Calcium-sensing receptor in breast physiology and cancer

Frontiers in Physiology

Volumn 7, Issue SEP, 2016, Pages

  Kim, Wonnam ^a   Wysolmerski, John J ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Calcium sensing receptor; Lactation; Mammary gland; Parathyroid hormone related protein

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM SENSING RECEPTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PLASMA MEMBRANE CALCIUM TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN PMCA2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BONE METASTASIS; BREAST CANCER; BREAST EPITHELIUM CELL; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CANCER GROWTH; CELL DEATH; CELL MIGRATION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; LACTATION; MILK; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW;

EID: 84992134163     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664042X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00440     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Akhtari, M., Mansuri, J., Newman, K. A., Guise, T. M., and Seth, P. (2008). Biology of breast cancer bone metastasis. Cancer Biol. Ther. 7, 3-9. doi: 10.4161/cbt.7.1.5163
2. Ardeshirpour, L., Dann, P., Pollak, M., Wysolmerski, J., and VanHouten, J. (2006). The calcium-sensing receptor regulates PTHrP production and calcium transport in the lactating mammary gland. Bone 38, 787-793. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.11.009
3. Bai, M., Trivedi, S., and Brown, E. M. (1998). Dimerization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) on the cell surface of CaR-transfected HEK293 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23605-23610. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.36.23605
4. Bai, M., Trivedi, S., Kifor, O., Quinn, S. J., and Brown, E. M. (1999). Intermolecular interactions between dimeric calcium-sensing receptor monomers are important for its normal function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 2834-2839. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2834
5. Baio, G., Rescinito, G., Rosa, F., Pace, D., Boccardo, S., Basso, L., et al. (2015). Correlation between choline peak at MR spectroscopy and calcium-sensing receptor expression level in breast cancer: a preliminary clinical study. Mol. Imaging Biol. 17, 548-556. doi: 10.1007/s11307-015-0823-y
6. Berger, C. E., Rathod, H., Gillespie, J. I., Horrocks, B. R., and Datta, H. K. (2001). Scanning electrochemical microscopy at the surface of bone-resorbing osteoclasts: evidence for steady-state disposal and intracellular functional compartmentalization of calcium. J. Bone Miner. Res. 16, 2092-2102. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.11.2092
7. Bhola, N. E., and Grandis, J. R. (2008). Crosstalk between G-protein-coupled receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer. Front. Biosci. 13, 1857-1865. doi: 10.2741/2805
8. Brauner-Osborne, H., Wellendorph, P., and Jensen, A. A. (2007). Structure, pharmacology and therapeutic prospects of family C G-protein coupled receptors. Curr. Drug Targets 8, 169-184. doi: 10.2174/138945007779315614
9. Breitwieser, G. E. (2012). Minireview: the intimate link between calcium sensing receptor trafficking and signaling: implications for disorders of calcium homeostasis. Mol. Endocrinol. 26, 1482-1495. doi: 10.1210/me.2011-1370
10. Brennan, S. C., and Conigrave, A. D. (2009). Regulation of cellular signal transduction pathways by the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 10, 270-281. doi: 10.2174/138920109787847484
11. Brennan, S. C., Thiem, U., Roth, S., Aggarwal, A., Fetahu, I., Tennakoon, S., et al. (2013). Calcium sensing receptor signalling in physiology and cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1833, 1732-1744. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.011
12. Brown, E. M. (2013). Role of the calcium-sensing receptor in extracellular calcium homeostasis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27, 333-343. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.006
13. 2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 366, 575-580. doi: 10.1038/366575a0
14. Brown, E. M., and MacLeod, R. J. (2001). Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling. Physiol. Rev. 81, 239-297.
15. Camp, R. L., Chung, G. G., and Rimm, D. L. (2002). Automated subcellular localization and quantification of protein expression in tissue microarrays. Nat. Med. 8, 1323-1327. doi: 10.1038/nm791
16. Cao, G., Gu, Z., Ren, Y., Shu, L., Tao, C., Karaplis, A., et al. (2009). Parathyroid hormone contributes to regulating milk calcium content and modulates neonatal bone formation cooperatively with calcium. Endocrinology 150, 561-569. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-0654
17. Chakravarti, B., Chattopadhyay, N., and Brown, E. M. (2012). Signaling through the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 740, 103-142. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_5
18. Chan, M. M., Lu, X., Merchant, F. M., Iglehart, J. D., and Miron, P. L. (2005). Gene expression profiling of NMU-induced rat mammary tumors: cross species comparison with human breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 26, 1343-1353. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi100
19. Chang, W., Tu, C., Cheng, Z., Rodriguez, L., Chen, T. H., Gassmann, M., et al. (2007). Complex formation with the Type B gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor affects the expression and signal transduction of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Studies with HEK-293 cells and neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 25030-25040. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M700924200
20. Chattopadhyay, N. (2006). Effects of calcium-sensing receptor on the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its impact on humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290, E761-E770. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00350.2005
21. Chen, Y. C., Sosnoski, D. M., and Mastro, A. M. (2010). Breast cancer metastasis to the bone: mechanisms of bone loss. Breast Cancer Res. 12:215. doi: 10.1186/bcr2781
22. Cheng, I., Klingensmith, M. E., Chattopadhyay, N., Kifor, O., Butters, R. R., Soybel, D. I., et al. (1998). Identification and localization of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in human breast. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 703-707. doi: 10.1210/jc.83.2.703
23. Chilco, P. J., Leopold, V., and Zajac, J. D. (1998). Differential regulation of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene P1 and P3 promoters by cAMP. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 138, 173-184. doi: 10.1016/S0303-7207(97)00239-6
24. Chirgwin, J. M., and Guise, T. A. (2000). Molecular mechanisms of tumor-bone interactions in osteolytic metastases. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 10, 159-178. doi: 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v10.i2.50
25. 2+ entry in a model of lactation. PLoS ONE 8:e67348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067348
26. El Hiani, Y., Ahidouch, A., Lehen'kyi, V., Hague, F., Gouilleux, F., Mentaverri, R., et al. (2009a). Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and TRPC1 channels are required for calcium-sensing receptor-stimulated MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 23, 335-346. doi: 10.1159/000218179
27. El Hiani, Y., Lehen'kyi, V., Ouadid-Ahidouch, H., and Ahidouch, A. (2009b). Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor by high calcium induced breast cancer cell proliferation and TRPC1 cation channel over-expression potentially through EGFR pathways. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 486, 58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.03.010
28. Fachal, L., and Dunning, A. M. (2015). From candidate gene studies to GWAS and post-GWAS analyses in breast cancer. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 30, 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.01.004
29. Filopanti, M., Corbetta, S., Barbieri, A. M., and Spada, A. (2013). Pharmacology of the calcium sensing receptor. Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab. 10, 162-165. doi: 10.11138/ccmbm/2013.10.3.162
30. Gama, L., Wilt, S. G., and Breitwieser, G. E. (2001). Heterodimerization of calcium sensing receptors with metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 39053-39059. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M105662200
31. Glunde, K., Bhujwalla, Z. M., and Ronen, S. M. (2011). Choline metabolism in malignant transformation. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 835-848. doi: 10.1038/nrc3162
32. Hernandez-Bedolla, M. A., Carretero-Ortega, J., Valadez-Sanchez, M., Vazquez-Prado, J., and Reyes-Cruz, G. (2015). Chemotactic and proangiogenic role of calcium sensing receptor is linked to secretion of multiple cytokines and growth factors in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1853, 166-182. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.011
33. Hofer, A. M., and Brown, E. M. (2003). Extracellular calcium sensing and signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 530-538. doi: 10.1038/nrm1154
34. 2+)-sensing receptor, Galpha12 and Rho-dependent in breast cancer cells. Cell. Signal. 21, 1894-1900. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.08.004
35. Jeong, S., Kim, J. H., Kim, M. G., Han, N., Kim, I. W., Kim, T., et al. (2016). Genetic polymorphisms of CASR and cancer risk: evidence from meta-analysis and HuGE review. Onco. Targets. Ther. 9, 655-669. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S97602
36. Ji, J., Lu, R., Zhou, X., Xue, Y., Shi, C., Goltzman, D., et al. (2011). 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) contributes to regulating mammary calcium transport and modulates neonatal skeletal growth and turnover cooperatively with calcium. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E889-E900. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2011
37. Jorde, R., Schirmer, H., Njolstad, I., Lochen, M. L., Bogeberg Mathiesen, E., Kamycheva, E., et al. (2013). Serum calcium and the calcium-sensing receptor polymorphism rs17251221 in relation to coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality: the Tromso Study. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 28, 569-578. doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9822-y
38. Journe, F., Dumon, J. C., Kheddoumi, N., Fox, J., Laios, I., Leclercq, G., et al. (2004). Extracellular calcium downregulates estrogen receptor alpha and increases its transcriptional activity through calcium-sensing receptor in breast cancer cells. Bone 35, 479-488. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.021
39. Keklikoglou, I., Koerner, C., Schmidt, C., Zhang, J. D., Heckmann, D., Shavinskaya, A., et al. (2012). MicroRNA-520/373 family functions as a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer by targeting NF-kappaB and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Oncogene 31, 4150-4163. doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.571
40. Kim, W., Takyar, F. M., Swan, K., Jeong, J., VanHouten, J., Sullivan, C. A. W., et al. (2016). Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) promotes breast cancer by stimulating intracrine actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Cancer Res. 76, 5348-5360. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2614
41. Kremer, R., Li, J., Camirand, A., and Karaplis, A. C. (2011). Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in tumor progression. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 720, 145-160. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_12
42. Leclercq, G. (2012). Calcium-induced activation of estrogen receptor alpha-New insight. Steroids 77, 924-927. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.012
43. Li, J., Karaplis, A. C., Huang, D. C., Siegel, P. M., Camirand, A., Yang, X. F., et al. (2011). PTHrP drives breast tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis in mice and is a potential therapy target. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 4655-4669. doi: 10.1172/JCI46134
44. Li, X., Kong, X., Jiang, L., Ma, T., Yan, S., Yuan, C., et al. (2014a). A genetic polymorphism (rs17251221) in the calcium-sensing receptor is associated with breast cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 33, 165-172. doi: 10.1159/000356659
45. Li, X., Li, L., Moran, M. S., Jiang, L., Kong, X., Zhang, H., et al. (2014b). Prognostic significance of calcium-sensing receptor in breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 35, 5709-5715. doi: 10.1007/s13277-014-1756-9
46. Liu, G., Hu, X., and Chakrabarty, S. (2009). Calcium sensing receptor down-regulates malignant cell behavior and promotes chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. Cell Calcium 45, 216-225. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.10.004
47. Mamillapalli, R., Vanhouten, J., Dann, P., Bikle, D., Chang, W., Brown, E., et al. (2013). Mammary-specific ablation of the calcium-sensing receptor during lactation alters maternal calcium metabolism, milk calcium transport, and neonatal calcium accrual. Endocrinology 154, 3031-3042. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-2195
48. Mamillapalli, R., Vanhouten, J., Zawalich, W., and Wysolmerski, J. (2008). Switching of G-protein usage by the calcium-sensing receptor reverses its effect on parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in normal versus malignant breast cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 24435-24447. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801738200
49. Martin, T. J. (2016). Parathyroid hormone-related protein, its regulation of cartilage and bone development, and role in treating bone diseases. Physiol. Rev. 96, 831-871. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2015
50. Mihai, R., Stevens, J., Mckinney, C., and Ibrahim, N. B. (2006). Expression of the calcium receptor in human breast cancer-a potential new marker predicting the risk of bone metastases. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 32, 511-515. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.02.009
51. Mu, L., Tuck, D., Katsaros, D., Lu, L., Schulz, V., Perincheri, S., et al. (2012). Favorable outcome associated with an IGF-1 ligand signature in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 133, 321-331. doi: 10.1007/s10549-012-1952-5
52. Mundy, G. R. (2002). Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 584-593. doi: 10.1038/nrc867
53. Organista-Juarez, D., Carretero-Ortega, J., Vicente-Fermin, O., Vazquez-Victorio, G., Sosa-Garrocho, M., Vazquez-Prado, J., et al. (2013). Calcium-sensing receptor inhibits TGF-beta-signaling by decreasing Smad2 phosphorylation. IUBMB Life 65, 1035-1042. doi: 10.1002/iub.1232
54. Patel, L. R., Camacho, D. F., Shiozawa, Y., Pienta, K. J., and Taichman, R. S. (2011). Mechanisms of cancer cell metastasis to the bone: a multistep process. Future Oncol. 7, 1285-1297. doi: 10.2217/fon.11.112
55. Pi, M., Faber, P., Ekema, G., Jackson, P. D., Ting, A., Wang, N., et al. (2005). Identification of a novel extracellular cation-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40201-40209. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M505186200
56. Promkan, M., Liu, G., Patmasiriwat, P., and Chakrabarty, S. (2011). BRCA1 suppresses the expression of survivin and promotes sensitivity to paclitaxel through the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in human breast cancer cells. Cell Calcium 49, 79-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.01.003
57. 2+-ATPase isoform 2 impairs calcium transport into milk. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 42369-42373. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407788200
58. Reyes-Ibarra, A. P., Garcia-Regalado, A., Ramirez-Rangel, I., Esparza-Silva, A. L., Valadez-Sanchez, M., Vazquez-Prado, J., et al. (2007). Calcium-sensing receptor endocytosis links extracellular calcium signaling to parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion via a Rab11a-dependent and AMSH-sensitive mechanism. Mol. Endocrinol. 21, 1394-1407. doi: 10.1210/me.2006-0523
59. Rogers, A. C., Hanly, A. M., Collins, D., Baird, A. W., and Winter, D. C. (2012). Review article: loss of the calcium-sensing receptor in colonic epithelium is a key event in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 11, 24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2011.04.003
60. Ross, D. G., Smart, C. E., Azimi, I., Roberts-Thomson, S. J., and Monteith, G. R. (2013). Assessment of ORAI1-mediated basal calcium influx in mammary epithelial cells. BMC Cell Biol. 14:57. doi: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-57
61. Saidak, Z., Boudot, C., Abdoune, R., Petit, L., Brazier, M., Mentaverri, R., et al. (2009). Extracellular calcium promotes the migration of breast cancer cells through the activation of the calcium sensing receptor. Exp. Cell Res. 315, 2072-2080. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.003
62. Sanders, J. L., Chattopadhyay, N., Kifor, O., Yamaguchi, T., Butters, R. R., and Brown, E. M. (2000). Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor expression and its potential role in regulating parathyroid hormone-related peptide secretion in human breast cancer cell lines. Endocrinology 141, 4357-4364. doi: 10.1210/en.141.12.4357
63. Shah, T., Wildes, F., Penet, M. F., Winnard, P. T. Jr., Glunde, K., Artemov, D., et al. (2010). Choline kinase overexpression increases invasiveness and drug resistance of human breast cancer cells. NMR Biomed. 23, 633-642. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1510
64. Silver, I. A., Murrills, R. J., and Etherington, D. J. (1988). Microelectrode studies on the acid microenvironment beneath adherent macrophages and osteoclasts. Exp. Cell Res. 175, 266-276. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90191-7
65. Taipaleenmaki, H., Browne, G., Akech, J., Zustin, J., Van Wijnen, A. J., Stein, J. L., et al. (2015). Targeting of Runx2 by miR-135 and miR-203 impairs progression of breast cancer and metastatic bone disease. Cancer Res. 75, 1433-1444. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1026
66. Tfelt-Hansen, J., Macleod, R. J., Chattopadhyay, N., Yano, S., Quinn, S., Ren, X., et al. (2003). Calcium-sensing receptor stimulates PTHrP release by pathways dependent on PKC, p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2 in H-500 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285, E329-337. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00489.2002
67. Tfelt-Hansen, J., Yano, S., John Macleod, R., Smajilovic, S., Chattopadhyay, N., and Brown, E. M. (2005). High calcium activates the EGF receptor potentially through the calcium-sensing receptor in Leydig cancer cells. Growth Factors 23, 117-123. doi: 10.1080/08977190500126272
68. Tharmalingam, S., Daulat, A. M., Antflick, J. E., Ahmed, S. M., Nemeth, E. F., Angers, S., et al. (2011). Calcium-sensing receptor modulates cell adhesion and migration via integrins. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 40922-40933. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.265454
69. Theriault, R. L., and Theriault, R. L. (2012). Biology of bone metastases. Cancer Control 19, 92-101.
70. Tomlins, S. A., Bolllinger, N., Creim, J., and Rodland, K. D. (2005). Cross-talk between the calcium-sensing receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor in Rat-1 fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 308, 439-445. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.04.032
71. Tu, C. L., and You, M. (2014). Obligatory roles of filamin A in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in epidermal keratinocytes. J. Dermatol. Sci. 73, 142-151. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.09.007
72. VanHouten, J., Dann, P., Mcgeoch, G., Brown, E. M., Krapcho, K., Neville, M., et al. (2004). The calcium-sensing receptor regulates mammary gland parathyroid hormone-related protein production and calcium transport. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 598-608. doi: 10.1172/JCI200418776
73. VanHouten, J. N. (2005). Calcium sensing by the mammary gland. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 10, 129-139. doi: 10.1007/s10911-005-5396-y
74. VanHouten, J. N., Neville, M. C., and Wysolmerski, J. J. (2007). The calcium-sensing receptor regulates plasma membrane calcium adenosine triphosphatase isoform 2 activity in mammary epithelial cells: a mechanism for calcium-regulated calcium transport into milk. Endocrinology 148, 5943-5954. doi: 10.1210/en.2007-0850
75. VanHouten, J. N., and Wysolmerski, J. J. (2007). Transcellular calcium transport in mammary epithelial cells. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 12, 223-235. doi: 10.1007/s10911-007-9057-1
76. VanHouten, J. N., and Wysolmerski, J. J. (2013). The calcium-sensing receptor in the breast. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27, 403-414. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.011
77. VanHouten, J., Sullivan, C., Bazinet, C., Ryoo, T., Camp, R., Rimm, D. L., et al. (2010). PMCA2 regulates apoptosis during mammary gland involution and predicts outcome in breast cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 11405-11410. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0911186107
78. Wang, X., Chen, W., Singh, N., Promkan, M., and Liu, G. (2010). Effects of potential calcium sensing receptor inducers on promoting chemosensitivity of human colon carcinoma cells. Int. J. Oncol. 36, 1573-1580. doi: 10.3892/ijo_00000644
79. Ward, D. T., Mclarnon, S. J., and Riccardi, D. (2002). Aminoglycosides increase intracellular calcium levels and ERK activity in proximal tubular OK cells expressing the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1481-1489. doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000015623.73739.B8
80. Weilbaecher, K. N., Guise, T. A., and Mccauley, L. K. (2011). Cancer to bone: a fatal attraction. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 411-425. doi: 10.1038/nrc3055
81. Wysolmerski, J. J. (2012). Parathyroid hormone-related protein: an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 2947-2956. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-2142
82. Yano, S., Macleod, R. J., Chattopadhyay, N., Tfelt-Hansen, J., Kifor, O., Butters, R. R., et al. (2004). Calcium-sensing receptor activation stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in prostate cancer cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Bone 35, 664-672. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.014
83. Yao, S., Haddad, S. A., Hu, Q., Liu, S., Lunetta, K. L., Ruiz-Narvaez, E. A., et al. (2016). Genetic variations in vitamin D-related pathways and breast cancer risk in African American women in the AMBER consortium. Int. J. Cancer 138, 2118-2126. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29954
84. Yin, J. J., Selander, K., Chirgwin, J. M., Dallas, M., Grubbs, B. G., Wieser, R., et al. (1999). TGF-beta signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 197-206. doi: 10.1172/JCI3523