Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in tumor progression

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 720, Issue , 2011, Pages 145-160

  Kremer, Richard ^a   Li, Jiarong ^b   Camirand, Anne ^b   Karaplis, Andrew C ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MESSENGER RNA; PARATHYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR 1; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; VIRUS T ANTIGEN; ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN RECEPTOR; PHOSPHORUS;

ABLATION THERAPY; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; APOPTOSIS; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE METASTASIS; BONE TURNOVER; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST DEVELOPMENT; CANCER GROWTH; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG TARGETING; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE INACTIVATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR ONCOVIRUS; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN RECEPTOR GENE; PARATHYROID HORMONE TYPE 1 RECEPTOR GENE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RECEPTOR GENE; TOOTH ERUPTION; ARTICLE; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE MODEL; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE SILENCING; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; MALIGNANT ASSOCIATED HYPERCALCEMIA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MAMMARY GLAND; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN GENE; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATOR GENE; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; TUMOR GROWTH; ANIMAL; BONE TUMOR; BREAST; BREAST TUMOR; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE COURSE; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METASTASIS; MOUSE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BONE NEOPLASMS; BREAST; BREAST NEOPLASMS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MICE; PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN;

EID: 80053923045     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_12     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (138)

1. Vanderschueren B et al (1994) Circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 in cancer patients and their pathogenic role in tumor-induced hypercalcemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 39:286-290 (Pubitemid 24349977)
2. Sugihara A et al (1998) Expression of cytokines enhancing the osteoclast activity, and parathyroid hormone-related protein in prostatic cancers before and after endocrine therapy: an immunohistochemical study. Oncol Rep 5:1389-1394 (Pubitemid 28474081)
3. Shibahara T, Nomura T, Cui NH, Noma H (2005) A study of osteoclast-related cytokines in mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34:789-793
4. Suzuki K, Yamada S (1994) Ascites sarcoma 180, a tumor associated with hypercalcemia, secretes potent bone-resorbing factors including transforming growth factor alpha, interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin- 6. Bone Miner 27:219-233
5. Martin TJ, Suva LJ (1988) Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a novel gene product. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 2:1003-1029 (Pubitemid 19224540)
6. Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE (1994) Hypercalcemia of malignancy: the central role of parathyroid hormonerelated protein. Annu Rev Med 45:189-200
7. Grill V, Rankin W, Martin TJ (1998) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and hypercalcaemia. Eur J Cancer 34:222-229 (Pubitemid 28189190)
8. Svane S (1964) Hypercalcemia in malignant disease without evidence of bone destruction. A case simulating acute hyperparathyroidism. Acta Med Scand 175:353-357
9. Gellhorn A, Plimpton CH (1956) Hypercalcemia in malignant disease without evidence of bone destruction. Am J Med 21:750-759
10. Omenn GS, Roth SI, Baker WH (1969) Hyperparathyroidism associated with malignant tumors of nonparathyroid origin. Cancer 24: 1004-1011
11. Buckle R (1974) Ectopic PTH syndrome, pseudohyperparathyroidism; hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Clin Endocrinol Metab 3:237-251
12. Buckle RM, McMillan M, Mallinson C (1970) Ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone by a renal adenocarcinoma in a patient with hypercalcaemia. Br Med J 4:724-726
13. Tashjian AH Jr (1969) Animal cell cultures as a source of hormones. Biotechnol Bioeng 11:109-126
14. Riggs BL, Arnaud CD, Reynolds JC, Smith LH (1971) Immunologic differentiation of primary hyperparathyroidism from hyperparathyroidism due to nonparathyroid cancer. J Clin Invest 50:2079-2083
15. Benson RC Jr, Riggs BL, Pickard BM, Arnaud CD (1974) Immunoreactive forms of circulating parathyroid hormone in primary and ectopic hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 54:175-181
16. Moseley JM et al (1987) Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5048-5052 (Pubitemid 17095861)
17. Strewler GJ et al (1987) Parathyroid hormonelike protein from human renal carcinoma cells. Structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 80:1803-1807 (Pubitemid 18007159)
18. Burtis WJ et al (1987) Identification of a novel 17,000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating protein from a tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Biol Chem 262:7151-7156 (Pubitemid 17105018)
19. Suva LJ et al (1987) A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression. Science 237:893-896 (Pubitemid 17128278)
20. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Milstone L, Broadus AE (1988) Two distinct tumor-derived, parathyroid hormone-like peptides result from alternative ribonucleic acid splicing. Mol Endocrinol 2: 1049-1055 (Pubitemid 18262261)
21. Thiede MA, Strewler GJ, Nissenson RA, Rosenblatt M, Rodan GA (1988) Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide: evidence for the alternative splicing of a single-copy gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4605-4609
22. Kemp BE et al (1987) Parathyroid hormone-related protein of malignancy: active synthetic fragments. Science 238:1568-1570 (Pubitemid 18032472)
23. Nickols GA, Nickols MA, Helwig JJ (1990) Binding of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormonerelated protein to vascular smooth muscle of rabbit renal microvessels. Endocrinology 126:721-727 (Pubitemid 20079477)
24. Kao PC, Klee GG, Taylor RL, Heath H 3rd (1990) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in plasma of patients with hypercalcemia and malignant lesions. Mayo Clin Proc 65:1399-1407
25. Burtis WJ et al (1990) Immunochemical characterization of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein in patients with humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. N Engl J Med 322:1106-1112 (Pubitemid 20149527)
26. Mangin M et al (1988) Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:597-601
27. Mannens M et al (1987) Regional localization of DNA probes on the short arm of chromosome 11 using aniridia-Wilms' tumor-associated deletions. Hum Genet 75:180-187 (Pubitemid 17017715)
28. Yasuda T, Banville D, Hendy GN, Goltzman D (1989) Characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene. Functional and evolutionary aspects. J Biol Chem 264:7720-7725 (Pubitemid 19119195)
29. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE (1989) Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:2408-2412 (Pubitemid 19102518)
30. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE (1990) Identification of an up-stream promoter of the human parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Mol Endocrinol 4:851-858
31. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Broadus AE (1990) Structure of the mouse gene encoding parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Gene 95:195-202
32. Karaplis AC, Yasuda T, Hendy GN, Goltzman D, Banville D (1990) Gene-encoding parathyroid hormone- like peptide: nucleotide sequence of the rat gene and comparison with the human homologue. Mol Endocrinol 4:441-446
33. Thiede MA, Rutledge SJ (1990) Nucleotide sequence of a parathyroid hormone-related peptide expressed by the 10 day chicken embryo. Nucleic Acids Res 18:3062 (Pubitemid 20178167)
34. Orloff JJ et al (1994) Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a prohormone: posttranslational processing and receptor interactions. Endocr Rev 15:40-60 (Pubitemid 24058595)
35. Philbrick WM et al (1996) Defining the roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal physiology. Physiol Rev 76:127-173 (Pubitemid 26048280)
36. Fenton AJ et al (1991) A potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption within a highly conserved pentapeptide region of parathyroid hormone-related protein; PTHrP[107-111]. Endocrinology 129: 3424-3426
37. Cornish J, Callon KE, Nicholson GC, Reid IR (1997) Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(107-139) inhibits bone resorption in vivo. Endocrinology 138: 1299-1304 (Pubitemid 27089790)
38. Blind E, Raue F, Knappe V, Schroth J, Ziegler R (1993) Cyclic AMP formation in rat bone and kidney cells is stimulated equally by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) 1-34 and PTH 1-34. Exp Clin Endocrinol 101:150-155 (Pubitemid 23270623)
39. Iida-Klein A et al (1997) Mutations in the second cytoplasmic loop of the rat parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor result in selective loss of PTH-stimulated phospholipase C activity. J Biol Chem 272:6882-6889 (Pubitemid 27166385)
40. Swarthout JT, D'Alonzo RC, Selvamurugan N, Partridge NC (2002) Parathyroid hormone-dependent signaling pathways regulating genes in bone cells. Gene 282:1-17 (Pubitemid 34117557)
41. Takasu H, Guo J, Bringhurst FR (1999) Dual signaling and ligand selectivity of the human PTH/PTHrP receptor. J Bone Miner Res 14:11-20 (Pubitemid 29021599)
42. Whitfield JF et al (2001) Stimulation of protein kinase C activity in cells expressing human parathyroid hormone receptors by C- and N-terminally truncated fragments of parathyroid hormone 1-34. J Bone Miner Res 16:441-447 (Pubitemid 32173358)
43. Yang D, Guo J, Divieti P, Bringhurst FR (2006) Parathyroid hormone activates PKC-delta and regulates osteoblastic differentiation via a PLC-independent pathway. Bone 38:485-496
44. Massfelder T et al (1997) Opposing mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cells: a critical role for nuclear targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13630-13635
45. Henderson JE et al (1995) Nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances survival of chondrocytes under conditions that promote apoptotic cell death. Mol Cell Biol 15:4064-4075
46. Nguyen M, He B, Karaplis A (2001) Nuclear forms of parathyroid hormone-related peptide are translated from non-AUG start sites downstream from the initiator methionine. Endocrinology 142:694-703 (Pubitemid 32222419)
47. Aarts MM et al (1999) Parathyroid hormone-related protein interacts with RNA. J Biol Chem 274: 4832-4838
48. Aarts MM et al (2001) Parathyroid hormone-related protein promotes quiescence and survival of serumdeprived chondrocytes by inhibiting rRNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 276:37934-37943
49. Lam MH et al (1999) Importin beta recognizes parathyroid hormone-related protein with high affinity and mediates its nuclear import in the absence of importin alpha. J Biol Chem 274:7391-7398
50. Cingolani G, Bednenko J, Gillespie MT, Gerace L (2002) Molecular basis for the recognition of a nonclassical nuclear localization signal by importin beta. Mol Cell 10:1345-1353 (Pubitemid 36050876)
51. Lam MH et al (2002) Nuclear transport of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein is dependent on microtubules. Mol Endocrinol 16:390-401 (Pubitemid 34131233)
52. Jans DA, Thomas RJ, Gillespie MT (2003) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with distinct paracrine and intracrine roles. Vitam Horm 66: 345-384 (Pubitemid 137640821)
53. Miao D et al (2008) Severe growth retardation and early lethality in mice lacking the nuclear localization sequence and C-terminus of PTH-related protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20309-20314
54. Lam MH et al (1999) Phosphorylation at the cyclindependent kinases site (Thr85) of parathyroid hormone-related protein negatively regulates its nuclear localization. J Biol Chem 274:18559-18566
55. Lam MH et al (1997) PTHrP and cell division: expression and localization of PTHrP in a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) during the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 173:433-446 (Pubitemid 27481101)
56. Fenton AJ et al (1991) A carboxyl-terminal peptide from the parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Endocrinology 129:1762-1768
57. Fenton AJ, Martin TJ, Nicholson GC (1994) Carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits bone resorption by isolated chicken osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 9:515-519 (Pubitemid 24090334)
58. Kong XF et al (1994) The rat, mouse, and human genes encoding the receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide are highly homologous. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201:1058
59. Datta NS, Abou-Samra AB (2009) PTH and PTHrP signaling in osteoblasts. Cell Signal 21:1245-1254
60. Abou-Samra AB et al (1992) Expression cloning of a common receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide from rat osteoblast- like cells: a single receptor stimulates intracellular accumulation of both cAMP and inositol trisphosphates and increases intracellular free calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2732-2736
61. Juppner H et al (1991) A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormonerelated peptide. Science 254:1024-1026 (Pubitemid 21917436)
62. Schipani E et al (1993) Identical complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encode a human renal and bone parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor. Endocrinology 132:2157-2165 (Pubitemid 23133266)
63. Gardella TJ, Juppner H (2000) Interaction of PTH and PTHrP with their receptors. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1:317-329
64. Strewler GJ (2000) The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein. N Engl J Med 342:177-185 (Pubitemid 30051650)
65. Gensure RC, Gardella TJ, Juppner H (2005) Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, and their receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:666-678 (Pubitemid 40208304)
66. Clemens TL et al (2001) Parathyroid hormone-related protein and its receptors: nuclear functions and roles in the renal and cardiovascular systems, the placental trophoblasts and the pancreatic islets. Br J Pharmacol 134:1113-1136 (Pubitemid 33097241)
67. Amling M et al (1997) Bcl-2 lies downstream of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in a signaling pathway that regulates chondrocyte maturation during skeletal development. J Cell Biol 136:205-213 (Pubitemid 27044815)
68. Hastings RH et al (2003) Parathyroid hormone-related protein ameliorates death receptor-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C1429-C1436 (Pubitemid 37429617)
69. Gagiannis S et al (2009) Parathyroid hormone-related protein confers chemoresistance by blocking apoptosis signaling via death receptors and mitochondria. Int J Cancer 125:1551-1557
70. Karaplis AC et al (1994) Lethal skeletal dysplasia from targeted disruption of the parathyroid hormonerelated peptide gene. Genes Dev 8:277-289 (Pubitemid 24065970)
71. Amizuka N et al (1996) Haploinsufficiency of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) results in abnormal postnatal bone development. Dev Biol 175:166-176 (Pubitemid 26148780)
72. Philbrick WM, Dreyer BE, Nakchbandi IA, Karaplis AC (1998) Parathyroid hormone-related protein is required for tooth eruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11846-11851 (Pubitemid 28460502)
73. Wysolmerski JJ et al (1998) Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development 125:1285-1294 (Pubitemid 28203943)
74. Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM (1995) Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development 121:3539-3547
75. Wysolmerski JJ et al (1994) Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the skin of transgenic mice interferes with hair follicle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1133-1137 (Pubitemid 24048523)
76. Foley J et al (2001) Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development 128: 513-525 (Pubitemid 32229594)
77. Ferrari SL, Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP (1992) Parathyroid hormone-related protein production by primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 150:304-311
78. Seitz PK et al (1993) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide production and action in a myoepithelial cell line derived from normal human breast. Endocrinology 133:1116-1124 (Pubitemid 23267762)
79. Wysolmerski JJ, Stewart AF (1998) The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein: an emerging role as a developmental factor. Annu Rev Physiol 60:431-460 (Pubitemid 28157882)
80. Ferrari S, Rizzoli R, Chaponnier C, Gabbiani G, Bonjour JP (1993) Parathyroid hormone-related protein increases cAMP production in mammary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 264:E471-E475 (Pubitemid 23103962)
81. Jemal A et al (2009) Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 59:225-249
82. Schilling T et al (1993) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) does not regulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D serum levels in hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:801-803 (Pubitemid 23086509)
83. Bouizar Z, Spyratos F, Deytieux S, de Vernejoul MC, Jullienne A (1993) Polymerase chain reaction analysis of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in breast cancer patients and occurrence of bone metastases. Cancer Res 53:5076-5078 (Pubitemid 23333365)
84. Bucht E et al (1998) Parathyroid hormone-related protein in patients with primary breast cancer and eucalcemia. Cancer Res 58:4113-4116 (Pubitemid 28440566)
85. Bundred NJ et al (1991) Parathyroid hormone related protein and hypercalcaemia in breast cancer. BMJ 303:1506-1509
86. Kohno N et al (1994) Parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer tissues: relationship between primary and metastatic sites. Breast Cancer 1:43-49
87. Bouizar Z, Spyratos F, De vernejoul MC (1999) The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene: use of downstream TATA promotor and PTHrP 1-139 coding pathways in primary breast cancers vary with the occurrence of bone metastasis. J Bone Miner Res 14:406-414 (Pubitemid 29106717)
88. Iwamura M et al (1993) Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 53:1724-1726 (Pubitemid 23127091)
89. Kremer R et al (1997) Ras activation of human prostate epithelial cells induces overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Clin Cancer Res 3:855-859 (Pubitemid 27252932)
90. Dougherty KM et al (1999) Parathyroid hormonerelated protein as a growth regulator of prostate carcinoma. Cancer Res 59:6015-6022 (Pubitemid 30004967)
91. Brandt DW, Burton DW, Gazdar AF, Oie HE, Deftos LJ (1991) All major lung cancer cell types produce parathyroid hormone-like protein: heterogeneity assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. Endocrinology 129:2466-2470
92. Kitazawa S et al (1991) Immunohistologic evaluation of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human lung cancer and normal tissue with newly developed monoclonal antibody. Cancer 67: 984-989
93. Nishigaki Y, Ohsaki Y, Toyoshima E, Kikuchi K (1999) Increased serum and urinary levels of a parathyroid hormone-related protein COOH terminus in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 5:1473-1481 (Pubitemid 29282955)
94. Nishihara M, Kanematsu T, Taguchi T, Razzaque MS (2007) PTHrP and tumorigenesis: is there a role in prognosis? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1117:385-392 (Pubitemid 350191281)
95. Nishihara M et al (1999) Clinicopathological implications of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human colorectal tumors. J Pathol 187:217-222 (Pubitemid 29037051)
96. Kremer R, Shustik C, Tabak T, Papavasiliou V, Goltzman D (1996) Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide in hematologic malignancies. Am J Med 100:406-411 (Pubitemid 26115194)
97. Alipov GK et al (1997) Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in gastric tumors. J Pathol 182:174-179 (Pubitemid 27287838)
98. Goltzman D and Kremer R (2005) Target Genes: PTHrP. In Vitamin D 2nd edition.Feldman, Pike and Glorieux editors. Elsevier Academic Press 1:737-749
99. Kremer R et al (1991) Regulation of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in cultured normal human keratinocytes: effects of growth factors and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D on gene expression and secretion. J Clin Invest 87:884-893
100. Esbrit P et al (2000) C-terminal parathyroid hormonerelated protein increases vascular endothelial growth factor in human osteoblastic cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1085-1092 (Pubitemid 30367938)
101. Akino K et al (2000) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is a potent tumor angiogenic factor. Endocrinology 141:4313-4316
102. Luparello C, Burtis WJ, Raue F, Birch MA, Gallagher JA (1995) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide and 8701-BC breast cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro: evidence for growth-inhibiting and invasionpromoting effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 111:225-232
103. Luparello C, Sirchia R, Pupello D (2003) PTHrP [67-86] regulates the expression of stress proteins in breast cancer cells inducing modifications in urokinase- plasminogen activator and MMP-1 expression. J Cell Sci 116:2421-2430 (Pubitemid 36790124)
104. Bundred NJ et al (1992) Parathyroid hormone related protein and skeletal morbidity in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 28:690-692
105. Southby J et al (1990) Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 50:7710-7716
106. Kohno N et al (1994) The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human breast cancer with skeletal metastases. Surg Today 24:215-220 (Pubitemid 24120221)
107. Linforth R et al (2002) Coexpression of parathyroid hormone related protein and its receptor in early breast cancer predicts poor patient survival. Clin Cancer Res 8:3172-3177 (Pubitemid 35155027)
108. Truong NU, deB Edwardes MD, Papavasiliou V, Goltzman D, Kremer R (2003) Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide and survival of patients with cancer and hypercalcemia. Am J Med 115:115-121 (Pubitemid 37288839)
109. Martin TJ, Moseley JM (2000) Mechanisms in the skeletal complications of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 7:271-284 (Pubitemid 32172275)
110. Henderson MA et al (2006) Parathyroid hormonerelated protein localization in breast cancers predict improved prognosis. Cancer Res 66:2250-2256
111. Sato K, Onuma E, Yocum RC, Ogata E (2003) Treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia and cachexia with humanized anti-parathyroid hormone-related protein antibody. Semin Oncol 30: 167-173 (Pubitemid 37433408)
112. Saito H et al (2005) Humanized monoclonal antibody against parathyroid hormone-related protein suppresses osteolytic bone metastasis of human breast cancer cells derived from MDA-MB-231. Anticancer Res 25:3817-3823 (Pubitemid 41665150)
113. Falzon M, Du P (2000) Enhanced growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing parathyroid hormone- related peptide. Endocrinology 141: 1882-1892 (Pubitemid 32274418)
114. Hauschka PV, Mavrakos AE, Iafrati MD, Doleman SE, Klagsbrun M (1986) Growth factors in bone matrix. Isolation of multiple types by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. J Biol Chem 261:12665-12674 (Pubitemid 17204223)
115. Yoneda T (2000) Cellular and molecular basis of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. J Orthop Sci 5:75-81 (Pubitemid 30133795)
116. Lipton A (2004) Pathophysiology of bone metastases: how this knowledge may lead to therapeutic intervention. J Support Oncol 2: 205-213; discussion 213-204, 216-207, 219-220 (Pubitemid 39409755)
117. Akhtari M, Mansuri J, Newman KA, Guise TM, Seth P (2008) Biology of breast cancer bone metastasis. Cancer Biol Ther 7:3-9
118. Kingsley LA, Fournier PG, Chirgwin JM, Guise TA (2007) Molecular biology of bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 6:2609-2617 (Pubitemid 350058141)
119. Weigelt B, Peterse JL, van't Veer LJ (2005) Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models. Nat Rev Cancer 5:591-602 (Pubitemid 41081385)
120. Guise TA, Mundy GR (1998) Cancer and bone. Endocr Rev 19:18-54 (Pubitemid 29122073)
121. Mundy GR (2002) Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2:584-593 (Pubitemid 37328925)
122. Guise TA et al (1996) Evidence for a causal role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer-mediated osteolysis. J Clin Invest 98:1544-1549 (Pubitemid 26327863)
123. Kakonen SM, Mundy GR (2003) Mechanisms of osteolytic bone metastases in breast carcinoma. Cancer 97:834-839 (Pubitemid 36125820)
124. Roodman GD (2004) Mechanisms of bone metastasis. N Engl J Med 350:1655-1664
125. Alokail MS (2005) Induction of erbB1 and erB2 receptors by PTHrP in breast cancer cells. AACR Meeting Abstracts 2005:1359
126. Chirgwin JM, Guise TA (2000) Molecular mechanisms of tumor-bone interactions in osteolytic metastases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 10:159-178
127. Peyruchaud O (2007) Mechanisms of bone metastasis formation. J Soc Biol 201:229-236
128. Wagner KU et al (2001) Spatial and temporal expression of the Cre gene under the control of the MMTV-LTR in different lines of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 10:545-553
129. Andrechek ER et al (2000) Amplification of the neu/ erbB-2 oncogene in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 3444-3449 (Pubitemid 30183322)
130. Guy CT, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ (1992) Induction of mammary tumors by expression of polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a transgenic mouse model for metastatic disease. Mol Cell Biol 12:954-961
131. Dilworth SM (2002) Polyoma virus middle T antigen and its role in identifying cancer-related molecules. Nat Rev Cancer 2:951-956 (Pubitemid 37328896)
132. Aklilu F, Park M, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA (1997) Induction of parathyroid hormone-related peptide by the Ras oncogene: role of Ras farnesylation inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for hypercalcemia of malignancy. Cancer Res 57:4517-4522 (Pubitemid 27441055)
133. Shen X, Falzon M (2006) PTH-related protein upregulates integrin alpha6beta4 expression and activates Akt in breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 312:3822-3834 (Pubitemid 44633883)
134. Agouni A et al (2007) Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces cell survival in human renal cell carcinoma through the PI3K Akt pathway: evidence for a critical role for integrin-linked kinase and nuclear factor kappa B. Carcinogenesis 28: 1893-1901 (Pubitemid 47500600)
135. Fantozzi A, Christofori G (2006) Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 8:212
136. Husemann Y et al (2008) Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 13:58-68 (Pubitemid 350309740)
137. Kremer R et al (2010) Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene ablation in breast cancer cells inhibits invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo: role of AKT and CXCR4. In ASBMR 2010 Annual Meeting presentation 1229 (Toronto, ON)
138. Ditmer J (2004) Importance of PTHrP for cancer development. J Gene Ther Mol Biol 8:451-454