: 718–725.
117. Renton T, Yilmaz Z. Profiling of patients presenting with posttraumatic neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve. J Orofac Pain 2011: 25: 333–344.
118. Renton T, Dawood A, Shah A, Searson L, Yilmaz Z. Post-implant neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve. A case series. Br Dent J 2012: 212: E17.
119. Roeder F, Wachtlin D, Schulze R. Necessity of 3D visualization for the removal of lower wisdom teeth: required sample size to prove non-inferiority of panoramic radiography compared to CBCT. Clin Oral Investig 2012: 16: 699–706.
120. Romanos GE, Greenstein G. The incisive canal. Considerations during implant placement: case report and literature review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009: 24: 740–745.
121. Salvi GE, Lang NP. Diagnostic parameters for monitoring peri-implant conditions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2004: 19 (Suppl): 116–127.
122. Schneider AC, Brägger U, Sendi P, Caversaccio MD, Buser D, Bornstein MM. Characteristics and dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane in patients referred for dental implant surgery in single-tooth gaps of the posterior maxilla: a radiographic analysis using cone beam computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2013: 28: 587–596.
123. Schulze RK, Berndt D, d'Hoedt B. On cone-beam computed tomography artifacts induced by titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 2010: 21: 100–107.
124. Seals KF, Lee EW, Cagnon CH, Al-Hakim RA, Kee ST. Radiation-induced cataractogenesis: a critical literature review for the interventional radiologist. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016: 39: 151–160.
125. Shelley AM, Ferrero A, Brunton P, Goodwin M, Horner K. The impact of CBCT imaging when placing dental implants in the anterior edentulous mandible: a before-after study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015: 44: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20140316.
126. Shiki K, Tanaka T, Kito S, Wakasugi-Sato N, Matsumoto-Takeda S, Oda M, Nishimura S, Morimoto Y. The significance of cone beam computed tomography for the visualization of anatomical variations and lesions in the maxillary sinus for patients hoping to have dental implant-supported maxillary restorations in a private dental office in Japan. Head Face Med 2014: 10: doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-10-20.
127. Soikkonnen K, Ainamo A. Radiographic maxillary sinus findings in the elderly. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995: 80: 487–491.
128. Special committee to revise the joint AAE/AAOMR position statement on use of CBCT in Endodontics. AAE and AAOMR joint position statement: use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics 2015 update. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015: 120: 508–512.
129. Spin-Neto R, Stavropoulos A, Coletti FL, Pereira LA, Marcantonio E Jr, Wenzel A. Remodeling of cortical and corticocancellous fresh-frozen allogeneic block bone grafts - a radiographic and histomorphometric comparison to autologous bone grafts. Clin Oral Implants Res 2015a: 26: 747–752.
130. Spin-Neto R, Matzen LH, Schropp L, Gotfredsen E, Wenzel A. Factors affecting patient movement and re-exposure in cone beam computed tomography examination. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2015b: 119: 572–578.
131. Spin-Neto R, Matzen LH, Schropp L, Gotfredsen E, Wenzel A. Movement characteristics in young patients and the impact on CBCT image quality. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2016: 45: 20150426.
132. Steinberg MJ, Kelly PD. Implant-related nerve injuries. Dent Clin North Am 2015: 59: 357–373.
133. Stratis A, Zhang G, Lopez-Rendon X, Jacobs R, Bogaerts R, Bosmans H. Customisation of a Monte Carlo dosimetry tool for dental cone-beam CT sytems. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016: 169: 378–385.
134. Sur J, Seki K, Koizumi H, Nakajima K, Okano T. Effects of tube current on cone-beam computerized tomography image quality for presurgical implant planning in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010: 110: e29–e33.
135. Tahmaseb A, Wismeijer D, Coucke W, Derksen W. Computer technology applications in surgical implant dentistry: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29 (Suppl): 25–42.
136. Tal H, Moses O. A comparison of panoramic radiography with computed tomography in the planning of implant surgery. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991: 20: 40–42.
137. Tay AB, Zuniga JR. Clinical characteristics of trigeminal nerve injury referrals to a university centre. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007: 36: 922–927.
138. Temmerman A, Hertelé S, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Jacobs R, Quirynen M. Are panoramic images reliable in planning sinus augmentation procedures? Clin Oral Implants Res 2011: 22: 189–194.
139. Theodorakou C, Walker A, Horner K, Pauwels R, Bogaerts R, Jacobs R; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. Estimation of paediatric organ and effective doses from dental cone beam CT using anthropomorphic phantoms. Br J Radiol 2012: 85: 153–160.
140. Thilander-Klang A, Helmrot E. Methods of determining the effective dose in dental radiology. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2010: 139: 306–309.
141. Timock AM, Cook V, McDonald T, Leo MC, Crowe J, Benninger BL, Covell DA Jr. Accuracy and reliability of buccal bone height and thickness measurements from cone-beam computed tomography imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011: 140: 734–744.
142. Tyndall DA, Price JB, Tetradis S, Ganz SD, Hildebolt C, Scarfe WC; American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Position statement of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology on selection criteria for the use of radiology in dental implantology with emphasis on cone beam computed tomography. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012: 113: 817–826.
143. Umanjec-Korac S, Wu G, Hassan B, Liu Y, Wismeijer D. A retrospective analysis of the resorption rate of deproteinized bovine bone as maxillary sinus graft material on cone beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014: 25: 781–785.
144. United Nations. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 report to the general assembly, with scientific annexes. Volume 1: Sources. Annex D: Medical radiation exposures. New York, NY: UN, 2000.
145. Urban I, Jovanovic SA, Buser D, Bornstein MM. Partial lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve at the incisive foramen for ridge augmentation in the anterior maxilla prior to placement of dental implants: a retrospective case series evaluating self-reported data and neurosensory testing. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2015: 35: 169–177.
146. Vandenberghe B, Luchsinger S, Hostens J, Dhoore E, Jacobs R; SEDENTEXCT Project Consortium. The influence of exposure parameters on jawbone model accuracy using cone beam CT and multislice CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2012: 41: 466–474.
147. Van Dessel J, Huang Y, Depypere M, Rubira-Bullen I, Maes F, Jacobs R. A comparative evaluation of cone beam CT and micro-CT on trabecular bone structures in the human mandible. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013: 42: doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20130145.
148. Vayron R, Soffer E, Anagnostou F, Haïat G. Ultrasonic evaluation of dental implant osseointegration. J Biomech 2014: 47: 3562–3568.
149. Vazquez L, Saulacic N, Belser U, Bernard JP. Efficacy of panoramic radiographs in the planning of posterior mandibular implants: a prospective clinical study of 1527 consecutively treated patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008: 19: 81–85.
150. Vogiatzi T, Kloukos D, Scarfe WC, Bornstein MM. Incidence of anatomical variations and disease of the maxillary sinuses as identified by cone beam computed tomography within the field of dental medicine. A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29: 1301–1314.
151. von Arx T, Fodich I, Bornstein MM, Jensen SS. Perforation of the sinus membrane during sinus floor elevation: a retrospective study of frequency and possible risk factors. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014: 29: 718–726.
152. von Arx T, Janner SFM, Hänni S, Bornstein MM. Evaluation of new cone-beam computed tomographic criteria for radiographic healing evaluation after apical surgery: assessment of repeatability and reproducibility. J Endod 2016: 42: 236–242.
153. Walter C, Schmidt JC, Dula K, Sculean A. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for diagnosis and treatment planning in periodontology: A systematic review. Quintessence Int 2016: 47: 25–37.
154. Waltrick KB, De Abreu MJN Jr, Correa M, Zastrow MD, Dutra VD. Accuracy of linear measurements and visibility of the mandibular canal of cone-beam computed tomography images with different voxel sizes: An in vitro study. J Periodontol 2013: 84: 68–77.
155. Widmann G, Bischel A, Stratis A, Kakar A, Bosmans H, Jacobs R, Gassner EM, Puelacher W, Pauwels R. Ultralow dose dentomaxillofacial CT imaging and iterative reconstruction techniques: variability of Hounsfield units and contrast-to-noise ratio. Br J Radiol 2016: 89: 20151055.
156. Yilmaz B, Ozcelik BT, Sarantopoulos DM, McGlumphy E. Importance of CT scans in diagnosing symptoms from misplaced implants. Implant Dent 2012: 21: 108–111.
157. Zhang G, Pauwels R, Marshall N, Shaheen E, Nuyts J, Jacobs R, Bosmans H. Development and validation of a hybrid simulation technique for cone beam CT: application to an oral imaging system. Phys Med Biol 2011: 56: 5823–5843.
158. Zhang G, Marshall N, Bogaerts R, Jacobs R, Bosmans H. Monte Carlo modeling for dose assessment in cone beam CT for oral and maxillofacial applications. Med Phys 2013: 40: 072103.
159. Zijderveld SA, van den Bergh JP, Schulten EA, ten Bruggenkate CM. Anatomical and surgical findings and complications in 100 consecutive maxillary sinus floor elevation procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008: 66: 1426–1438.