Review on bifidobacterium bifidum bgn4: Functionality and nutraceutical applications as a probiotic microorganism

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2016, Pages

  Ku, Seockmo ^a,b   Park, Myeong Soo ^c   Ji, Geun Eog ^a,d   You, Hyun Ju ^a  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Yeonsung University   (South Korea)

^d Bifido Co   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Bifidobacterium; Functional foods; Nutraceuticals; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; NUTRACEUTICAL; PROBIOTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDUM; BIOCATALYSIS; BIOMASS; CELL ADHESION; COLORECTAL CANCER; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; ANTIBIOSIS; BACTERIAL GENOME; CLASSIFICATION; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; GENETICS; GENOMICS; IMMUNOLOGY; INTESTINE MUCOSA; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANTIBIOSIS; BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDUM; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; GENOME, BACTERIAL; GENOMICS; HUMANS; INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; PROBIOTICS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84987725227     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091544     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Siró, I.; Kápolna, E.; Kápolna, B.; Lugasi, A. Functional food. Product development, marketing and consumer acceptance: A review. Appetite 2008, 51, 456-467. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Syngai, G.; Gopi, R.; Bharali, R.; Dey, S.; Lakshmanan, G.; Ahmed, G. Probiotics—The versatile vunctional food ingredients. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 53, 921-933. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Labeling & Nutrition. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/ IngredientsPackagingLabeling/LabelingNutrition/ (accessed on 30 June 2016).
4. De Prisco, A.; Mauriello, G. Probiotication of foods: A focus on microencapsulation tool. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 48, 27-39. [CrossRef]
5. Yildiz, F. Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; pp. 1-36.
6. Preedy, V. Handbook of Diet, Nutrition and The Skin; Wageningen Academic Publisher: Wageningen, The Netherland, 2012; pp. 327-328.
7. Sarkar, S.; Sur, A.; Sarkar, K.; Majhi, R.; Basu, S.; Chatterjee, K.; Sikder, B. Probiotics: A way of value addition in functional food. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Diet. 2016, 5, 290-293.
8. Tajabadi, N.; Ebrahimpour, A.; Baradaran, A.; Rahim, R.; Mahyudin, N.; Manap, M.; Bakar, F.; Saari, N. Optimization Of -Aminobutyric acid production by Lactobacillus plantarum Taj-Apis362 from honeybees. Molecules 2015, 20, 6654-6669. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Ku, S. Finding and producing probiotic glycosylases for the biocatalysis of ginsenosides: A mini review. Molecules 2016, 21, 645. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Soto, A.; Martín, V.; Jiménez, E.; Mader, I.; Rodríguez, J.; Fernández, L. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human bBreast milk: Influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2014, 59, 78-88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Arboleya, S.; Ruas-Madiedo, P.; Margolles, A.; Solís, G.; Salminen, S.; Clara, G.; Gueimonde, M. Characterization and in vitro properties of potentially probiotic bifidobacterium strains isolated from breast-milk. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2011, 149, 28-36. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. O’Sullivan, A.; Farver, M.; Smilowitz, J. The influence of early infant-feeding practices on the intestinal microbiome and body composition in infants. Nutr. Metab. Insights 2015, 8 (Suppl. S1), 1-9. [PubMed]
13. Grguric, J.; Percl, M.; Kolacek, S.; Bacic, V. Microflora in the digestive tract of infants. Mljekarstvo 1996, 46, 291-296.
14. Saavedra, J.M. Use of probiotics in pediatrics: Rationale, mechanisms of action, and practical aspects. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2007, 22, 351-365. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. Lewis, Z.T.; Totten, S.M.; Smilowitz, J.T.; Popovic, M.; Parker, E.; Lemay, D.G.; van Tassell, M.L.; Miller, M.J.; Jin, Y.S.; German, J.B. et al. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome 2015, 3. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Harmsen, H.J.; Wildeboer-Veloo, A.C.; Raangs, G.C.; Wagendorp, A.A.; Klijn, N.; Bindels, J.G.; Welling, G.W. Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2000, 30, 61-67. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Aggett, P.J.; Agostoni, C.; Axelsson, I.; Edwards, C.A.; Goulet, O.; Hernell, O.; Koletzko, B.; Lafeber, H.N.; Micheli, J.L.; Michaelsen, K.F. et al. Nondigestible carbohydrates in the diets of infants and young children: A commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2003, 36, 329-337. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Turroni, F.; Peano, C.; Pass, D.; Foroni, E.; Severgnini, M.; Claesson, M.; Kerr, C.; Hourihane, J.; Murray, D.; Fuligni, F. et al. Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e36957. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Turroni, F.; Duranti, S.; Bottacini, F.; Guglielmetti, S.; van Sinderen, D.; Ventura, M. Bifidobacterium bifidum as an example of a specialized human gut commensal. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Guglielmetti, S.; Mora, D.; Gschwender, M.; Popp, K. Randomised clinical trial: Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life—A double-BLIND, Placebo-Controlled Study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 33, 1123-1132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Wang, Y.; Huang, Y. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum supplementation to standard triple therapy on Helicobacter pylori eradication and dynamic changes in intestinal flora. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013, 30, 847-853. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Toiviainen, A.; Jalasvuori, H.; Lahti, E.; Gursoy, U.; Salminen, S.; Fontana, M.; Flannagan, S.; Eckert, G.; Kokaras, A.; Paster, B. et al. Impact of orally administered lozenges with lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci, amount of plaque, gingival inflammation and the oral microbiome in healthy adults. Clin. Oral. Investig. 2014, 19, 77-83. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Culpepper, T.; Christman, M.; Nieves, C.; Specht, G.; Rowe, C.; Spaiser, S.; Ford, A.; Dahl, W.; Girard, S.; Langkamp-Henken, B. Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 decreases stress-associated diarrhoea-related symptoms and self-reported stress: A secondary analysis of a randomised trial. Benef. Microbes 2016, 7, 327-336. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Choi, Y.J.; Kim, C.J.; Park, S.Y.; Ko, Y.T.; Jeong, H.K.; Ji, G.E. Growth and β-Glucosidase activity of bifidobacterium. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1996, 6, 255-259.
25. BIFIDO. Available online: http://www.bifido.com/en/product/probiotics/health?category=zigunuk (accessed on 30 June 2016).
26. Kim, I.H.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Characterization of adhesion of Bifidobacterium sp. BGN4 to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003, 13, 276-281.
27. Ku, S.; You, H.J.; Ji, G.E. Enhancement of anti-tumorigenic polysaccharide production, adhesion, and branch formation of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 by phytic acid. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2009, 18, 749-754.
28. Lee, M.J.; Zang, Z.; Choi, E.Y.; Shin, H.K.; Ji, G.E. Cytoskeleton reorganization and cytokine production of macrophages by bifidobacterial cells and cell-free extracts. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2002, 12, 398-405.
29. Kim, N.; Ji, G.E. Modulatory activity of Bifidobacterium sp. BGN4 cell fractions on immune cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 16, 584-589.
30. Lee, S.; Koo, N.; Oh, S. Regulatory effect on specific ige response of Bifidobacterium bifidum (BGN4 Strain) in murine model of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117, S204. [CrossRef]
31. Kim, N.; Kunisawa, J.; Kweon, M.; Ji, G.E.; Kiyono, H. Oral feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum (BGN4) Prevents CD4 + CD45RB high T cell-mediated inflammatory bowel disease by inhibition of disordered T cell activation. Clin. Immunol. 2007, 123, 30-39. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Hong, K.S.; Kang, H.W.; Im, J.P.; Ji, G.E.; Kim, S.G.; Jung, H.C.; Song, I.S.; Kim, J.S. Effect of probiotics on symptoms in Korean adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Liver 2009, 3, 101-107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Kim, J.Y.; Kwon, J.H.; Ahn, S.H.; Lee, S.I.; Han, Y.S.; Choi, Y.O.; Lee, S.Y.; Ahn, K.M.; Ji, G.E. Effect of probiotic mix (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the primary prevention of eczema: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2010, 21, 386-393. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Kim, J.Y.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Probiotic modulation of dendritic cells co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells. World J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 18, 1308-1318. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Shim, J.Y.; Kim, Y.K.; Ji, G.E.; Om, A.S. Effect of fermented soymilk using Bifidobacterium spp. RD65 and BGN4 on abberant crypt foci in azoxymethane induced colon cancer rats. KoSFoST Int. Symp. Annu. Meet. 2001, 197.
36. You, H.J.; Oh, D.K.; Ji, G.E. Anticancerogenic effect of a novel chiroinositol-containing polysaccharide from Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2004, 240, 131-136. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Youn, S.Y.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Identification of the β-glucosidase gene from Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. Lactis and its expression in B. bifidum BGN4. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 22, 1714-1723.
38. Kim, J.Y.; Wang, Y.; Park, S.J.; Ji, G.E.; Park, M.S. Cloning and expression of β-Glucosidases from Bifidobacterium lactis AD011. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2012, 21, 731-738. [CrossRef]
39. Wang, Y.; Kim, J.Y.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Novel Bifidobacterium promoters selected through microarray analysis lead to constitutive high-level gene expression. J. Microbiol. 2012, 50, 638-643. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Kim, J.A.; Park, M.S.; Kang, S.A.; Ji, G.E. Production of -aminobutyric acid during fermentation of Gastrodia Elata Bl. By co-culture of Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 with Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2014, 23, 459-466. [CrossRef]
41. You, H.J.; Ahn, H.J.; Kim, J.Y.; Wu, Q.Q.; Ji, G.E. High expression of β-glucosidase in Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and application in conversion of isoflavone glucosides during fermentation of soy milk. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 25, 469-478. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Kim, J.Y.; Seo, H.S.; Seo, J.M.; Suh, J.W.; Hwang, I.; Ji, G.E. Development of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-reinforced probiotic yogurt using Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2008, 17, 1025-1031.
43. Kim, J.Y.; Suh, J.W.; Ji, G.E. Evaluation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine production by Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2008, 17, 184-187.
44. Yu, D.S.; Jeong, H.; Lee, D.H.; Kwon, S.K.; Song, J.Y.; Kim, B.Y.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E.; Oh, T.K.; Kim, J.F. Complete genome sequence of the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum strain BGN4. J. Bacteriol. 2012, 194, 4757-4758. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
45. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bad Bug Book (Second Edition). Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/CausesOfIllnessBadBugBook/(accessed on 30 June 2016).
46. Ribet, D.; Cossart, P. How bacterial pathogens colonize their hosts and invade deeper tissues. Microbes Infect. 2015, 17, 173-183. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Thöle, C.; Brandt, S.; Ahmed, N.; Hensel, A. Acetylated rhamnogalacturonans from immature fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus inhibit the adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric cells by interaction with outer membrane proteins. Molecules 2015, 20, 16770-16787. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
48. Kim, J.K.; Shin, E.C.; Park, H.G. Fructooligosaccharides decreased the ability of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 to adhere to co-cultures of human intestinal cell lines. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2015, 58, 45-52. [CrossRef]
49. Serafini, F.; Strati, F.; Ruas-Madiedo, P.; Turroni, F.; Foroni, E.; Duranti, S.; Milano, F.; Perotti, A.; Viappiani, A.; Guglielmetti, S. et al. Evaluation of adhesion properties and antibacterial activities of the infant gut commensal Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010. Anaerobe 2013, 21, 9-17. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Underwood, M.; Kananurak, A.; Coursodon, C.; Adkins-Reick, C.; Chu, H.; Bennett, S.; Wehkamp, J.; Castillo, P.; Leonard, B.; Tancredi, D. et al. Bifidobacterium bifidum in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis: Antimicrobial peptide and protein responses. Pediatr. Res. 2012, 71, 546-551. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Martinez, F.A.; Balciunas, E.M.; Converti, A.; Cotter, P.D.; de Souza Oliveira, R.P. Bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium spp: A review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31, 482-488. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Mandal, S.M.; Silva, O.N.; Franco, O.L. Recombinant probiotics with antimicrobial peptides: A dual strategy to improve immune response in immunocompromised patients. Drug Discov. Today 2014, 19, 1045-1050. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Slavin, J. Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1417-1435. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. Aronsson, L.; Huang, Y.; Parini, P.; Korach-André, M.; Håkansson, J.; Gustafsson, J.; Pettersson, S.; Arulampalam, V.; Rafter, J. Decreased fat storage by Lactobacillus paracasei is associated with increased levels of angiopoietin-like 4 protein (ANGPTL4). PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e13087. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. DiBaise, J.K.; Frank, D.N.; Mathur, R. Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity: Current concepts. Am. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 2012, 1, 22-27. [CrossRef]
56. Hardy, H.; Harris, J.; Lyon, E.; Beal, J.; Foey, A. Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: Homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1869-1912. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Yu, Q.; Wang, Z.; Yang, Q. Ability of Lactobacillus to inhibit enteric pathogenic bacteria adhesion on Caco-2 cells. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 27, 881-886. [CrossRef]
58. Kim, B.J.; Hong, J.H.; Jeong, Y.S.; Jung, H.K. Evaluation of two Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from Korean fermented food as probiotics against loperamide-induced constipation in mice. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2014, 57, 797-806. [CrossRef]
59. Lim, S.M. Anti-helicobacter pylori activity of antimicrobial substances produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Baikkimchi. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2014, 57, 621-630. [CrossRef]
60. Lebeer, S.; Vanderleyden, J.; De Keersmaecker, S.C. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface molecules: Comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010, 8, 171-184. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Van Tassell, M.; Miller, M. Lactobacillus adhesion to mucus. Nutrients 2011, 3, 613-636. [PubMed]
62. Duary, R.K.; Rajput, Y.S.; Batish, V.K.; Grover, S. Assessing the adhesion of putative indigenous probiotic lactobacilli to human colonic epithelial cells. Indian J. Med. Res. 2011, 134, 664-671. [PubMed]
63. Polak-Berecka, M.; Waśko, A.; Paduch, R.; Skrzypek, T.; Sroka-Bartnicka, A. The effect of cell surface components on adhesion ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014, 106, 751-762. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Krasowska, A.; Sigler, K. How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs? Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2014, 4, 112. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Pelletier, C.; Bouley, C.; Cayuela, C.; Bouttier, S.; Bourlioux, P.; Bellon-Fontaine, M. Cell surface characteristics of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997, 63, 1725-1731. [PubMed]
66. Abdulla, A.A.; Abed, T.A.; Saeed, A.M. Adhesion, Autoaggregation and hydrophobicity of six Lactobacillus strains. Br. Microbiol. Res. J. 2014, 4, 381-391. [CrossRef]
67. Boris, S.; Suárez, J.E.; Vázquez, F.; Barbés, C. Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens. Infect. Immun. 1998, 66, 1985-1989. [PubMed]
68. Shakirova, L.; Auzina, L.; Zikmanis, P.; Gavare, M.; Grube, M. Influence of growth conditions on hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis cells and characteristics by FT-IR spectra. J. Spectrosc. 2010, 24, 251-255. [CrossRef]
69. Pérez, P.F.; Minnaard, Y.; Disalvo, E.A.; de Antoni, G.L. Surface properties of bifidobacterial strains of human origin. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1998, 64, 21-26.
70. Pan, W.; Li, P.; Liu, Z. The correlation between surface hydrophobicity and adherence of Bifidobacterium strains from centenarians’ faeces. Anaerobe 2006, 12, 148-152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Schillinger, U.; Guigas, C.; Holzapfel, W.H. In vitro adherence and other properties of lactobacilliused in probiotic yoghurt-like products. Int. Dairy J. 2005, 15, 1289-1297. [CrossRef]
72. Alzate, A.; Fernandez, A.; Perez-Conde, M.C.; Gutierrez, A.M.; Camara, C. Comparison of biotransformation of inorganic selenium by Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces in lactic fermentation process of yogurt and kefir. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 8728-8736. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
73. Botes, M.; Loos, B.; van Reenen, C.A.; Dicks, L.M.T. Adhesion of the probiotic strains enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 to Caco-2 cells under conditions simulating the intestinal tract, and in the presence of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicaments. Arch. Microbiol. 2008, 190, 573-584. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Wadström, T.; Andersson, K.; Sydow, M.; Axelsson, L.; Lindgren, S.; Gullmar, B. Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from the small intestine of pigs. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1987, 62, 513-520. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Candela, M.; Perna, F.; Carnevali, P.; Vitali, B.; Ciati, R.; Gionchetti, P.; Rizzello, F.; Campieri, M.; Brigidi, P. Interaction of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with human intestinal epithelial cells: Adhesion properties, competition against enteropathogens and modulation of IL-8 production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 125, 286-292. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Crociani, J.; Grill, J.P.; Huppert, M.; Ballongue, J. Adhesion of different bifidobacteria strains to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and comparison with in vivo study. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1995, 21, 146-148. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Borchers, A.T.; Selmi, C.; Meyers, F.J.; Keen, C.L.; Gershwin, M.E. Probiotics and immunity. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 44, 26-46. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Galdeano, C.M.; de LeBlanc, A.D.; Vinderola, G.; Bonet, M.B.; Perdigon, G. Proposed model: Mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2007, 14, 485-492. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Martinez, F.; Gordon, S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: Time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 2014, 6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Kim, B.I.; Joo, Y.H.; Pak, P.J.; Kim, J.S.; Chung, N. Different shapes of Al2O3 particles induce differential cytotoxicity via a mechanism involving lysosomal destabilization and reactive oxygen species generation. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2015, 58, 433-442. [CrossRef]
81. Li, X.; Bao, W.; Leung, C.; Ma, D.; Zhang, G.; Lu, A.; Wang, S.; Han, Q. Chemical structure and immunomodulating activities of an β-glucan purified from Lobelia chinensis lour. Molecules 2016, 21, 779. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Cui, S.; Hassan, R.; Heintz-Buschart, A.; Bilitewski, U. Regulation of Candida albicans interaction with macrophages through the activation of HOG pathway by genistein. Molecules 2016, 21, 162. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Gill, H.S.; Rutherfurd, K.J.; Cross, M.L.; Gopal, P.K. Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 74, 833-839. [PubMed]
84. Fong, F.L.; Shah, N.P.; Kirjavainen, P.; El-Nezami, H. Mechanism of action of probiotic bacteria on intestinal and systemic immunities and antigen-presenting cells. Int. Rev. Immunol. 2015, 1-11. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. World Cancer Research Fund International, Colorectal Cancer Statistics. Available online: http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/colorectal-cancer-statistics (accessed on 5 July 2016).
86. American Cancer Society, Key Statistics for Colorectal Cancer. Available online: http://www.cancer.org/ cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics (accessed on 12 July 2016).
87. Pourhoseingholi, M. Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2012, 4, 68-70. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Selhub, E.; Logan, A.; Bested, A. Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: Ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. J. Physiol. Anthropol. 2014, 33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Kumar, M.; Nagpal, R.; Verma, V.; Kumar, A.; Kaur, N.; Hemalatha, R.; Gautam, S.; Singh, B. Probiotic metabolites as epigenetic targets in the prevention of colon cancer. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 71, 23-34. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. Choi, S.S.; Kim, Y.; Han, K.S.; You, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, S.H. Effects of Lactobacillus strains on cancer cell proliferation and oxidative stress in vitro. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 42, 452-458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Uccello, M.; Malaguarnera, G.; Basile, F.; D’agata, V.; Malaguarnera, M.; Bertino, G.; Vacante, M.; Drago, F.; Biondi, A. Potential role of probiotics on colorectal cancer prevention. BMC Surg. 2012, 12, S35. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Raman, M.; Ambalam, P.; Doble, M. Probiotics and Bioactive Carbohydrates in Colon Cancer Management; Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India, 2016; pp. 83-109.
93. Sadeghi-Aliabadi, H.; Mohammadi, F.; Fazeli, H.; Mirlohi, M. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum A7 with probiotic potential on colon cancer and normal cells proliferation in comparison with a commercial strain. Iran J. Basic Med. Sci. 2014, 17, 815-819. [PubMed]
94. Nagaoka, M.; Hashimoto, S.; Watanabe, T.; Yokokura, T.; Mori, Y. Anti-ulcer effects of lactic acid bacteria and their cell wall polysaccharides. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994, 17, 1012-1017. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
95. Van Breemen, R.; Li, Y. Caco-2 cell permeability assays to measure drug absorption. Expert Opin. Drug. Metab. Toxicol. 2005, 1, 175-185. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. Corpet, D.; Tache, S. Most effective colon cancer chemopreventive agents in rats: A systematic review of aberrant crypt foci and tumor data, ranked by potency. Nutr. Cancer 2002, 43, 1-21. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Kim, J.; Ng, J.; Arozulllah, A.; Ewing, R.; Llor, X.; Carroll, R.E.; Benya, R.V. Aberrant crypt focus size predicts distal polyp histopathology. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2008, 17, 1155-1162. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Foerst, P.; Santivarangkna, C. Advances in Probiotic Technology; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015; pp. 356-374.
99. Foligné, B.; Daniel, C.; Pot, B. Probiotics from research to market: The possibilities, risks and challenges. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2013, 16, 284-292. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Lahtinen, S. Probiotic viability—Does it matter? Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 2012, 23, 10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Nedović, V.; Raspor, P.; Lević, J.; Tumbas Šaponjac, V.; Barbosa-Cánovas, G. Emerging and Traditional Technologies for Safe, Healthy and Quality Food; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Germany, 2016; pp. 257-268.
102. Park, S.J.; Youn, S.Y.; Ji, G.E.; Park, M.S. Whole cell biotransformation of major ginsenosides using leuconostocs and lactobacilli. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2012, 21, 839-844. [CrossRef]
103. You, H.J.; Ahn, H.J.; Ji, G.E. Transformation of Rutin to antiproliferative quercetin-3-glucoside by Aspergillus niger. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 10886-10892. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Ku, S.; Zheng, H.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Optimization of β-glucuronidase activity from Lactobacillus delbrueckii Rh2 and its use for biotransformation of baicalin and wogonoside. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2011, 54, 275-280. [CrossRef]
105. Ku, S.; You, H.J.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Effects of ascorbic acid on α-L-arabinofuranosidase and α-L-arabinopyranosidase activities from Bifidobacterium longum RD47 and its application to whole cell bioconversion of ginsenoside. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2015, 58, 857-865. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
106. Ku, S.; You, H.J.; Park, M.S.; Ji, G.E. Whole-cell biocatalysis for producing ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2016, 26, 1206-1215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
107. Gao, F.; Zhang, J.M.; Wang, Z.G.; Peng W.; Hu, H.L.; Fu, C.M. Biotransformation, a promising technology for anti-cancer drug development. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2013, 14, 5599-5608. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Sasidharan, S.; Chen, Y.; Saravanan, D.; Sundram, K.; Latha, L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants’ extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement Altern. Med. 2011, 8, 1-10. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Han, B.H.; Park, M.H.; Han, Y.N.; Woo, L.K.; Sankawa, U.; Yahara, S.; Tanaka, O. Degradation of ginseng saponins under mild acidic conditions. Planta Med. 1982, 44, 146-149. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Chen, Y.; Nose, M.; Ogihara, Y. Alkaline cleavage of ginsenosides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 1653-1655. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Nag, S.A.; Qin, J.J.; Wang, W.; Wang, M.H.; Wang, H.; Zhang, R. Ginsenosides as anticancer agents: In vitro and in vivo activities, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of action. Front. Pharmacol. 2012, 3. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Taku, K.; Melby, M.; Nishi, N.; Omori, T.; Kurzer, M. Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: An evidence-based approach. Maturitas 2011, 70, 333-338. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
113. Orgaard, A.; Jensen, L. The effects of soy isoflavones on obesity. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008, 233, 1066-1080. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
114. Lu, M.; Wang, R.; Song, X.; Chibbar, R.; Wang, X.; Wu, L.; Meng, Q. Dietary soy isoflavones increase insulin secretion and prevent the development of diabetic cataracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr. Res. 2008, 28, 464-471. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
115. Rafii, F. The role of colonic bacteria in the metabolism of the natural isoflavone daidzin to equol. Metabolites 2015, 5, 56-73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Kennedy, A.R. The evidence for soybean products as cancer preventive agents. J. Nutr. 1995, 125, 733-743.
117. Bawa, S. The significance of soy protein and soy bioactive compounds in the prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. J. Osteoporos. 2010, 2010, 1-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
118. Kuo, L.; Wu, R.; Lee, K. A process for high-efficiency isoflavone deglycosylation using Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 94, 1181-1188. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
119. New York Times, Stop Bashing G.M.O. Foods, More Than 100 Nobel Laureates Say. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/us/stop-bashing-gmo-foods-more-than-100-nobel-laureates-say.html?_r=0 (accessed on 12 July 2016).
120. Hayakawa, K.; Kimura, M.; Kasaha, K.; Matsumoto, K.; Sansawa, H.; Yamori, Y. Effect of a -aminobutyric acid-enriched dairy product on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2004, 92, 411-417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
121. Adeghate, E.; Ponery, A. GABA in the endocrine pancreas: Cellular localization and function in normal and diabetic rats. Tissue Cell 2002, 34, 1-6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
122. Di Cagno, R.; Mazzacane, F.; Rizzello, C.; de Angelis, M.; Giuliani, G.; Meloni, M.; de Servi, B.; Gobbetti, M. Synthesis of -aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus plantarum DSM19463: Functional grape must beverage and dermatological applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009, 86, 731-741. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
123. Li, H.; Qiu, T.; Huang, G.; Cao, Y. Production of -aminobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis NCL912 using fed-batch fermentation. Microb. Cell Fact. 2010, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
124. Huh, K.; Yi, S.J.; Shin, U.S.; Park, J.M. Effect of the ether fraction of Gastrodia elata methanol extract on the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. J. Appl. Pharmacol. 1995, 3, 199-204.
125. Lee, O.H.; Kim, K.I.; Han, C.K.; Kim, Y.C.; Hong, H.D. Effects of acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizome on systolic blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 698-709. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
126. Kim, J.Y.; Lee, M.Y.; Ji, G.E.; Lee, Y.S.; Hwang, K.T. Production of -aminobutyric acid in black raspberry juice during fermentation by Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2009, 130, 12-16. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
127. Komatsuzaki, N.; Shima, J.; Kawamoto, S.; Momose, H.; Kimura, T. Production of -aminobutyric acid (gaba) by Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from traditional fermented foods. Food Microbiol. 2005, 22, 497-504. [CrossRef]
128. Matos, J.R.; Raushel, F.; Wong, C.H. S-adenosylmethionine: Studies on chemical and enzymatic synthesis. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1987, 9, 39-52. [PubMed]
129. Papakostas, G.; Alpert, J.; Fava, M. S-adenosyl-methionine in depression: A comprehensive review of the literature. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2003, 5, 460-466. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
130. Lieber, C.S. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Its role in the treatment of liver disorders. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 1183-1187.
131. Häuser, W.; Bernardy, K.; Üçeyler, N.; Sommer, C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2009, 301, 198-209. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
132. Armando, M.; Galvagno, M.; Dogi, C.; Cerrutti, P.; Dalcero, A.; Cavaglieri, L. Statistical optimization of culture conditions for biomass production of probiotic gut-borne Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain able to reduce fumonisin B 1. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2013, 114, 1338-1346. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Rani, M.; Appaiah, A. Optimization of culture conditions for bacterial cellulose production from Gluconacetobacter hansenii UAC09. Ann. Microbiol. 2011, 61, 781-787. [CrossRef]
134. Kwon, S.G.; Son, J.W.; Kim, H.J.; Park, C.S.; Lee, J.K.; Ji, G.E.; Oh, D.K. High concentration cultivation of Bifidobacterium bifidum in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006, 22, 1591-1597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
135. Ji, G.E.; Ku, S.; Park, M.S. Culture medium Containing Phytic Acid for Cultivation of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Method for Production of Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 Polysaccharide Using the Medium. S. Korea Patent 1010377780000, 23 May 2011.
136. Dias, F.F.; Okrend, H.; Dondero, N.C. Calcium nutrition of Sphaerotilus growing in a continuous-flow apparatus. Appl. Microbiol. 1968, 16, 1364-1369. [PubMed]
137. Snellen, J.E.; Raj, H.D. Morphogenesis and fine structure of Leucothrix mucor and effects of calcium deficiency. J. Bacteriol. 1970, 101, 240-249. [PubMed]
138. Wright, C.T.; Klaenhammer, T.R. Calcium-induced alteration of cellular morphology affecting the resistance of Lactobacillus acidophilus to freezing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1981, 41, 807-815. [PubMed]
139. Apás, A.; Arena, M.; Colombo, S.; González, S. Probiotic administration modifies the milk fatty acid profile, intestinal morphology, and intestinal fatty acid profile of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 47-54. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
140. Kojima, M.; Suda, S.; Hotta, S.; Hamada, K.; Suganuma, A. Necessity of calcium ion for cell division in Lactobacillus bifidus. J. Bacteriol. 1970, 104, 1010-1013. [PubMed]
141. Duranti, S.; Milani, C.; Lugil, G.A.; Turroni, F.; Mancabelli, L.; Sanchez, B.; Ferrario, C.; Viappiani, A.; Mangifestra, M.; Mancino, W. et al. Insights from genomes of representatives of the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium bifidum. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 17, 2515-2531. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Lugil, G.A.; Millani, C.; Turroni, F.; Duranti, S.; Ferrario, C.; Viappiani, A.; Mancabelli, L.; Mangifesta, M.; Taminiau, B.; Delcenserie, V. et al. Investigation of the evolutionary development of the genus Bifidobacterium by comparative genomics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80, 6383-6394. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
143. Milani, C.; Turroni, F.; Duranti, S.; Lugil, G.A.; Mancabelli, L.; Ferrario, C.; Sinderen, D.; Ventura, M. Genomics of the genus Bifidobacterium reveals species-specific adaptation to the glycan-rich gut environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2016, 82, 980-991. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
144. Ventura, M.; Canchaya, C.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Gupta, R.S.; Sinderen, D. Genomics as a means to understand bacterial phylogeny and ecological adaptation: The case of bifidobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007, 91, 351-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
145. Ventura, M.; O’Connell-Motherway, M.; Leahy, S.; Moreno-Munoz, J.A.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Sinderen, D. From bacterial genome to functionality; case bifidobacteria. Int. J. Food Mirobiol. 2007, 120, 2-12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
146. Turroni, F.; Bottacini, F.; Foroni, E.; Mulder, I.; Kim, J.H.; Zomer, A.; Sanchez, B.; Bidossi, A.; Ferrarini, A.; Giubellini, V. et al. Genome analysis of Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010 reveals metabolic pathways for host-derived glycan foraging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 19514-19519. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
147. Turroni, F.; Milani, C.; Duranti, S.; Mancabelli, L.; Mangifestra, M.; Viappiani, A.; Lugil, G.A.; Ferrario, C.; Gioiosa, L.; Ferrarini, A. et al. Deciphering bifidobacterial-mediaated metabolic interactions and their impact of gut microbiota by a multi-omics approach. ISME J. 2016, 10, 1656-1668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
148. Russell, D.A.; Ross, R.P.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Stanton, C. Metabolic activities and probiotic potential of bifidobacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2011, 149, 88-105. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
149. Milani, C.; Lugil, G.A.; Duranti, S.; Turroni, F.; Bottacini, F.; Mangifestra, M. Genomic encyclopedia of type strains of the genus Bifidobacterium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80, 6290-6302. [CrossRef] [PubMed]