Ecology of aspergillosis: insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species

Microbial Biotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 296-322

  Paulussen, Caroline ^a   Hallsworth, John E ^b   Álvarez Pérez, Sergio ^c   Nierman, William C ^d   Hamill, Philip G ^b   Blain, David ^b   Rediers, Hans ^a   Lievens, Bart ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^d J CRAIG VENTER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS; ASPERGILLUS NIGER; ASPERGILLUS TERREUS; CLINICAL FEATURE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; FUNGAL VIRULENCE; HABITAT; HEAT SHOCK; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE STATUS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; OSMOTIC STRESS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE; ANIMAL; BIOPHYSICS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ECOSYSTEM; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS; BIOPHYSICAL PHENOMENA; DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, ROUTINE; ECOSYSTEM; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS;

EID: 84977136779     PISSN: 17517907     EISSN: 17517915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12367     Document Type: Review

References (305)

1. Abad, A., Fernandez-Molina, J.V., Bikandi, J., Ramirez, A., Margareto, J., Sendino, J., et al. (2010) What makes Aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? Genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 27: 155–182.
2. Abadio, A.K.R., Kioshima, E.S., Teixeira, M.M., Martins, N.F., Maigret, B., and Felipe, M.S.S. (2011) Comparative genomics allowed the identification of drug targets against human fungal pathogens. BMC Genom 12: 75–84.
3. Abdolrasouli, A., Rhodes, J., Beale, M.A., Hagen, F., Rogers, T.R., Chowdhary, A., et al. (2015) Genomic context of azole resistance mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus determined using whole-genome sequencing. mBio 6: e00536–15.
4. Abrashev, R., Dolashka, P., Christova, R., Stefanova, L., and Angelova, M. (2005) Role of antioxidant enzymes in survival of conidiospores of Aspergillus niger 26 under conditions of temperature stress. J Appl Microbiol 99: 902–909.
5. Abrashev, R., Pashova, S.B., Stefanova, L.N., Vassilev, S.V., Dolashka, P.A.A., and Angelova, M.B. (2008) Heat-shock-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant response in Aspergillus niger 26. Can J Microbiol 54: 977–983.
6. Afanou, K.A., Straumfors, A., Skogstad, A., Skaar, I., Hjeljord, L., Skare, O., et al. (2015) Profile and morphology of fungal aerosols characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Aerosol Sci Technol 49: 423–435.
7. Agarwal, R., Aggarwal, A.N., Sehgal, I.S., Dhooria, S., Behera, D., and Chakrabarti, A. (2015) Utility of IgE (total and Aspergillus fumigatus specific) in monitoring for response and exacerbations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 59: 1–6.
8. Aimanianda, V., Bayry, J., Bozza, S., Kniemeyer, O., Perruccio, K., Elluru, S.R., et al. (2009) Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores. Nature 460: 1117–1121.
9. Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Mellado, E., and Cuenca-Estrella, M. (2012) Current section and species complex concepts in Aspergillus: recommendations for routine daily practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1273: 18–24.
10. Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Mellado, E., Peláez, T., Pemán, J., Zapico, S., Álvarez, M., et al. (2013) Population-based survey of filamentous fungi and antifungal resistance in Spain (FILPOP study). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 3380–3387.
11. Alborch, L., Bragulat, M.R., Abarca, M.I., and Cabañes, F.J. (2011) Effect of water activity, temperature and incubation time on growth and ochratoxin. A production by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius on maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 147: 53–57.
12. Albrecht, D., Guthke, R., Brakhage, A.A., and Kniemeyer, O. (2010) Integrative analysis of the heat shock response in Aspergillus fumigatus. BMC Genom 11: 32–49.
13. Allam, N.G., and Abd El-Zaher, E.H.F. (2012) Protective role Aspergillus fumigatus melanin against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and Bjerkandera adusta melanin as a candidate vaccine against systemic candidiasis. J Biotechnol 11: 6566–6577.
14. Álvarez-Pérez, S., Garcia, M.E., Bouza, E., Pelaez, T., and Blanco, J.L. (2009) Characterization of multiple isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus from patients: genotype, mating type and invasiveness. Med Mycol 47: 601–608.
15. Álvarez-Pérez, S., Blanco, J.L., Alba, P., and Garcia, M.E. (2010a) Mating type and invasiveness are significantly associated in Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 48: 273–277.
16. Álvarez-Pérez, S., Blanco, J.L., Alba, P., and García, M.E. (2010b) Sexualidad y patogenicidad en Aspergillus fumigatus: ¿existe alguna relación? Rev Iberoam Micol 27: 1–5.
17. Álvarez-Pérez, S., Mellado, E., Serrano, D., Blanco, J.L., García, M.E., Kwon, M., et al. (2014) Polyphasic characterization of fungal isolates from a published case of invasive aspergillosis reveals misidentification of Aspergillus felis as Aspergillus viridinutans. J Med Microbiol 63: 617–619.
18. Alves, F.D.L., Stevenson, A., Baxter, E., Gillion, J.L., Hejazi, F., Morrison, I.E., et al. (2015) Concomitant osmotic and chaotropicity-induced stresses in Aspergillus wentii: compatible solutes determine the biotic window. Curr Genet 61: 457–477.
19. Amich, J., and Calera, J.A. (2014) Zinc acquisition: a key aspect in Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. Mycopathologia 178: 379–385.
20. Andersson, M.A., Nikulin, M., Koljalg, U., Andersson, M.C., Rainey, F., Reijula, K., et al. (1997) Bacteria, molds, and toxins in water-damaged building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 387–393.
21. Arai, H. (2000) Foxing caused by fungi: twenty-five years of study. Int Biodeter Biodegr 46: 181–188.
22. Arriaga, S., Muñoz, R., Hernández, S., Guieysse, B., and Revah, S. (2006) Gaseous hexane biodegradation by Fusarium solani in two liquid phase packed-bed and stirred-tank bioreactors. Environ Sci Technol 40: 2390–2395.
23. Arvanitis, M., and Mylonakis, E. (2015) Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: recent developments and ongoing challenges. Eur J Clin Invest 45: 646–652.
24. Askew, D.S. (2008) Aspergillus fumigatus: virulence genes in a street smart mold. Curr Opin Microbiol 11: 331–337.
25. Babu, A. and Mitchell, J. (2015) Aspergilloma. In Chest Surgery. Dienemann, H.C., Hoffmann, H. and Detterbeck, F.C. (eds). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 269–278.
26. Baddley, J.W., Stroud, T.P., Salzman, D., and Pappas, P.G. (2001) Invasive mold infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 32: 1319–1324.
27. Balajee, S.A., Gribskov, J.L., Hanley, E., Nickle, D., and Marr, K.A. (2005) Aspergillus lentulus sp. nov., a new sibling species of A. fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell 4: 625–632.
28. Balajee, S.A., Baddley, J.W., Peterson, S.W., Nickle, D., Varga, J., Boey, A., et al. (2009a) Aspergillus alabamensis, a new clinically relevant species in the section Terrei. Eukaryot Cell 8: 713–722.
29. Balajee, S.A., Kano, R., Baddley, J.W., Moser, S.A., Marr, K.A., Alexander, B.D., et al. (2009b) Molecular identification of Aspergillus species collected for the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network. J Clin Microbiol 47: 3138–3141.
30. Ball, P., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2015) Water structure and chaotropicity: their uses, abuses and biological implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17: 8297–8305.
31. Barnes, P.D., and Marr, K.A. (2006) Aspergillosis: spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 20: 545–561.
32. Barrs, V.R., van Doorn, T.M., Houbraken, J., Kidd, S.E., Martin, P., Pinheiro, M.D., et al. (2013) Aspergillus felis sp. nov., an emerging agent of invasive aspergillosis in humans, cats, and dogs. PLoS ONE 8: e64871.
33. Bart-Delabesse, E., Marmorat-Khuong, A., Costa, J.M., Dubreuil-Lemaire, M.L., and Bretagne, S. (1997) Detection of Aspergillus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of AIDS patients by the polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16: 24–25.
34. Beffa, T., Staib, F., Lott Fischer, J., Lyon, P.F., Gumowski, P., Marfenina, O.E., et al. (1998) Mycological control and surveillance of biological waste and compost. Med Mycol 1: 137–145.
35. Bekker, M., Huinink, H.P., Adan, O.C.G., Samson, R.A., Wyatt, T., and Dijksterhuis, J. (2012) Production of an extracellular matrix as an isotopic growth phase of Penicillium rubens on gypsum. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 6930–6937.
36. Bell, A.N.W., Magill, E., Hallsworth, J.E., and Timson, D.J. (2013) Effects of alcohols and compatible solutes on the activity of β-galactosidase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 169: 786–796.
37. Ben-Ami, R., Lewis, R.E., Leventakos, K., and Kontoyiannis, D.P. (2009) Aspergillus fumigatus inhibits angiogenesis through the production of gliotoxin and other secondary metabolites. Blood 114: 5393–5399.
38. Bergmann, A., Hartmann, T., Cairns, T., Bignell, E.M., and Krappmann, S. (2009) A regulator of Aspergillus fumigatus extracellular proteolytic activity is dispensable for virulence. Infect Immun 77: 4041–4050.
39. + ATPase: molecular structure and function, physiology and regulation. J Exp Biol 209: 577–589.
40. Bhabhra, R., and Askew, D.S. (2005) Thermotolerance and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus: role of the fungal nucleolus. Med Mycol 1: S87–S93.
41. Bhaganna, P., Volkers, R.J.M., Bell, A.N.W., Kluge, K., Timson, D.J., McGrath, J.W., et al. (2010) Hydrophobic substances induce water stress in microbial cells. Microbial Biotechnol 3: 701–716.
42. Bhaganna, P., Bielecka, A., Molinari, G., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2016) Protective role of glycerol against benzene stress; insights from the Pseudomonas putida proteome. Curr Genet 62(2): 419–429.
43. Binder, U., and Lass-Flörl, C. (2013) New insights into invasive aspergillosis - from the pathogen to the disease. Curr Pharm Des 19: 3679–3688.
44. Blanco, J.L., Hontecillas, R., Bouza, E., Blanco, I., Pelaez, T., Munoz, P., et al. (2002) Correlation between the elastase activity index and invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1811–1813.
45. Blum, G., Hörtnagl, C., Jukic, E., Erbeznik, T., Pümpel, T., Dietrich, H., et al. (2013) New insight into amphotericin B resistance in Aspergillus terreus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 1583–1588.
46. Border, D.J., Buck, K.W., Chain, E.B., Kempson-Jones, G.F., Lhoas, P., and Ratti, G. (1972) Viruses of Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Biochem J 127: 4–6.
47. Borin, G.P., Sanchez, C.C., de Souza, A.P., de Santana, E.S., de Souza, A.T., Leme, A.F.P., et al. (2015) Comparative secretome analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during growth on sugarcane biomass. PLoS ONE 10: e0129275.
48. Bornstein, E., Hermans, W., Gridley, S., and Manni, J. (2009) Near-infrared photoinactivation of bacteria and fungi at physiologic temperatures. Photochem Photobiol 85(6): 1364–1374.
49. Bozza, S., Gaziano, R., Spreca, A., Bacci, A., Montagnoli, C., di Francesco, P., et al. (2002) Dendritic cells transport conidia and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus from the airways to the draining lymph nodes and initiate disparate Th responses to the fungus. J Immunol 168: 1362–1371.
50. Calderone, R., Sun, N., Gay-Andrieu, F., Groutas, W., Weerawarna, P., Prasad, S., et al. (2014) Antifungal drug discovery: the process and outcomes. Future Microbiol 9: 791–805.
51. Camps, S.M., Rijs, A.J., Klaassen, C.H., Meis, J.F., O'Gorman, C.M., Dyer, P.S., et al. (2012) Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates harboring the TR34/L98H azole resistance mechanism. J Clin Microbiol 50: 2674–2680.
52. Cannon, R.D., Lamping, E., Holmes, A.R., Niimi, K., Baret, P.V., Keniya, M.V., et al. (2009) Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 291–321.
53. Chang, Y.C., Tsai, H.F., Karos, M., and Kwon-Chung, K.J. (2004) THTA, a thermotolerance gene of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 41: 888–896.
54. Cheema, M.S., and Christians, J.K. (2011) Virulence in an insect model differs between mating types in Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 49: 202–207.
55. Chen, S.C., Slavin, M.A., and Sorrell, T.C. (2011) Echinocandin antifungal drugs in fungal infections: a comparison. Drugs 71: 11–41.
56. Chin, J.P., Megaw, J., Magill, C.L., Nowotarski, K., Williams, J.P., Bhaganna, P., et al. (2010) Solutes determine the temperature windows for microbial survival and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 7835–7840.
57. Coelho, D., Silva, S., Vale-Silva, L., Gomes, H., Pinto, E., Sarmento, A., et al. (2011) Aspergillus viridinutans: an agent of adult chronic invasive aspergillosis. Med Mycol 49: 755–759.
58. Coenen, A., Kevei, F., and Hoekstra, R.F. (1997) Factors affecting the spread of double-stranded RNA viruses in Aspergillus nidulans. Genet Res 69: 1–10.
59. Cramer, R.A., Rivera, A., and Hohl, T.M. (2011) Immune responses against Aspergillus fumigatus: what have we learned? Curr Opin Infect Dis 24: 315–322.
60. Cray, J.A., Bell, A.N., Bhaganna, P., Mswaka, A.Y., Timson, D.J., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2013a) The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds? Microbial Biotechnol 6: 453–492.
61. Cray, J.A., Russell, J.T., Timson, D.J., Singhal, R.S., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2013b) A universal measure of chaotropicity and kosmotropicity. Environ Microbiol 15: 287–296.
62. Cray, J.A., Bhaganna, P., Singhal, R.S., Patil, S.V., Saha, D., Chakraborty, R., et al. (2014) Chaotropic and hydrophobic stress mechanisms of antifungal substances. In Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, vol. VII. Dehne, H.W., Deising, H.B., Fraaije, B., Gisi, U., Hermann, D., Mehl, A., Oerke, E.C., Russell, P.E., Stammler, G., Kuck, K.H. and Lyr, H. (eds). Braunschweig, Germany: Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, ISBN: 978-3-941261-13-6.
63. Cray, J.A., Stevenson, A., Ball, P., Bankar, S.B., Eleutherio, E.C., Ezeji, T.C., et al. (2015a) Chaotropicity: a key factor in product tolerance of biofuel-producing microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 33: 258–259.
64. Cray, J.A., Houghton, J.D., Cooke, L.R., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2015b) A simple inhibition coefficient for quantifying potency of biocontrol agents against plant-pathogenic fungi. Biol Control 81: 93–100.
65. Cray, J.A., Connor, M.C., Stevenson, A., Houghton, J.D.R., Rangel, D.E.N., Cooke, L.R., et al. (2016) Biocontrol agents promote growth of potato pathogens, depending on environmental conditions. Microbial Biotechnol 9: 330–354.
66. Crowe, J.H., Crowe, L.M., and Chapman, D. (1984) Preservation of membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms – the role of trehalose. Science 223: 701–703.
67. Dadachova, E., and Casadevall, A. (2008) Ionizing radiation: how fungi cope, adapt, and exploit with the help of melanin. Curr Opin Microbiol 11: 525–531.
68. Dagenais, T.R., and Keller, N.P. (2009) Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22: 447–465.
69. da Silva, M.T.S., Soares, C.M.F., Lima, A.S., and Santana, C.C. (2015) Integral production and concentration of surfactin from Bacillus sp. ITP-001 by semi-batch foam fractionation. Biochem Eng J 104: 91–97.
70. De Pauw, B., Walsh, T.J., Donnelly, J.P., Stevens, D.A., Edwards, J.E., Calandra, T., et al. (2008) Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1813–1821.
71. Delhaes, L., Monchy, S., Frealle, E., Hubans, C., Salleron, J., Leroy, S., et al. (2012) The airway microbiota in cystic fibrosis: a complex fungal and bacterial community - implications for therapeutic management. PLoS ONE 7: e36313.
72. Denning, D.W. (1996) Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 23: 608–614.
73. Denning, D.W., and Perlin, D.S. (2011) Azole resistance in Aspergillus: a growing public health menace. Future Microbiol 6: 1229.
74. Denning, D., Pashley, C., Hartl, D., Wardlaw, A., Godet, C., Del Giacco, S., et al. (2014) Fungal allergy in asthma-state of the art and research needs. Clin Transl Allergy 4: 14.
75. Diamond, R.D., and Clark, R.A. (1982) Damage to Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae hyphae by oxidative and nonoxidative microbicidal products of human neutrophils in vitro. Infect Immun 38: 487–495.
76. Do, J.H., Yamaguchi, R., and Miyano, S. (2009) Exploring temporal transcription regulation structure of Aspergillus fumigatus in heat shock by state space model. BMC Genom 10: 306–322.
77. Drakos, P.E., Nagler, A., Or, R., Naparstek, E., Kapelushnik, J., Engelhard, D., et al. (1993) Invasive fungal sinusitis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 12: 203–208.
78. Duran, R., Cary, J.W., and Calvo, A.M. (2010) Role of the osmotic stress regulatory pathway in morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. Toxins 2: 367–381.
79. Dyer, P.S., and O'Gorman, C.M. (2012) Sexual development and cryptic sexuality in fungi: insights from Aspergillus species. FEMS Microbiol Rev 36: 165–192.
80. Dyer, P.S., and Paoletti, M. (2005) Reproduction in Aspergillus fumigatus: sexuality in a supposedly asexual species? Med Mycol 1: S7–S14.
81. Ellis, D. (2002) Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49: 7–10.
82. Ellis, J.J., and Roberson, J.A. (1968) Viability of fungus cultures preserved by lyophilization. Mycologia 60: 399–405.
83. Enoch, D.A., Ludlam, H.A., and Brown, N.M. (2006) Invasive fungal infections: a review of epidemiology and management options. J Med Microbiol 55: 809–818.
84. Escribano, P., Peláez, T., Bouza, E., and Guinea, J. (2015) Microsatellite (STRAf) genotyping cannot differentiate between invasive and colonizing Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 53: 667–670.
85. Fairs, A., Agbetile, J., Bourne, M., Hargadon, B., Monteiro, W.R., Morley, J.P., et al. (2013) Isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus from sputum is associated with elevated airborne levels in homes of patients with asthma. Indoor Air 23: 275–284.
86. Fang, F.C. (1997) Mechanisms of nitric oxide-related antimicrobial activity. J Clin Invest 99: 2818–2825.
87. Fanning, S., and Mitchell, A.P. (2012) Fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002585.
88. Ferreira, J.A.G., Penner, J.C., Moss, R.B., Haagensen, J.A.J., Clemons, K.V., Spormann, A.M., et al. (2015) Inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus and its biofilm by Pseudomonas aerugenosa is dependent on the source, phenotype and growth conditions of the bacterium. PLoS ONE 10: e0134692.
89. Ferrer, M., Chernikova, T.N., Yakimov, M.M., Golyshin, P.N., and Timmis, K.N. (2003) Chaperonins govern growth of Escherichia coli at low temperatures. Nat Biotechnol 21: 1266–1267.
90. Fields, P.A. (2001) Review: Protein function at thermal extremes: balancing stability and flexibility. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 129: 417–431.
91. Filler, S.G., and Sheppard, D.C. (2006) Fungal invasion of normally non-phagocytic host cells. PLoS Pathog 2: e129.
92. Flewelling, A.J., Bishop, A.I., Johnson, J.A., and Gray, C.A. (2015) Polyketides from an endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus isolate inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MRSA. Nat Prod Commun 10: 1661–1662.
93. Flipphi, M., Sunb, J., Robelletc, X., Karaffad, L., Feketed, E., Zengb, A.P., et al. (2009) Biodiversity and evolution of primary carbon metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans and other Aspergillus spp. Fungal Genet Biol 46: S19–S44.
94. Fox-Powell, M.G., Hallsworth, J.E., Cousins, C.R. and Cockell, C.S. (in press) Ionic strength is a barrier to the habitability of Mars. Astrobiology.
95. Freitas, J.S., Silva, E.M., Leal, J., Gras, D.E., Martinez-Rossi, N.M., dos Santos, L.D., et al. (2011) Transcription of the Hsp30, Hsp70, and Hsp90 heat shock protein genes is modulated by the PalA protein in response to acid pH-sensing in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Cell Stress Chaperones 16: 565–572.
96. Fritzler, J.M., Millership, J.J., and Zhu, G. (2007) Cryptosporidium parvum long-chain fatty acid enlongase. Eukaryot Cell 6: 2018–2028.
97. Gaetke, L.M., and Chow, C.K. (2003) Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology 189: 147–163.
98. Gao, Q., Jin, K., Ying, S.H., Zhang, Y., Xiao, G., Shang, Y., et al. (2011) Genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics of the model entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and M. acridum. PLoS Genet 7: e1001264.
99. Gomez, B.L. (2014) Molecular diagnosis of endemic and invasive mycoses: advances and challenges. Rev Iberoam Micol 31: 35–41.
100. Gonçalves, S.S., Stchigel, A.M., Cano, J.F., Godoy-Martinez, P.C., Colombo, A.L., and Guarro, J. (2012) Aspergillus novoparasiticus: a new clinical species of the section Flavi. Med Mycol 50: 152–160.
101. Graü, C., Sánchez, D., Zerpa, A., and García, N. (2007) Influence of water activity, pH, and temperature on growth of Aspergillus penicillioides and A. terreus, isolated from dry and salted skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) meat. Revista Científica 17: 193–199.
102. Greer, N.D. (2003) Voriconazole: the newest triazole antifungal agent. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 16: 241–248.
103. Gresnigt, M.S., Bozza, S., Becker, K.L., Joosten, L.A., Abdollahi-Roodsaz, S., van der Berg, W.B., et al. (2014) A polysaccharide virulence factor from Aspergillus fumigatus elicits anti-inflammatory effects through induction of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. PLoS Pathog 10: e1003936.
104. Grum-Grzhimaylo, A.A., Georgieva, M.L.M., Bondarenko, S.A., Debets, A.J.M., and Bilanenko, E.N. (2015) On the diversity of fungi from soda soils. Fungal Divers 76: 27–74.
105. Gugnani, H.C. (2003) Ecology and taxonomy of pathogenic aspergilli. Front Biosci 8: 346–357.
106. Gupta, K., Gupta, P., Mathew, J.L., Bansal, A., Singh, G., Singh, M., et al. (in press) Fatal disseminated Aspergillus penicillioides infection in a three-month-old infant with suspected cystic fibrosis: autopsy case with review of literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol. doi:10.2350/15-10-1729-CR.1.
107. Haas, H. (2012) Iron - A key nexus in the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 3: 28.
108. Hall, L.A., and Denning, D.W. (1994) Oxygen requirements of Aspergillus species. J Med Microbiol 41: 311–315.
109. Hall, D., and Hoshino, M. (2010) Effects of macromolecular crowding on intracellular diffusion from a single particle perspective. Biophys Rev 2: 39–53.
110. Hallsworth, J.E., and Magan, N. (1994) Effect of carbohydrate type and concentration on polyols and trehalose in conidia of three entomopathogenic fungi. Microbiology 140: 2705–2713.
111. Hallsworth, J.E., and Magan, N. (1995) Manipulation of intracellular glycerol and erythritol enhances germination of conidia at low water availability. Microbiology 141: 1109–1115.
112. Hallsworth, J.E., Heim, S., and Timmis, K.N. (2003a) Chaotropic solutes cause water stress in Pseudomonas putida. Environ Microbiol 5: 1270–1280.
113. Hallsworth, J.E., Prior, B.A., Nomura, Y., Iwahara, M., and Timmis, K.N. (2003b) Compatible solutes protect against chaotrope (ethanol)-induced, nonosmotic water stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 7032–7034.
114. 2-containing environments: chaotropicity defines the window. Environ Microbiol 9: 803–813.
115. Hashimoto, K., Kagami, K., Yokoyama, K., Fukuda, A., and Kawakami, Y. (2010) Identification of Aspergillus section Restrictus group isolated from the art museum, by gene analysis and morphological observation. Indoor Environ 13: 131–139.
116. Hedayati, M.T., Pasqualotto, A.C., Warn, P.A., Bowyer, P., and Denning, D.W. (2007) Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Microbiology 153: 1677–1692.
117. Heitman, J., Carter, D.A., Dyer, P.S., and Soll, D.R. (2014) Sexual reproduction of human fungal pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4: a019281.
118. Hesseltine, C.W., and Rogers, R.F. (1982) Longevity of Aspergillus flavus in corn. Mycologia 74: 423–426.
119. Hillmann, F., Novohradska, S., Mattern, D.J., Forberger, T., Heinekamp, T., Westermann, M., et al. (2015a) Virulence determinants of the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus protect against soil amoeba predation. Environ Biol 17: 2858–2869.
120. Hillmann, F., Shekhova, E., and Kniemeyer, O. (2015b) Insights into the cellular responses to hypoxia in filamentous fungi. Curr Genet 61: 441–455.
121. Hocking, A.D. (1993) Responses of xerophilic fungi to changes in water activity. In Stress Tolerance of Fungi. Jennings, D.H. (ed). New York: Marcel Decker, pp. 233–256.
122. Hogan, L.H., Klein, B.S., and Levitz, S.M. (1996) Virulence factors of medically important fungi. Clin Microbiol Rev 9: 469–488.
123. Horn, B.W., Moore, G.G., and Carbone, I. (2009a) Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus flavus. Mycologia 101: 423–429.
124. Horn, B.W., Ramirez-Prado, J.H., and Carbone, I. (2009b) The sexual state of Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycologia 101: 275–280.
125. Houbraken, J., de Vries, R.P., and Samson, R.A. (2014) Modern taxonomy of biotechnologically important Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Adv Appl Microbiol 86: 199–249.
126. Houbraken, J., Weig, M., Groß, U., Meijer, M. and Bader, O. (2016) Aspergillus oerlinghausenensis, a new mould species closely related to A. fumigatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 363: Fnv236.
127. Howard, S.J. (2014) Multi-resistant aspergillosis due to cryptic species. Mycopathologia 178: 435–439.
128. Ja'afaru, M.I. and Fagade, O.E. (2010) Optimization studies on cellulose enzyme production by an isolated strain of Aspergillus niger YL128. Afr J Microbiol Res 4: 2635–2639.
129. Jahn, B., Koch, A., Schmidt, A., Wanner, G., Gehringer, H., Bhakdi, S., et al. (1997) Isolation and characterization of a pigmentless-conidium mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus with altered conidial surface and reduced virulence. Infect Immun 65: 5110–5117.
130. James, P.E., Madani, M., Ross, C., Klei, L., Barchowsky, A., and Swartz, H.M. (2003) Tissue hypoxia during bacterial sepsis is attenuated by PR-39, an antibacterial peptide. Adv Med Biol 530: 645–652.
131. Jarosławiecka, A., and Piotrowska-Seget, Z. (2014) Lead resistance in micro-organisms. Microbiology 160: 12–25.
132. Jernejc, K., and Legiš, M. (2004) A drop of intracellular pH stimulates citric acid accumulation by some strains of Aspergillus niger. J Biotech 112: 289–297.
133. Jin, Y., Weining, S., and Nevo, E. (2005) A MAPK gene from Dead Sea fungus confers stress tolerance to lithium salt and freeze-thawing: prospects for saline agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 18992–18997.
134. Jørgensen, T.R., Nielson, K.F., Arentshorst, M., Park, J., van den Hondel, C.A., Frisvad, J.C., et al. (2011) Submerged conidiation and product formation by Aspergillus niger at low specific growth rates are affected in aerial developmental mutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 5270–5277.
135. Kamei, K., and Watanabe, A. (2005) Aspergillus mycotoxins and their effect on the host. Med Mycol 1: S95–S99.
136. Kashangura, C., Hallsworth, J.E., and Mswaka, A.Y. (2006) Phenotypic diversity amongst strains of Pleurotus sajor-caju: implications for cultivation in arid environments. Mycol Res 110: 312–317.
137. Kauffman, H.F. (2003) Immunopathogenesis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and airway remodeling. Front Biosci 8: e190–e196.
138. Kaur, S., and Singh, S. (2014) Biofilm formation by Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 52: 2–9.
139. Kilikian, B.V., and Jurkiewicz, C.H. (1997) The gas balance technique and the respiratory coefficient variability in cultures of Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112. Braz J Chem Eng 14: 113–118.
140. Klaassen, C.H., Gibbons, J.G., Fedorova, N.D., Meis, J.F., and Rokas, A. (2012) Evidence for genetic differentiation and variable recombination rates among Dutch populations of the opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Ecol 21: 57–70.
141. Knuf, C., and Nielsen, J. (2012) Aspergilli: systems biology and industrial applications. Biotechnol J 7: 1147–1155.
142. Ko, S.S., Huang, J.W., Wang, J.F., Shanmugasundaram, S., and Chang, W.N. (2002) Evaluation of onion cultivars for resistance to Aspergillus niger, the causal agent of black mould. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127: 697–702.
143. Kolwijck, E., and van de Veerdonk, F.L. (2014) The potential impact of pulmonary microbiome on immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related lung disease. Eur J Immunol 44: 3156–3165.
144. Kosmidis, C., and Denning, D.W. (2015a) The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Thorax 70: 270–277.
145. Kosmidis, C., and Denning, D.W. (2015b) Republished: the clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Postgrad Med J 91: 403–410.
146. Kothary, M.H., Chase, T. Jr, and Macmillan, J.D. (1984) Correlation of elastase production by some strains of Aspergillus fumigatus with ability to cause pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in mice. Infect Immun 43: 320–325.
147. Kraemer, R., Delose'a, N., Ballinari, P., Gallati, S., and Crameri, R. (2006) Effect of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis on lung function in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174: 1211–1220.
148. Krijgsheld, P., Altelaar, A.F., Post, H., Ringrose, J.H., Müller, W.H., Heck, A.J., and Wösten, H.A. (2012) Spatially resolving the secretome within the mycelium of the cell factory Aspergillus niger. J Proteome Res 11: 2807–2818.
149. Krohn, N.G., Brown, N.A., Colabardini, A.C., Reis, T., Savoldi, M., Dinamarco, T.M., et al. (2014) The Aspergillus nidulans ATM kinase regulates mitochondrial function, glucose uptake and the carbon starvation response. G3: Genes - Genomes - Genetics 4: 49–62.
150. Kroll, K., Pähtz, V., Hilmann, F., Vaknin, Y., Schmidt-Heck, W., Roth, M., et al. (2014) Indentification of hypoxia- inducible target genes of Aspergillus fumigatus by transcriptome analysis reveals cellular respiration as an important contributor to hypoxic survival. Eukaryot Cell 13: 1241–1253.
151. Kroll, K., Shekhova, E., Mattern, D.J., Thywissen, A., Jacobsen, I.D., Strassburger, M., et al. (in press) The hypoxia-induced dehydrogenase HorA is required for coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis, azole sensitivity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol. doi:10.1111/mmi.13377.
152. Kwon-Chung, K.J., and Sugui, J.A. (2013) Aspergillus fumigatus - what makes the species a ubiquitous human fungal pathogen? PLoS Pathog 9: 1–4.
153. Lackner, M., and Lass-Flörl, C. (2013) Up-date on diagnostic strategies of invasive aspergillosis. Curr Pharm Des 19: 3595–3614.
154. Lamarre, C., Sokol, S., Debeaupuis, J.P., Henry, C., Lacroix, C., Glaser, P., et al. (2008) Transcriptomic analysis of the exit from dormancy of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. BMC Genom 9: 417–432.
155. Lamoth, F., Juvvadi, P.R., Fortwendel, J.R., and Steinbach, W.J. (2012) Heat shock protein 90 is required for conidiation and cell wall integrity in Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell 11: 1324–1332.
156. Lamoth, F., Juvvadi, P.R., and Steinbach, W.J. (2014) Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90): a novel antifungal target against Aspergillus fumigatus. Crit Rev Microbiol 22: 1–12.
157. Lass-Flörl, C., Griff, K., Mayr, A., Petzer, A., Gastl, G., Bonatti, H., et al. (2005) Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience. Br J Haematol 131: 201–207.
158. Lass-Flörl, C. (2012) Aspergillus terreus: how inoculum size and host characteristics affect its virulence. J Infect Dis 205: 1268–1277.
159. Latgé, J.P. (1999) Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 310–350.
160. Latgé, J.P. (2001) The pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Trends Microbiol 9: 382–389.
161. Lee, S.C., Ni, M., Li, W., Shertz, C., and Heitman, J. (2010) The evolution of sex: a perspective from the fungal kingdom. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74: 298–340.
162. van Leeuwen, M.R., Wyatt, T.T., van Doorn, T.M., Lugones, L.G., Wösten, H.A.B., and Diijksterhuis, J. (2016) Hydrophilins in the filamentous fungus Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri) have protective activity against several types of microbial water stress. Environ Microbiol Rep 8: 45–52.
163. Lewis, J.S., Lee, J.A., Underwood, J.C., Harris, A.L., and Lewis, C.E. (1999) Macrophage responses to hypoxia: relevance to disease mechanisms. J Leukoc Biol 66: 889–900.
164. Lievens, B., Rep, M., and Thomma, B.P.H.J. (2008) Recent developments in the molecular discrimination of formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum. Pest Manag Sci 64: 781–788.
165. Lievens, B., Hallsworth, J.E., Belgacem, Z.B., Pozo, M.I., Stevenson, A., Willems, K.A., and Jacquemyn, H. (2015) Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology, and system constraints. Environ Microbiol 17: 278–298.
166. Lin, X., Huang, J.C., Mitchell, T.G., and Heitman, J. (2006) Virulence attributes and hyphal growth of C. neoformans are quantitative traits and the MATα allele enhances filamentation. PLoS Genet 2: e187.
167. Longworthy, T.A. (1978) Microbial life in extreme pH values. In Microbial Life in Extreme Environments. Kushner, D.J. (ed). London: Academic Press, pp. 279–315.
168. Lopes Bezerra, L.M., and Filler, S.G. (2004) Interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus with endothelial cells: internalization, injury and stimulation of tissue factor activity. Blood 103: 2143–2349.
169. Lortholary, O., Guillevin, L., and Dupont, B. (1995) Manifestations extrapulmonaires de l'aspergillose invasive. Ann Med Interne 146: 96–101.
170. Losada, L., Ajayi, O., Frisvas, J.C., Yu, J. and Nierman, W.C. (2009) Effect of competition on the production and activity of secondary metabolites in Aspergillus species. Med Mycol 47: S88–S96.
171. Losada, L., Sugui, J.A., Eckhaus, M.A., Chang, Y.C., Mounaud, S., Figat, A., et al. (2015) genetic analysis using an isogenic mating pair of Aspergillus fumigatus identifies azole resistance genes and lack of MAT locus's role in virulence. PLoS Pathog 11: e1004834.
172. Lozupone, C.A., Stombaugh, J.I., Gordon, J.I., Jansson, J.K., and Knight, R. (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489: 220–230.
173. Ludwig, N., Löhrer, M., Hempel, M., Mathea, S., Schliebner, I., Menzel, M., et al. (2014) Melanin is not required for turgor generation but enhance cell-wall rigidity in appressoria of corn pathogen Collectotrichum graminicola. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4: 315–327.
174. Lui, X., Wei, Y., Zhou, X., Pei, X., and Zhang, S. (2015) The Aspergillus aquaglyceroporin gene AgGlpF confers high osmosis tolerance in heterologous organisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 81: 6926–6937.
175. Luna, M.A.C., Vieira, E.R., Okada, K., Campos-Takaki, G.B., and do Nascimento, A.E. (2015) Copper-induced adaptation, oxidative stress and its tolerance in Aspergillus niger UCP1261. Biotechnology 18: 418–427.
176. Ma, D., and Li, R. (2013) Current understanding of HOG-MAPK pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycopathologia 175: 13–23.
177. Maschmeyer, G., Haas, A., and Cornely, O.A. (2007) Invasive aspergillosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and management in immunocompromised patients. Drugs 67: 1567–1601.
178. Maturu, V.N., and Agarwal, R. (2015) Prevalence of Aspergillus sensitization and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 45: 1765–1778.
179. McCammick, E.M., Gomase, V.S., Timson, D.J., McGenity, T.J. and Hallsworth, J.E. (2010) Water-hydrophobic compound interactions with the microbial cell. In Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology – Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Properties and Formation, Vol. 2. Timmis, K.N. (ed.). New York: Springer, pp. 1451–1466.
180. Mehl, H.L., and Cotty, P.J. (2010) Variation in competitive ability among isolates of Aspergillus flavus from different vegetative compatibility groups during maize infection. Mycology 100: 150–159.
181. Mehl, H.L., and Cotty, P.J. (2011) Influence of the host contact sequence on the outcome of competition among Aspergillus flavus isolates during host tissue invasion. Appl Environ Microbiol 77: 1691–1697.
182. Mehl, H.L., and Cotty, P.J. (2013) Influence of plant host species on intraspecific competition during infection by Aspergillus flavus. Plant Pathol 62: 1310–1318.
183. Mellon, J.E., Cotty, P.J., and Dowd, M.K. (2007) Aspergillus flavus hydrolases: their roles in pathogenesis and substrate utilization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77: 497–450.
184. Middlebrooks, E.H., Frost, C.J., De Jesus, R.O., Massini, T.C., Schmalfuss, I.M., and Mancuso, A.A. (2015) Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: a comprehensive update of CT findings and design of an effective diagnostic imaging model. Am J Neuroradiol 36: 1529–1535.
185. Mira, N.P., Teixeira, M.C., and Sá-Correia, I. (2010) Adaptive response and tolerance to weak acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a genomic-wide view. OMICS 14: 525–540.
186. Missall, T.A., Lodge, J.K., and McEwen, J.E. (2004) Mechanisms of resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress implications for fungal survival in mammalian hosts. Eukaryot Cell 3: 835–846.
187. Mitchell, C.G., Slight, J., and Donaldson, K. (1997) Diffusible component from the spore surface of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus which inhibits the macrophage oxidative burst is distinct from gliotoxin and other hyphal toxins. Thorax 52: 796–801.
188. Moreno, M.A., Ibrahim-Granet, O., Vicentefranqueira, R., Amich, J., Ave, P., Leal, F., et al. (2007) The regulation of zinc homeostasis by the ZafA transcriptional activator is essential for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. Mol Microbiol 64: 1182–1197.
189. Morrison, B.E., Park, S.J., Mooney, J.M., and Mehrad, B. (2003) Chemokine-mediated recruitment of NK cells is a critical host defense mechanism in invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Invest 112: 1862–1870.
190. Morrissey, C.O., Chen, S.C., Sorrell, T.C., Milliken, S., Bardy, P.G., Bradstock, K.F., et al. (2013) Galactomannan and PCR versus culture and histology for directing use of antifungal treatment for invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haematology patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 519–528.
191. Mowat, E., Rajendran, R., Williams, C., McCulloch, E., Jones, B., Lang, S., et al. (2010) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 313: 96–102.
192. Müller, C.F., Seider, M., and Beauvais, A. (2011) Aspergillus fummigatus biofilms in a clinical setting. Med Mycol 49: 96–100.
193. Nedel, W.L., and Pasqualotto, A.C. (2014) Treatment of infections by cryptic Aspergillus species. Mycopathologia 178: 441–445.
194. Negri, C.E., Gonçalves, S.S., Xafranski, H., Bergamasco, M.D., Aquino, V.R., Castro, P.T., et al. (2014) Cryptic and rare Aspergillus species in Brazil: prevalence in clinical samples and in vitro susceptibility to triazoles. J Clin Microbiol 52: 3633–3640.
195. Nicholson, W.J., Slight, J., and Donaldson, K. (1996) Inhibition of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 underlies loss of cytokine gene expression in rat alveolar macrophages treated with a diffusible product from the spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Am J Resp Cell Mol 15: 88–96.
196. Nielsen, K., Marra, R.E., Hagen, F., Boekhout, T., Mitchell, T.G., Cox, G.M., et al. (2005) Interaction between genetic background and the mating-type locus in Cryptococcus neoformans virulence potential. Genetics 171: 975–983.
197. Nieminen, S.M., Karki, R., Auriola, S., Toivola, M., Laatsch, H., Laatikainen, R., et al. (2002) Isolation and identification of Aspergillus fumigatus mycotoxins on growth medium and some building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 4871–4875.
198. Nierman, W.C., Pain, A., Anderson, M.J., Wortman, J.R., Kim, H.S., Arroyo, J., et al. (2005) Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature 438: 1151–1156.
199. Noni, M., Katelari, A., Dimopoulos, G., Doudounakis, S.E., Tzoumaka-Bakoula, C., and Spoulou, V. (2015) Aspergillus fumigatus chronic colonization and lung function decline in cystic fibrosis may have a two-way relationship. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 34: 2235–2241.
200. Nosanchuk, J.D., and Casadevall, A. (2006) Impact of melanin on microbial virulence and clinical resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 3519–3528.
201. Nucci, M., Nouér, S.A., Cappone, D., and Anaissie, E. (2013) Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematologic patients: an opportunity to improve the outcome. Haematological 98: 1657–1660.
202. O'Gorman, C.M., Fuller, H., and Dyer, P.S. (2009) Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature 457: 471–474.
203. Ohba, H., Miwa, S., Shirai, M., Kanai, M., Eifuku, T., Suda, T., et al. (2012) Clinical characteristics and prognosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Respir Med 106: 724–729.
204. Oliveira, M., and Caramalho, R. (2014) Aspergillus fumigatus: a mere bioaerosol or a powerful biohazard? NACC Bioloxia 21: 57–64.
205. Oren, A., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2014) Microbial weeds in hypersaline habitats: the enigma of the weed-like Haloferax mediterranei’. FEMS Microbiol Lett 359: 134–142.
206. Osherov, N. (2012) Interaction of the pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus with lung epithelial cells. Front Microbiol 3: 346.
207. Ouedraogo, J.P., Hagen, S., Spielvogel, A., Engelhardt, S., and Meyer, V. (2011) Survival strategies of yeast and filamentous fungi against the antifungal protein AFP. J Biol Chem 286: 13859–13868.
208. Pal, A.K., Gajjar, D.U., and Vasavada, A.R. (2014) DOPA and DHN pathway orchestrate melanin synthesis in Aspergillus species. ISHAM 52: 10–18.
209. Paoletti, M., Rydholm, C., Schwier, E.U., Anderson, M.J., Szakacs, G., Lutzoni, F., et al. (2005) Evidence for sexuality in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Biol 15: 1242–1248.
210. Papagianni, M., Avramidis, N., and Filiousis, G. (2007) Glycolysis and regulation of glucose transport in Lactococcus lactis spp. lactis in batch and fed-batch culture. Microb Cell Fact 6: 16–29.
211. Paris, S., Wysong, D., Debeaupuis, J.P., Shibuya, K., Philippe, B., Diamond, R.D., et al. (2003) Catalases of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 71: 3551–3562.
212. Paulussen, C., Boulet, G.A., Cos, P., Delputte, P., and Maes, L.J. (2014) Animal models of invasive aspergillosis for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 19: 1380–1386.
213. Pedrini, N., Ortiz-Urquiza, A., Huarte-Bonnet, C., Fan, Y., Juárez, M.P., and Keyhani, N.O. (2015) Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112: E3651–E3660.
214. Perfect, J.R., Cox, G.M., Lee, J.Y., Kauffman, C.A., de Repentigny, L., Chapman, S.W., et al. (2001) The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital-based survey of aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 33: 1824–1833.
215. Perlin, D.S., Shor, E., and Zhao, Y. (2015) Update on antifungal drug resistance. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 2: 84–95.
216. Perrone, G., Stea, G., Epifani, F., Varga, J., Frisvad, J.C., and Samson, R.A. (2011) Aspergillus niger contains the cryptic phylogenetic species A. awamori. Fungal Biol 115: 1138–1150.
217. Persons, D.D., Hess, G.D., Muller, W.J., and Scherer, P.W. (1987) Airway deposition of hyroscopic heterodispersed aerosols: results of a computer calculation. J Appl Physiol 63: 1195–1204.
218. Petelenz-Kurdziel, E., Kuehn, C., Nordlander, B., Klein, D., Hong, K., Joacobson, T., et al. (2013) Quantitive analysis of glycerol accumulation, glycolysis and growth under hyper osmotic stress. PLoS Comput Biol 9: e1003084.
219. Picard, D. (2002) Heat-shock protein 90, a chaperone for folding and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 59: 1640–1648.
220. Pochon, S., Simoneau, P., Pigne, S., Balides, S., Bataillé-Simoneau, N., Campion, C., et al. (2013) Dehydrin- like proteins in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola have a role in plant pathogenesis and stress response. PLoS ONE 8: e75143.
221. Pohl, C.H., Kock, J.L.F. and Thibane, V.S. (2011) Antifungal free fatty acids: a review. In Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances. Méndez-Vilas, A. (ed) Spain: Formatex Research Center, 1: 61–71.
222. Pontecorvo, G., Roper, J.A., and Forbes, E. (1953) Genetic recombination without sexual reproduction in Aspergillus niger. J Gen Microbiol 8: 198–210.
223. Rahardjo, Y.S.P., Weber, F.J., Haemers, S., Tramper, J., and Rinzema, A. (2005a) Aerial mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae accelerate α-amylase production in a model solid-state fermentation system. Enzyme Microb Technol 36: 900–902.
224. Rahardjo, Y.S.P., Sie, S., Weber, F.J., Tramper, J., and Rinzema, A. (2005b) Effect of low oxygen concentrations on growth and α-amylase production of Aspergillus oryzae in model solid-state fermentation systems. Biomol Eng 21: 163–172.
225. Ramage, G., Rajendran, R., Gutierrez-Correa, M., Jones, B., and Williams, C. (2011) Aspergillus biofilms: clinical and industrial significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 324: 89–97.
226. Rangel, D.E., Braga, G.U., Fernandes, É.K., Keyser, C.A., Hallsworth, J.E., and Roberts, D.W. (2015a) Stress tolerance and virulence of insect-pathogenic fungi are determined by environmental conditions during conidial formation. Curr Genet 61: 383–404.
227. Rangel, D.E.N., Alder-Rangel, A., Dadachova, E., Finlay, R.D., Kupiec, M., Dijksterhuis, J., et al. (2015b) Fungal stress biology: a preface to the Fungal Stress Responses special edition. Curr Genet 61: 231–238.
228. Ranjendran, R., Mowat, E., McClloch, E., Lappin, D.F., Jones, B., Lang, S., et al. (2011) Azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms is partly associated with efflux pump activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55: 2092–2097.
229. Redkar, R.J., Herzog, R.W., and Singh, N.K. (1998) Transcriptional activation of the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA promoter by osmotic signals. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 2229–2231.
230. Refos, J.M., Vonk, A.G., Eadie, K., Lo-Ten-Foe, J.R., Verbrugh, H.A., van Diepeningen, A.D., et al. (2013) Double-stranded RNA mycovirus infection of Aspergillus fumigatus is not dependent on the genetic make-up of the host. PLoS ONE 8: e77381.
231. Richardson, M.D. and Hope, W. (2003) Aspergillus. In Clinical Mycology. Anaissie, E.J., McGinnis, M.R. and Pfaller, M.A. (eds). New York: Churchill Livingstone. xii, pp. 608.
232. Roilides, E., and Simitsopoulou, M. (2011) Local innate host response and filamentous fungi in patients with cystic fibrosis. Med Mycol 48: S22–S31.
233. Ruijter, G.J.G., Bax, M., Patel, H., Flitter, S.J., van Kuyk, P.A., and Visser, J. (2003) Mannitol is required for stress tolerance in Aspergillus niger conidiospores. Eukaryot Cell 2: 690–698.
234. Rummel, J.D., Beaty, D.W., Jones, M.A., Bakermans, C., Barlow, N.G., Boston, P., et al. (2014) A new analysis of Mars ‘Special Regions’, findings of the second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2). Astrobiology 14: 887–968.
235. Ryckeboer, J., Mergaert, J., Coosemans, J., Deprins, K., and Swings, J. (2003) Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin. J Appl Microbiol 94: 127–137.
236. Saleem, A., and Ebrahim, M.K.H. (2014) Production of amylase by fungi isolated from legume seeds collected in Almandinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia. J Taibah Univ Sci 8: 90–97.
237. Sales-Campos, H., Tonani, L., Ribeiro, C., Cardosis, B., and Von Zeska Kress, M.R. (2013) The immune interplay between the host and the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus lung infection. Biomed Res Int 2013: 693023.
238. Samson, R.A., Varga, J., Witiak, S.M., and Geiser, D.M. (2007) The species concept in Aspergillus: recommendations of an international panel. Stud Mycol 59: 71–73.
239. Samson, R.A., Visagie, C.M., Houbraken, J., Hong, S.B., Hubka, V., Klaassen, C.H., et al. (2014) Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus. Stud Mycol 78: 141–173.
240. Santos, R., Stevenson, A., de Carvalho, C.C.C.R., Grant, I.R., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2015) Extraordinary solute stress tolerance contributes to the environmental tenacity of mycobacteria. Environ Microbiol Rep 7: 746–764.
241. Scharf, D.H., Heinekamp, T., Remme, N., Hortschansky, P., Brakhage, A.A., and Hertweck, C. (2012) Biosynthesis and function of gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Microbiol Biotech 93: 467–472.
242. Schindler, A.F., Palmer, J.G., and Eisenberg, W.V. (1967) Aflotoxin production by Aspergillus flavus as related to various temperatures. Appl Microbiol 15: 1006–1009.
243. Schmaler-Ripcke, J., Sugareva, V., Gebhardt, P., Winkler, R., Kniemeyer, O., Heinekamp, T., et al. (2009) Production of pyomelanin, a second type of melanin, via the tyrosine degradation pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 493–503.
244. Schmit, J.C., and Brody, S. (1976) Biochemical genetics of Neurosporia crassa conidial germination. Bacteriol Rev 40: 1–41.
245. Schoch, C.L., Seifert, K.A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J.L., Levesque, C.A., et al. (2012) Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 6241–6246.
246. Schweer, K.E., Bangard, C., Hekmat, K., and Cornely, O.A. (2014) Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 57: 257–270.
247. Segal, B.H. (2009) Aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 360: 1870–1884.
248. Seidler, M.J., Salvenmoser, S., and Müller, F.M.C. (2008) Aspergillus fumigatus forms biofilms with reduced antifungal drug susceptibility on bronchial epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52: 4130–4136.
249. Seyedmousavi, S., Mouton, J.W., Melchers, W.J., Brüggemann, R.J., and Verweij, P.E. (2014) The role of azoles in the management of azole-resistant aspergillosis: from the bench to the bedside. Drug Resist Update 17: 37–50.
250. Sharma, D.C. (2005) Asthma in young children. Environ Health Perspect 113: 836–838.
251. Sharma, R., Singh Kocher, G., Singh Bhogal, R., and Singh Oberoi, H. (2014) Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from thermophilic Aspergillus terreus RWY. J Basic Microbiol 54: 1367–1377.
252. Sharova, E.I. (2007) Expansins: proteins involved in cell wall softening during plant growth and morphgenesis. Russ J Plant Physiol 54: 713–727.
253. Singaravelan, N., Grishkan, I., Beharav, A., Wakamatsu, K., and Shosuke, I. (2008) Adaptive melanin response of the soil fungus Aspergillus niger to UV radiation stress at “Evolution Canyon”, Mount Carmel Israel. PLoS ONE 3: e2993.
254. Singh, N.M., Husain, S., and AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice (2013) Aspergillosis in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 13: 228–241.
255. Singh, N., and Paterson, D.L. (2005) Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 18: 44–69.
256. Skov, M., Pressler, T., Jensen, H.E., Høiby, N., and Koch, C. (1999) Specific IgG subclass antibody pattern to Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with cystic fibrosis with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Thorax 54: 44–50.
257. Skromme, I., Sánchez, O., and Aguirre, J. (1995) Starvation stess modulates the expression of the Aspergillus nidulans brlA regulatory gene. Microbiology 141: 21–28.
258. Slavin, R.G., Bedrossian, C.W., Hutcheson, P.S., Pittman, S., Salinas-Madrigal, L., Tsai, C.C., et al. (1988) A pathologic study of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81: 718–725.
259. Slesiona, S., Gressler, M., Mihlan, M., Zaehle, C., Schaller, M., Barz, D., et al. (2012) Persistence versus escape: Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus fumigatus employ different strategies during interactions with macrophages. PLoS ONE 7: e31223.
260. Smith, K., Rajendran, R., Kerr, S., Lappin, D.F., Mackay, W.G., Williams, C., et al. (2015) Aspergillus fumigatus enhances elastase production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-cultures. Med Mycol 53: 645–655.
261. Steif, P., Fuchs-Ocklenburg, S., Kamp, A., Manchar, C., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., et al. (2014) Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by Aspergillus terreus isolated from the seasonal oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea. BMC Microbiol 14: 1–10.
262. Steinbach, W.J. (2008) Clinical aspects of the genus Aspergillus. In The Aspergilli: Genomics, Medical Aspects, Biotechnology and Research Methods. Goldman, G.H. and Osmani, S.A. (ed). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, pp. 537.
263. Stevenson, A., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2014) Water and temperature relations of soil Actinobacteria. Environ Microbiol Rep 6: 744–755.
264. Stevenson, A., Cray, J.A., Williams, J.P., Santos, R., Sahay, R., Neuenkirchen, N., et al. (2015a) Is there a common water-activity limit for the three domains of life? ISME J 9: 1333–1351.
265. Stevenson, A., Burkhardt, J., Cockell, C.S., Cray, J.A., Dijksterhuis, J., Fox-Powell, M., et al. (2015b) Multiplication of microbes below 0.690 water activity: implications for terrestrial and extraterrestrial life. Environ Microbiol 17: 257–277.
266. Sugui, J.A., Pardo, J., Chang, Y.C., Zarember, K.A., Nardone, G., Galvez, E.M., et al. (2007) Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus: gliP deletion attenuates virulence in mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone. Eukaryot Cell 6: 1562–1569.
267. Sugui, J.A., Vinh, D.C., Nardone, G., Shea, Y.R., Chang, Y.C., Zelazny, A.M., et al. (2010) Neosartorya udagawae (Aspergillus udagawae), an emerging agent of aspergillosis: how different is it from Aspergillus fumigatus? J Clin Microbiol 48: 220–228.
268. Sugui, J.A., Losada, L., Wang, W., Varga, J., Ngamskulrungroj, P., Abu-Asab, M., et al. (2011) Identification and characterization of an Aspergillus fumigatus “Supermater” pair. mBio 2: e00234–00211.
269. Sugui, J.A., Peterson, S.W., Figat, A., Hansen, B., Samson, R.A., Mellado, E., et al. (2014) Genetic relatedness versus biological compatibility between Aspergillus fumigatus and related species. J Clin Microbiol 52: 3707–3721.
270. Suryawanshi, R.K., Patil, C.D., Borase, H.P., Narkhede, C.P., Stevenson, A., Hallsworth, J.E., et al. (2015) Towards an understanding of bacterial metabolites prodigiosin and violacein and their potential for use in commercial sunscreens. Int J Cosmetic Sci 37: 98–107.
271. Sweeney, M.J., and Dobson, A.D.W. (1998) Review: mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int J Food Microbiol 43: 141–158.
272. Swilaiman, S.S., O'Gorman, C.M., Balajee, S.A., and Dyer, P.S. (2013) Discovery of a sexual cycle in Aspergillus lentulus, a close relative of A. fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell 12: 962–969.
273. Taha, M.P.M., Pollard, S.J.T., Sarkar, U., and Longhurst, P. (2005) Estimating fugitive bioaerosol releases from static compost windrows: Feasibility of a portable wind tunnel approach. Waste Manage 25: 445–450.
274. Tekaia, F., and Latgé, J.P. (2005) Aspergillus fumigatus: saprophyte or pathogen? Curr Opin Microbiol 8: 385–392.
275. Teramoto, N., Sachinvala, N.D., and Shibata, M. (2008) Trehalose and trehalose-based polymers for environmentally benign, biocompatible and bioactive materials. Molecules 13: 1773–1816.
276. Thornton, C.R. (2010) Detection of invasive aspergillosis. Adv Appl Microbiol 70: 187–216.
277. Thywißen, A., Heinekamp, T., Dahse, H.M., Schmaler-Ripcke, J., Nietzsche, S., Zipfel, P.F., et al. (2011) Conidial dihydroxynaphthalene melanin of the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus interferes with the host endocytosis pathway. Front Microbiol 2: 96. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00096.
278. Tomee, J.F., and Kauffman, H.F. (2000) Putative virulence factors of Aspergilllus fumigatus. Clin Exp Allergy 30: 476–484.
279. Upadhyay, S., Torres, G., and Lin, X. (2013) Laccases involved in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus are regulated by developmental factors and copper homeostasis. Eukaryot Cell 12: 1641–1652.
280. Valiante, V., Macheleidt, J., Föge, M., and Brakhage, A.A. (2015) The Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall integrity signaling pathway: drug target, compensatory pathways, and virulence. Front Microbiol 6: 325.
281. Valsecchi, I., Mellado, E., Beau, R., and Latgé, J.P. (2015) Fitness studies of azole-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 7866–7869.
282. Vandeputte, P., Ferrari, S., and Coste, A.T. (2012) Antifungal resistance and new strategies to control fungal infections. Int J Microbiol 2012: Article ID 713687, 26 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/713687.
283. Varga, J., Houbraken, J., Van Der Lee, H.A., Verweij, P.E., and Samson, R.A. (2008) Aspergillus calidoustus sp. nov., causative agent of human infections previously assigned to Aspergillus ustus. Eukaryot Cell 7: 630–638.
284. Varga, J., Szigeti, G., Baranyi, N., Kocsube, S., O'Gorman, C.M., and Dyer, P.S. (2014) Aspergillus: sex and recombination. Mycopathologia 178: 349–362.
285. Venkatesh, M.V., Joshi, K.R., Harjai, S.C., and Ramdeo, I.N. (1975) Aspergillosis in desert locust (Schistocerca-gregaria forsk). Mycopathologia 57: 135–138.
286. Vermeulen, E., Maertens, J., De Bel, A., Nulens, E., Boelens, J., Surmont, I., et al. (2015) Nationwide surveillance of azole resistance in Aspergillus diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59: 4569–4576.
287. Villena, G.K., and Gutiérrez-Correa, M. (2007) Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger biofilms at variable water activities. Electron J Biotechnol 10: 124–140.
288. Walley, J.W., Kliebenstein, D.J., Bostock, R.M., and Dehesh, K. (2013) Fatty acids and early detection of pathogens. Curr Opin Plant Biol 16: 520–526.
289. Wasylnka, J.A., Simmer, M.I., and Moore, M.M. (2001) Differences in sialic acid density in pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aspergillus species. Microbiology 147: 869–877.
290. Whittaker Leclair, L., and Hogan, D.A. (2010) Mixed bacterial-fungal infections in the CF respiratory tract. Med Mycol 48: S125–S132.
291. Williams, J.P., and Hallsworth, J.E. (2009) Limits of life in hostile environments: no barriers to biosphere function? Environ Microbiol 11: 3292–3308.
292. Winkelströter, L.K., Dolan, S.K., dos Reis, T.F., Bom, V.L.P., de Alves Castro, P., Hagiwara, D., et al. (2015) Systematic global analysis of genes encoding protein phosphatases in Aspergillus fumigatus. G3: Genes - Genomes - Genetics 5: 1525–1539.
293. Womack, A.M., Bohannan, B.J.M., and Green, J.L. (2010) Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere. Phil Trans R Soc B 365: 3645–3653.
294. Womack, A.M., Artaxo, P.E., Ishida, F.Y., Mueller, R.C., Saleska, S.R., Wiedemann, K.T., et al. (2015) Characterization of active and total fungal communities in the atmosphere over the Amazon rainforest. Biogeosci 12: 6337–6349.
295. Wong Sak Hoi, J., Beau, R. and Latgé, J. (2012) A novel dehydrin-like protein from Aspergillus fumigatus regulates freezing tolerance. Fungal Genet Biol 49: 210–216.
296. Wyatt, T.T., Wösten, H.A.B., and Dijksterhuis, J. (2013) Fungal spores for dispersion in time and space. Adv Appl Microbiol 85: 43–91.
297. Wyatt, T.T., Golovina, E.A., Leeuwen, R., Hallsworth, J.E., Wösten, H.A., and Dijksterhuis, J. (2015a) A decrease in bulk water and mannitol and accumulation of trehalose and trehalose-based oligosaccharides define a two-stage maturation process towards extreme stress resistance in ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). Environ Microbiol 17: 383–394.
298. Wyatt, T.T., van Leeuwen, M.R., Golovina, E.A., Hoekstra, F.A., Kuenstner, E.J., Palumbo, E.A., et al. (2015b) Functionality and prevalence of trehalose-based oligosaccharides as novel compatible solutes in ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri) and other fungi. Environ Microbiol 17: 395–411.
299. Yakimov, M.M., Lo Cono, V., La Spada, G., Bortoluzzi, G., Messina, E., Smedile, F., et al. (2015) Microbial community of seawater-brine interface of the deep-sea brine Lake Kryos as revealed by recovery of mRNA are active below the chaotropicity limit of life. Environ Microbiol 17: 364–382.
300. Young, P.L., and Saxena, M. (2014) Fever management in intensive care patients with infections. Crit Care 18: 206–215.
301. Yu, J.H. (2010) Regulation of development in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycobiology 38: 229–237.
302. Zhang, Z., Liu, R., Noordhoek, J.A., and Kauffman, H.F. (2005) Interaction of airway epithelial cells (A549) with spores and mycelium of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Infect 51: 375–382.
303. Zhang, J., Debets, A.J.M., Verweij, P.E., Melchers, W.J.G., Zwann, B.J., and Schoustra, S.E. (2015) Asexual sporulation facilitates adaptation: The emergence of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Evolution 69: 2573–2586.
304. Zhao, W., Li, C., Liang, J., and Sun, S. (2014) The Aspergillus fumigatus β-1,3-glucanosytransferase Gel7 plays a compensatory role in maintaining cell wall integrity under stress conditions. Glycobiology 24: 418–427.
305. Zucchi, T.D., Zucchi, F.D., Poli, P., Melo, I.S., and Zucchi, T.M.A.D. (2005) A short-term test adapted to detect the genotoxic effects of environmental volatile pollutants (benzene fumes) using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. J Environ Monit 7: 598–602.