Virulence factors of medically important fungi

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 469-488

  Hogan, Laura H ^a,c   Klein, Bruce S ^a   Levitz, Stuart M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c University of Wisconsin Health   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; ESTROGEN BINDING PROTEIN; GLUCAN; LAMININ; MONOPHENOL MONOOXYGENASE; PROTEINASE; TOXIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ASPERGILLUS; BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS; CELL WALL; COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FUNGUS; FUNGUS GROWTH; FUNGUS MUTANT; HEAT TOLERANCE; HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM; HOST RESISTANCE; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MUCORMYCOSIS; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW; SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII; TRAVEL;

AJELLOMYCES CAPSULATUS; AJELLOMYCES DERMATITIDIS; ASPERGILLUS; BLASTOMYCES; CANDIDA; COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS; FILOBASIDIELLA NEOFORMANS; FUNGI; PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS; SPOROTRICHUM; SPOROTRICHUM SCHENCKII;

EID: 0029860176     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.9.4.469-488.1996     Document Type: Review

References (327)

1. Abe, F., H. Inaba, T. Katoh, and M. Hotchi. 1990. Effects of iron and desferrioxamine on Rhizopus infection. Mycopathologia 110:87-91.
2. Abe, F., H. Shibuya, M. Tateyama, Y. Ommura, N. Azumi, and K. Kimura. 1986. Mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis. Role of unbound iron binding capacity of transferrin. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 36:1507-1512.
3. Al-Doory, Y., and A. F. DiSalvo (ed.). 1992. Blastomycosis. Plenum Medical Book Co., New York.
4. Alves, L. M., F. Figueiredo, S. L. Brandao Filho, I. Tincani, and C. L. Silva. 1987. The role of fractions from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the genesis of inflammatory response. Mycopathologia 97:3-7.
5. Annaix, V., J. P. Bouchara, G. Larcher, D. Chahasse, and G. Tronchin. 1992. Specific binding of human fibrinogen fragment D to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect. Immun. 60:1747-1755.
6. Aoki, S., S. Ito-Kuwa, K. Nakamura, J. Kato, K. Ninomiya, and V. Vidotto. 1994. Extracellular proteolytic activity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathologia 128:143-150.
7. Arnold, W. N., L. C. Mann, and R. G. Garrison. 1987. Media-induced departures from the usual, temperature-dependent cell shapes of Sporothrix schenckii and concomitant changes in the acid phosphatase isoenzyme patterns. Microbios 52:161-171.
8. Arnold, W. N., L. C. Mann, K. H. Sakai, R. G. Garrison, and P. D. Coleman. 1986. Acid phosphatases of Sporothrix schenckii. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132: 3421-3432.
9. Arnold, W. N., K. H. Sakai, and L. C. Mann. 1987. Selective inactivation of an extra-cytoplasmic acid phosphatase of yeast-like cells of Sporothrix schenckii by sodium fluoride. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:1503-1509.
10. Arruda, L. K., B. J. Mann, and M. D. Chapman. 1992. Selective expression of a major allergen and cytotoxin, Asp f I, in Aspergillus fumigatus. Implications for the immunopathogenesis of Aspergillus-related diseases. J. Immunol. 149:3354-3359.
11. Batanghari, J. W., and W. E. Goldman. 1995. Cloning and expression characteristics of a gene encoding a calcium-binding protein from Histoplasma capsulatum, abstr. F-67, p. 98. In Abstracts of the 95th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1995. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
12. Bauer, J., M. Gareis, A. Bott, and B. Gedek. 1989. Isolation of a mycotoxin (gliotoxin) from a bovine udder infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 27:45-50.
13. Beachey, E. H. 1981. Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces. J. Infect. Dis. 143:325-345.
14. Bhattacharjee, A. K., J. E. Bennett, and C. P. J. Glaudemans. 1984. Capsular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6:619-624.
15. Blackstock, R., J. M. McCormack, and N. K. Hall. 1987. Induction of a macrophage-suppressive lymphokine by soluble cryptococcal antigens and its association with models of immunologic tolerance. Infect. Immun. 55: 233-239.
16. Blasi, E., R. Barluzzi, R. Mazzolla, B. Tancini, S. Saleppico, M. Pullti, L. Pitzurra, and F. Bistoni. 1995. Role of nitric oxide and melanogenesis in the accomplishment of anticryptococcal activity by the BV-2 microglial cell line. J. Neuroimmunol. 58:111-116.
17. Boelaert, J. R., M. de Locht, J. Van Cutsem, V. Kerrels, B. Cantinieanx, A. Verdonck, H. W. Van Landuyt, and Y. J. Schneider. 1993. Mucormycosis during deferoxamine therapy is a siderophore-mediated infection. In vitro and in vivo animal studies. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1979-1986.
18. Boelaert, J. R., J. Van Catsem, M. de Locht, Y. J. Schneider, and R. R. Crichton. 1994. Deferoxamine augments growth and pathogenicity of Rhizopus, while hydroxypyridinone chelators have no effect. Kidney Int. 45: 667-671.
19. Bolanos, B., and T. G. Mitchell. 1989. Phagocytosis and killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by rat alveolar macrophages in the absence of serum. J. Leukocyte Biol. 46:521-528.
20. Bradsber, R. S. 1992. Blastomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:S82-S90.
21. Bradsher, R. W., and R. W. McDonnell. 1994. Blastomyces dermatitidis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, p. 217-237. In H. Chmel, M. Bendinelli, and H. Friedman (ed.), Pulmonary infections and immunity. Plenum Press, New York.
22. Braithwaite, A. W., R. D. Eichner, P. Waring, and A. Mullbacher. 1987. The immunomodulating agent gliotoxin causes genomic DNA fragmentation. Mol. Immunol. 24:47-55.
23. Brass, C., C. M. Volkmann, H. P. Klein, C J. Halde, R. W. R. Archibald, and D. A. Stevens. 1982. Pathogen factors and host factors in marine pulmonary blastomycosis. Mycopathologia 78:129-140.
24. Brass, C., C. M. Volkmann, D. E. Philpott, H. P. Klein, C. J. Halde, and D. A. Stevens. 1982. Spontaneous mutant of Blastomyces dermatitidis attenuated in virulence for mice. Sabouraudia 20:145-158.
25. Breen, J. F., I. C. Lee, F. R. Vogel, and H. Friedman. 1982. Cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide-induced modulation of murine immune responses. Infect. Immun. 36:47-51.
26. Brummer, E., E. Castaneda, and A. Restrepo. 1993. Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 6:89-117.
27. Brummer, E., P. A. Morozumi, D. E. Philpott, and D. A. Stevens. 1981. Virulence of fungi: correlation of virulence of Blastomyces dermatitidis in vivo with escape from macrophage inhibition of replication in vitro. Infect. Immun. 32:864-871.
28. Brummer E., A. Restrepo, L. H. Hanson, and D. A. Stevens. 1990. Virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: the influence of in vitro passage and storage. Mycopathologia 109:13-17.
29. Calderone, R. 1994. Molecular pathogenesis of fungal infections. Trends Microbiol. 2:461-463.
30. Calderone, R., and J. Sturtevant 1994. Macrophage interactions with Candida. Immunol. Ser. 60:505-515.
31. Calderone, R. A. 1993. Recognition between Candida albicans and host cells. Trends Microbiol. 1:55-58.
32. Calderone, R. A., and P. C. Braun. 1991. Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiol. Rev. 55:1-20.
33. Camargo, Z. P., C. Unterkircher, and L. R. Travassos. 1989. Identification of antigenic polypeptides of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by immunoblotting. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 27:407-412.
34. Cameron, M. I., D. L. Granger, T. J. Matthews, and J. B. Weinberg. 1994. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected human blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages have reduced anticryptococcal activity whereas HIV-infected alveolar macrophages retain normal activity. J. Infect. Dis. 170:60-67.
35. Carlin, J. M., and J. B. Weller. 1995. Potentiation of interferon-mediated inhibition of Chlamydia infection by interleukin-1 in human macrophage cultures. Infect. Immun. 63:1870-1875.
36. Casadevall, A., and M. D. Scharff. 1991. The mouse antibody response to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans: VH and VL usage in polysaccharide binding antibodies. J. Exp. Med. 174:151-160.
37. Castaneda, E., E. Brummer, D. Pappagianis, and D. A. Stevens. 1987. Chronic pulmonary and disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in mice: quantitation of progression and chronicity. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 25:377-387.
38. Chang, Y. C., and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1994. Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its virulence. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4912-4919.
39. Chaturvedi, V., S. L. Newman, and B. Wong. 1995. Oxidative killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human neutrophils: evidence that fungal mannitol protects by scavenging hydroxyl radicals, p. 102. in Abstracts of the 95th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1995. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
40. Chaudhary, B., and B. Singh. 1983: Role of endotoxin of Aspergillus fumigatus in its pathogenicity. Mykosen 26:430-434.
41. Cherniak, R., L. C. Morris, T. Belay, E. D. Spitzer, and A. Casadevall. 1995. Variation in the structure of glucuronoxylomannan in isolates from patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis. Infect. Immun. 63:1899-1905.
42. Cherniak, R., and J. B. Sundstrom. 1994. Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:1507-1512.
43. Chuck, S. L., and M. A. Sande. 1989. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 321: 794-799.
44. Clemons, K. V., D. Feldman, and D. A. Stevens. 1989. Influence of oestradiol on protein expression and methionine utilization during morphogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:1607-1617.
45. Cohen, M. S., R. E. Isturiz, H. L. Malech, R. K. Root, C. M. Wilfert, L. Gutman, and R. H. Buckley. 1981. Fungal infection in chronic granulomatous disease. The importance of the phagocyte in defense against fungi. Am. J. Med. 71:59-66.
46. Cole, G. T., T. N. Kirkland, and S. H. Sun. 1987. An immunoreactive, water-soluble conidial wall fraction of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 55:657-667.
47. Cole, G. T., L. M. Pope, M. Huppert, S. H. Sun, and P. Starr. 1985. Wall composition of different cell types of Coccidioides immitis, p. 112-129. In H. E. Einstein and A. Catanzaro (ed.), Coccidioidomycosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, Washington, D.C.
48. Cole, G. T., S. Zhu, L. Hsu D. Kruse, K. R. Seshan, and F. Wang. 1992. Isolation and expression of a gene which encodes a wall-associated proteinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 60:416-427.
49. Cole, G. T., S. Zhu, S. Pan, L. Yuan, D. Kruse, and S. H. Sun. 1989. Isolation of antigens with proteolytic activity from Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 57:1524-1534.
50. Coles, F. B., A. Schuchat, J. R. Hibbs, S. F. Kondracki, I. F. Salkin, D. M. Dixon, H. G. Chang, R. A. Duncan, N. J. Hurd, and D. L. Morse. 1992. A multistate outbreak of sporotrichosis associated with sphagnum moss. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:475-487.
51. Collins, H. L., and G. J. Bancroft. 1991. Encapsulation of Cryptococcus neoformans impairs antigen-specific T-cell responses. Infect. Immun. 59: 3883-3888.
52. Coulot, P., J. P. Bouchara, G. Reiner, V. Annaix, C. Planchenault, G. Tronchin, and D. Chabasse. 1994. Specific interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus with fibrinogen and its role in cell adhesion. Infect. Immun. 62:2169-2177.
53. Cox, R. A. 1993. Coccidioidomycosis, p. 173-212. In J. W. Murphy, H. Friedman, and M. Bendinelli (ed.), Fungal infections and immune responses. Plenum Press, New York.
54. Cox, R. A., and G. K. Best. 1972. Cell wall composition of two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis exhibiting differences in virulence for mice. Infect. Immun. 5:449-453.
55. Cox, R. A., L. R. Mills, G. K. Best, and J. F. Denton. 1974. Histologic reactions to cell walls of an avirulent and a virulent strain of Blastomyces dermatitidis. J. Infect. Dis. 129:179-186.
56. Cross, C. E., and G. J. Bancroft. 1995. Ingestion of acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans occurs via mannose and beta-glucan receptors, resulting in cytokine production and increased phagocytosis of the encapsulated form. Infect. Immun. 63:2604-2611.
57. Carrie, B. P., and A. Casadevall. 1994. Estimation of the prevalence of cryptococcal infection among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in New York City. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:1029-1033.
58. Cutler, J. E. 1991. Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 45:187-218.
59. Cutler, J. E., and T. Kanbe. 1993. Antigenic variability of Candida albicans cell surface. Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 5:27-47.
60. Daly, A. L., L. A. Velazquez, S. F. Bradley, and C. A. Kauffman. 1989. Mucormycosis: association with deferoxamine therapy. Am. J. Med. 87: 468-471.
61. de Albornoz, M. B., M. Mendoza, and E. D. de Torres. 1986. Growth temperatures of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii from disseminated and fixed cutaneous lesions of sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 95:81-83.
62. Denning, D. W., P. N. Ward, L. E. Fenelon, and E. W. Benbow. 1992. Lack of vessel wall elastolysis in human invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 60:5153-5156.
63. Devi, S. J. N., R. Schneerson, W. Egan, T. J. Ulrich, D. Bryla, J. B. Robbins, and J. E. Bennett. 1991. Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A glucuronoxylomannan-protein conjugate vaccines: synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity. Infect. Immun. 59:3700-3707.
64. Diamond, R. D. 1995. Cryptococcus neoformans, p. 2331-2340. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York.
65. Diamond, R. D. 1983. Inhibition of monocyte-mediated damage to fungal hyphae by steroid hormones. J. Infect. Dis. 147:160.
66. Diamond, R. D., and J. E. Bennett. 1974. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis: a study in 111 cases. Ann. Intern. Med. 80:176-181.
67. Diamond, R. D., and R. A. Clark. 1982. Damage to Aspergillus fumigatus, and Rhizopus oryzae hyphae by oxidative and nonoxidative microbicidal products of human neutrophils in vitro. Infect. Immun. 38:487-495.
68. Diamond, R. D., R. K. Krzesicki,B. Epstein, and W. Jao. 1978. Damage to hyphal forms of fungi by human leukocytes in vitro: a possible host defense mechanism in aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Am. J. Pathol. 91:313-324
69. Diamond, R. D., R. Root, and J. E. Bennett. 1972. Factors influencing killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human leukocytes in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 125:367-375.
70. Dinauer, M. C. 1993. The respiratory burst oxidase and the molecular genetics of chronic granulomatous disease. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 30: 329-369.
71. DiSalvo, A. F. (ed.). 1983. Occupational mycoses. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
72. DiSalvo, A. F., and J. F. Denton. 1963. Lipid content of four strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis of different mouse virulence. J. Bacteriol. 85:927-931.
73. Dixon, D. M., J. Migliozzi, C. R. Cooper, Jr, O. Solis, B. Breslin, and P. J. Szaniszlo. 1992. Melanized and non-melanized multicellular form mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis in mice: mortality and histopathology studies. Mycoses 35:17-21.
74. Dixon, D. M., A. Polak, and G. W. Conner. 1989. Mel- mutants of Wangiella dennatitidis in mice: evaluation of multiple mouse and fungal strains. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 27:335-341.
75. Dixon, D. M., A. Polak, and P. J. Szaniszlo. 1987. Pathogenicity and virulence of wild-type and melanin-deficient Wangiella dermatitidis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 25:97-106.
76. Dixon, D. M., and A. Polak-Wyss. 1991. The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification. Mycoses 34:1-18
77. Domer, J. E. 1971. Monosaccharide and chitin content of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. J. Bacteriol. 107:870-877.
78. Dong, Z. M., and J. W. Murphy. 1995. Effects of the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans cells and culture filtrate antigens on neutrophil locomotion. Infect. Immun. 63:2632-2644.
79. Dromer, F., J. Charreire, A. Contrepois, C Carbon, and P. Yeni. 1987. Protection of mice against experimental cryptococcosis by anti-Cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody. Infect. Immun. 55:749-752.
80. Drutz, D. J., and M. Huppert. 1983. Coccidioidomycosis: factors affecting the host-parasite interaction. J. Infect. Dis. 147:372-390.
81. Drutz, D. J., M. Huppert, S. H. Sun, and W. L. McGuire. 1981. Human sex hormones stimulate the growth and maturation of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 32:897-907.
82. Duncan, R. A., C. F. von Reyn, G. M. Alliegro, Z. Toossi, A. M. Sugar, and S. M. Levitz. 1993. Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia - four patients with opportunistic infections and no evidence of HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:393-398.
83. Duncan, R. L., Jr, and W. M. Artis. 1982. Fungistatic capacity of sera from guinea pigs injected with various iron solutions: difference between Trichophyton menlagrophytes and Rhizopus oryzae. Infect. Immun. 35:368-370.
84. Eichner, R. D., M. Al Salami, P. R. Wood, and A. Mullbacher. 1986. The effect of gliotoxin upon macrophage function. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8:789-797.
85. Eissenberg, L. G., and W. E. Goldman. 1991. Histoplasma variation and adaptive strategies for parasitism: new perspectives of histoplasmosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:411-421.
86. Eissenberg, L. G., W. E. Goldman, and P. H. Schlesinger. 1993. Histoplasma capsulation modulates the acidification of phagolysosomes. J. Exp. Med. 177:1605-1611.
87. Eissenberg, L. G., P. H. Schlesinger, and W. E. Goldman. 1988. Phagosome-lysosome fusion in P388D1 macrophages infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. J. Leukocyte Biol. 43:483-491.
88. Eissenberg, L. G., J. L. West, J. P. Woods, and W. E. Goldman. 1991. Infection of P388D1 macrophages and respiratory epithelial cells by Histoplasma capsulatum: selection of avirulent variants and their potential role in persistent histoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. 59:1639-1646.
89. Ellis, D. H., and T. J. Pfeifer. 1990. Ecology, life cycle, and infectious propagule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lancet 336:923-925.
90. Ellis, W. O., J. P. Smith, B. K. Simpson, and J. H. Oldham. 1991. Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 30:403-439.
91. Emery, H. S., C. P. Shelburne, J. P. Bowman, P. G. Fallon, C. A. Schulz, and E. S. Jacobson. 1994. Genetic study of oxygen resistance and melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:5694-5697.
92. Falkow, S. 1988. Molecular Koch's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:S274-S276.
93. Feldman, D., Y. Do, A. Burshell, P. Stathis, and D. S. Loose. 1982. An estrogen-binding protein and endogenous ligand in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: possible hormone receptor system. Science 218:297-298.
94. Figueiredo, F., L. M. Aires, and C. L. Silva. 1993. Tumour necrosis factor production in vivo and in vitro in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the cell wall fractions thereof. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 93:189-194.
95. Figueiredo, F., C. L. Silva, L. M. C. Alves, and M. A. Rossi. 1986. Participation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis lipids and polysaccharides in the evolution of granulomas. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 19:651A.
96. Frey, C. L, and D. J. Drutz. 1986. Influence of fungal surface components on the interaction of Coccidioides immitis with polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J. Infect. Dis. 153:933-943.
97. Fromtling, R. A., H. J. Shadomy, and E. S. Jacobson. 1982. Decreased virulence in stable, acapsular mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathotogia 79:23-29.
98. Frosco, M. B., T. Chase, Jr., and J. D. Macmillan. 1994. The effect of elastase-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies on the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus in immunocompromised mice. Mycopatholoia 125: 65-76.
99. Galgiani, J. N. 1986. Inhibition of different phases of Coccidioides immitis by human neutrophils or hydrogen peroxide. J. Infect. Dis. 153:217-222.
100. Garrison, R. G., and W. N. Arnold. 1983. Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatases in the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Curr. Microbiol. 9:253-258.
101. Granger, D. L., J. R. Perfect, and D. T. Durack. 1985. Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide. J. Clin. Invest. 76:508-516.
102. Griffin, F. M. 1981. Roles of macrophages Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis of immunologically coated Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:3853-3857.
103. Hallak, J., F. San-Bias, and B. San-Bias. 1982. Isolation and wall analysis of dimorphic mutants of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Sabouraudia 20:51-62.
104. Harrison, T. S., H. Kornfeld, and S. M. Levitz. 1995. The effect of infection with human immunodeficiency virus on the anticryptococcal activity of lymphocytes and monocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 172:665-671.
105. Hector, R. F., and D. Pappagianis. 1982. Enzymatic degradation of the walls of spherules of Coccidioides immitis. Exp. Mycol. 6:136-152.
106. Hermanowski-Vosatka, A., P. A. Detmers, O. Gotze, S. C. Silverstein, and S. D. Wright. 1988. Clustering of ligand on the surface of a particle enhances adhesion to receptor-bearing cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263:17822.
107. Hilmarsdottir, L., J. L. Meynard, O. Rogeaux, G. Guermonprez, A. Datry, C Katlama, G. Brücker, A. Contellier, M. Danis, and M. Gentilini. 1993. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus: a report of two cases and a review of 35 published cases. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:466-471.
108. Hiruma, M., and S. Kagawa. 1986. Effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mycopathologia 95:93-100.
109. Hiruma, M., K. Yamaji, T. Shimizu, H. Ohata, and A. Kukita. 1988. Ultrastructural study of tissue reaction of mice against Sporothrix schenckii infection. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 280:S94-S100.
110. Hogan, L. H., S. Josvai, and B. S. Klein. 1995. Genomic cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of the major surface adhesin WI-1 on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30725-30732.
111. Hogan, L. H., and B. S. Klein. 1994. Altered expression of surface α-1,3-glucan in genetically related strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis that differ in virulence. Infect. Immun. 62:3543-3546.
112. Hogan, L. H., and B. S. Klein. Transforming DNA integrates at multiple sites in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitides. Gene, in press.
113. Hostetter, M. K. 1994. Adhesins and ligands involved in the interaction of Candida spp. with epithelial and endothelial surfaces. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7:29-42.
114. Houpt, D. C., G. S. T. Pfrommer, B. J. Young, T. A. Larson, and T. R. Kozel. 1994. Occurrences, immunoglobulin classes, and biological activities of antibodies in normal human serum that are reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. Infect. Immun. 62:2857-2864.
115. Huffnagle, G. B., G.-H. Chen, J. L. Curtis, R. A. McDonald, R. M. Strieter, and G. B. Toews. 1995. Down-regulation of the afferent phase of T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation and immunity by a high melanin-producing strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Immunol. 155:3507-3516.
116. Hunninghake, G. W., J. M. Davidson, S. Rennard, S. Szapiel, J. E. Gadek, and R. G. Crystal. 1981. Elastin fragments attract macrophage precursors to diseased sites in pulmonary emphysema. Science 212:925-927.
117. Hurst, S. F., and L. Kaufman. 1992. Western immunoblot analysis and serologic characterization of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast form extracellular antigen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3043-3049.
118. Ikeda, R., and E. S. Jacobson. 1992. Heterogeneity of phenol oxidases in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:3552-3555.
119. Ikeda, R., T. Shinoda, T. Monta, and E. S. Jacobson. 1993. Characterization of a phenol oxidase from Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. Microbiol. Immunol. 37:759-764.
120. Jacobson, E. S., D. J. Ayers, A. C. Harrell, and C. C. Nicholas. 1982. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of capsule mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 150:1292-1296.
121. Jacobson, E. S., and H. S. Emery. 1991. Catecholamine uptake, melanization, and oxygen toxicity in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 173:401-403.
122. Jacobson, E. S., and H. S. Emery. 1991. Temperature regulation of the cryptococcal phenoloxidase. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 29:121-124.
123. Jacobson, E. S., E. Hove, and H. S. Emery. 1995. Antioxidant function of melanin in black fungi. Infect. Immun. 63:4944-4945.
124. Jacobson, E. S., M. J. Tingler, and P. L. Quynn. 1989. Effect of hypertonic solutes upon the polysaccharide capsule in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycoses 32:14-23.
125. Jacobson, E. S., and S. B. Tinnelt. 1993. Antioxidant function of fungal melanin. J. Bacteriol. 175:7102-7104.
126. Jacobson, E. S., and S. E. Vartivarian. 1992. Iron assimilation in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:443-450.
127. Johnson, S. M., and D. Pappagianis. 1992. The coccidioidal complement fixation and immunodiffusion-complement fixation: antigen is a chitinase. Infect. Immun. 60:2588-92.
128. Kamei, K., E. Brummer, K. Clemons, and D. A. Stevens. 1992. De novo protein synthesis by Histoplasma capsulation (Hc) after ingestion by macrophages (M), abstr. F-41, p. 505. In Abstracts of the 92nd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1992. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
129. Kanetsuna, F. 1981. Ultrastructural studies on the dimorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum. Sabouraudia 19:275-286.
130. Kashino, S. S., L. M. Singer-Vermes, V. L. Calieh, and E. Burger. 1990. Alterations in the pathogenicity of one Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolate do not correlate with its in vitro growth. Mycopathologia 111:173-180.
131. Kaufman, L., P. G. Standard, R. J. Weeks, and A. A. Padhye. 1983. Detection of two Blastomyces dermatitidis serotypcs by exoantigen analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:110-114.
132. Kerr, I. B., G. V. Schaeffer, and D. S. Miranda. 1984. Sex hormones and susceptibility of the rat to paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 88:149-154.
133. Khoo, S. H., and D. W. Denning. 1994. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis 19(Suppl. 1):S41-S48.
134. Kirkland, T. N., S. Zhu, D. Kruse, L. Hsu, K. R. Seshan, and G. T. Cole. 1991. Coccidioides immitis fractions which are antigenic for immune T lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 59:3952-3961.
135. Klein, B. S., S. Chaturvedi, L. H. Hogan, J. M. Jones, and S. L. Newman. 1994. Altered expression of the surface protein WI-1 is genetically-related strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis that differ in virulence regulates recognition of yeasts by human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 62:3536-3542.
136. Klein, B. S., L. H. Hogan, and J. M. Jones. 1993. Immunological recognition of a 25-amino acid repeat arrayed in tandem on a major antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. J. Clin. Invest 92:330-337.
137. Klein, B. S., and J. M. Jones. 1990. Isolation, purification and radiolabeling of a novel 120-kD surface protein on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts to detect antibody in infected patients. J. Clin. Invest. 85:152-161.
138. Klein, B. S., and J. M. Jones. 1994. Purification and characterization of the major antigen WI-1 from Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts and immunological comparison with A antigen. Infect. Immun. 62:3890-3900.
139. Klein, B. S., P. M. Sondel, and J. M. Jones. 1992. WI-1, a novel 120-kilodalton surface protein on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast cells, is a target antigen of cell-mediated immunity in human blastomycosis. Infect. Immun. 60:4291-4300.
140. Klein, B. S., J. M. Vergeront, and J. P. Davis. 1986. Epidemiologic aspects of blastomycosis, the enigmatics systemic mycosis. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1:29-39.
141. Klimpel, K. R., and W, E. Goldman. 1988. Cell walls from avirulent variants of Histoplasma capsulatum lack α-(1,3)-glucan. Infect. Immun. 56:2997-3000.
142. Klimpel, K. R., and W. E. Goldmann. 1987. Isolation and characterization of spontaneous avirulent variants of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 55:328-533.
143. Kolattukudy, P. E., J. D. Lee, L. M. Rogers, P. Zimmerman, S. Ceselski, B. Fox, B. Stein, and E. A. Copelan. 1993. Evidence for possible involvement of an elastolytic serine protease in aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 61:2357-2368.
144. Korytowski, W., B. Kalyanaraman, I. A. Menon, T. Sarna, and R. C. Sealy. 1986. Reaction of superoxide anions with melanins: electron spin resonance and spin trapping studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 882:145-153.
145. Kothary, M. H., T. Chase, Jr., and J. D. Macmillan. 1984. Correlation of elastase production by some strains of Aspergillus fumigatus with ability to cause pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in mice. infect. Immun. 43:320-325.
146. Kozel, T. R., and J. Cazin, Jr. 1971. Nonencapsulated variant of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. Virulence studies and characterization of soluble polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 3:287-294.
147. Kozel, T. R., and E. C. Gotschlich. 1982. The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans passively inhibits phagocytosis of the yeast by macrophages. J. Immunol. 129:1675-1688.
148. Kozel, T. R., and G. S. T. Pfrommer. 1986. Activation :of the complement system by Cryptococcus neoformans leads to binding of iC3b to the yeast. Infect. Immun. 52:1-5.
149. Kozel, T. R., G. S. T. Pfrommer, A. S. Guerlain, B. A. Highison, and G. J. Highison. 1988. Role of the capsule in phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:S436-S439.
150. Kozel T. R., M. A. Wilson, T. P. Farrell, and S. M. Levitz. 1989. Activation of C3 and binding to Aspergillus fumgatus conidia and hyphae. Infect. Immun. 57:3412-3417.
151. Kozel, T. R., M. A. Wilson, and J. W. Murphy. 1991. Early events in initiation of alternative complement pathway activation by the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 59:3101-3110.
152. Kruse, D., and G. T. Cole. 1992. A seroreactive 120-kilodalton β-1,3-glucanase of Coccidioides immitis which may participate in spherule morphogenesis. Infect Immun. 60:4350-4363.
153. Kwon-Chung, K. J. 1979. Comparison of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from fixed cutaneous lesions with isolates from other types of lesioins. J. Infect. Dis. 139:424-431.
154. Kwon-Chung, K. J. 1994. Phylogenetic spectrum of fungi that are pathogenic to humans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19:S1-S7.
155. Kwon-Chung, K. J., and J. E. Bennett. 1978. Distribution of A and a mating types of Cryptococcus neoformans among natural and clinical isolates. Am. J. Epidemiol. 108:337-340.
156. Kwon-Chung, K. J., and J. E. Bennett. 1992. Medical mycology, p. 707-729. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
157. Kwon-Chung, K. J., J. C. Edman, and B. L. Wickes. 1992. Genetic association of mating types and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:602-605.
158. Kwon-Chung, K. J., W. B. Hill, and J. E. Bennett 1981. New, special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:383-387.
159. Kwon-Chung, K. J., L Polacheck, and T. J. Popkin. 1982. Melanin-lacking mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans and their virulence for mice. J. Bacteriol. 150:1414-1421.
160. Kwen-Chung, K. J., and J. C Rhodes. 1986. Encapsulation and melanin formation as indicators of virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 51:218-223.
161. Kwon-Chung, K. J., W. K. Tom, and J. L. Costa. 1983. Utilization of indole compounds by Cryptococcus neoformans to produce a melanin-like pigment. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18:1419-1421.
162. Kwon-Chung, K. J., B. L. Wickes, L. Stockman, G. D. Roberts, D. Ellis, and D. H. Howard. 1992. Virulence, serotype, and molecular characteristics of environmental strains of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Infect. Immun. 60:1869-1874.
163. Lamy, B., M. Moutaouakil, J. P. Latge, and J. Davies. 1991. Secretion of a potential virulence factor, a fungal ribonucleotoxin, during human aspergillosis infections. Mol. Microbiol. 5:1811-1815.
164. Lancet. 1989. Blastomycosis - one disease or two? Lancet. i25-26. (Editorial.)
165. Lane, T. E., G. C. Otero, B. A. Wu-Hsieh, and D. H. Howard. 1994. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by stimulated macrophages correlates with their antihistoplasma activiry. Infect. Immun. 62:1478-1479.
166. Lane, T. E., B. A. Wu-Hsieh, and D. H. Howard. 1991. Iron limitation and the gamma interferon-mediated antihistoplasma state of murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 59:2274-2278.
167. Lane, T. E., B. A. Wu-Hsieh, and D. H. Howard. 1993. Gamma Interferon cooperates with lipopolysaccharide to activate mouse splenic macrophages to an antihistoplasma state. Infect, Immun. 61:1468-1473.
168. Larcher, G., J. P. Bouchara, V. Annaix, F. Symoens, D. Chabasse, and G. Tronchin. 1992. Purification and characterization of a fibrinogenolytic serine proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus culture filtrate. FEBS Lett 308:65-69.
169. Latge, J. P., M. Monteouakil, J. P. Debeaupuis, J. P. Bouchara, K. Haynes, and M. C. Prevost. 1991. The 18-kilodalton antigen secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 59:2586-2594.
170. Lei, P. C., T. Voshiike, and H. Ogawa. 1993. Effects of proteinase inhibitors on the cutaneous lesion of Sporothrix schenckii inoculated hairless mice. Mycopathologia 123:81-5.
171. Levitz, S. M. 1989. Aspergillosis. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 3:1-18.
172. Levitz, S. M. 1991. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13:1163-1169.
173. Levitz, S. M. 1994. Macrophage Cryptococcus interactions, p. 533-543. In B. S. Zwilling and T. K. Eisenstein (ed.), Macrophage pathogen interactions. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
174. Levitz, S. M., and R. D. Diamond. 1985. Mechanisms of resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia to killing by neutrophils in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 152:33-42.
175. Levitz, S. M., and R. D. Diamond. 1985. A rapid colorimetric assay of fungal viability with the tetrazolium salt MTT. J. Infect. Dis. 152:938-945.
176. Levitz, S. M., and D. J. DiBenedetto. 1988. Differential stimulation of murine resident peritoneal cells by selectively opsonized encapsulated and acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 56:2544-2551.
177. Levitz, S. M., and D. J. DiBenedetto. 1989. Paradoxical role of capsule in murine bronchoalveolar macrophage-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Immunol. 142:659-665.
178. Levitz, S. M., and T. P. Farrell. 1990. Growth inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans by cultured human monocytes: role of the capsule, opsonins, the culture surface, and cytokines. Infect. Immun. 58:1201-1209.
179. Levitz, S. M., and T. P. Farrell. 1990. Human neutrophil degranulation stimulated by Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Leukocyte Biol. 47:170-175.
180. Levitz, S. M., T. P. Farrell, and R. T. Mariarz. 1991. Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in culture. J. Infect. Dis. 163:1108-1113.
181. Levitz, S. M., M. E. Selsted, T. Ganz, R. I. Lehrer, and R. D. Diamond. 1986. In vitro killing of spores and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae by rabbit neutrophil cationic peptides and bronchoalveolar
182. Levitz, S. M., and A. Tabuai. 1991. Binding of Cryptococcus neoformans by human cultured macrophages. Requirements for multiple complement receptors and actin. J. Clin. Invest. 87:528-535.
183. Levitz, S. M., A. Tabuni, H. Kornfeld, C. C. Reardon, and D.T. Golenbock. 1994. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human leukocytes stimulated by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:1975-1981.
184. Levite, S. M., A. Tabuai, R. Wagner, H. Kornfeld, and E. H. Smail. 1992. Binding of unopsonized Cryptococcus neoformans by human bronchalveolar macrophages: inhibition by a large-molecular-size serum component. J. Infect. Dis. 166:866-873.
185. Littman, M. L., and E. Tsubura. 1959. Effect of degree of encapsulation upon virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101:773-777.
186. Lodge, J. K., E. Jackson-Machelski, D. L. Toffaletti, J. R. Perfect, and J. I. Gordon. 1994. Targeted gene replacement demonstrates that myristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase is essential for viability of Cryptococcus neoformans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12008-12012.
187. Loose, D. S., and D. Feldman. 1982. Characterization of a unique corticosterone-binding protein in Candida albicans. J. Biol. Chem. 257:4925-4930.
188. Loose, D. S., E. P. Stover, A. Restrepo, D. A. Stevens, and D. Feldman. 1983. Estradiol binds to a receptor-like cytosol binding protein and initiates a biological response in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:7659-7663.
189. Macher, A. B., J. E. Bennett, J. E. Gadek, and M. M. Frank. 1978. Complement depletion in cryptococcal sepsis. J. Immunol. 120:1686-1690.
190. Mackinnon, J. E., and I. A. Conti-Diaz. 1962. The effect of temperature on sporotrichosis. Sabouraudia 2:56-59.
191. Maresca, B., J. Bennett, W. Fonzi, C. A. Hitchcock, J. K. Lodge, and P. R. Williamson. 1994. Molecular approaches to identify novel targets for future development of antifungal agents. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32:287-298.
192. Maresca, B., L. Carratù, and G. S. Kobayashi. 1994. Morphological transition in the human fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Trends Microbiol. 2:110-114.
193. Maresca, B., and G. Kobayashi. 1993. Changes in membrane fluidity modulate heat shock gene expression and produced attenuated strains in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Arch. Med. Res. 24:247-249.
194. Markaryan, A., I. Morozova, H. Yu, and P. E. Kolattukudy. 1994. Purification and characterization of an elastinotyric metalloprotease from Aspergillus fumigatus and immunoelectron microscopic evidence of secretion of this enzyme by the fungus invading the murine lung. Infect. Immun. 62:2149-2157.
195. McEwen, J. G., V. Bedoya, M. M. Patin̄o, M. E. Salazar, and A. Restrepo M. 1987. Experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis induced by the inhalation of conidia. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 25:165-175.
196. Miller, M. F., and T. G. Mitchell. 1991. Killing of Cryptococcus neoformans strains by human neutropils and monocytes. Infect. Immun. 59:24-28.
197. Miller, R. F., and D. M. Mitchell. 1995. AIDS and the lung: update 1995. 1. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Thorax 50:191-200.
198. Mitchell, T. G., and J. R. Perfect. 1995. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS - 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:515-548.
199. Mohr, J. A., H. Long, B. A. McKewn, and H. G. Muchmore. 1972. In vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to steroids. Sabouraudia 10:171-172.
200. Mondon, P., J. Thélu, B. Lebeau, P. Ambroise-Thomas, and R. Grillot. 1995. Virulence of Aspergillus furmigatus strains investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J. Med. Microbiol. 42:299-303.
201. Monod, M., S. Paris, J. Sarfati, K. Jaton-Ogay, P. Ave, and J. P. Latge. 1993. Virulence of alkaline protease-deficient mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus. FEMS MicrobioL Lett. 80:39-46.
202. Morrison, C. J., and D. A. Stevens. 1991. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity: correlation of virulence in vivo, susceptibility to killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro, and neutrophil superoxide anion induction among Blastomyces dermtaitidis isolates. Infect. Immun. 59:2744-2749.
203. Moser, M., G. Menz, K. Blaser, and B. Crameri. 1994. Recombinant expression and antigenic properties of a 32-kilodalton extracellular alkaline protease, representing a possible virulence factor from Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 62:936-942.
204. Moutaouakil, M., M. Monod, M. C. Prevost, J. P. Bouchara, S. Paris, and J. P. Latge. 1993. Identification of the 33-KDa alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in vivo. J. Med. Microbiol. 39:393-399.
205. Mukherjee, J., A. Casadevall, and M. D. Scharff. 1993. Molecular characterization of the humoral responses to Cryptococcus neoformans infection and glucuronoxylomannan-tetarius toxoid conjugale immunization. J. Exp. Med. 177:1105-1116.
206. Mukherjee, J., G. Nussbaum, M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1995. Protective and nonprotective monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans originating from one B cell. J. Exp. Med. 181:405-409.
207. Mollbacher, A., and R. D. Eichner. 1984. Immunosuppression in vitro by a metabolite of a human pathogenic fungus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 3835-3837.
208. Mullbacher, A., P. Waring, and R. D. Eichner. 1985. Identification of an agent in cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus displaying anti-phagocytic and immunomodulating activity in vitro. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1251-1258.
209. Murphy, J. W. 1988. Influence of cryptococcal antigens on cell-mediated immunity. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:S432-S435.
210. Murphy, J. W., and G. C. Cozad. 1972. Immunological unresponsiveness induced by cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide assayed by the hemolytic plaque technique. Infect. Immun. 5:896-901.
211. Murphy, J. W., H. Friedman, and M. Bendinelli (ed.). 1993. Fungal infections and immune responses. Plenum Press, New York.
212. Murphy, J. W., and J. W. Moorhead. 1982. Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in cryptococcosis. I. Induction of specific afferent T suppressor cells by cryptococcal antigen. J. Immunol. 128:276-283.
213. Nakamura, L. T., B. A. Wu-Hsieh, and D. H. Howard. 1994. Recombinant murine gamma interferon stimulates macrophages of the RAW cell line to inhibit intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 62: 680-684.
214. Neilson, J. B., R. A. Fromtling, and G. S. Bulmer. 1977. Cryptococcus neoformans: size range of infectious particles from aerosolized soil. Infect. Immun. 17:634-638.
215. Newman, S. L., and W. E. Bullock. 1994. Interaction of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts and conidia with human and animal macrophages. Immunol. Ser. 60:517-532.
216. Newman, S. L., S. Chaturvedi, and B. S. Klein. 1995. The WI-1 Ag of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts mediates binding to human macrophage CD11b/CD18 (CR3) and CD14. J. Immunol. 154:753-761.
217. Newman, S. L., L. Gootee, G. Brunner, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1994. Chloroquine induces human macrophage killing of Histoplasma capsulatum by limiting the availability of intracellular iron and is therapeutic in a murine model of histoplasmosis. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1422-1429.
218. Newman, S. L., L. Gootee, R. Morris, and W. E. Bullock. 1992. Digestion of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts by human macrophages. J. Immunol. 149: 574-580.
219. Ng, T. T., G. D. Robson, and D. W. Denning. 1994. Hydrocortisone enhanced growth of Aspergillus spp.: implications for pathogenesis. Microbiology 140:2475-2479.
220. 219: Niehans, W. G., and T. Flynn. 1994. Regulation of mannitol biosynthesis and degradation by Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 176:651-655.
221. Oda, L. M., C. F. Kubelka, C. S. Alvaiano, and L. R. Tranvassos. 1983. Ingestion of yeast forms of Sporothrix schenckii by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Infect. Immun. 39:497-504.
222. Orendi, J. M., H. S. L. M. Nottet, M. R. Visser, A. F. M. Verheul H. Snippe, and J. Verhoef. 1994. Enhancement of HTV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Cryptococcus neoformans is monocyte-dependent but tumour necrosis factor-independent. AIDS 8:423-429.
223. Paris, S., M. Monod, M. Diaquin, B. Lamy, L. K. Arruda, P. J. Punt, and J. P. Latge. 1993. A transformant of Aspergillus fumigatus deficient in the antigenic cytotoxin ASPFI. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 111:31-36.
224. Parta, M., Y. Chang, S. Rulong, P. Pinto-DaSilva, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1994. HYP1. a hydrophobia gene from Aspergillus fumigatus, complements the rodletless phenotype in Aspergillus nidulans. Infect. Immun. 62:4389-4395.
225. Pendrak, M. L., and S. A. Klotz. 1995. Adherence of Candida albicans to host cells. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 129:103-113.
226. Perfect, J. R. 1989. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis. Clin. North Am. 3:77-102.
227. Perfect, J. R., D. L. Toffaletti, and T. H. Rude. 1993. The gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (ADE2) is essential for growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid. Infect. Immun. 61:4446-4451.
228. Pettoello-Mantovani, M., A. Casadevall, T. R. Kollman, A. Rubinstein, and H. Goldstein. 1992 Enhancement of HTV-1 infection by the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans. Lancet 339:21-23.
229. Pettoello-Mantovani, M., A. Casadevall, P. Smarnworawong, and H. Goldsten. 1994. Enhancement of HIV type 1 infectivity in vitro by capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans and Haemophilius influenzae. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10:1079-1087.
230. Polacheck, I. 1991. The discovery of melanin production in Cryptococcus neoformans and its impact on diagnosis and the study of virulence. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 276:120-123.
231. Polacheck, I., V. J. Hearing, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1982. Biochemical studies of phenoloxidase and utilization of catecholamines in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 150:1212-1220.
232. Polacheck, I., Y. Platt, and J. Aronovitch. 1990. Catecholamines and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 58:2919-2922.
233. Polak, A. 1990. Melanin as a virulence factor in pathogenic fungi. Mycoses 33:215-224.
234. Powell, B. L., and D. A. Drutz. 1984. Identification of a high-afinity binder for estradiol and a low-affinity binder for testosterone in Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 45:784-786.
235. Powell, B. L., D. J. Drutz, M. Huppert, and S. H. Sun. 1983. Relationship of progesterone- and estradiol-binding proteins in Coccidiodes immitis to coccidioidal dissemination in pregnancy. Infect. Immun. 40:478-485.
236. Puccia, R., S. Schenkman, P.A. Gorin, and L. R. Travassos. 1986. Exocellular components of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. identification of a specific antigen. Infect. Immun. 53:199-206.
237. Puccia, R., and L. R. Travassos. 1991. The 43-kDa glycoprotein from the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its deglycosylated form: excretion and susceptibility to proteolysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 289: 298-302.
238. Ramesh, M. V., T. Sirakova, and P. E. Kolattukudy. 1994. Isolation, characterization, and cloning of cDNA and the gene for an elastinolytic serine proteinase from Aspergillus flavus. Infect. Immun. 62:79-85.
239. Reichard, U., H. Eiffert, and R. Rūchel. 1994. Purification and characterization of an extracellular aspartic proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32:427-436.
240. 2- production. J. Biol. Chem. 259:11173-11175.
241. Resnick, S., D. Pappagianis, and J. H. McKerrow. 1987. Proteinase production by the parasitic cycle of the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 55:2807-2815.
242. Restrepo, A., M. E. Salazar, L. E. Cano, E. P. Stover, D. Feldman, and D. A. Stevens. 1984. Estrogens inhibit mycelium-to-yeast transformation in the fungus Paracoccidioidomycosis brasiliensis: implications for resistance of females to paracoccidioidomycosis. Infect. Immun. 46:346-353.
243. Restrepo-Moreno, A. 1993. Paracoccidioidomycosis, p. 251-276. In J. W. Murphy, H. Friedman, and M. Bendinelli (ed.), Fungal infections and immune responses. Plenum Press, New York.
244. Restrepo-Moreno, A., and D. L. Greer. 1983. Paracoccidioidomycosis, p. 43-64. In A. F. DiSalvo (ed.), Occupational mycoses. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
245. Rhodes, J. C., T. W. Amlung, and M. S. Miller. 1990. Isolation and characterization of an elastinolytic proteinase from Aspergillus flavus. Infect. Immun. 58:2529-2534.
246. Rhodes, J. C., R. B. Bode, and C. M. McCuan-Kirsch. 1988. Elastase production in clinical isolates of Aspergillus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10:165-170.
247. Rhodes, J. C., I. Polacheck, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1982. Phenoloxidase activity and virulence in isogenic strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 36:1175-1184.
248. Richardson, M. D., L. J. White, L C. McKay, and G. S. Shankland. 1993. Differential binding of acapsulate and encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans to human neutrophils. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 31:189-199.
249. Rippon, J. W. 1982. Sporotrichosis, p. 277-302. In J. W. Rippon (ed.), Medical mycology. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
250. Robens, J. F., and J. L. Richard. 1992. Aflatoxins in animal and human health. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 127:69-94.
251. Robertson, M. D., A. Seaton, L. J. Milne, and J. A. Raeburn. 1987. Resistance of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus to ingestion by phagocytic cells. Thorax 42:466-472.
252. Robertson, M. D., A. Seaton, L. J. Milne, and J. A. Raeburn. 1987. Suppression of host defences by Aspergillus fumigatus. Thorax 42:19-25.
253. Roos, D. 1994. The genetic basis of chronic granulomatous disease. Immunol. Rev. 138:121-157.
254. Ryter, A., and H. Fromentin. 1933. Ultrastructural study of the interaction of the fungi Sporothrix schenckii and Ceratocystis stenoceras with bonemarrow-derived murine macrophages. Microbiologie 136B:9-27.
255. Salazar, M. E., A. Restrepo, and D. A. Stevens. 1988. Inhibition by estrogens of conidium-to-yeast conversion in the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Infect. Immun. 56:711-713.
256. San-Bias, F., and G. San-Blas. 1992. Mutants of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC pb9 affected in dimorphism. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:51-60.
257. San-Bias, F., G. San-Bias, J. Hallak, and E, Merino. 1983. Ultrastructure and cell wall chemistry of a thermosensttive mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Curr. Microbiol. 8:85-88.
258. San-Bias, G. 1993. Paracoccidioidomycosis and its etiologic agent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 31:99-113.
259. San-Blas, G., A. Restrepo, K. Clemons, D. A. Stevens, F. San-Blas, R. Puccia, L. R. Travassos, J. I. Figuero, A. J. Hamilton, M. A. Bartholomew, T. Harada, L. Fenelon, and R. J. Hay. 1992. Paracoccidioidomycosis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30:59-71.
260. San-Blas, G., and F. San-Blas. 1977. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: cell wall structure and virulence. Mycopathologia 62:77-86.
261. Sandhu, D. K., R. S. Sandhu, Z. U. Khan, and V. N. Damodaran. 1976. Conditional virulence of a p-aminobenzoic acid-requiring mutant of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 13:527-532.
262. Sano, A., M. Miyaji, and K. Nishimura. 1991. Studies on the relationship between paracoccidioidomycosis in ddY mice and their estrous cycle. Mycopathotogia 115:73-81.
263. Schaffner, A., H. Douglas, and A. Brande. 1982. Selective protection against conidia by mononuclear and against mycelia by polymorphonuclear phagocytes in resistance to Aspergillus. Observations on these two lines of defense in vivo and in vitro with human and mouse phagocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 69: 617-631.
264. Silva, C. L., L. M. Alves, and F. Figueiredo. 1994. Involvement of cell wall glucans in the genesis and persistence of the inflammatory reaction caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbiology - UK. 140:1189-1194.
265. Silva, C. L., and R. A. Fazioli. 1985. A Paracoccidioides brasiliensis polysaccharide having granuloma-inducing toxic and macrophage-stimulating activity. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1497-1501.
266. Silva, C L., and F. Figueiredo. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor in paracoccidioidomycosis patients. J. Infect. Dis. 164:1033-1034.
267. Sirakova, T. D., A. Markaryan, and P. E. Kolattukudy. 1994. Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and gene for a novel elastinolytic metalloproteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus and its expression in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 62:4208-4218.
268. Small, J. M., and T. G. Mitchell. 1989. Strain variation in antiphagocytic activity of capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A. Infect. Immun. 57:3751-3756.
269. Smith, J. M., J. E. Davies, and D. W. Holden. 1993. Construction and pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus mutants that do not produce the ribotoxin restrictocin. Mol. Microbiol. 9:1071-1077.
270. Smith, J. M., C. M. Tang, S. Van Noorden, and D. W. Holden. 1994. Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus double mutants lacking restriction and an alkaline protease in a low-dose model in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 62:5247-5254.
271. Speed, B., and D. Dunt. 1995. Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21:28-34.
272. Staib, F. 1962. Cryptococcus neoformans und Guizotia abyssinica. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 148:466-475.
273. Stevens, D. A. 1989. The interface of mycology and endocrinology. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 27:133-140.
274. Stover, E. P., G. Schar, K. V. Clemons, D. A. Stevens, and D. Feldman. 1986. Estradiol-binding proteins from mycelial and yeast-form cultures of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Infect. Immun. 51:199-203.
275. Sturtevant, J., and J. P. Latge. 1992. Participation of complement in the phagocytosis of the conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus by human polymorphonuclear cells. J. Infect. Dis. 166:580-586.
276. Stnrtevant, J. E., and J. P. Latge. 1992. Interactions between conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus and human complement component C3. Infect. Immun. 60:1913-1918.
277. Sugar, A. M. 1992. Mucormycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14(Suppl. 1):S126-S129.
278. Sandstrom, J. B., and R. Cherniak. 1993. T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent mechanisms of tolerance to glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A. Infect. Immun. 61:1340-1345.
279. Sutton, P., N. R. Newcombe, P. Waring, and A. Mullbacher. 1994. In vivo immunosuppressive activity of gliotoxin, a metabolite produced by human pathogenic fungi. Infect. Immun. 62:1192-1198.
280. Taba, M. R. M., J. F. D. Silveira, L. R. Travassos, and S. Schenkman. 1989. Expression in Escherichia coli of a gene coding for epitopes of a diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Exp. Mycol. 13:223-230.
281. Tang, C. M., J. Cohen, and D. W. Holden. 1992. An Aspergillus fumigatus alkaline protease mutant constructed by gene disruption is deficient in extracellular elastase activity. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1663-1671.
282. Tang, C. M., J. Cohen, T. Krausz, S. Van Noorden, and D. W. Holden. 1993. The alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus is not a virulence determinant in two marine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 61:1650-1656.
283. Tang, C. M., J. M. Smith, H. N. Arst, Jr, and D. W. Holden. 1994. Virulence studies of Aspergillus nidulans mutants requiring lysine or p-aminobenzoic acid in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Infect. Immun. 62:5255-5260.
284. Taylor, M. W., and G. S. Feng. 1991. Relationship between interferon-gamma. indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. FASEB J. 5:2516-2522.
285. Than, N., M. Monod, B. Crestani, C. Rolland, G. Tronchin, J. P. Latge, and S. Paris. 1994. Rodletless mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 62:4380-4388.
286. Torres-Guererro, H., and J. C. Edmam. 1994. Melanin-deficient mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Med. Vet Mycol. 32:303-313.
287. Tronchin, G., J. P. Bouchara, V. Annaix, R. Robert, and J. M. Senet. 1991. Fungal cell adhesion molecules in Candida albicans. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 7:23-33.
288. Tronchin, G., J. P. Bonchara, G. Larcher, J. C. Lissitzky, and D. Chabasse. 1993. Interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus and basement membrane laminin: binding and substrate degradation. Biol. Cell. 77:201-208.
289. Truelsen, K., T. Young, and T. R. Kozel. 1992. In vivo complement activation and binding of C3 to encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 60:3937-3939.
290. Tsuboi, R., T. Sanada, and H. Ogawa. 1988. Influence of culture medium pH and proteinase inhibitors on extracellular proteinase activity and cell growth of Sporothrix schenckii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1431-1433.
291. Tsuboi, R., T. Sanada, K. Takamori, and H. Ogawa. 1987. Isolation and properties of extracellular proteinases from Sporothrix schenckii. J. Bacteriol. 169:4104-4109.
292. Van Cutsem, J., and J. R. Boelaert. 1989. Effects of deferoxamine, feroxamine and iron on experimental mucormycosis (zygomycosis). Kidney Int. 36:1061-1068.
293. Vartivarian, S. E., E. J. Anaissie, R. E. Cowart, H. A. Sprigg, M. J. Tingler, and E. S. Jacobson. 1993. Regulation of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron. J. Infect. Dis. 167:186-190.
294. Vartivarian, S. E., R. E. Cowart, E. J. Anaissie, T. Tashiro, and H. A. Sprigg. 1995. Iron acquisition by Cryptococcus neofarmans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 33:151-156.
295. Vaz, C. A. C., D. W. R. MacKenzie, V. Hearn, Z. P. Camargo, L. M. Singer-Vermes, E. Burger, and V. L. G. Calich, 1994. Gelatinase activity of exoantigens from virulent and non-virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32:65-69.
296. Vecchiarelli, A., D. Pietrella, M. Dottorini, C. Monari, C Retini, T. Todisco, and F. Bistoni. 1994. Encapsulation of Cryptococcus neoformans regulates fungicidal activity and the antigen presentation process in human alveolar macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 98:217-223.
297. Vecchiarelli, A., C. Retini, D. Pietrella, C. Monari, C. Tascini, T. Beccari, and T. R. Kozel. 1995. Downregulation by cryptococcal polysaccharide of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1B secretion from human monocytes. Infect. Immun. 63:2919-2923.
298. Verdonck, A. K., J. R. Boelaert, B. Z. Gordts, and H. W. Van Landuyt. 1993. Effect of ferrioxamine on the growth of Rhizopus. Mycoses 36:9-12.
299. Vicentini, A. P., J. L. Gesztesi, M. F. Franco, W. de Souza, J. Z. de Moraes, L. R. Travassos, and J. D. Lopes. 1994. Binding of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to laminin through surface glycoprotein gp43 leads to enhancement of fungal pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 62:1465-1469.
300. Waldorf, A. R., and R. D. Diamond. 1984. Cerebral mucormycosis in diabetic mice after intrasinus challenge. Infect. Immun. 44:194-195.
301. Waldorf, A. R., and R. D. Diamond. 1985. Neutrophil chemotactic responses induced by fresh and swollen Rhizopus oryzae spores and Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect. Immun. 48:458-463.
302. Waldorf, A. R., S. M. Levitz, and R. D. Diamond. 1984. In vivo bronchoalveolar macrophage defense against Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Infect. Dis. 150:752-760.
303. Waldorf, A. R., N. Ruderman, and R. D. Diamond. 1984. Specific susceptibility to mucromycosis in murine diabetes and bronchoalveolar macrophage defense against Rhizopus. J. Clin. Invest. 74:150-160.
304. Wang, Y., P. Aisen, and A. Casadevall. 1995. Cryptococcus neoformans melanin and virulence: mechanism of action. Infect. Immun. 63:3131-3136.
305. Wang, Y., and A. CasadevalL 1994. Decreased susceptibility of melanized Cryptococcus neoformatis to UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3864-3866.
306. Wang, Y., and A. Casadevall. 1994. Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to nitrogen- and oxygen-derived oxidants. Infect. Immun. 62:3004-3007.
307. Waring, P. 1990. DNA fragmentation induced in macrophages by gliotoxin does not require protein synthesis and is preceded by raised inositol triphosphate levels. J. Biol. Chem. 265:14476-14480.
308. Waring, P., R. D. Eichner, A. Mullbacher, and A. Sjaarda. 1988. Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in macrophages unrelated to its antiphagocytic properties. J. Biol. Chem. 263:18493-18499.
309. Washburn, R. G., B. J. Bryant-Varela, N. C. Julian, and J. E. Bennett. 1991. Differences in Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structure influence assembly of alternative complement pathway C3 convertase on fungal surfaces. Mol. Immunol. 28:465-470.
310. Washburn, R. G., D. J. DeHart, D. E. Agwa, R. J. Bryant-Varela, and N. C. Julian. 1996. Aspergillus fumigatus complement inhibitor: production, characterization, and purification by hydrophobic interaction and thin-layer chromatography. Infect. Immun. 58:3508-3515.
311. Washburn, R. G., C. H. Hammer, and J. E. Bennett. 1986. Inhibition of complement by culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Infect. Dis. 154:944-951.
312. West, J. L., T. K. Vanheyningen, G. S. Deepe, and W. E. Goldman. 1992. A calcium-binding protein is a major released product of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts, abstr. F-42, p. 505. In Abstracts of the 92nd. General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1992. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
313. Williamson, P. R. 1994. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the diphenol oxidase of Cryptococcus neoformans: identification as a laccase. J. Bacteriol. 176:656-664.
314. Wong, B., J. R. Perfect, S. Beggs, and K. A. Wright. 1990. Production of the hexitol D-mannitol by Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and in rabbits with experimental meningitis. Infect. Immun. 58:1664-1670.
315. Wood, G. E. 1992. Mycotoxins is foods and feeds in the United Sates. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3941-3949.
316. Woods, J. P., and W. E. Goldman. 1992. In vivo generation of linear plasmids with addition of telomeric sequences by Histoplasma capsulation. Mol. Microbiol. 6:3603-3610.
317. Woods, J. P., and W. E. Goldman. 1993. Autonomous replication of foreign DNA in Histoplasma capsulatum: role of native telomeric sequences. J. Bacteriol. 175:636-641.
318. Wright, S. D., R. A. Ramos, A. Hermanowski-Vosathka, P. Rockwell, and P. A. Detmers. 1991. Activation of the adhesive capacity of CR3 on neutrophils by endotoxin: dependence on lipopolysaccharide binding protein and CD14. J. Exp. Med. 173:1281-1286.
319. Wright, S. D., R. A. Ramos, P. S. Tobias, R. J. Ulevitch, and J. C. Mathison. 1990. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 249:1431.
320. Wu-Hsieh, B., and D. H. Howard. 1993. Histoplasmosis, p. 213-250. In J. W. Murphy, H. Friedman, and M. Bendinelli (ed.), Fungal infections and immune responses. Plenum Press, New York.
321. Yoshiike, T., P. C. Lei, H. Komatsuzaki, and H. Ogawa. 1993. Antibody raised against extracellular proteinases of Sporothrix schenckii in S. schenckii inoculated hairless mice. Mycopathologia 123:69-73.
322. Young, B. J., and T. R. Kozel. 1993. Effects of strain variation, serotype, and structural modification on kinetics for activation and binding of C3 to Cryptococcus neofomans. Infect. Immun. 61:2966-2972.
323. Yuan, L., and G. T. Cole. 1989. Characterization of a proteinase inhibitor isolated from the fungal pathogen Coccidioides immitis. Biochem. J. 257: 729-736.
324. Yuan, L, and G. T. Cole. 1987. Isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 55:1970-1978.
325. Yuan, L., G. T. Cole, and S. H. Sun. 1988. Possible role of a proteinase in endosporulation of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 56:1551-1559.
326. Zacharias, D., A. Ueda, M. Moscardi-Bacchi, M. Franco, and G. San̄-Blas. 1986. A comparative histopathological, immunological, and biochemical study of experimental intravenous paracoccidioidomycosis induced in mice by three Paraciccidioides brasiliensis isolates. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 24:445-454.
327. Zebedee, S. L., R. K. Koduri, J. Mukherjee, S. Mukherjee, S. Lee, D. F. Saner, M. D. Schaff, and A. Casadevall. 1994. Mouse-human immunoglobulin G1 chimeric antibodies with activities against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1507-1514.