메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 153-173

Colorectal carcinoma: Pathologic aspects

Author keywords

Adenoma; BRAF; Colorectal carcinoma; KRAS; Molecular; MSI; Pathology

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; K RAS PROTEIN;

EID: 84995752906     PISSN: 20786891     EISSN: 2219679X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.030     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (567)

References (140)
  • 1
    • 80051580618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer statistics, 2011 the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths
    • Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, et al. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:212-36.
    • (2011) CA Cancer J Clin , vol.61 , pp. 212-236
    • Siegel, R.1    Ward, E.2    Brawley, O.3
  • 2
    • 75449087691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KRAS mutation testing in human cancers: the pathologist's role in the era of personalized medicine
    • Wang HL, Lopategui J, Amin MB, et al. KRAS mutation testing in human cancers: the pathologist's role in the era of personalized medicine. Adv Anat Pathol 2010;17:23-32.
    • (2010) Adv Anat Pathol , vol.17 , pp. 23-32
    • Wang, H.L.1    Lopategui, J.2    Amin, M.B.3
  • 3
    • 79961088717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinoma of the colon and rectum
    • WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. Lyon: IARC Press
    • Hamilton SR, Bosman FT, Boffetta P, et al. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. Lyon: IARC Press, 2010:134-46.
    • (2010) , pp. 134-146
    • Hamilton, S.R.1    Bosman, F.T.2    Boffetta, P.3
  • 4
    • 0141656847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999
    • Compton CC, Fielding LP, Burgart LJ, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:979-94.
    • (2000) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.124 , pp. 979-994
    • Compton, C.C.1    Fielding, L.P.2    Burgart, L.J.3
  • 5
    • 0033866021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the colon and rectum, excluding carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and tumors of the vermiform appendix: a basis for checklists Cancer Committee
    • Compton CC. Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the colon and rectum, excluding carcinoid tumors, lymphomas, sarcomas, and tumors of the vermiform appendix: a basis for checklists. Cancer Committee. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:1016-25.
    • (2000) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.124 , pp. 1016-1025
    • Compton, C.C.1
  • 7
    • 0022453271 scopus 로고
    • The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases
    • Jass JR, Atkin WS, Cuzick J, et al. The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology 1986;10:437-59.
    • (1986) Histopathology , vol.10 , pp. 437-459
    • Jass, J.R.1    Atkin, W.S.2    Cuzick, J.3
  • 8
    • 0032825176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathology report in colon cancer: what is prognostically important?
    • Compton CC. Pathology report in colon cancer: what is prognostically important? Dig Dis 1999;17:67-79.
    • (1999) Dig Dis , vol.17 , pp. 67-79
    • Compton, C.C.1
  • 10
    • 84860740469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucinous subtype as prognostic factor in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Verhulst J, Ferdinande L, Demetter P, et al. Mucinous subtype as prognostic factor in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pathol 2012;65:381-8.
    • (2012) J Clin Pathol , vol.65 , pp. 381-388
    • Verhulst, J.1    Ferdinande, L.2    Demetter, P.3
  • 11
    • 21244462418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 10-year outcomes evaluation of mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum
    • Kang H, O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, et al. A 10-year outcomes evaluation of mucinous and signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1161-8.
    • (2005) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.48 , pp. 1161-1168
    • Kang, H.1    O'Connell, J.B.2    Maggard, M.A.3
  • 12
    • 41649107445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two subtypes of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colorectum: clinicopathological and genetic features
    • Leopoldo S, Lorena B, Cinzia A, et al. Two subtypes of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colorectum: clinicopathological and genetic features. Ann Surg Oncol 2008;15:1429-39.
    • (2008) Ann Surg Oncol , vol.15 , pp. 1429-1439
    • Leopoldo, S.1    Lorena, B.2    Cinzia, A.3
  • 13
    • 77649228244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcome of signet ring cell carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon
    • Chen JS, Hsieh PS, Chiang JM, et al. Clinical outcome of signet ring cell carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon. Chang Gung Med J 2010;33:51-7.
    • (2010) Chang Gung Med J , vol.33 , pp. 51-57
    • Chen, J.S.1    Hsieh, P.S.2    Chiang, J.M.3
  • 14
    • 33845218496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum: report of eight cases and review of 154 Japanese cases
    • Makino T, Tsujinaka T, Mishima H, et al. Primary signet-ring cell carcinoma of the colon and rectum: report of eight cases and review of 154 Japanese cases. Hepatogastroenterology 2006;53:845-9.
    • (2006) Hepatogastroenterology , vol.53 , pp. 845-849
    • Makino, T.1    Tsujinaka, T.2    Mishima, H.3
  • 15
    • 77956542692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medullary carcinoma of the large intestine: a population based analysis
    • Thirunavukarasu P, Sathaiah M, Singla S, et al. Medullary carcinoma of the large intestine: a population based analysis. Int J Oncol 2010;37:901-7.
    • (2010) Int J Oncol , vol.37 , pp. 901-907
    • Thirunavukarasu, P.1    Sathaiah, M.2    Singla, S.3
  • 16
    • 0035190672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of CDX2 expression and microsatellite instability are prominent features of large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas of the colon
    • Hinoi T, Tani M, Lucas PC, et al. Loss of CDX2 expression and microsatellite instability are prominent features of large cell minimally differentiated carcinomas of the colon. Am J Pathol 2001;159:2239-48.
    • (2001) Am J Pathol , vol.159 , pp. 2239-2248
    • Hinoi, T.1    Tani, M.2    Lucas, P.C.3
  • 17
    • 0035132202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathological identification of colon cancer with microsatellite instability
    • Alexander J, Watanabe T, Wu TT, et al. Histopathological identification of colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Am J Pathol 2001;158:527-35.
    • (2001) Am J Pathol , vol.158 , pp. 527-535
    • Alexander, J.1    Watanabe, T.2    Wu, T.T.3
  • 18
    • 0036090767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms
    • Chu PG, Weiss LM. Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms. Histopathology 2002;40:403-39.
    • (2002) Histopathology , vol.40 , pp. 403-439
    • Chu, P.G.1    Weiss, L.M.2
  • 19
    • 2542476370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced expression of cytokeratin 20 in colorectal carcinomas with high levels of microsatellite instability
    • McGregor DK, Wu TT, Rashid A, et al. Reduced expression of cytokeratin 20 in colorectal carcinomas with high levels of microsatellite instability. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:712-8.
    • (2004) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.28 , pp. 712-718
    • McGregor, D.K.1    Wu, T.T.2    Rashid, A.3
  • 20
    • 0037371192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin: an immunohistochemical survey of 476 primary and metastatic carcinomas
    • Werling RW, Yaziji H, Bacchi CE, et al. CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin: an immunohistochemical survey of 476 primary and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:303-10.
    • (2003) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.27 , pp. 303-310
    • Werling, R.W.1    Yaziji, H.2    Bacchi, C.E.3
  • 21
    • 8144224902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The homeobox intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 is selectively expressed in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas
    • Kaimaktchiev V, Terracciano L, Tornillo L, et al. The homeobox intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 is selectively expressed in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Mod Pathol 2004;17:1392-9.
    • (2004) Mod Pathol , vol.17 , pp. 1392-1399
    • Kaimaktchiev, V.1    Terracciano, L.2    Tornillo, L.3
  • 22
    • 0030987864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic importance of peritoneal involvement in colonic cancer: a prospective evaluation
    • Shepherd NA, Baxter KJ, Love SB. The prognostic importance of peritoneal involvement in colonic cancer: a prospective evaluation. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1096-102.
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.112 , pp. 1096-1102
    • Shepherd, N.A.1    Baxter, K.J.2    Love, S.B.3
  • 23
    • 84995777235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAP Cancer Protocols and Checklists. Available online
    • CAP Cancer Protocols and Checklists. Available online: http://www.cap.org/apps/cap.portal
  • 24
    • 0035906213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery
    • Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:583-96.
    • (2001) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.93 , pp. 583-596
    • Nelson, H.1    Petrelli, N.2    Carlin, A.3
  • 25
    • 70350124027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of fat clearance lymph node harvest for invasive rectal adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy
    • Wang H, Safar B, Wexner SD, et al. The clinical significance of fat clearance lymph node harvest for invasive rectal adenocarcinoma following neoadjuvant therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:1767-73.
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , pp. 1767-1773
    • Wang, H.1    Safar, B.2    Wexner, S.D.3
  • 26
    • 84855463630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assessment of lymph nodes missed in mesenteric tissue after standard dissection of colorectal cancer specimens
    • Hernanz F, García-Somacarrera E, Fernández F. The assessment of lymph nodes missed in mesenteric tissue after standard dissection of colorectal cancer specimens. Colorectal Dis 2010;12:e57-e60.
    • (2010) Colorectal Dis , vol.12
    • Hernanz, F.1    García-Somacarrera, E.2    Fernández, F.3
  • 27
    • 58049206869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylene blueassisted lymph node dissection in colon specimens: a prospective, randomized study
    • Märkl B, Kerwel TG, Jähnig HG, et al. Methylene blueassisted lymph node dissection in colon specimens: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;130:913-9.
    • (2008) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.130 , pp. 913-919
    • Märkl, B.1    Kerwel, T.G.2    Jähnig, H.G.3
  • 28
    • 67651151260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injecting methylene blue into the inferior mesenteric artery assures an adequate lymph node harvest and eliminates pathologist variability in nodal staging for rectal cancer
    • Kerwel TG, Spatz J, Anthuber M, et al. Injecting methylene blue into the inferior mesenteric artery assures an adequate lymph node harvest and eliminates pathologist variability in nodal staging for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:935-41.
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , pp. 935-941
    • Kerwel, T.G.1    Spatz, J.2    Anthuber, M.3
  • 29
    • 80755143271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymph node retrieval from colorectal resection specimens for adenocarcinoma: is it worth the extra effort to find at least 12 nodes?
    • Fan L, Levy M, Aguilar CE, et al. Lymph node retrieval from colorectal resection specimens for adenocarcinoma: is it worth the extra effort to find at least 12 nodes? Colorectal Dis 2011;13:1377-83.
    • (2011) Colorectal Dis , vol.13 , pp. 1377-1383
    • Fan, L.1    Levy, M.2    Aguilar, C.E.3
  • 30
    • 65649103343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Number of lymph nodesexamined and associated clinicopathologic factors in colorectal carcinoma
    • Shen SS, Haupt BX, Ro JY, et al. Number of lymph nodesexamined and associated clinicopathologic factors in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:781-6.
    • (2009) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.133 , pp. 781-786
    • Shen, S.S.1    Haupt, B.X.2    Ro, J.Y.3
  • 31
    • 77949272111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymph node yield in rectal cancer surgery: effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy
    • Morcos B, Baker B, Al Masri M, et al. Lymph node yield in rectal cancer surgery: effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010;36:345-9.
    • (2010) Eur J Surg Oncol , vol.36 , pp. 345-349
    • Morcos, B.1    Baker, B.2    Al Masri, M.3
  • 32
    • 77954395839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fewer than 12 lymph nodes can be expected in a surgical specimen after high-dose chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer
    • Marks JH, Valsdottir EB, Rather AA, et al. Fewer than 12 lymph nodes can be expected in a surgical specimen after high-dose chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2010;53:1023-9.
    • (2010) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.53 , pp. 1023-1029
    • Marks, J.H.1    Valsdottir, E.B.2    Rather, A.A.3
  • 33
    • 37449034258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of mesenteric tumor nodules in patients with stage III colorectal cancer
    • Lo DS, Pollett A, Siu LL, et al. Prognostic significance of mesenteric tumor nodules in patients with stage III colorectal cancer. Cancer 2008;112:50-4.
    • (2008) Cancer , vol.112 , pp. 50-54
    • Lo, D.S.1    Pollett, A.2    Siu, L.L.3
  • 34
    • 34447580035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological assessment of pericolonic tumor deposits in advanced colonic carcinoma: relevance to prognosis and tumor staging
    • Puppa G, Maisonneuve P, Sonzogni A, et al. Pathological assessment of pericolonic tumor deposits in advanced colonic carcinoma: relevance to prognosis and tumor staging. Mod Pathol 2007;20:843-55.
    • (2007) Mod Pathol , vol.20 , pp. 843-855
    • Puppa, G.1    Maisonneuve, P.2    Sonzogni, A.3
  • 35
    • 0027731797 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy: The National Polyp Study Workgroup
    • Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy: The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1977-81.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , pp. 1977-1981
    • Winawer, S.J.1    Zauber, A.G.2    Ho, M.N.3
  • 36
    • 84857392643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectalcancer deaths
    • Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O'Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectalcancer deaths. N Engl J Med 2012;366:687-96.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.366 , pp. 687-696
    • Zauber, A.G.1    Winawer, S.J.2    O'Brien, M.J.3
  • 37
    • 0030592517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer
    • Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 1996;87:159-70.
    • (1996) Cell , vol.87 , pp. 159-170
    • Kinzler, K.W.1    Vogelstein, B.2
  • 39
    • 70849114089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of adenomas and colorectal cancer in average risk individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Heitman SJ, Ronksley PE, Hilsden RJ, et al. Prevalence of adenomas and colorectal cancer in average risk individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1272-8.
    • (2009) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7 , pp. 1272-1278
    • Heitman, S.J.1    Ronksley, P.E.2    Hilsden, R.J.3
  • 40
    • 79954583551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum and serrated polyposis
    • Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. Lyon: IARC Press
    • Snover DC, Ahnen DJ, Burt RW, et al. Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum and serrated polyposis. In: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. Lyon: IARC Press, 2010:160-5.
    • (2010) WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System , pp. 160-165
    • Snover, D.C.1    Ahnen, D.J.2    Burt, R.W.3
  • 41
    • 0029031767 scopus 로고
    • Small colorectal polyps: histopathology and clinical significance
    • Tsai CJ, Lu DK. Small colorectal polyps: histopathology and clinical significance. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:988-94.
    • (1995) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.90 , pp. 988-994
    • Tsai, C.J.1    Lu, D.K.2
  • 42
    • 24144491263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept
    • Snover DC, Jass JR, Fenoglio-Preiser C, et al. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124:380-91.
    • (2005) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.124 , pp. 380-391
    • Snover, D.C.1    Jass, J.R.2    Fenoglio-Preiser, C.3
  • 43
    • 0037216302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps
    • Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC, et al. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:65-81.
    • (2003) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.27 , pp. 65-81
    • Torlakovic, E.1    Skovlund, E.2    Snover, D.C.3
  • 44
    • 85047688083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperplasticlike colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas
    • Goldstein NS, Bhanot P, Odish E, et al. Hyperplasticlike colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:778-96.
    • (2003) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.119 , pp. 778-796
    • Goldstein, N.S.1    Bhanot, P.2    Odish, E.3
  • 45
    • 39649118620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sporadic and syndromic hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colon: classification, molecular genetics, natural history, and clinical management
    • East JE, Saunders BP, Jass JR. Sporadic and syndromic hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colon: classification, molecular genetics, natural history, and clinical management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2008;37:25-46.
    • (2008) Gastroenterol Clin North Am , vol.37 , pp. 25-46
    • East, J.E.1    Saunders, B.P.2    Jass, J.R.3
  • 46
    • 34250615901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multinational, internet-based assessment of observer variability in the diagnosis of serrated colorectal polyps
    • Glatz K, Pritt B, Glatz D, et al. A multinational, internet-based assessment of observer variability in the diagnosis of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;127:938-45.
    • (2007) Am J Clin Pathol , vol.127 , pp. 938-945
    • Glatz, K.1    Pritt, B.2    Glatz, D.3
  • 47
    • 37549063992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sessile serrated adenoma: challenging discrimination from other serrated colonic polyps
    • Farris AB, Misdraji J, Srivastava A, et al. Sessile serrated adenoma: challenging discrimination from other serrated colonic polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:30-5.
    • (2008) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.32 , pp. 30-35
    • Farris, A.B.1    Misdraji, J.2    Srivastava, A.3
  • 48
    • 68049128351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observer agreement in the diagnosis of serrated polyps of the large bowel
    • Wong NA, Hunt LP, Novelli MR, et al. Observer agreement in the diagnosis of serrated polyps of the large bowel. Histopathology 2009;55:63-6.
    • (2009) Histopathology , vol.55 , pp. 63-66
    • Wong, N.A.1    Hunt, L.P.2    Novelli, M.R.3
  • 49
    • 78649985198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma
    • Snover DC. Update on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2011;42:1-10.
    • (2011) Hum Pathol , vol.42 , pp. 1-10
    • Snover, D.C.1
  • 50
    • 80052777038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individuals with sessile serrated polyps express an aggressive colorectal phenotype
    • Vu HT, Lopez R, Bennett A, et al. Individuals with sessile serrated polyps express an aggressive colorectal phenotype. Dis Colon Rectum 2011;54:1216-23.
    • (2011) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.54 , pp. 1216-1223
    • Vu, H.T.1    Lopez, R.2    Bennett, A.3
  • 51
    • 0019379322 scopus 로고
    • Dysplasiaassociated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy
    • Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BH, et al. Dysplasiaassociated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy. Gastroenterology 1981;80:366-74.
    • (1981) Gastroenterology , vol.80 , pp. 366-374
    • Blackstone, M.O.1    Riddell, R.H.2    Rogers, B.H.3
  • 52
    • 0020683590 scopus 로고
    • Macroscopic lesions in dysplasia and carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis
    • Butt JH, Konishi F, Morson BC, et al. Macroscopic lesions in dysplasia and carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983;28:18-26.
    • (1983) Dig Dis Sci , vol.28 , pp. 18-26
    • Butt, J.H.1    Konishi, F.2    Morson, B.C.3
  • 53
    • 0032739687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonoscopic polypectomy in chronic colitis: conservative management after endoscopic resection of dysplastic polyps
    • Rubin PH, Friedman S, Harpaz N, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy in chronic colitis: conservative management after endoscopic resection of dysplastic polyps. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1295-300.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.117 , pp. 1295-1300
    • Rubin, P.H.1    Friedman, S.2    Harpaz, N.3
  • 54
    • 0032712550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polypectomy may be adequate treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in chronic ulcerative colitis
    • Engelsgjerd M, Farraye FA, Odze RD. Polypectomy may be adequate treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1288-94.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.117 , pp. 1288-1294
    • Engelsgjerd, M.1    Farraye, F.A.2    Odze, R.D.3
  • 55
    • 3042574699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis
    • Odze RD, Farraye FA, Hecht JL, et al. Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:534-41.
    • (2004) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 534-541
    • Odze, R.D.1    Farraye, F.A.2    Hecht, J.L.3
  • 56
    • 20144388645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consensus conference: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Itzkowitz SH, Present DH. Consensus conference: colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:314-21.
    • (2005) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.11 , pp. 314-321
    • Itzkowitz, S.H.1    Present, D.H.2
  • 58
    • 70350090521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of risk of colorectal and endometrial cancer among patients with Lynch syndrome
    • Stoffel E, Mukherjee B, Raymond VM, et al. Calculation of risk of colorectal and endometrial cancer among patients with Lynch syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1621-7.
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.137 , pp. 1621-1627
    • Stoffel, E.1    Mukherjee, B.2    Raymond, V.M.3
  • 59
    • 17944362664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer)
    • Hampel H, Frankel WL, Martin E, et al. Screening for the Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). N Engl J Med 2005;352:1851-60.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1851-1860
    • Hampel, H.1    Frankel, W.L.2    Martin, E.3
  • 60
    • 0033063711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC Lynch syndrome) proposed by the InternationalCollaborative group on HNPCC
    • Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, et al. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the InternationalCollaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1453-6.
    • (1999) Gastroenterology , vol.116 , pp. 1453-1456
    • Vasen, H.F.1    Watson, P.2    Mecklin, J.P.3
  • 61
    • 10744233937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability
    • Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:261-8.
    • (2004) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.96 , pp. 261-268
    • Umar, A.1    Boland, C.R.2    Terdiman, J.P.3
  • 62
    • 0033398433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of familial adenomatous polyposis in Sweden: changes over time and differences in phenotype between males and females
    • Björk J, Akerbrant H, Iselius L, et al. Epidemiology of familial adenomatous polyposis in Sweden: changes over time and differences in phenotype between males and females. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:1230-5.
    • (1999) Scand J Gastroenterol , vol.34 , pp. 1230-1235
    • Björk, J.1    Akerbrant, H.2    Iselius, L.3
  • 65
    • 10744228081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis
    • Bülow S, Björk J, Christensen IJ, et al. Duodenal adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 2004;53:381-6.
    • (2004) Gut , vol.53 , pp. 381-386
    • Bülow, S.1    Björk, J.2    Christensen, I.J.3
  • 66
    • 0242406863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric fundic gland polyps
    • Burt RW. Gastric fundic gland polyps. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1462-9.
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.125 , pp. 1462-1469
    • Burt, R.W.1
  • 67
    • 38649110440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis
    • Bianchi LK, Burke CA, Bennett AE, et al. Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:180-5.
    • (2008) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , pp. 180-185
    • Bianchi, L.K.1    Burke, C.A.2    Bennett, A.E.3
  • 68
    • 0031885979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysplasia and dysregulation of proliferation in foveolar and surface epithelia of fundic gland polyps from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis
    • Wu TT, Kornacki S, Rashid A, et al. Dysplasia and dysregulation of proliferation in foveolar and surface epithelia of fundic gland polyps from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:293-8.
    • (1998) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.22 , pp. 293-298
    • Wu, T.T.1    Kornacki, S.2    Rashid, A.3
  • 69
    • 1542720307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical evaluation of adenomatous polyposis coli, beta-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, p53, and retinoblastoma protein expression in syndromic and sporadic fundic gland polyps
    • Hassan A, Yerian LM, Kuan SF, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of adenomatous polyposis coli, beta-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, p53, and retinoblastoma protein expression in syndromic and sporadic fundic gland polyps. Hum Pathol 2004;35:328-34.
    • (2004) Hum Pathol , vol.35 , pp. 328-334
    • Hassan, A.1    Yerian, L.M.2    Kuan, S.F.3
  • 71
    • 4143082647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic testing and phenotype in a large kindred with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
    • Burt RW, Leppert MF, Slattery ML, et al. Genetic testing and phenotype in a large kindred with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 2004;127:444-51.
    • (2004) Gastroenterology , vol.127 , pp. 444-451
    • Burt, R.W.1    Leppert, M.F.2    Slattery, M.L.3
  • 72
    • 2642698862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APC gene: database of germline and somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines
    • Laurent-Puig P, Béroud C, Soussi T. APC gene: database of germline and somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 1998;26:269-70.
    • (1998) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.26 , pp. 269-270
    • Laurent-Puig, P.1    Béroud, C.2    Soussi, T.3
  • 73
    • 11944252481 scopus 로고
    • Germ-line mutations of the APC gene in 53 familial adenomatous polyposis patients
    • Miyoshi Y, Ando H, Nagase H, et al. Germ-line mutations of the APC gene in 53 familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:4452-6.
    • (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 4452-4456
    • Miyoshi, Y.1    Ando, H.2    Nagase, H.3
  • 74
    • 35648988947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC): a multi-functional tumor suppressor gene
    • Aoki K, Taketo MM. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC): a multi-functional tumor suppressor gene. J Cell Sci 2007;120:3327-35.
    • (2007) J Cell Sci , vol.120 , pp. 3327-3335
    • Aoki, K.1    Taketo, M.M.2
  • 75
    • 74249108693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic approach
    • Kopacova M, Tacheci I, Rejchrt S, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic approach. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5397-408.
    • (2009) World J Gastroenterol , vol.15 , pp. 5397-5408
    • Kopacova, M.1    Tacheci, I.2    Rejchrt, S.3
  • 76
    • 77953230425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and surveillance recommendations
    • van Lier MG, Wagner A, Mathus-Vliegen EM, et al. High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and surveillance recommendations. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1258-64.
    • (2010) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.105 , pp. 1258-1264
    • van Lier, M.G.1    Wagner, A.2    Mathus-Vliegen, E.M.3
  • 77
    • 0032495530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
    • Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, et al. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998;391:184-7.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 184-187
    • Hemminki, A.1    Markie, D.2    Tomlinson, I.3
  • 78
    • 0031974516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase
    • Jenne DE, Reimann H, Nezu J, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet 1998;18:38-43.
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.18 , pp. 38-43
    • Jenne, D.E.1    Reimann, H.2    Nezu, J.3
  • 79
    • 0034964446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Peutz-Jegher gene product LKB1 is a mediator of p53-dependent cell death
    • Karuman P, Gozani O, Odze RD, et al. The Peutz-Jegher gene product LKB1 is a mediator of p53-dependent cell death. Mol Cell 2001;7:1307-19.
    • (2001) Mol Cell , vol.7 , pp. 1307-1319
    • Karuman, P.1    Gozani, O.2    Odze, R.D.3
  • 81
    • 34347221599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis
    • Brosens LA, van Hattem A, Hylind LM, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis. Gut 2007;56:965-7.
    • (2007) Gut , vol.56 , pp. 965-967
    • Brosens, L.A.1    van Hattem, A.2    Hylind, L.M.3
  • 82
    • 42549147553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large genomic deletions of SMAD4 BMPR1A and PTEN in juvenile polyposis
    • van Hattem WA, Brosens LA, de Leng WW, et al. Large genomic deletions of SMAD4, BMPR1A and PTEN in juvenile polyposis. Gut 2008;57:623-7.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 623-627
    • van Hattem, W.A.1    Brosens, L.A.2    de Leng, W.W.3
  • 83
    • 0027268069 scopus 로고
    • Solitary juvenile polyps: not a marker for subsequent malignancy
    • Nugent KP, Talbot IC, Hodgson SV, et al. Solitary juvenile polyps: not a marker for subsequent malignancy. Gastroenterology 1993;105:698-700.
    • (1993) Gastroenterology , vol.105 , pp. 698-700
    • Nugent, K.P.1    Talbot, I.C.2    Hodgson, S.V.3
  • 84
    • 0036478899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C→T:A mutations in colorectal tumors
    • Al-Tassan N, Chmiel NH, Maynard J, et al. Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C→T:A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 2002;30:227-32.
    • (2002) Nat Genet , vol.30 , pp. 227-232
    • Al-Tassan, N.1    Chmiel, N.H.2    Maynard, J.3
  • 85
    • 20544452084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germline susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to base-excision repair gene defects
    • Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Barnetson R, et al. Germline susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to base-excision repair gene defects. Am J Hum Genet 2005;77:112-9.
    • (2005) Am J Hum Genet , vol.77 , pp. 112-119
    • Farrington, S.M.1    Tenesa, A.2    Barnetson, R.3
  • 86
    • 3543020359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple colorectal adenoma phenotype and MYH: a base excision repair gene
    • Lipton L, Tomlinson I. The multiple colorectal adenoma phenotype and MYH: a base excision repair gene. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:633-8.
    • (2004) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 633-638
    • Lipton, L.1    Tomlinson, I.2
  • 87
    • 33847333956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MUTYH-associated polyposis: from defect in base excision repair to clinical genetic testing
    • Cheadle JP, Sampson JR. MUTYH-associated polyposis: from defect in base excision repair to clinical genetic testing. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007;6:274-9.
    • (2007) DNA Repair (Amst) , vol.6 , pp. 274-279
    • Cheadle, J.P.1    Sampson, J.R.2
  • 89
    • 57249104892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas as a phenotypic expression of MYH-associated polyposis
    • Boparai KS, Dekker E, Van Eeden S, et al. Hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas as a phenotypic expression of MYH-associated polyposis. Gastroenterology 2008;135:2014-8.
    • (2008) Gastroenterology , vol.135 , pp. 2014-2018
    • Boparai, K.S.1    Dekker, E.2    Van Eeden, S.3
  • 90
    • 36448944763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma with invasion restricted to lamina propria (intramucosal carcinoma): a follow-up study of 15 cases
    • Lewin MR, Fenton H, Burkart AL, et al. Poorly differentiated colorectal carcinoma with invasion restricted to lamina propria (intramucosal carcinoma): a follow-up study of 15 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1882-6.
    • (2007) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.31 , pp. 1882-1886
    • Lewin, M.R.1    Fenton, H.2    Burkart, A.L.3
  • 92
    • 35949002787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathologic issues in the treatment of endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps
    • Cooper HS. Pathologic issues in the treatment of endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2007;5:991-6.
    • (2007) J Natl Compr Canc Netw , vol.5 , pp. 991-996
    • Cooper, H.S.1
  • 93
    • 84857963674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate of residual disease after complete endoscopic resection of malignant colonic polyp
    • Butte JM, Tang P, Gonen M, et al. Rate of residual disease after complete endoscopic resection of malignant colonic polyp. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55:122-7.
    • (2012) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.55 , pp. 122-127
    • Butte, J.M.1    Tang, P.2    Gonen, M.3
  • 94
    • 37149041833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer
    • Ogino S, Goel A. Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn 2008;10:13-27.
    • (2008) J Mol Diagn , vol.10 , pp. 13-27
    • Ogino, S.1    Goel, A.2
  • 95
    • 0025048761 scopus 로고
    • Colorectal cancer: evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location
    • Bufill JA. Colorectal cancer: evidence for distinct genetic categories based on proximal or distal tumor location. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:779-88.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , pp. 779-788
    • Bufill, J.A.1
  • 97
    • 0025312728 scopus 로고
    • A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis
    • Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-67.
    • (1990) Cell , vol.61 , pp. 759-767
    • Fearon, E.R.1    Vogelstein, B.2
  • 98
    • 77957970301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic modifications and human disease
    • Portela A, Esteller M. Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nat Biotechnol 2010;28:1057-68.
    • (2010) Nat Biotechnol , vol.28 , pp. 1057-1068
    • Portela, A.1    Esteller, M.2
  • 99
    • 0041382819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics supersedes epigenetics in colon cancer phenotype
    • Yamashita K, Dai T, Dai Y, et al. Genetics supersedes epigenetics in colon cancer phenotype. Cancer Cell 2003;4:121-31.
    • (2003) Cancer Cell , vol.4 , pp. 121-131
    • Yamashita, K.1    Dai, T.2    Dai, Y.3
  • 100
    • 0036561649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered methylation patterns in cancer cell genomes: cause or consequence?
    • Baylin S, Bestor TH. Altered methylation patterns in cancer cell genomes: cause or consequence? Cancer Cell 2002;1:299-305.
    • (2002) Cancer Cell , vol.1 , pp. 299-305
    • Baylin, S.1    Bestor, T.H.2
  • 101
    • 0036246807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of hMLH1 methylation in the development of synchronous sporadic colorectal carcinomas
    • Norrie MW, Hawkins NJ, Todd AV, et al. The role of hMLH1 methylation in the development of synchronous sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Dis Colon Rectum 2002;45:674-80.
    • (2002) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.45 , pp. 674-680
    • Norrie, M.W.1    Hawkins, N.J.2    Todd, A.V.3
  • 102
    • 20844453068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorectal cancer "methylator phenotype": fact or artifact?
    • Anacleto C, Leopoldino AM, Rossi B, et al. Colorectal cancer "methylator phenotype": fact or artifact? Neoplasia 2005;7:331-5.
    • (2005) Neoplasia , vol.7 , pp. 331-335
    • Anacleto, C.1    Leopoldino, A.M.2    Rossi, B.3
  • 103
    • 0033913645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging, methylation and cancer
    • Ahuja N, Issa JP. Aging, methylation and cancer. Histol Histopathol 2000;15:835-42.
    • (2000) Histol Histopathol , vol.15 , pp. 835-842
    • Ahuja, N.1    Issa, J.P.2
  • 104
    • 0034927849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch repair deficiency and CpG island hypermethylation in sporadic colon adenocarcinomas
    • Xiong Z, Wu AH, Bender CM, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency and CpG island hypermethylation in sporadic colon adenocarcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:799-803.
    • (2001) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.10 , pp. 799-803
    • Xiong, Z.1    Wu, A.H.2    Bender, C.M.3
  • 105
    • 0037312934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterozygous disruption of Hic1 predisposes mice to a gender-dependent spectrum of malignant tumors
    • Chen WY, Zeng X, Carter MG, et al. Heterozygous disruption of Hic1 predisposes mice to a gender-dependent spectrum of malignant tumors. Nat Genet 2003;33:197-202.
    • (2003) Nat Genet , vol.33 , pp. 197-202
    • Chen, W.Y.1    Zeng, X.2    Carter, M.G.3
  • 106
    • 0031017268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repairdefective human tumor cell lines
    • Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, et al. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repairdefective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1997;57:808-11.
    • (1997) Cancer Res , vol.57 , pp. 808-811
    • Kane, M.F.1    Loda, M.2    Gaida, G.M.3
  • 107
    • 0034720296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutation of hPMS2 as a possible cause of sporadic human colon cancer with microsatellite instability
    • Ma AH, Xia L, Littman SJ, et al. Somatic mutation of hPMS2 as a possible cause of sporadic human colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Oncogene 2000;19:2249-56.
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 2249-2256
    • Ma, A.H.1    Xia, L.2    Littman, S.J.3
  • 108
    • 13144307115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers
    • Veigl ML, Kasturi L, Olechnowicz J, et al. Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:8698-702.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 8698-8702
    • Veigl, M.L.1    Kasturi, L.2    Olechnowicz, J.3
  • 109
    • 25144518262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer
    • Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, et al. MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:1330-8.
    • (2005) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.97 , pp. 1330-1338
    • Shen, L.1    Kondo, Y.2    Rosner, G.L.3
  • 110
    • 0034661742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter but no hMLH1 mutations in sporadic gastric carcinomas with high-level microsatellite instability
    • Bevilacqua RA, Simpson AJ. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter but no hMLH1 mutations in sporadic gastric carcinomas with high-level microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer 2000;87:200-3.
    • (2000) Int J Cancer , vol.87 , pp. 200-203
    • Bevilacqua, R.A.1    Simpson, A.J.2
  • 111
    • 13144266670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma
    • Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, et al. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6870-5.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 6870-6875
    • Herman, J.G.1    Umar, A.2    Polyak, K.3
  • 112
    • 53049087109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis
    • Grady WM, Carethers JM. Genomic and epigenetic instability in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1079-99.
    • (2008) Gastroenterology , vol.135 , pp. 1079-1099
    • Grady, W.M.1    Carethers, J.M.2
  • 113
    • 33845608798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features
    • Jass JR. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology 2007;50:113-30.
    • (2007) Histopathology , vol.50 , pp. 113-130
    • Jass, J.R.1
  • 114
    • 84858166365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular pathways: microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic implications
    • Sinicrope FA, Sargent DJ. Molecular pathways: microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic implications. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:1506-12.
    • (2012) Clin Cancer Res , vol.18 , pp. 1506-1512
    • Sinicrope, F.A.1    Sargent, D.J.2
  • 115
    • 0032534069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer
    • Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:5248-57.
    • (1998) Cancer Res , vol.58 , pp. 5248-5257
    • Boland, C.R.1    Thibodeau, S.N.2    Hamilton, S.R.3
  • 116
    • 84863986590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lynch syndrome: clinical, pathological, and genetic insights
    • Schneider R, Schneider C, Kloor M, et al. Lynch syndrome: clinical, pathological, and genetic insights. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012;397:513-25.
    • (2012) Langenbecks Arch Surg , vol.397 , pp. 513-525
    • Schneider, R.1    Schneider, C.2    Kloor, M.3
  • 117
    • 84863609627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of individuals at risk for Lynch Syndrome using targeted evaluations and genetic testing: National Society of Genetic Counselors and the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer Joint Practice Guideline
    • Weissman SM, Burt R, Church J, et al. Identification of individuals at risk for Lynch Syndrome using targeted evaluations and genetic testing: National Society of Genetic Counselors and the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer Joint Practice Guideline. J Genet Couns 2012,21:484-93.
    • (2012) J Genet Couns , vol.21 , pp. 484-493
    • Weissman, S.M.1    Burt, R.2    Church, J.3
  • 118
    • 0038731306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-ras oncogene mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study
    • Brink M, de Goeij AF, Weijenberg MP, et al. K-ras oncogene mutations in sporadic colorectal cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Carcinogenesis 2003;24:703-10.
    • (2003) Carcinogenesis , vol.24 , pp. 703-710
    • Brink, M.1    de Goeij, A.F.2    Weijenberg, M.P.3
  • 119
    • 33646228635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer
    • Lièvre A, Bachet JB, Le Corre D, et al. KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:3992-5.
    • (2006) Cancer Res , vol.66 , pp. 3992-3995
    • Lièvre, A.1    Bachet, J.B.2    Le Corre, D.3
  • 120
    • 34548238762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of epiregulin and amphiregulin and K-ras mutation status predict disease control in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab
    • Khambata-Ford S, Garrett CR, Meropol NJ, et al. Expression of epiregulin and amphiregulin and K-ras mutation status predict disease control in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3230-7.
    • (2007) J Clin Oncol , vol.25 , pp. 3230-3237
    • Khambata-Ford, S.1    Garrett, C.R.2    Meropol, N.J.3
  • 121
    • 42649145667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
    • Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1626-34.
    • (2008) J Clin Oncol , vol.26 , pp. 1626-1634
    • Amado, R.G.1    Wolf, M.2    Peeters, M.3
  • 122
    • 65349189958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy
    • Allegra CJ, Jessup JM, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2091-6.
    • (2009) J Clin Oncol , vol.27 , pp. 2091-2096
    • Allegra, C.J.1    Jessup, J.M.2    Somerfield, M.R.3
  • 123
    • 84995777174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Comprehensive Cancer Network..2009. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network
    • National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer v.2.2009. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2009.
    • (2009) NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer , vol.2
  • 124
    • 0024376173 scopus 로고
    • Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review
    • Bos JL. Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1989;49:4682-9.
    • (1989) Cancer Res , vol.49 , pp. 4682-4689
    • Bos, J.L.1
  • 125
    • 78649326419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COLD-PCR enhanced melting curve analysis improves diagnostic accuracy for KRAS mutations in colorectal carcinoma
    • Pritchard CC, Akagi L, Reddy PL, et al. COLD-PCR enhanced melting curve analysis improves diagnostic accuracy for KRAS mutations in colorectal carcinoma. BMC Clin Pathol 2010;10:6.
    • (2010) BMC Clin Pathol , vol.10 , pp. 6
    • Pritchard, C.C.1    Akagi, L.2    Reddy, P.L.3
  • 126
    • 68749119351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KRAS codon 61 146 and BRAF mutations predict resistance to cetuximab plus irinotecan in KRAS codon 12 and 13 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer
    • Loupakis F, Ruzzo A, Cremolini C, et al. KRAS codon 61, 146 and BRAF mutations predict resistance to cetuximab plus irinotecan in KRAS codon 12 and 13 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2009;101:715-21.
    • (2009) Br J Cancer , vol.101 , pp. 715-721
    • Loupakis, F.1    Ruzzo, A.2    Cremolini, C.3
  • 127
    • 0033638755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-ras point mutation detection in lung cancer: comparison of two approaches to somatic mutation detection using ARMS allele-specific amplification
    • Clayton SJ, Scott FM, Walker J, et al. K-ras point mutation detection in lung cancer: comparison of two approaches to somatic mutation detection using ARMS allele-specific amplification. Clin Chem 2000;46:1929-38.
    • (2000) Clin Chem , vol.46 , pp. 1929-1938
    • Clayton, S.J.1    Scott, F.M.2    Walker, J.3
  • 128
    • 0035122455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiplex PCR by multicolor fluorimetry and fluorescence melting curve analysis
    • Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Bohling SD, Wittwer CT, et al. Multiplex PCR by multicolor fluorimetry and fluorescence melting curve analysis. Nat Med 2001;7:249-53.
    • (2001) Nat Med , vol.7 , pp. 249-253
    • Elenitoba-Johnson, K.S.1    Bohling, S.D.2    Wittwer, C.T.3
  • 129
    • 70349644851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of KRAS mutation testing in the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
    • Monzon FA, Ogino S, Hammond ME, et al. The role of KRAS mutation testing in the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:1600-6.
    • (2009) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.133 , pp. 1600-1606
    • Monzon, F.A.1    Ogino, S.2    Hammond, M.E.3
  • 130
    • 23844497341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive sequencing method for KRAS mutation detection by pyrosequencing
    • Ogino S, Kawasaki T, Brahmandam M, et al. Sensitive sequencing method for KRAS mutation detection by pyrosequencing. J Mol Diagn 2005;7:413-21.
    • (2005) J Mol Diagn , vol.7 , pp. 413-421
    • Ogino, S.1    Kawasaki, T.2    Brahmandam, M.3
  • 131
    • 67449158731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrosequencing method to detect KRAS mutation in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissues
    • Dufort S, Richard MJ, de Fraipont F. Pyrosequencing method to detect KRAS mutation in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. Anal Biochem 2009;391:166-8.
    • (2009) Anal Biochem , vol.391 , pp. 166-168
    • Dufort, S.1    Richard, M.J.2    de Fraipont, F.3
  • 132
    • 22244472992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers
    • Samowitz WS, Sweeney C, Herrick J, et al. Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers. Cancer Res 2005;65:6063-9.
    • (2005) Cancer Res , vol.65 , pp. 6063-6069
    • Samowitz, W.S.1    Sweeney, C.2    Herrick, J.3
  • 133
    • 84856512550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803
    • Ogino S, Shima K, Meyerhardt JA, et al. Predictive and prognostic roles of BRAF mutation in stage III colon cancer: results from intergroup trial CALGB 89803. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:890-900.
    • (2012) Clin Cancer Res , vol.18 , pp. 890-900
    • Ogino, S.1    Shima, K.2    Meyerhardt, J.A.3
  • 134
    • 18444374405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer
    • Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002;417:949-54.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 949-954
    • Davies, H.1    Bignell, G.R.2    Cox, C.3
  • 135
    • 0037194728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status
    • Rajagopalan H, Bardelli A, Lengauer C, et al. Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. Nature 2002;418:934.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 934
    • Rajagopalan, H.1    Bardelli, A.2    Lengauer, C.3
  • 136
    • 0347382321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas
    • Koinuma K, Shitoh K, Miyakura Y, et al. Mutations of BRAF are associated with extensive hMLH1 promoter methylation in sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2004;108:237-42.
    • (2004) Int J Cancer , vol.108 , pp. 237-242
    • Koinuma, K.1    Shitoh, K.2    Miyakura, Y.3
  • 137
    • 79951947484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BRAF p Val600Glu (V600E) Testing for assessment of treatment options in metastatic colorectal cancer. Version 2
    • Lea A, Allingham-Hawkins D, Levine S. BRAF p.Val600Glu (V600E) Testing for assessment of treatment options in metastatic colorectal cancer. Version 2. PLoS Curr 2010;2:RRN1187.
    • (2010) PLoS Curr , vol.2
    • Lea, A.1    Allingham-Hawkins, D.2    Levine, S.3
  • 138
    • 33745541234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer
    • Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, et al. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2006;38:787-93.
    • (2006) Nat Genet , vol.38 , pp. 787-793
    • Weisenberger, D.J.1    Siegmund, K.D.2    Campan, M.3
  • 139
    • 0032146118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter in colon cancer with microsatellite instability
    • Cunningham JM, Christensen ER, Tester DJ, et al. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter in colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res 1998;58:3455-60.
    • (1998) Cancer Res , vol.58 , pp. 3455-3460
    • Cunningham, J.M.1    Christensen, E.R.2    Tester, D.J.3
  • 140
    • 33847794097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) diagnostics
    • Lagerstedt Robinson K, Liu T, Vandrovcova J, et al. Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) diagnostics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:291-9.
    • (2007) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.99 , pp. 291-299
    • Lagerstedt Robinson, K.1    Liu, T.2    Vandrovcova, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.