Novel concepts on pregnancy clocks and alarms: Redundancy and synergy in human parturition

Human Reproduction Update

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 535-560

  Menon, Ramkumar ^a   Bonney, Elizabeth A ^b   Condon, Jennifer ^c   Mesiano, Sam ^d   Taylor, Robert N ^e  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Corticosteroids; Endoplasmic reticulum; Labor and delivery; NK cells; Oxidative stress; p38MAPK; Progesterone receptors; Senescence; Unfolded proteins

Indexed keywords

ALARMIN; AUTACOID; ENDOTHELIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP B1 PROTEIN; ICOSANOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; OXYTOCIN; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

AMNION; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CELL AGING; CHILDBIRTH; CHORION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DECIDUALIZATION; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; FEMALE; FETUS MATURITY; FETUS MEMBRANE; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; LABOR; MYOMETRIUM; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYLOGENY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TELOMERE; UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE; UTERINE CERVIX DILATATION; UTERINE CERVIX RIPENING; UTERUS CONTRACTILITY; UTERUS CONTRACTION; UTERUS RELAXATION; VIVIPARITY; ANIMAL; BIRTH; EMBRYO MEMBRANE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; UTERUS;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; LABOR, OBSTETRIC; MYOMETRIUM; PARTURITION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PROGESTERONE; UTERINE CONTRACTION; UTERUS;

EID: 84995665684     PISSN: 13554786     EISSN: 14602369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw022     Document Type: Review

References (324)

1. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:237ra65.
2. Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Post-translational modifications of the progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014;140:80-89.
3. Abdel-Hafiz H, Takimoto GS, Tung L, Horwitz KB. The inhibitory function in human progesterone receptor N termini binds SUMO-1 protein to regulate autoinhibition and transrepression. J Biol Chem 2002;277:33950-33956.
4. ACOG Committee Opinion No 579: Definition of term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:139-1140.
5. Adams Waldorf KM, Singh N, Mohan AR, Young RC, Ngo L, Das A, Tsai J, Bansal A, Paolella L, Herbert BR et al. Uterine overdistention induces preterm labor mediated by inflammation: observations in pregnant women and nonhuman primates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:830.E1-830.19.
6. Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma RK. Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005;3:28.
7. Akgul Y, Holt R, Mummert M, Word A, Mahendroo M. Dynamic changes in cervical glycosaminoglycan composition during normal pregnancy and preterm birth. Endocrinology 2012;153:3493-3503.
8. Amsalem H, Kwan M, Hazan A, Zhang J, Jones RL, Whittle W, Kingdom JC, Croy BA, Lye SJ, Dunk CE. Identification of a novel neutrophil population: proangiogenic granulocytes in second-trimester human decidua. J Immunol 2014;193:3070-3079.
9. Andersson U, Erlandsson-Harris H, Yang H, Tracey KJ. HMGB1 as a DNA-binding cytokine. J Leukoc Biol 2002;72:1084-1091.
10. Andersson S, Minjarez D, Yost NP, Word RA. Estrogen and progesterone metabolism in the cervix during pregnancy and parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2366-2374.
11. Anelli T, Sitia R. Protein quality control in the early secretory pathway. Embo J 2008;27:315-327.
12. Arrowsmith S, Wray S. Oxytocin: its mechanism of action and receptor signalling in the myometrium. J Neuroendocrinol 2014;26:356-369.
13. Arulkumaran S, Kandola MK, Hoffman B, Hanyaloglu AC, Johnson MR, Bennett PR. The roles of prostaglandin EP 1 and 3 receptors in the control of human myometrial contractility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:489-498.
14. Avrech OM, Golan A, Weinraub Z, Bukovsky I, Caspi E. Mifepristone (RU486) alone or in combination with a prostaglandin analogue for termination of early pregnancy: a review. Fertil Steril 1991;56:385-393.
15. Bauer ME. Chronic stress and immunosenescence: a review. Neuroimmunomodulation 2008;15:241-250.
16. Behnia F, Taylor BD, Woodson M, Kacerovsky M, Hawkins H, Fortunato SJ, Saade GR, Menon R. Chorioamniotic Membrane Senescence: A Signal for Parturition? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:e1-e16.
17. Blackburn EH. Structure and function of telomeres. Nature 1991;350:569-573.
18. Blackburn EH. The telomere and telomerase: nucleic acid-protein complexes acting in a telomere homeostasis system. A review. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1997;62:1196-1201.
19. Blackburn EH. Switching and signaling at the telomere. Cell 2001;106:661-673.
20. Blanks AM, Vatish M, Allen MJ, Ladds G, de Wit NC, Slater DM, Thornton S. Paracrine oxytocin and estradiol demonstrate a spatial increase in human intrauterine tissues with labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88, 3392-3400.
21. Boccardi V, Paolisso G. Telomerase activation: a potential key modulator for human healthspan and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2014;15:1-5.
22. Bredeson S, Papaconstantinou J, Deford JH, Kechichian T, Syed TA, Saade GR, Menon R. HMGB1 Promotes a p38MAPK Associated Non-Infectious Inflammatory Response Pathway in Human Fetal Membranes. PLoS One 2014;9:e113799.
23. Bronner DN, Abuaita BH, Chen X, Fitzgerald KA, Nunez G, He Y, Yin XM, O'Riordan MX. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates the inflammasome via NLRP3-and caspase-2-driven mitochondrial damage. Immunity 2015;43:451-462.
24. Brookes PS, Darley-Usmar VM. Role of calcium and superoxide dismutase in sensitizing mitochondria to peroxynitrite-induced permeability transition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286:H39-H46.
25. Brown LY, Bonney EA, Raj RS, Nielsen B, Brown S. Generalized disturbance of DNA methylation in the uterine decidua in the CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model of pregnancy failure. Biol Reprod 2013;89:120.
26. Brunet S, Thibault L, Lepage G, Seidman EG, Dube N, Levy E. Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum-bound cholesterol regulatory enzymes by iron/ascorbatemediated lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:46-54.
27. Bryant-Greenwood GD. The extracellular matrix of the human fetal membranes: structure and function. Placenta 1998;19:1-11.
28. Buhimschi CS, Baumbusch MA, Dulay AT, Oliver EA, Lee S, Zhao G, Bhandari V, Ehrenkranz RA, Weiner CP, Madri JA et al. Characterization of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100beta in inflammation-induced preterm birth and fetal tissue injury. Am J Pathol 2009;175:958-975.
29. Buhimschi IA, Buhimschi CS, Christner R, Norwitz E, Weiner CP. Proteomic profiling and intra-amniotic infection. JAMA 2004;292:2338-2339.
30. Buhimschi IA, Buhimschi CS, Pupkin M, Weiner CP. Beneficial impact of term labor: nonenzymatic antioxidant reserve in the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:181-188.
31. Cadepond F, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE. RU486 (mifepristone): mechanisms of action and clinical uses. Annu Rev Med 1997;48:129-156.
32. Campisi J. The biology of replicative senescence. Eur J Cancer 1997;33:703-709.
33. Campisi J, d'Adda di FF. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8:729-740.
34. Cao B, Mysorekar IU. Intracellular bacteria in placental basal plate localize to extravillous trophoblasts. Placenta 2014;35:139-142.
35. Carbillon L, Seince N, Uzan M. Myometrial maturation and labour. Ann Med 2001;33:571-578.
36. Carbonne B, Brennand JE, Maria B, Cabrol D, Calder AA. Effects of gemeprost and mifepristone on the mechanical properties of the cervix prior to first trimester termination of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:553-558.
37. Carbone DL, Doorn JA, Kiebler Z, Petersen DR. Cysteine modification by lipid peroxidation products inhibits protein disulfide isomerase. Chem Res Toxicol 2005;18:1324-1331.
38. Casey ML, Winkel CA, Porter JC, MacDonald PC. Endocrine regulation of the initiation and maintenance of parturition. Clin Perinatol 1983;10:709-721.
39. Castillo-Castrejon M, Meraz-Cruz N, Gomez-Lopez N, Flores-Pliego A, Beltran-Montoya J, Viveros-Alcaraz M, Vadillo-Ortega F. Choriodecidual cells from term human pregnancies show distinctive functional properties related to the induction of labor. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014;71:86-93.
40. Cesario SK. The 'Christmas Effect' and other biometeorologic influences on childbearing and the health of women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2002;31: 526-535.
41. Chakravarthi S, Jessop CE, Bulleid NJ. The role of glutathione in disulphide bond formation and endoplasmic-reticulum-generated oxidative stress. EMBO Rep 2006;7:271-275.
42. Challis JR, Sloboda DM, Alfaidy N, Lye SJ, Gibb W, Patel FA, Whittle WL, Newnham JP. Prostaglandins and mechanisms of preterm birth. Reproduction 2002;124:1-17.
43. Chaturvedi V, Ertelt JM, Jiang TT, Kinder JM, Xin L, Owens KJ, Jones HN, Way SS. CXCR3 blockade protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection-induced fetal wastage. J Clin Invest 2015;125:1713-1725.
44. Chibbar R, Miller FD, Mitchell BF. Synthesis of oxytocin in amnion, chorion, and decidua may influence the timing of human parturition. J Clin Invest 1993;91:185-192.
45. Chwalisz K, Garfield RE. Antiprogestins in the induction of labor. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;734:387-413.
46. Collins MK, Tay CS, Erlebacher A. Dendritic cell entrapment within the pregnant uterus inhibits immune surveillance of the maternal/fetal interface in mice. J Clin Invest 2009;119:2062-2073.
47. Condon JC, Hardy DB, Kovaric K, Mendelson CR. Up-regulation of the progesterone receptor (PR)-C isoform in laboring myometrium by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB may contribute to the onset of labor through inhibition of PR function. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20:764-775.
48. Condon JC, Jeyasuria P, Faust JM, Mendelson CR. Surfactant protein secreted by the maturing mouse fetal lung acts as a hormone that signals the initiation of parturition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:4978-4983.
49. Condon JC, Jeyasuria P, Faust JM, Wilson JW, Mendelson CR. A decline in the levels of progesterone receptor coactivators in the pregnant uterus at term may antagonize progesterone receptor function and contribute to the initiation of parturition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:9518-9523.
50. Constantin CM, Masopust D, Gourley T, Grayson J, Strickland OL, Ahmed R, Bonney EA. Normal establishment of virus-specific memory CD8 T cell pool following primary infection during pregnancy. J Immunol 2007;179:4383-4389.
51. Copinschi G, Turek FW, and van C. Endocrine rhythms, the sleep-wake cycle and biological clocks. In: Jameson JL and De Groot LJ (eds). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 2011, 201-202.
52. Coppe JP, Desprez PY, Krtolica A, Campisi J. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype: the dark side of tumor suppression. Annu Rev Pathol 2010;5:99-118.
53. Corner GW, Allen WM. Physiology of the corpus luteum. 1929. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193, 1574.
54. Csapo A. Progesterone block. Am J Anat 1956;98:273-291.
55. Cullinan SB, Zhang D, Hannink M, Arvisais E, Kaufman RJ, Diehl JA. NRF2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:7198-7209.
56. Cummiskey KC, Gall SA, Dawood MY. Pulsatile administration of oxytocin for augmentation of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:869-872.
57. Damiola F, Le MN, Preitner N, Kornmann B, Fleury-Olela F, Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 2000;14:2950-2961.
58. Danforth DN. The morphology of the human cervix. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1983;26: 7-13.
59. Daniel AR, Faivre EJ, Lange CA. Phosphorylation-dependent antagonism of sumoylation derepresses progesterone receptor action in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2007;21:2890-2906.
60. Deb S, Tessier C, Prigent-Tessier A, Barkai U, Ferguson-Gottschall S, Srivastava RK, Faliszek J, Gibori G. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptor, and gp130-kilodalton glycoprotein in the rat decidua and a decidual cell line: regulation by 17beta-estradiol and prolactin. Endocrinology 1999;140:4442-4450.
61. Devi YS, DeVine M, DeKuiper J, Ferguson S, Fazleabas AT. Inhibition of IL-6 signaling pathway by curcumin in uterine decidual cells. PLoS One 2015;10: e0125627.
62. Dixon ME, Chien EK, Osol G, Callas PW, Bonney EA. Failure of decidual arteriolar remodeling in the CBA/J x DBA/2 murine model of recurrent pregnancy loss is linked to increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:113-119.
63. Dobyns AE, Goyal R, Carpenter LG, Freeman TC, Longo LD, Yellon SM. Macrophage gene expression associated with remodeling of the prepartum rat cervix: microarray and pathway analyses. PLoS One 2015;10:e0119782.
64. Dubicke A, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Mazurek P, Miller L, Yellon SM. Density of stromal cells and macrophages associated with collagen remodeling in the human cervix in preterm and term birth. Reprod Sci 2015;23:595-603.
65. Ehrchen JM, Sunderkotter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J. The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2009;86:557-566.
66. Ekman-Ordeberg G, Stjernholm Y, Wang H, Stygar D, Sahlin L. Endocrine regulation of cervical ripening in humans-potential roles for gonadal steroids and insulin-like growth factor-I. Steroids 2003;68:837-847.
67. Elovitz MA. Anti-inflammatory interventions in pregnancy: now and the future. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:327-332.
68. Elovitz MA, Mrinalini C. Can medroxyprogesterone acetate alter Toll-like receptor expression in a mouse model of intrauterine inflammation? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1149-1155.
69. Emami H, Vucic E, Subramanian S, Abdelbaky A, Fayad ZA, Du S, Roth E, Ballantyne CM, Mohler ER, Farkouh ME et al. The effect of BMS-582949, a P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38 MAPK) inhibitor on arterial inflammation: a multicenter FDG-PET trial. Atherosclerosis 2015;240:490-496.
70. Engert S, Rieger L, Kapp M, Becker JC, Dietl J, Kammerer U. Profiling chemokines, cytokines and growth factors in human early pregnancy decidua by protein array. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007;58:129-137.
71. Faivre EJ, Daniel AR, Hillard CJ, Lange CA. Progesterone receptor rapid signaling mediates serine 345 phosphorylation and tethering to specificity protein 1 transcription factors. Mol Endocrinol 2008;22:823-837.
72. Farkas AM, Kilgore TM, Lotze MT. Detecting DNA: getting and begetting cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2007;8:981-986.
73. Finch CE. Mechanisms in senescence: some thoughts in April 1990. Exp Gerontol 1992;27:7-16.
74. Foell D, Wittkowski H, Roth J. Mechanisms of disease: a 'DAMP' view of inflammatory arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007;3:382-390.
75. Fortini P, Pascucci B, Parlanti E, D'Errico M, Simonelli V, Dogliotti E. 8-Oxoguanine DNA damage: at the crossroad of alternative repair pathways. Mutat Res 2003;531:127-139.
76. Fortunato SJ, LaFleur B, Menon R. Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in fetal membranes and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003;49:120-125.
77. Fortunato SJ, Menon R, Lombardi SJ. Collagenolytic enzymes (gelatinases) and their inhibitors in human amniochorionic membrane. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177: 731-741.
78. Fox H. Aging of the placenta. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1997;77:F171-F175.
79. Fox H, Faulk WP. The placenta as an experimental model. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;10:57-72.
80. Friebe-Hoffmann U, Baston DM, Hoffmann TK, Chiao JP, Rauk PN. The influence of interleukin-1beta on oxytocin signalling in primary cells of human decidua. Regul Pept 2007;142:78-85.
81. Fuchs AR, Fuchs F, Husslein P, Soloff MS, Fernstrom MJ. Oxytocin receptors and human parturition: a dual role for oxytocin in the initiation of labor. Science 1982;215:1396-1398.
82. Fuchs AR, Romero R, Keefe D, Parra M, Oyarzun E, Behnke E. Oxytocin secretion and human parturition: pulse frequency and duration increase during spontaneous labor in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:1515-1523.
83. Fujimoto T, Savani RC, Watari M, Day AJ, Strauss JFIII. Induction of the hyaluronic acid-binding protein, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6, in cervical smooth muscle cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2). Am J Pathol 2002;160:1495-1502.
84. Galazka K, Wicherek L, Pitynski K, Kijowski J, Zajac K, Bednarek W, Dutsch-Wicherek M, Rytlewski K, Kalinka J, Basta A et al. Changes in the subpopulation of CD25+ CD4+ and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in decidua with respect to the progression of labor at term and the lack of analogical changes in the subpopulation of suppressive B7-H4 macrophages-a preliminary report. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009;61:136-146.
85. Gao L, Rabbitt EH, Condon JC, Renthal NE, Johnston JM, Mitsche MA, Chambon P, Xu J, O'Malley BW, Mendelson CR. Steroid receptor coactivators 1 and 2 mediate fetal-to-maternal signaling that initiates parturition. J Clin Invest 2015;125:2808-2824.
86. Garrido P. Aging and stress: past hypotheses, present approaches and perspectives. Aging Dis 2011;2:80-99.
87. Genbacev O, Vicovac L, Larocque N. The role of chorionic cytotrophoblasts in the smooth chorion fusion with parietal decidua. Placenta 2015;36:716-722.
88. Ghartey J, Bastek JA, Brown AG, Anglim L, Elovitz MA. Women with preterm birth have a distinct cervicovaginal metabolome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212:776.
89. Girard S, Heazell AE, Derricott H, Allan SM, Sibley CP, Abrahams VM, Jones RL. Circulating cytokines and alarmins associated with placental inflammation in highrisk pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014;72:422-434.
90. Glasser SR, Julian J. Intermediate filament protein as a marker of uterine stromal cell decidualization. Biol Reprod 1986;35:463-474.
91. Golightly E, Jabbour HN, Norman JE. Endocrine immune interactions in human parturition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;335:52-59.
92. Gomez-Chavez F, Castro-Leyva V, Espejel-Nunez A, Zamora-Mendoza RG, Rosas-Vargas H, Cancino-Diaz JC, Cancino-Diaz ME, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Rodriguez-Martinez S. Galectin-1 reduced the effect of LPS on the IL-6 production in decidual cells by inhibiting LPS on the stimulation of IkappaBzeta. J Reprod Immunol 2015;112:46-52.
93. Gomez-Lopez N, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Jimenez-Zamudio L, Vega-Sanchez R, Vadillo-Ortega F. Fetal membranes exhibit selective leukocyte chemotaxic activity during human labor. J Reprod Immunol 2009;80:122-131.
94. Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Plazyo O, Panaitescu B, Furcron AE, Miller D, Roumayah T, Flom E, Hassan SS. Intra-amniotic administration of HMGB1 induces spontaneous preterm labor and birth. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016;75:3-7.
95. Gomez-Lopez N, Vega-Sanchez R, Castillo-Castrejon M, Romero R, Cubeiro-Arreola K, Vadillo-Ortega F. Evidence for a role for the adaptive immune response in human term parturition. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013;69:212-230.
96. Gravett MG, Novy MJ, Rosenfeld RG, Reddy AP, Jacob T, Turner M, McCormack A, Lapidus JA, Hitti J, Eschenbach DA et al. Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection by proteomic profiling and identification of novel biomarkers. JAMA 2004;292:462-469.
97. Guo C, Wang W, Liu C, Myatt L, Sun K. Induction of PGF2alpha synthesis by cortisol through GR dependent induction of CBR1 in human amnion fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2014;155:3017-3024.
98. Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Kayisli UA, Semerci N, Basar M, Buchwalder LF, Buhimschi CS, Buhimschi IA, Arcuri F, Larsen K, Huang JS et al. Mechanisms of chorioamnionitis-associated preterm birth: interleukin-1beta inhibits progesterone receptor expression in decidual cells. J Pathol 2015;237:423-434.
99. Haberzettl P, Hill BG. Oxidized lipids activate autophagy in a JNK-dependent manner by stimulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Redox Biol 2013;1:56-64.
100. Hackney DN, Tirumala R, Salamone LJ, Miller RK, Katzman PJ. Do placental histologic findings of chorion-decidual hemorrhage or inflammation in spontaneous preterm birth influence outcomes in the subsequent pregnancy? Placenta 2014;35:58-63.
101. Hapangama D, Neilson JP. Mifepristone for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD002865.
102. Hardy DB, Janowski BA, Corey DR, Mendelson CR. Progesterone receptor plays a major antiinflammatory role in human myometrial cells by antagonism of nuclear factor-kappaB activation of cyclooxygenase 2 expression. Mol Endocrinol 2006;20:2724-2733.
103. Harley CB, Vaziri H, Counter CM, Allsopp RC. The telomere hypothesis of cellular aging. Exp Gerontol 1992;27:375-382.
104. Hassan SS, Romero R, Pineles B, Tarca AL, Montenegro D, Erez O, Mittal P, Kusanovic JP, Mazaki-Tovi S, Espinoza J et al. MicroRNA expression profiling of the human uterine cervix after term labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:80-88.
105. Hastings M, O'Neill JS, Maywood ES. Circadian clocks: reglators of endocrine and metabolic rhythms. J Endocrinol 2007;195:187-198.
106. Hay ED. Extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 1981;91:205s-223s.
107. Hayflick L. Aging human cells. Triangle 1973a;12:141-147.
108. Hayflick L. The biology of human aging. Am J Med Sci 1973b;265:432-445.
109. Hayflick L. The strategy of senescence. Gerontologist 1974;14:37-45.
110. Henshaw RC, Templeton AA. Pre-operative cervical preparation before first trimester vacuum aspiration: a randomized controlled comparison between gemeprost and mifepristone (RU 486). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98:1025-1030.
111. Hirota Y, Daikoku T, Tranguch S, Xie H, Bradshaw HB, Dey SK. Uterine-specific p53 deficiency confers premature uterine senescence and promotes preterm birth in mice. J Clin Invest 2010;120:803-815.
112. Hitomi J, Katayama T, Eguchi Y, Kudo T, Taniguchi M, Koyama Y, Manabe T, Yamagishi S, Bando Y, Imaizumi K et al. Involvement of caspase-4 in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and Abeta-induced cell death. J Cell Biol 2004a;165:347-356.
113. Hitomi J, Katayama T, Taniguchi M, Honda A, Imaizumi K, Tohyama M. Apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress depends on activation of caspase-3 via caspase-12. Neurosci Lett 2004b;357:127-130.
114. Hofmann MA, Drury S, Fu C, Qu W, Taguchi A, Lu Y, Avila C, Kambham N, Bierhaus A, Nawroth P et al. RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: a central cell surface receptor for S100/calgranulin polypeptides. Cell 1999;97:889-901.
115. Hori O, Brett J, Slattery T, Cao R, Zhang J, Chen JX, Nagashima M, Lundh ER, Vijay S, Nitecki D. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cellular binding site for amphoterin. Mediation of neurite outgrowth and coexpression of rage and amphoterin in the developing nervous system. J Biol Chem 1995;270:25752-25761.
116. Horn T, Robertson BC, Gemmell NJ. The use of telomere length in ecology and evolutionary biology. Heredity (Edinb) 2010;105:497-506.
117. Horwitz KB, Wei LL, Francis MD. Structural analyses of progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem 1986;24:109-117.
118. Hua R, Pease JE, Sooranna SR, Viney JM, Nelson SM, Myatt L, Bennett PR, Johnson MR. Stretch and inflammatory cytokines drive myometrial chemokine expression via NF-kappaB activation. Endocrinology 2012;153:481-491.
119. Huang W, Tang Y, Li L. HMGB1, a potent proinflammatory cytokine in sepsis. Cytokine 2010;51:119-126.
120. Huybrechts KF, Sanghani RS, Avorn J, Urato AC. Preterm birth and antidepressant medication use during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e92778.
121. Ikuta Y, Matsuura K, Okamura H, Oyamada I, Usuku G. Effects of RU486 on the interstitial collagenase in the process of cervical ripening in the pregnant rat. Endocrinol Jpn 1991;5:491-496.
122. Jabbour HN, Critchley HO. Potential roles of decidual prolactin in early pregnancy. Reproduction 2001;121:197-205.
123. Janko C, Filipovic M, Munoz LE, Schorn C, Schett G, Ivanovic-Burmazovic I, Herrmann M. Redox modulation of HMGB1-related signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;20:1075-1085.
124. Jiang HY, Wek RC. Phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2alpha) reduces protein synthesis and enhances apoptosis in response to proteasome inhibition. J Biol Chem 2005;280:14189-14202.
125. Jiang HY, Wek SA, McGrath BC, Scheuner D, Kaufman RJ, Cavener DR, Wek RC. Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 is required for activation of NF-kappaB in response to diverse cellular stresses. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:5651-5663.
126. Kacerovsky M, Tothova L, Menon R, Vlkova B, Musilova I, Hornychova H, Prochazka M, Celec P. Amniotic fluid markers of oxidative stress in pregnancies complicated by preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:1-10.
127. Kalkhoven E, Wissink S, van der Saag PT, van der Burg B. Negative interaction between the RelA(p65) subunit of NF-kappaB and the progesterone receptor. J Biol Chem 1996;271:6217-6224.
128. Kang R, Zhang Q, Zeh HJIII, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in cancer: good, bad, or both? Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:4046-4057.
129. Katayama T, Imaizumi K, Manabe T, Hitomi J, Kudo T, Tohyama M. Induction of neuronal death by ER stress in Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2004;28:67-78.
130. Kato TJr, Delhase M, Hoffmann A, Karin M. CK2 is a C-terminal IkappaB kinase responsible for NF-kappaB activation during the UV response. Mol Cell 2003;12:829-839.
131. Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ, Sato TA, Marvin KW, Mitchell MD. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition-a review. Placenta 2003;24:S33-S46.
132. Kelly RW. Inflammatory mediators and parturition. Rev Reprod 1996;1:89-96.
133. Kendal-Wright CE. Stretching, mechanotransduction, and proinflammatory cytokines in the fetal membranes. Reprod Sci 2007;14:35-41.
134. Khan JA, Amazit L, Bellance C, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombes M, Loosfelt H. p38 and p42/44 MAPKs differentially regulate progesterone receptor A and B isoform stabilization. Mol Endocrinol 2011;25:1710-1724.
135. Kim DK. Estimating doubling time of cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995;31:419-420.
136. Knox K Baker JC. Genomic evolution of the placenta using co-option and duplication and divergence. Genome Res 2008;18:695-705.
137. Kuilman T, Michaloglou C, Mooi WJ, Peeper DS. The essence of senescence. Genes Dev 2010;24:2463-2479.
138. Kumar D, Moore RM, Nash A, Springel E, Mercer BM, Philipson E, Mansour JM, Moore JJ. Decidual GM-CSF is a critical common intermediate necessary for thrombin and TNF induced in-vitro fetal membrane weakening. Placenta 2014;35:1049-1056.
139. Kyathanahalli C, Organ K, Moreci RS, Anamthathmakula P, Hassan SS, Caritis SN, Jeyasuria P, Condon JC. Uterine endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response regulation of gestational length is caspase-3 and-7-dependent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015;112:14090-14095.
140. Lange CA, Shen T, Horwitz KB. Phosphorylation of human progesterone receptors at serine-294 by mitogen-activated protein kinase signals their degradation by the 26S proteasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:1032-1037.
141. Lange SS, Vasquez KM. HMGB1: the jack-of-all-trades protein is a master DNA repair mechanic. Mol Carcinog 2009;48:571-580.
142. Langevin HM, Bouffard NA, Badger GJ, Iatridis JC, Howe AK. Dynamic fibroblast cytoskeletal response to subcutaneous tissue stretch ex vivo and in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005;288:C747-C756.
143. Lappas M, Odumetse TL, Riley C, Reti NG, Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Rice GE, Permezel M. Pre-labour fetal membranes overlying the cervix display alterations in inflammation and NF-kappaB signalling pathways. Placenta 2008;29:995-1002.
144. Lappas M, Rice GE. The role and regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B signalling pathway in human labour. Placenta 2007;28:543-556.
145. Larsen B, Hwang J. Progesterone interactions with the cervix: translational implications for term and preterm birth. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011;2011:353297.
146. Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Glimcher LH. XBP-1 regulates a subset of endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone genes in the unfolded protein response. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:7448-7459.
147. Lee Y, Sooranna SR, Terzidou V, Christian M, Brosens J, Huhtinen K, Poutanen M, Barton G, Johnson MR, Bennett PR. Interactions between inflammatory signals and the progesterone receptor in regulating gene expression in pregnant human uterine myocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2012;16:2487-2503.
148. Lee J, Sun C, Zhou Y, Gokalp D, Herrema H, Park SW, Davis RJ, Ozcan U. p38 MAPK-mediated regulation of Xbp1s is crucial for glucose homeostasis. Nat Med 2011;17:1251-1260.
149. LeGates TA, Altimus CM, Wang H, Lee HK, Yang S, Zhao H, Kirkwood A, Weber ET, Hattar S. Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons. Nature 2012;491:594-598.
150. Lei W, Feng XH, Deng WB, Ni H, Zhang ZR, Jia B, Yang XL, Wang TS, Liu JL, Su RW et al. Progesterone and DNA damage encourage uterine cell proliferation and decidualization through up-regulating ribonucleotide reductase 2 expression during early pregnancy in mice. J Biol Chem 2012;287:15174-15192.
151. Levonen AL, Hill BG, Kansanen E, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM. Redox regulation of antioxidants, autophagy, and the response to stress: implications for electrophile therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2014;71:196-207.
152. Li L, Liu Y, Chen HZ, Li FW, Wu JF, Zhang HK, He JP, Xing YZ, Chen Y, Wang WJ et al. Impeding the interaction between Nur77 and p38 reduces LPS-induced inflammation. Nat Chem Biol 2015;11:339-346.
153. Li XQ, Zhu P, Myatt L, Sun K. Roles of glucocorticoids in human parturition: a controversial fact? Placenta 2014;35:291-296.
154. Liao Y, Jiang Y, He H, Ni H, Tu Z, Zhang S, Wang B, Lou J, Quan S, Wang H. NEDD8-mediated neddylation is required for human endometrial stromal proliferation and decidualization. Hum Reprod 2015;30:1665-1676.
155. Lindstrom TM, Bennett PR. The role of nuclear factor kappa B in human labour. Reproduction 2005;130:569-581.
156. Liu L, Bailey SM, Okuka M, Munoz P, Li C, Zhou L, Wu C, Czerwiec E, Sandler L, Seyfang A et al. Telomere lengthening early in development. Nat Cell Biol 2007;9:1436-1441.
157. Liu Z, Zhu P, Tao Y, Shen C, Wang S, Zhao L, Wu H, Fan F, Lin C, Chen C et al. Cancer-promoting effect of capsaicin on DMBA/TPA-induced skin tumorigenesis by modulating inflammation, Erk and p38 in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015;81:1-8.
158. Ma Y, Hendershot LM. ER chaperone functions during normal and stress conditions. J Chem Neuroanat 2004;28:51-65.
159. Mackler AM, Ducsay TC, Ducsay CA, Yellon SM. Effects of endotoxin and macrophage-related cytokines on the contractile activity of the gravid murine uterus. Biol Reprod 2003;69:1165-1169.
160. Mackler AM, Iezza G, Akin MR, McMillan P, Yellon SM. Macrophage trafficking in the uterus and cervix precedes parturition in the mouse. Biol Reprod 1999;61:879-883.
161. Mahendroo M. Cervical remodeling in term and preterm birth: insights from an animal model. Reproduction 2012;143:429-438.
162. Makino S, Zaragoza DB, Mitchell BF, Robertson S, Olson DM. Prostaglandin F2alpha and its receptor as activators of human decidua. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:60-68.
163. Malek A, Blann E, Mattison DR. Human placental transport of oxytocin. J Matern Fetal Med 1996;5:245-255.
164. Malm H, Sourander A, Gissler M, Gyllenberg D, Hinkka-Yli-Salomaki S, McKeague IW, Artama M, Brown AS. Pregnancy complications following prenatal exposure to SSRIs or maternal psychiatric disorders: results from population-based national register data. Am J Psychiatry 2015;72:1224-1232.
165. Margarit L, Griffiths AN, Tsapanos V, Tsakas S, Decavalas G. Amniotic fluid endothelin levels and the incidence of premature rupture of membranes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;93:18-21.
166. Margarit L, Griffiths AN, Tsapanos V, Tsakas S, Gumenos D, Decavalas G. Second trimester amniotic fluid endothelin-1 concentrations and subsequent development of intrauterine growth restriction. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007;134:192-195.
167. Martina NA, Kim E, Chitkara U, Wathen NC, Chard T, Giudice LC. Gestational age-dependent expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) phosphoisoforms in human extraembryonic cavities, maternal serum, and decidua suggests decidua as the primary source of IGFBP-1 in these fluids during early pregnancy. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1997;82:1894-1898.
168. Masoro EJ. Glucocorticoids and aging. Aging 1995;7:407-413.
169. Matsuzawa A, Nishitoh H, Tobiume K, Takeda K, Ichijo H. Physiological roles of ASK1-mediated signal transduction in oxidative stress-and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis: advanced findings from ASK1 knockout mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002;4:415-425.
170. Matta P, Lockwood CJ, Schatz F, Krikun G, Rahman M, Buchwalder L, Norwitz ER. Thrombin regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human first trimester and term decidual cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:268.
171. McEwan IJ. Nuclear receptors: one big family. Methods Mol Biol 2009;505:3-18.
172. McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R. A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy. Nat Med 1995;1:460-463.
173. Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, Dombrowski MP, Sibai B, Moawad AH, Spong CY, Hauth JC, Miodovnik M, Varner MW et al. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2379-2385.
174. Mendelson CR. Minireview: fetal-maternal hormonal signaling in pregnancy and labor. Mol Endocrinol 2009;23:947-954.
175. Menon R. Oxidative stress damage as a detrimental factor in preterm birth pathology. Front Immunol 2014;5:567.
176. Menon R, Behnia F, Polettini J, Saade GR, Campisi J, Velarde M. Placental membrane aging and HMGB1 signaling associated with human parturition. Aging (Albany NY) 2016;8:216-230.
177. Menon R, Boldogh I, Hawkins HK, Woodson M, Polettini J, Syed TA, Fortunato SJ, Saade GR, Papaconstantinou J, Taylor RN. Histological evidence of oxidative stress and premature senescence in preterm premature rupture of the human fetal membranes recapitulated in vitro. Am J Pathol 2014a;184:1740-1751.
178. Menon R, Boldogh I, Urrabaz-Garza R, Polettini J, Syed TA, Saade GR, Papaconstantinou J, Taylor RN. Senescence of primary amniotic cells via oxidative DNA damage. PLoS One 2013;8:e83416.
179. Menon R, Polettini J, Syed TA, Saade GR, Boldogh I. Expression of 8-oxoguanine glycosylase in human fetal membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014b;72:75-84.
180. Menon R, Yu J, Basanta-Henry P, Brou L, Berga SL, Fortunato SJ, Taylor RN. Short fetal leukocyte telomere length and preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes. PLoS One 2012;7:e31136.
181. Menu P, Mayor A, Zhou R, Tardivel A, Ichijo H, Mori K, Tschopp J. ER stress activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via an UPR-independent pathway. Cell Death Dis 2012;3:e261.
182. Mercer BM Lewis R. Preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Diagnosis and management. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:177-201.
183. Merlino AA, Welsh TN, Tan H, Yi LJ, Cannon V, Mercer BM, Mesiano S. Nuclear progesterone receptors in the human pregnancy myometrium: evidence that parturition involves functional progesterone withdrawal mediated by increased expression of progesterone receptor-A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1927-1933.
184. Mesiano S, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Kwek K, Yeo G, Smith R. Progesterone withdrawal and estrogen activation in human parturition are coordinated by progesterone receptor A expression in the myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2924-2930.
185. Messlik A, Schmechel S, Kisling S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Gobel U, Haller D. Loss of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 leads to differential induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and proapoptotic responses in the intestinal epithelium under conditions of chronic inflammation. J Proteome Res 2009;8: 4406-4417.
186. Millar LK, Stollberg J, DeBuque L, Bryant-Greenwood G. Fetal membrane distention: determination of the intrauterine surface area and distention of the fetal membranes preterm and at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:128-134.
187. Mogami H, Kishore AH, Shi H, Keller PW, Akgul Y, Word RA. Fetal fibronectin signaling induces matrix metalloproteases and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in amnion cells and preterm birth in mice. J Biol Chem 2013;288:1953-1966.
188. Moore TR, Iams JD, Creasy RK, Burau KD, Davidson AL. Diurnal and gestational patterns of uterine activity in normal human pregnancy. The Uterine Activity in Pregnancy Working Group. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:517-523.
189. Morishima N, Nakanishi K, Takenouchi H, Shibata T, Yasuhiko Y. An endoplasmic reticulum stress-specific caspase cascade in apoptosis. Cytochrome c-independent activation of caspase-9 by caspase-12. J Biol Chem 2002;277:34287-34294.
190. Morton-Pradhan S, Bay RC, Coonrod DV. Birth rate and its correlation with the lunar cycle and specific atmospheric conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192: 1970-1973.
191. Mossman HW. Classics revisited: comparative morphogenesis of the fetal membranes and accessory uterine structures. Placenta 1991;12:1-5.
192. Muglia LJ, Bae DS, Brown TT, Vogt SK, Alvarez JG, Sunday ME, Majzoub JA. Proliferation and differentiation defects during lung development in corticotropinreleasing hormone-deficient mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:181-188.
193. Mulac-Jericevic B, Lydon JP, DeMayo FJ, Conneely OM. Defective mammary gland morphogenesis in mice lacking the progesterone receptor B isoform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2003;100:9744-9749.
194. Mulac-Jericevic B, Mullinax RA, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Conneely OM. Subgroup of reproductive functions of progesterone mediated by progesterone receptor-B isoform. Science 2000;289:1751-1754.
195. Mulla MJ, Myrtolli K, Potter J, Boeras C, Kavathas PB, Sfakianaki AK, Tadesse S, Norwitz ER, Guller S, Abrahams VM. Uric acid induces trophoblast IL-1beta production via the inflammasome: implications for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;65:542-548.
196. Muter J, Lucas ES, Chan YW, Brighton PJ, Moore JD, Lacey L, Quenby S, Lam EW, Brosens JJ. The clock protein period 2 synchronizes mitotic expansion and decidual transformation of human endometrial stromal cells. FASEB J 2015;29:1603-1614.
197. Myatt L, Cui X. Oxidative stress in the placenta. Histochem Cell Biol 2004;122:369-382.
198. Myatt L, Sun K. Role of fetal membranes in signaling of fetal maturation and parturition. Int J Dev Biol 2010;54:545-553.
199. Myers K, Socrate S, Tzeranis D, House M. Changes in the biochemical constituents and morphologic appearance of the human cervical stroma during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;144:S82-S89.
200. Nakagawa T, Zhu H, Morishima N, Li E, Xu J, Yankner BA, Yuan J. Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloidbeta. Nature 2000;403:98-103.
201. Nancy P, Tagliani E, Tay CS, Asp P, Levy DE, Erlebacher A. Chemokine gene silencing in decidual stromal cells limits T cell access to the maternal-fetal interface. Science 2012;336:1317-1321.
202. Neilson JP. Mifepristone for induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD002865.
203. Nicolaides NC, Charmandari E, Chrousos GP, Kino T. Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its actions. Ann NY Acad Sci 2014;1318:71-80.
204. Nogueira-Machado JA, Volpe CM, Veloso CA, Chaves MM. HMGB1, TLR and RAGE: a functional tripod that leads to diabetic inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011;15:1023-1035.
205. Nold C, Anton L, Brown A, Elovitz M. Inflammation promotes a cytokine response and disrupts the cervical epithelial barrier: a possible mechanism of premature cervical remodeling and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:208-7.
206. Norman JE, Bollapragada S, Yuan M, Nelson SM. Inflammatory pathways in the mechanism of parturition. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007;7:S7.
207. Norman M, Ekman G, Malmstrom A. Prostaglandin E2-induced ripening of the human cervix involves changes in proteoglycan metabolism. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:1013-1020.
208. Norman JE, Marlow N, Messow CM, Shennan A, Bennett PR, Thornton S, Robson SC, McConnachie A, Petrou S, Sebire NJ et al. Vaginal progesterone prophylaxis for preterm birth (the OPPTIMUM study): a multicentre, randomised, doubleblind trial. Lancet 2016;16.
209. Oh SY, Romero R, Shim SS, Park JS, Jun JK, Yoon BH. Fetal plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations in pregnancy and term parturition. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;19:529-536.
210. Okabe H, Makino S, Kato K, Matsuoka K, Seki H, Takeda S. The effect of progesterone on genes involved in preterm labor. J Reprod Immunol 2014;104-105:80-91.
211. Olcese J. Circadian aspects of mammalian parturition: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;349:62-67.
212. Oliveira SF, Greca CP, Abrahamsohn PA, Reis MG, Zorn TM. Organization of desmin-containing intermediate filaments during differentiation of mouse decidual cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2000;113:319-327.
213. Osman I, Young A, Jordan F, Greer IA, Norman JE. Leukocyte density and proinflammatory mediator expression in regional human fetal membranes and decidua before and during labor at term. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2006;13:97-103.
214. Osman I, Young A, Ledingham MA, Thomson AJ, Jordan F, Greer IA, Norman JE. Leukocyte density and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human fetal membranes, decidua, cervix and myometrium before and during labour at term. Mol Hum Reprod 2003;9:41-45.
215. Paamoni-Keren O, Silberstein T, Burg A, Raz I, Mazor M, Saphier O, Weintraub AY. Oxidative stress as determined by glutathione (GSH) concentrations in venous cord blood in elective cesarean delivery versus uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2007;276:43-46.
216. Palmai-Pallag T, Bachrati CZ. Inflammation-induced DNA damage and damageinduced inflammation: a vicious cycle. Microbes Infect 2014;16:822-832.
217. Papatheodorou DC, Karagiannidis LK, Paltoglou G, Margeli A, Kaparos G, Valsamakis G, Chrousos GP, Creatsas G, Mastorakos G. Pulsatile interleukin-6 leads CRH secretion and is associated with myometrial contractility during the active phase of term human labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4105-4112.
218. Park JS, Gamboni-Robertson F, He Q, Svetkauskaite D, Kim JY, Strassheim D, Sohn JW, Yamada S, Maruyama I, Banerjee A et al. High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;290:C917-C924.
219. Parry S, Elovitz MA. Pros and cons of maternal cervical length screening to identify women at risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2014;57:537-546.
220. Petraglia F, Imperatore A, Challis JR. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in pregnancy and parturition. Endocr Rev 2010;31:783-816.
221. Petraglia F, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale W. Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor in human placenta. Nature 1987;328:717-719.
222. Petraglia F, Sutton S, Vale W. Neurotransmitters and peptides modulate the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:247-251.
223. Phillippe M. Cell-free fetal DNA-a trigger for parturition. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2534-2536.
224. Phillippe M. Cell-free fetal DNA, telomeres, and the spontaneous onset of parturition. Reprod Sci 2015;22:1186-1201.
225. Pieber D, Allport VC, Bennett PR. Progesterone receptor isoform A inhibits isoform B-mediated transactivation in human amnion. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;427:7-11.
226. Pisetsky DS, Gauley J, Ullal AJ. HMGB1 and microparticles as mediators of the immune response to cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011;15:2209-2219.
227. Pizzo P, Pozzan T. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum choreography: structure and signaling dynamics. Trends Cell Biol 2007;17:511-517.
228. Polettini J, Behnia F, Taylor BD, Saade GR, Taylor RN, Menon R. Telomere fragment induced amnion cell senescence: a contributor to parturition? PLoS One 2015a;10:e0137188.
229. Polettini J, Dutta EH, Behnia F, Saade GR, Torloni MR, Menon R. Aging of intrauterine tissues in spontaneous preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of the membranes: A systematic review of the literature. Placenta 2015b;36:969-973.
230. Prince AL, Antony KM, Chu DM, Aagaard KM. The microbiome, parturition, and timing of birth: more questions than answers. J Reprod Immunol 2014;104-105:12-19.
231. Prins JR, Zhang B, Schjenken JE, Guerin LR, Barry SC, Robertson SA. Unstable Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and altered dendritic cells are associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal loss in pregnant IL10-deficient mice. Biol Reprod 2015;93:95.
232. Rahkonen L, Rutanen EM, Nuutila M, Sainio S, Saisto T, Paavonen J. Elevated levels of decidual insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in cervical fluid in early and mid-pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. BJOG 2010;117:701-710.
233. Rao RV, Castro-Obregon S, Frankowski H, Schuler M, Stoka V, del Rio G, Bredesen DE, Ellerby HM. Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program. An Apaf-1-independent intrinsic pathway. J Biol Chem 2002;277:21836-21842.
234. Ratajczak CK, Asada M, Allen GC, McMahon DG, Muglia LM, Smith D, Bhattacharyya S, Muglia LJ. Generation of myometrium-specific Bmal1 knockout mice for parturition analysis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012;24:759-767.
235. Ratsep MT, Felker AM, Kay VR, Tolusso L, Hofmann AP, Croy BA. Uterine natural killer cells: supervisors of vasculature construction in early decidua basalis. Reproduction 2015;149:R91-102.
236. Reddi K, Deppe WM, Norman RJ. Increased and intermittent prostaglandin release from amnion detected by a new superfusion technique for full thickness fetal membrane. Prostaglandins 1990;39:601-610.
237. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Rosales-Corral SA. Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:293-307.
238. Renthal NE, Chen CC, Williams KC, Gerard RD, Prange-Kiel J, Mendelson CR. miR-200 family and targets, ZEB1 and ZEB2, modulate uterine quiescence and contractility during pregnancy and labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107: 20828-20833.
239. Richer JK, Jacobsen BM, Manning NG, Abel MG, Wolf DM, Horwitz KB. Differential gene regulation by the two progesterone receptor isoforms in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:5209-5218.
240. Robinson BG, Emanuel RL, Frim DM, Majzoub JA. Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:5244-5248.
241. Rodier F, Campisi J. Four faces of cellular senescence. J Cell Biol 2011;192:547-556.
242. Romero R, Brody DT, Oyarzun E, Mazor M, Wu YK, Hobbins JC, Durum SK. Infection and labor. III. Interleukin-1: a signal for the onset of parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1117-1123.
243. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Alpay SZ, Xu Y, Hussein Y, Dong Z, Kusanovic JP, Kim CJ, Hassan SS. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in preterm labor with intact membranes and preterm PROM: a study of the alarmin HMGB1. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1444-1455.
244. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Savasan ZA, Hussein Y, Dong Z, Kusanovic JP, Kim CJ, Hassan SS. Clinical chorioamnionitis is characterized by changes in the expression of the alarmin HMGB1 and one of its receptors, sRAGE. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:558-567.
245. Romero R, Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Kusanovic JP, Friel L, Hassan S. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25: 21-39.
246. Romero R, Espinoza J, Goncalves LF, Kusanovic JP, Friel LA, Nien JK. Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:317-326.
247. Romero R, Friel LA, Velez Edwards DR, Kusanovic JP, Hassan SS, Mazaki-Tovi S, Vaisbuch E, Kim CJ, Erez O, Chaiworapongsa T et al. A genetic association study of maternal and fetal candidate genes that predispose to preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;203:361.
248. Romero R, Miranda J, Chaiworapongsa T, Chaemsaithong P, Gotsch F, Dong Z, Ahmed AI, Yoon BH, Hassan SS, Kim CJ et al. Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in asymptomatic patients with a sonographic short cervix: prevalence and clinical significance. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014a;1-17.
249. Romero R, Miranda J, Chaiworapongsa T, Korzeniewski SJ, Chaemsaithong P, Gotsch F, Dong Z, Ahmed AI, Yoon BH, Hassan SS et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014b;72:458-474.
250. Romero R, Munoz H, Gomez R, Parra M, Polanco M, Valverde V, Hasbun J, Garrido J, Ghezzi F, Mazor M et al. Increase in prostaglandin bioavailability precedes the onset of human parturition. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;54:187-191.
251. Ron D, Walter P. Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007;8:519-529.
252. Ruoslahti E Stretching is good for a cell. Science (New York, NY) 1997;276: 1345-1346.
253. Ryckman C, Vandal K, Rouleau P, Talbot M, Tessier PA. Proinflammatory activities of S100: proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. J Immunol 2003;170:3233-3242.
254. Saito I, Takayama M, Nakamura T, Sugiyama H, Komeda Y, Iwasaki M. The most electron-donating sites in duplex DNA: guanine-guanine stacking rule. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1995;191-192.
255. Sakamoto K, Kamimura M, Kurozumi S, Ito S. Prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1995;12:405-411.
256. Sanders AP, Burris HH, Just AC, Motta V, Svensson K, Mercado-Garcia A, Pantic I, Schwartz J, Tellez-Rojo MM, Wright RO et al. microRNA expression in the cervix during pregnancy is associated with length of gestation. Epigenetics 2015;10:221-228.
257. Sanders JL, Newman AB. Telomere length in epidemiology: a biomarker of aging, age-related disease, both, or neither? Epidemiol Rev 2013;35:112-131.
258. Schaefer L. Extracellular matrix molecules: endogenous danger signals as new drug targets in kidney diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010;10:185-190.
259. Schaefer L, Schaefer RM. Proteoglycans: from structural compounds to signaling molecules. Cell Tissue Res 2010;339:237-246.
260. Scheuner D, Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response: a pathway that links insulin demand with beta-cell failure and diabetes. Endocr Rev 2008;29:317-333.
261. Schmidt W. The amniotic fluid compartment: the fetal habitat. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1992;127:1-100.
262. Schuit E, Stock S, Rode L, Rouse DJ, Lim AC, Norman JE, Nassar AH, Serra V, Combs CA, Vayssiere C et al. Effectiveness of progestogens to improve perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BJOG 2015;122:27-37.
263. Schulpis KH, Lazaropoulou C, Vlachos GD, Partsinevelos GA, Michalakakou K, Gavrili S, Gounaris A, Antsaklis A, Papassotiriou I. Maternal-neonatal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine serum concentrations as an index of DNA oxidation in association with the mode of labour and delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;86:320-326.
264. Seong SY, Matzinger P. Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4:469-478.
265. Sharkey JT, Puttaramu R, Word RA, Olcese J. Melatonin synergizes with oxytocin to enhance contractility of human myometrial smooth muscle cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:421-427.
266. Shirasuna K, Shimizu T, Hayashi KG, Nagai K, Matsui M, Miyamoto A. Positive association, in local release, of luteal oxytocin with endothelin 1 and prostaglandin F2alpha during spontaneous luteolysis in the cow: a possible intermediatory role for luteolytic cascade within the corpus luteum. Biol Reprod 2007;76:965-970.
267. Shynlova O, Dorogin A, Lye SJ. Stretch-induced uterine myocyte differentiation during rat pregnancy: involvement of caspase activation. Biol Reprod 2010;82:1248-1255.
268. Shynlova O, Lee YH, Srikhajon K, Lye SJ. Physiologic uterine inflammation and labor onset: integration of endocrine and mechanical signals. Reprod Sci 2013;20:154-167.
269. Shynlova O, Oldenhof A, Dorogin A, Xu Q, Mu J, Nashman N, Lye SJ. Myometrial apoptosis: activation of the caspase cascade in the pregnant rat myometrium at midgestation. Biol Reprod 2006;74:839-849.
270. Shynlova O, Williams SJ, Draper H, White BG, Macphee DJ, Lye SJ. Uterine stretch regulates temporal and spatial expression of fibronectin protein and its alpha 5 integrin receptor in myometrium of unilaterally pregnant rats. Biol Reprod 2007;77:880-888.
271. Siiteri PK, Febres F, Clemens LE, Chang RJ, Gondos B, Stites D. Progesterone and maintenance of pregnancy: is progesterone nature's immunosuppressant? Ann NY Acad Sci 1977;286:384-397.
272. Silva E, Soares AI, Costa F, Castro JP, Matos L, Almeida H. Antioxidant supplementation modulates age-related placental bed morphology and reproductive outcome in mice. Biol Reprod 2015;15:127746.
273. Sindram-Trujillo AP, Scherjon SA, van Hulst-van Miert PP, Kanhai HH, Roelen DL, Claas FH. Comparison of decidual leukocytes following spontaneous vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section in uncomplicated human term pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2004;62:125-137.
274. Smith R, Mesiano S, McGrath S. Hormone trajectories leading to human birth. Regul Pept 2002;108:159-164.
275. Snegovskikh VV, Schatz F, Arcuri F, Toti P, Kayisli UA, Murk W, Guoyang L, Lockwood CJ, Norwitz ER. Intra-amniotic infection upregulates decidual cell vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neuropilin-1 and-2 expression: implications for infection-related preterm birth. Reprod Sci 2009;16:767-780.
276. So AY, Bernal TU, Pillsbury ML, Yamamoto KR, Feldman BJ. Glucocorticoid regulation of the circadian clock modulates glucose homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:17582-17587.
277. Stern EW, Glazer GL, Sanduleak N. Influence of the full and new moon on onset of labor and spontaneous rupture of membranes. J Nurse Midwifery 1988;33: 57-61.
278. Stewart SA, Ben-Porath I, Carey VJ, O'Connor BF, Hahn WC, Weinberg RA. Erosion of the telomeric single-strand overhang at replicative senescence. Nat Genet 2003;33:492-496.
279. Stjernholm Y, Sahlin L, Akerberg S, Elinder A, Eriksson HA, Malmstrom A, Ekman G. Cervical ripening in humans: potential roles of estrogen, progesterone, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1065-1071.
280. Stout MJ, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C, Zhao Q, Roehl KA, Nelson DM, Macones GA, Mysorekar IU. Identification of intracellular bacteria in the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208:226-227.
281. Straub RH, Cutolo M. Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:399-408.
282. Strohl A, Kumar D, Novince R, Shaniuk P, Smith J, Bryant K, Moore RM, Novak J, Stetzer B, Mercer BM et al. Decreased adherence and spontaneous separation of fetal membrane layers-amnion and choriodecidua-a possible part of the normal weakening process. Placenta 2010;31:18-24.
283. Sun K, Brockman D, Campos B, Pitzer B, Myatt L. Induction of surfactant protein A expression by cortisol facilitates prostaglandin synthesis in human chorionic trophoblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4988-4994.
284. Sun K, Myatt L. Enhancement of glucocorticoid-induced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression by proinflammatory cytokines in cultured human amnion fibroblasts. Endocrinology 2003;144:5568-5577.
285. Takahashi S, Odani N, Tomokiyo K, Furuta K, Suzuki M, Ichikawa A, Negishi M. Localization of a cyclopentenone prostaglandin to the endoplasmic reticulum and induction of BiP mRNA. Biochem J 1998;335:35-42.
286. Takanami-Ohnishi Y, Asada S, Tsunoda H, Fukamizu A, Goto K, Yoshikawa H, Kubo T, Sudo T, Kimura S, Kasuya Y. Possible involvement of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase in decidual function in parturition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;288:1155-1161.
287. Tan H, Yi L, Rote NS, Hurd WW, Mesiano S. Progesterone receptor-A and-B have opposite effects on proinflammatory gene expression in human myometrial cells: implications for progesterone actions in human pregnancy and parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E719-E730.
288. Tang X, Rong G, Bu Y, Zhang S, Zhang M, Zhang J, Liang X. Advanced oxidation protein products induce hypertrophy and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubular cells through induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress 2015;35:816-828.
289. Teasdale F. Gestational changes in the functional structure of the human placenta in relation to fetal growth: a morphometric study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;137:560-568.
290. Tessier-Prigent A, Willems R, Lagarde M, Garrone R, Cohen H. Arachidonic acid induces differentiation of uterine stromal to decidual cells. Eur J Cell Biol 1999;78:398-406.
291. Thomson AJ, Telfer JF, Young A, Campbell S, Stewart CJ, Cameron IT, Greer IA, Norman JE. Leukocytes infiltrate the myometrium during human parturition: further evidence that labour is an inflammatory process. Hum Reprod 1999;14:229-236.
292. Ticconi C, Zicari A, Belmonte A, Realacci M, Rao C, Piccione E. Pregnancypromoting actions of HCG in human myometrium and fetal membranes. Placenta 2007;28:S137-S143.
293. Tribe RM, Crawshaw SE, Seed P, Shennan AH, Baker PN. Pulsatile versus continuous administration of oxytocin for induction and augmentation of labor: two randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:230-238.
294. Tsang KY(1), Chan D, Bateman JF, Cheah KS. In vivo cellular adaptation to ER stress: survival strategies with double-edged consequences. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2145-2154.
295. Tu BP, Weissman JS. Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes: mechanisms and consequences. J Cell Biol 2004;164:341-346.
296. Tung L, Mohamed MK, Hoeffler JP, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB. Antagonistoccupied human progesterone B-receptors activate transcription without binding to progesterone response elements and are dominantly inhibited by A-receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1993;7:1256-1265.
297. Uldbjerg N, Ulmsten U. The physiology of cervical ripening and cervical dilatation and the effect of abortifacient drugs. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1990;4:263-282.
298. Ulug U, Goldman S, Ben-Shlomo I, Shalev E. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitor, TIMP-1, in human term decidua and fetal membranes: the effect of prostaglandin F(2alpha) and indomethacin. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:1187-1193.
299. Urano F, Wang X, Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Chung P, Harding HP, Ron D. Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1. Science 2000;287:664-666.
300. Vacca P, Montaldo E, Vitale C, Croxatto D, Moretta L, Mingari MC. MSC and innate immune cell interactions: a lesson from human decidua. Immunol Lett 2015;15:00074-00077.
301. Vadillo-Ortega F, Gonzalez-Avila G, Furth EE, Lei H, Muschel RJ, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Strauss JFIII. 92-kd type IV collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-9) activity in human amniochorion increases with labor. Am J Pathol 1995;146:148-156.
302. Vega-Sanchez R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Vazquez-Perez JA, Moreno-Valencia Y, Gomez-Lopez N. Evaluation of reference genes for expression studies in leukocytes from term human pregnancy. Placenta 2015;36:240-245.
303. Vegeto E, Shahbaz MM, Wen DX, Goldman ME, O'Malley BW, McDonnell DP. Human progesterone receptor A form is a cell-and promoter-specific repressor of human progesterone receptor B function. Mol Endocrinol 1993;7:1244-1255.
304. Velarde MC, Demaria M, Campisi J. Senescent cells and their secretory phenotype as targets for cancer therapy. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 2013;38:17-27.
305. Venereau E, Schiraldi M, Uguccioni M, Bianchi ME. HMGB1 and leukocyte migration during trauma and sterile inflammation. Mol Immunol 2013;55:76-82.
306. von ZT, Martin-Ruiz CM. Telomeres as biomarkers for ageing and age-related diseases. Curr Mol Med 2005;5:197-203.
307. Walsh SW, Stanczyk FZ, Novy MJ. Daily hormonal changes in the maternal, fetal, and amniotic fluid compartments before parturition in a primate species. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:629-639.
308. Wang B, Koga K, Osuga Y, Hirata T, Saito A, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Harada M, Takemura Y, Fujii T et al. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) levels in the placenta and in serum in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;66: 143-148.
309. Wang B, Parobchak N, Rosen M, Roche N, Rosen T. Negative effects of progesterone receptor isoform-A on human placental activity of the noncanonical NFkappaB signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:E320-E328.
310. Wei LL, Horwitz KB. The structure of progesterone receptors. Steroids 1985;46: 677-695.
311. Williams KC, Renthal NE, Condon JC, Gerard RD, Mendelson CR. MicroRNA-200a serves a key role in the decline of progesterone receptor function leading to term and preterm labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012a;109:7529-7534.
312. Williams KC, Renthal NE, Gerard RD, Mendelson CR. The microRNA (miR)-199a/214 cluster mediates opposing effects of progesterone and estrogen on uterine contractility during pregnancy and labor. Mol Endocrinol 2012b;107:1857-1867.
313. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Mellon SH. Of sound mind and body: depression, disease, and accelerated aging. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011;13:25-39.
314. Woo CW, Kutzler L, Kimball SR, Tabas I. Toll-like receptor activation suppresses ER stress factor CHOP and translation inhibition through activation of eIF2B. Nat Cell Biol 2012;14:192-200.
315. Word RA, Li XH, Hnat M, Carrick K. Dynamics of cervical remodeling during pregnancy and parturition: mechanisms and current concepts. Semin Reprod Med 2007;25:69-79.
316. Yanai H, Ban T, Taniguchi T. High-mobility group box family of proteins: ligand and sensor for innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2012;33:633-640.
317. Yang Y, Jin Y, Martyn AC, Lin P, Song Y, Chen F, Hu L, Cui C, Li X, Li Q et al. Expression pattern implicates a potential role for luman recruitment factor in the process of implantation in uteri and development of preimplantation embryos in mice. J Reprod Dev 2013;59:245-251.
318. Yellon SM, Burns AE, See JL, Lechuga TJ, Kirby MA. Progesterone withdrawal promotes remodeling processes in the nonpregnant mouse cervix. Biol Reprod 2009;81:1-6.
319. Yokouchi M, Hiramatsu N, Hayakawa K, Okamura M, Du S, Kasai A, Takano Y, Shitamura A, Shimada T, Yao J et al. Involvement of selective reactive oxygen species upstream of proapoptotic branches of unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 2008;283:4252-4260.
320. Young IR, Renfree MB, Mesiano S, Shaw G, Jenkin G, Smith R. The comparative physiology of parturition in mammals: hormones and parturition in mammals. In: Norris D and Lopez K (eds). Hormones and Reproduction in Vertebrates 2010, Academic Press, London.
321. Zhang WW, Klotz LH. Telomerase assay in renal cancer. Methods Mol Med 2001;53:55-67.
322. Zhao Y, Koga K, Osuga Y, Izumi G, Takamura M, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Yoshino O, Inoue S et al. Cyclic stretch augments production of neutrophil chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) from human decidual cells, and the production was reduced by progesterone. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013;69:454-462.
323. Zhou WH, Du MR, Dong L, Yu J, Li DJ. Chemokine CXCL12 promotes the crosstalk between trophoblasts and decidual stromal cells in human first-trimester pregnancy. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2669-2679.
324. Zicari A, Centonze C, Realacci M, Buchetti B, Pietropolli A, Ticconi C. Estradiol 17-beta and progesterone modulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and high mobility group box 1 expression in human endometrium. Reprod Sci 2008;15: 559-566.