Next generation of novel psychoactive substances on the horizon - A complex problem to face

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 157, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-17

  Zawilska, Jolanta B ^a   Andrzejczak, Dariusz ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

Author keywords

Cathinones; Methoxetamine; NBOMe compounds; Novel psychoactive substances; Opioids; Psychedelics; Psychostimulants; Synthetic cannabimimetics

Indexed keywords

AH 7921; AMINOREX; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; BENZOFURAN DERIVATIVE; KETAMINE; METHOXETAMINE; MT 45; NEW DRUG; OPIATE; PSYCHEDELIC AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RECREATIONAL DRUG; SYNTHETIC CANNABIMIMETIC; SYNTHETIC CATHINONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ALKALOID; CANNABINOID; CATHINONE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; STREET DRUG;

DRUG ABUSE; EUROPE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; REVIEW; TOXICITY TESTING;

ALKALOIDS; AMPHETAMINES; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; CANNABINOIDS; HALLUCINOGENS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 84961392796     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: 18790046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.030     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. ACMD (Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs) "NBOMe" Compounds: A Review of the Evidence of Use and Harm 2013, (accessed on 17.10.14). https://www.gov.uk./goverment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/204808/J_TCDP_report_on_5-6APB_and_NBOMe_compounds.pdf.
2. ACMD (Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs) ACMD's Review on the Synthetic Opioid MT-45 2014, (accessed on 04.05.15). https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/374861/MT-45_final.pdf.
3. Adamowicz P., Tokarczyk B. Simple and rapid screening procedure for 143 new psychoactive substances by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test. Anal. 2015, 10.1002/dta.1815.
4. Adamowicz P., Zuba D. Fatal intoxication with methoxetamine. J. Forensic Sci. 2015, 60(Suppl. 1):S264-S268.
5. Adamowicz P., Lechowicz W. The influence of synthetic cannabinoid UR-144 on human psychomotor performance - a case report demonstrating road traffic risks. Traffic Inj. Prev. 2015, 16:754-759.
6. Adamowicz P., Zuba D., Byrska B. Fatal intoxication with 3-methyl-N-methylcathinone (3-MMC) and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB). Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 245C:126-132.
7. Andreasen M.F., Telving R., Rosendal I., Eg M.B., Hasselstrøm J.B., Andersen L.V. A fatal poisoning involving 25C-NBOMe. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 251:e1-e8.
8. Araújo A.M., Valente M.J., Carvalho M., Dias da Silva D., Gaspar H., Carvalho F., de Lourdes Bastos M., Guedes de Pinho P. Raising awareness of new psychoactive substances: chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity screening of 'legal high' packages containing synthetic cathinones. Arch. Toxicol. 2015, 89:757-771.
9. Behonick G., Shanks K.G., Firchau D.J., Mathur G., Lynch C.F., Nashelsky M., Jaskierny D.J., Meroueh C. Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:559-562.
10. Bersani F.S., Corazza O., Albano G., Valeriani G., Santacroce R., Bolzan Mariotti Posocco F., Cinosi E., Simonato P., Martinotti G., Bersani G., Schifano F. 25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014, 10.1155/2014/734749.
11. Bhattacharyya S., Schapira A.H., Mikhailidis D.P., Davar J. Drug-induced fibrotic valvular heart disease. Lancet 2009, 374:577-585.
12. Bileck A., Ferk F., Al-Serori H., Koller V.J., Muqaku B., Haslberger A., Auwärter V., Gerner C., Knasmüller S. Impact of a synthetic cannabinoid (CP-47,497-C8) on protein expression in human cells: evidence for induction of inflammation and DNA damage. Arch. Toxicol. 2015, 10.1007/s00204-015-1569-7.
13. Botanas C.J., de la Peña J.B., Dela Peña I.J., Tampus R., Yoon R., Kim H.J., Lee Y.S., Jang C.G., Cheong J.H. Methoxetamine, a ketamine derivative, produced conditioned place preference and was self-administered by rats: evidence of its abuse potential. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2015, 133:31-36.
14. Boumrah Y., Humbert L., Phanithavong M., Khimeche K., Dahmani A., Allorge D. In vitro characterization of potential CYO- and UGT-derived metabolites of the psychoactive drug 25B-NBOMe using LC-high resolution MS. Drug Test. Anal. 2015, 10.1002/dta.1865.
15. 2A receptor residues Phe339(6.51) and Phe340(6.52) with superpotent N-benzyl phenethylamine agonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 70:1956-1964.
16. Brandt S.D., Baumann M.H., Partilla J.S., Kavanagh P.V., Power J.D., Talbot B., Twamley B., Mahony O., O'Brien J., Elliott S.P., Archer R.P., Patrick J., Singh K., Dempster N.M., Cosbey S.H. Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni'). Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6:684-695.
17. Buser G.L., Gerona R.R., Horowitz B.Z., Vian K.P., Troxell M.L., Hendrickson R.G., Houghton D.C., Rozansky D., Su S.W., Leman R.F. Acute kidney injury associated with smoking synthetic cannabinoid. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:664-673.
18. n, and LC-HR-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407:6697-6719.
19. Castaneto M.S., Gorelick D.A., Desrosiers N.A., Hartman R.L., Pirard S., Huestis M.A. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014, 144:12-41.
20. CDC (Centers for Disease Control Prevention) Acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use - multiple States, 2012. MMWR 2013, 62:93-98.
21. CDC (Centers for Disease Control Prevention) Notes from the field: severe illness associated with synthetic cannabinoid use - Brunswick, Georgia, 2013. MMWR 2013, 62:939.
22. Chan W.L., Wood D.M., Hudson S., Dargan P.I. Acute psychosis associated with recreational use of benzofuran 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and cannabis. J. Med. Toxicol. 2013, 9:278-281.
23. Chiappini S., Claridge H., Cockery J.M., Goodair C., Loi B., Schifano F. Methoxetamine-related deaths in the UK: an overview. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2015, 30:244-248.
24. Coca S.G., Singanamala S., Parikh C.R. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012, 81:442-448.
25. Corazza O., Assi S., Schifano F. From "Special K" to "Special M": the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2013, 19:454-460.
26. Corazza O., Valeriani G., Bersani F.S., Corkery J., Martinotti G., Bersani G., Schifano F. "Spice", "kryptonite", "black mamba": an overview of brand names and marketing strategies of novel psychoactive substances on the web. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2014, 46:287-294.
27. Davidson C., Hashemi G., Gant A., Fergus S., Benha C., Lione L. Effects of methoxetamine in rat bladder and nucleus accumbens brain tissue. Res. Adv. Psychiatry 2014, 1(Suppl. 1):39.
28. Dargan P.I., Tang H.C., Liang W., Wood D.M., Yew D.T. Three months of methoxetamine administration is associated with significant bladder and renal toxicity in mice. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:176-180.
29. 2-dependent vasoconstriction in the rat. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 48:57-63.
30. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S.Department of Justice) Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic phenylethylamine into schedule I. Fed. Reg. 2013, 78:68716-68719.
31. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S.Department of Justice) Scheduled of controlled substances: temporary placement of four synthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I. Fed. Reg. 2014, 79:7577-7582.
32. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S.Department of Justice) Scheduled of controlled substances: temporary placement of 10 synthetic cathinones into Schedule I. Fed. Reg. 2014, 79:12938-12943.
33. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S.Department of Justice) Scheduled of controlled substances: temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I. Fed. Reg. 2015, 80:5042-5047.
34. DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S.Department of Justice) Scheduled of controlled substances: placement of UR-144, XLR11, and AKB48 into Schedule I. Fed. Reg. 2015, 80:27611-27616.
35. Dean B.V., Stellpflug S.J., Burnett A.M., Engebretsen K.M. 2C or not 2C: phenethylamine designer drug review. J. Med. Toxicol. 2013, 9:172-178.
36. Drugs Forum. (accessed on 30.04.15). https://drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=a-PVP.
37. Elian A.A., Hackett J. A polydrug intoxication involving methoxetamine in a drugs and driving case. J. Forensic Sci. 2014, 59:854-858.
38. Elliott S.P., Brandt S.D., Wallach J., Morris H., Kavanagh P.V. First reported fatalities associated with the 'research chemical' 2-methoxydiphenidine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:287-293.
39. ElSohly M.A., Gul W., Wanas A.S., Radwan M.M. Synthetic cannabinoids: analysis and metabolites. Life Sci. 2014, 97:78-90.
40. EMCDDA Methoxetamine. EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: methoxetamine (2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino) cyclohexanone) 2013, (accessed on 15.05.14). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_222602_EN_TDAS14004ENN-1.pdf.
41. EMCDDA European Drug Report 2014a. Trends and developments 2014, (accessed on 22.10.14). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_228272_EN_TDAT14001ENN.pdf.
42. EMCDDA EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 4,4'-DMAR (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine) 2014, (accessed on 19.02.15). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_229825_EN_TDAS14006ENN.pdf.
43. EMCDDA EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) phenethylamine) 2014, (accessed on 16.10.14). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_222581_EN_TDAS14003ENN.pdf.
44. EMCDDA EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl benzamide) 2014, (accessed on 22.10.14). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_222584_EN_AH-7921.pdf.
45. EMCDDA EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine ('MT-45') 2014, (accessed on 22.10.14). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/MT-45.
46. EMCDDA New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System (March 2015) 2015, (accessed on 23.04.15). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_235958_EN_TD0415135ENN.pdf.
47. EMCDDA Perspective on drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe 2015, (accessed on 25.06.15). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids.
48. EMCDDA α-PVP EMCDDA - Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP) 2015, (accessed on 30.09.15). http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_242501_EN_TDAS15001ENN.pdf.
49. Fantegrossi W.E., Moran J.H., Radominska-Pandya A., Prather P.L. Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to δ(9)-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity?. Life Sci. 2014, 97:45-54.
50. Forrester M.B. NBOMe designer drug exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J. Addict. Dis. 2014, 33:196-201.
51. 2 cannabinoid receptor activity. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53:295-315.
52. Gandhi A.S., Zhu M., Pang S., Wohlfarth A., Scheidweiler K.B., Liu H.-F., Husetis M.A. First characterization of AKB-48 metabolism, a novel synthetic cannabinoid, using human hepatocytes and high-resolution mass spectrometry. AAPS J. 2013, 15:1091-1098.
53. 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-like effects of novel synthetic cannabinoids found on the gray market. Behav. Pharmacol. 2015, 26:460-468.
54. Gatch M.B., Rutledge M.A., Forster M.J. Discriminative and locomotor effects of five synthetic cathinones in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2015, 232:1197-1205.
55. Gerostamoulos D., Drummer O.H., Woodford N.W. Deaths linked to synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. 2015, 11:478.
56. Gil D., Adamowicz P., Gieroń J., Lechowicz W., Skulska A., Tokarczuk B. Analysis of α-PVP in biological samples. XXXII Conference of the Forensic Toxicologists 2015, 51-52. Abstract Book (Polish).
57. Glanville J., Dargan P.I., Wood D.M. 4-Methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-amine (4,4'-DMAR, 4,4'-dimethylaminorex): availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2015, 30:193-198.
58. 2A receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior. Neuron 2007, 53:439-452.
59. Grautoff S., Kähler J. Near fatal intoxication with the novel psychoactive substance 25C-NBOMe. Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Notfmed. 2014, 109:271-275. (German).
60. Gugelmann H., Gerona R., Li C., Tsutaoka B., Olson K.R., Lung D. 'Crazy Monkey' poisons man and dog: human and canine seizures due to PB-22, a novel synthetic cannabinoid. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:635-638.
61. Halberstadt A.L., Geyer M.A. Characterization of the head-twitch response induced by hallucinogens in mice: detection of the behavior based on the dynamics of head movement. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2013, 227:727-739.
62. Halberstadt A.L., Geyer M.A. Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response. Neuropharmacology 2014, 77:200-207.
63. Hartman R.L., Huestis M.A. Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clin. Chem. 2013, 59:478-492.
64. Hayes A.G., Tyers M.B. Determination of receptors that mediate opiate side effects in the mouse. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1983, 79:731-736.
65. Heim R. Synthese und Pharmakologie potenter 5-HT2A-Rezeptor agonisten mit N-2-Methoxybenzyl-Partialstructur. Entwicklung eines neuen Structur-Wirkungskonzepts 2003, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
66. Helander A., Bäckberg M., Beck O. MT-45, a new psychoactive substance associated with hearing loss and unconsciousness. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:901-904.
67. Heyerdahl F., Hovda K.E., Giraudon I., Yates C., Dines A.M., Sedefov R., Wood D.M., Dargan P.I. Current European data collection on emergency department presentations with acute recreational drug toxicity: gaps and national variations. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:1005-1012.
68. Hill S.L., Doris T., Gurung S., Katebe S., Lomas A., Dunn M., Blain P., Thomas S.H. Severe clinical toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of 25I-NBOMe: case series. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2013, 51:487-492.
69. Hill S.L., Harbon S.C., Coulson J., Cooper G.A., Jackson G., Lupton D.J., Vale J.A., Thomas S.H. Methoxetamine toxicity reported to the National Poisons Information Service: clinical characteristics and patterns of enquiries (including the period of the introduction of the UK's first Temporary Class Drug Order). Emerg. Med. J. 2013, 31:45-47.
70. Hofer K.E., Grager B., Müller D.M., Rauber-Lüthy C., Kupferschmidt H., Rentsch K.M., Ceschi A. Ketamine-like effects after recreational use of methoxetamine. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2012, 60:97-99.
71. Holm N.B., Nielsen L.M., Linnet K. CYP3A4 mediates oxidative metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AKB-48. AAPS J. 2015, 17:1237-1245.
72. Hondebrink L., Nugteren-van Lonkhuyzen J.J., Van Der Gouwe D., Brunt T.M. Monitoring new psychoactive substances (NPS) in The Netherlands: data from the drug market and the Poisons Information Centre. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015, 147:109-115.
73. Hydzik P., Gomółka E., Sulka A., Cudzich-Czop S. Acute methoxetamine poisoning - case report. Probl. Forensic Sci. 2012, 91:235-242.
74. Iversen L., Gibbons S., Treble R., Setola V., Huang X.-P., Roth B.L. Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2013, 700:147-151.
75. Jebadurai J., Schifano F., Deluca P. Recreational use of 1-(2-naphthyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone hydrochloride (NRG-1), 6-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran (benzofury/6-APB) and NRG-2 with review of available evidence-based literature. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2013, 28:356-364.
76. Johnson R.D., Botch-Jones S.R., Flowers T., Lewis C.A. An evaluation of 25B-, 25C-, 25D-, 25H-, 25I-, and 25T2-NBOMe via LC-MS-MS: method validation and analyte stability. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:479-484.
77. Kamijo Y., Takai M., Fujita Y., Hirose Y., Iwasaki Y., Ishihara S., Yokoyama T., Yagi K., Sakamoto T. A multicenter retrospective survey of poisoning after consumption of products containing synthetic chemicals in Japan. Intern. Med. 2014, 53:2439-2445.
78. Kamour A., James D., Lupton D.J., Cooper G., Eddleston M., Vale A., Thompson J.P., Thanacoody R., Hill S.L., Thomas S.H. Patterns of presentation and clinical features of toxicity after reported use of ([2-aminopropyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans), the 'benzofuran' compounds. A report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:1025-1031.
79. Karila L., Megarbane B., Cottencin O., Lejoyeux M. Synthetic cathinones: a new health problem. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2015, 13:12-20.
80. Karinen R., Tuv S.S., Øiestad E.L., Vindenes V. Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 246:98-103.
81. Karinen R., Tuv S.S., Rogde S., Peres M.D., Johansen U., Frost J., Vindenes V., Øiestad Å.M. Lethal poisonings with AH-7921 in combination with other substances. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 244:e21-e24.
82. King L.A. New phenethylamines in Europe. Drug Test. Anal. 2013, 6:808-818.
83. Kjellgren A., Jonsson K. Methoxetamine (MXE) - a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a "legal high" from the internet. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2013, 45:276-286.
84. Koller V.J., Auwärter V., Grummt T., Moosmann B., Mišik M., Knasmüller S. Investigation of the in vitro toxicological properties of the synthetic cannabimimetic drug CP-47,497-C8. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2014, 277:164-171.
85. Koller V.J., Ferk F., Al-Serori H., Mišík M., Nersesyan A., Auwärter V., Grummt T., Knasmüller S. Genotoxic properties of representatives of alkylindazoles and aminoalkyl-indoles which are consumed as synthetic cannabinoids. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 80:130-136.
86. Koller V.J., Zlabinger G.J., Auwärter V., Fuch S., Knasmüeller S. Toxicological profiles of selective synthetic cannabinoids showing high binding affinities to the cannabinoid receptor subtype CB1. Arch. Toxicol. 2013, 87:1287-1297.
87. Kronstrand R., Thelander G., Lindstedt D., Roman M., Kugelberg F.C. Fatal intoxications associated with the designer opioid AH-7921. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:599-604.
88. Kueppers V.B., Cooke C.T. 25I-NBOMe related death in Australia: a case report. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 249:e15-e18.
89. Lanza M., Acton W.J., Sulzer P., Breiev K., Jürschik S., Jordan A., Hartungen E., Hanel G., Märk L., Märk T.D., Mayhew C.A. Selective reagent ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry: a rapid technology for the novel analysis of blends of new psychoactive substances. J. Mass Spectrom. 2015, 50:427-431.
90. Laskowski L.K., Elbakoush F., Calvo J., Exantus-Bernard G., Fong J., Poklis J.L., Poklis A., Nelson L.S. Evolution of the NBOMes: 25C- and 25B-sold as 25I-NBOMe. J. Med. Toxicol. 2015, 11:237-241.
91. Law R., Schier J., Martin C., Chang A., Wolkin A. Increase in reported adverse health Effects related to synthetic cannabinoids use - United States, January-May 2015. MMWR 2015, 64:618-619.
92. Lawn W., Barratt M., Williams M., Horne A., Winstock A. The NBOMe hallucinogenic drug series: patterns of use, characteristics of users and self-reported effects in a large international sample. J. Psychopharmacol. 2014, 28:780-788.
93. Lemos N.P. Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist XLR-11. J. Forensic Sci. 2014, 59:1679-1683.
94. Lindeman E., Bäckberg M., Personne M., Helander A. MT-45 - a dangerous and potentially ototoxic internet drug. Lakartidningen 2014, 111:1712-1715. (Swedish).
95. Louis A., Peterson B.L., Couper F.J. XLR-11 and UR-144 in Washington State and State of Alaska driving cases. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:563-568.
96. Lowe L.M., Peterson B.L., Couper F.J. A case review of the first analytically confirmed 25I-NBOMe-related death in Washington State. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:668-671.
97. Marusich J.A., Antonazzo K.R., Wiley J.L., Blough B.E., Partilla J.S., Baumann M.H. Pharmacology of novel synthetic stimulants structurally related to the "bath salts" constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Neuropharmacology 2014, 87:206-213.
98. McIntyre I.M., Gary R.D., Trochta A., Stolberg S., Stabley R. Acute 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) intoxication and fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:156-159.
99. McLaughlin G., Morris N., Kavanagh P.V., Power J.D., Twamley B., O'Brien J., Talbot B., Dowling G., Mahony O., Brandt S.D., Patrick J., Archer R.P., Partilla J.S., Baumann M.H. Synthesis, characterization, and monoamine transporter activity of the new psychoactive substance 3',4'-methylenedioxy-4-methylaminorex (MDMAR). Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 7:555-564.
100. Menzies E.L., Hudson S.C., Dargan P.I., Parkin M.C., Wood D.M., Kicman A.T. Characterizing metabolites and potential metabolic pathways for the novel psychoactive substance methoxetamine. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6:506-515.
101. Musshoff F., Madea B., Kernbach-Wighton G., Bicker W., Kneisel S., Hutter M., Auwärter V. Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice"): a case series. Int. J. Leg. Med. 2014, 128:59-64.
102. Nagai H., Saka K., Nakajima M., Maeda H., Kuroda R., Igarashi A., Tsujimura-Ito T., Nara A., Komori M., Yoshida K. Sudden death after sustained restraint following self-administration of the designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone. Int. J. Cardiol. 2014, 172:263-265.
103. Naylor J.E., Freeman K.B., Blough B.E., Woolverton W.L., Huskinson S.L. Discriminative-stimulus effects of second generation synthetic cathinones in methamphetamine-trained rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015, 149:280-284.
104. Negreira N., Erratico C., Kosjek T., van Nuijs A.L.N., Heath E., Neels H., Covaci A. In vitro phase I and phase II metabolism of α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and methedrone by human liver microsomes and human liver cytosol. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407:5803-5816.
105. Nichols D.E., Frescas S.P., Chemel B.R., Rehder K.S., Zhong D., Lewin A.H. High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16:6116-6123.
106. Nikolaou P., Papoutsis I., Stefanidou M., Spiliopoulou C., Athanaselis S. 2C-I-NBOMe, an "N-bomb" that kills with "Smiles". Toxicological and legislative aspects. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2015, 38:113-119.
107. Nozaki M., Niwa M., Imai E., Hori M., Fujimura H. (1,2-Diphenylethyl) piperazines as potent opiate-like analgesics; the unusual relationships between stereoselectivity and affinity to opioid receptor. Life Sci. 1983, 33(Suppl. 1):431-434.
108. Papaseit E., Farré M., Schifano F., Torrens M. Emerging drugs in Europe. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2014, 27:243-250.
109. Peterson B.L., Couper F.J. Concentrations of AB-CHMINACA and AB-PINACA and driving behavior in suspected impaired driving cases. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:642-647.
110. Pichini S., Rotolo M.C., García J., Girona N., Leal L., García-Alger O., Pacifici R. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal consumption of 4-methylethcathinone. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 245:e33-e35.
111. Poklis J.L., Devers K.G., Arbefeville E.F., Pearson J.M., Houston E., Poklis A. Postmortem detection of 25I-NBOMe [2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine] in fluids and tissues determined by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry from a traumatic death. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 234:e14-e20.
112. Poklis J.L., Nanco C.R., Troendle M.M., Wolf C.E., Poklis A. Determination of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)metyl]-dibenzeethanamine (25B-NBOMe) in serum and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in a case of severe intoxication. Drug Test. Anal. 2014, 6:764-769.
113. Potocka-Banaś B., Janus T., Majdanik S., Borowiak K., Jasionowicz-Piatek E. Fatal intoxication with α-PVP. XXXII Conference of the Forensic Toxicologists 2015, 55. Abstract Book (Polish).
114. Rickli A., Luethi D., Reinisch J., Bucy D., Hoener M.C., Liechti M.E. Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs). Neuropharmacology 2015, 99:546-553.
115. Rickli A., Kopf S., Hoener M.C., Liechti M.E. Pharmacological profile of novel psychoactive benzofurans. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 171:3412-3425.
116. Rose S.R., Poklis J.L., Poklis A. A case of 25I-NBOMe (25-I) intoxication: a new potent 5-HT2A agonist designer drug. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2013, 51:174-177.
117. Roth B.L., Gibbons S., Arunotayanun W., Huang X.P., Setola V., Treble R., Iversen L. The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:e59334.
118. Rzeczpospolita. (accessed on 24.07.15). http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/diler-w-rozmowie-z-rzeczpospolita-chemicy-dali-ciala-z-mocarzem/rb3wqp.
119. Saha K., Partilla J.S., Lehner K.R., Seddik A., Stockner T., Holy M., Sandtner W., Ecker G.F., Sitte H.H., Baumann M.H. 'Second-generation' mephedrone analogs, 4-MEC and 4-MePPP, differentially affect monoamine transporter function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015, 40:1321-1331.
120. Schwartz M.D., Trecki J., Edison L.A., Steck A.R., Arnold J.K., Gerona R.R. A common source outbreak of severe delirium associated with exposure to the novel synthetic cannabinoid ADB-PINACA. J. Emerg. Med. 2015, 48:573-580.
121. Shanks K.G., Sozio T., Behonick G.S. Fatal intoxications with 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe in Indiana during 2014. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:6020-6606.
122. Shanks K.G., Winston D., Heidingsfelder J., Behonick G. Case reports of synthetic cannabinoid XLR-11 associated fatalities. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 252:e6-e9.
123. Shima N., Katagi M., Kamata H., Matsuta S., Sasaki K., Kamata T., Nishioka H., Miki A., Tatsuno M., Zaitsu K., Ishii A., Sato T., Tsuchihashi H., Suzuki K. Metabolism of the newly encountered designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone in humans: identification and quantitation of urinary metabolites. Forensic Toxicol. 2014, 32:59-67.
124. Siddiqi S., Verney C., Dargan P., Wood D.M. Understanding the availability, prevalence of use, desired effects, acute toxicity and dependence potential of the novel opioid MT-45. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2015, 53:54-59.
125. Simmler L.D., Buser T.A., Donzelli M., Schramm Y., Dieu L.H., Huwyler J., Chaboz S., Hoener M.C., Liechti M.E. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2013, 168:458-470.
126. Simmler L.D., Rickli A., Hoener M.C., Liechti M.E. Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of a new series of designer cathinones. Neuropharmacology 2014, 79:152-160.
127. Skowronek R., Pieprzyca E., Korczyńska M., Kulikowska J., Jabłoński C., Wojnicz R. Sudden cardiac death in the course of a complex intoxication with AH-7921, NEB, 3-MMC and pseudoephedrine - cardiotoxic activity of novel psychoactive substances. XXXI Conference of the Forensic Toxicologists 2014, 31-32. Abstract Book (Polish).
128. SOS Polonia, 2015. (accessed 30.09.15). http://www.sospolonia.net/drug-warning-information-from-hampshire-constabulary.
129. Springer D., Fritschi G., Mauer H.H. Metabolism of the new designer drug alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (PPP) and the toxicological detection of PPP and 4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) studied in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2003, 796:253-266.
130. Srisuma S., Bronstein A.C., Hoyte C.O. NBOMe and 2C substitute phenylethylamine exposures reported to the National Poison Data System. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 53:624-628.
131. Stellpflug S.J., Kealey S.E., Hegarty C.B., Janis G.C. 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOMe): clinical case with unique confirmatory testing. J. Med. Toxicol. 2014, 10:45-50.
132. Suzuki J., Poklis J.L., Poklis A. "My friend said it was good LSD": a suicide attempt following analytically confirmed 25I-NBOMe ingestion. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2014, 46:379-382.
133. Sykutera M., Cychowska M., Bloch-Boguslawska E. A fatal case of pentedrone and α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone poisoning. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2015, 39:324-329.
134. Takematsu M., Hoffman R.S., Nelson L.S., Schechter J.M., Moran J.H., Wiener S.W. A case of acute cerebral ischemia following inhalation of a synthetic cannabinoid. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:973-975.
135. Tang M.H.Y., Ching C.K., Lee C.Y.W., Lam Y.-H., Mak T.W. Simultaneous detection of 93 conventional and emerging drugs of abuse and their metabolites in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS. J. Chromatogr. B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2014, 969:272-284.
136. Tang M.H., Ching C.K., Tsui M.S., Chu F.K., Mak T.W. Two cases of severe intoxication associated with analytically confirmed use of the novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2014, 52:561-565.
137. Tarpgaard M., Maerkedahl R., Lauridsen K.B. Fatal intoxication with the new designer drug 25C-NBOMe. Ugeskr. Laeger. 2015, 177. pii:V0940523 (Danish).
138. Thomsen R., Nielsen L.M., Holm N.B., Rasmussen H.B., Linnet K. Synthetic cannabimimetic agents metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drug Test. Anal. 2015, 7:565-576. INDICES Consortium.
139. Tomiyama K., Funada M. Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids on primary neuronal cells of the forebrain: the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and apoptotic cell death. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2014, 274:17-23.
140. Tuv S.S., Krabseth H., Karinen R., Olsen K.M., Øiestad E.L., Vindenes V. Prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks period. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2014, 62:26-31.
141. Uchiyama N., Kawamura M., Kikura-Hanajiri R., Goda Y. URB-754: a new class of designer drug and 12 synthetic cannabinoids detected in illegal products. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013, 227:21-32.
142. UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) Worlds Drug Report 2013. New psychoactive substances: concepts and definitions 2013, 60-115. Vienna. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/secured/wdr/wdr2013/World_Drug_Report_2013.pdf (accessed 22.09.14).
143. Uralets R., Rana S., Morgan S., Ross W. Testing for designer stimulants: metabolic profiles of 16 synthetic cathinones excreted free in human urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:233-241.
144. Vandrey R., Johnson M.W., Johnson P.S., Khalil M.A. Novel drugs of abuse: a snapshot of an evolving marketplace. Adolesc. Psychiatry (Hilversum) 2013, 3:123-134.
145. Van Hout M.C. An Internet study of user's experiences of the synthetic cathinone 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC). J. Psychoact. Drugs 2014, 46:273-286.
146. Van Hout M.C., Hearne E. "Word of mouse": indigenous harm reduction and online consumerism of the synthetic compound methoxphenidine. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2015, 47:30-41.
147. Vorce S.P., Knittel J.L., Holler J.M., Magluilo J., Levine B., Berran P., Bosy T.Z. A fatality involving AH-7921. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38:226-230.
148. Walterscheid J.P., Phillips G.T., Lopez A.E., Gonsoulin M.L., Chen H.H., Sanchez L.A. Pathological findings in 2 cases of fatal 25I-NBOMe toxicity. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 2014, 35:20-25.
149. Watterson L.R., Burrows B.T., Hernandez R.D., Moore K.N., Grabenauer M., Marusich J.A., Olive M.F. Effects of α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone and 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone, two synthetic cathinones commonly found in second-generation "bath salts," on intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014, 10.1093/ijnp/pyu014.
150. n techniques. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407:1371-1388.
151. n techniques. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2015, 407:3457-3470.
152. Wiergowski M., Anand J.S., Krzyzanowski M., Jankowski Z. Acute methoxetamine and amphetamine poisoning with fatal outcome: a case report. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2014, 27:683-690.
153. Wiergowski M., Aszyk J., Szczygieł M., Anand J.S., Jankowski Z., Szumińska-Ziemian B. Description and diagnosis of acute intoxication with novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC. XXXII Conference of the Forensic Toxicologists 2015, 35-36. Abstract Book (Polish).
154. Wikström M., Thelander G., Dahlgren M., Kronstrand R. An accidental fatal intoxication with methoxetamine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2013, 37:43-46.
155. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-like effects of tetramethylcyclopropyl ketone indoles. Neuropharmacology 2013, 75:145-154.
156. Wohlfarth A., Castaneto M.S., Zhu M., Pang S., Scheidweiler K.B., Kronstrand R., Huestis M.A. Pentylindole/pentylindazole synthetic cannabinoids and their 5-fluoro analogs produce different primary metabolites: metabolite profiling for AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA. AAPS J. 2015, 17:660-677.
157. Wohlfarth A., Gandhi A.S., Pang S., Zhu M., Scheidweiler K.B., Huestis M.A. Metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids PB-22 and its 5-fluoro analog, 5F-PB-22, by human hepatocyte incubation and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014, 406:1763-1780.
158. Wood D.M., Sedefov R., Cunningham A., Dargan P.I. Prevalence of use and acute toxicity associated with the use of NBOMe drugs. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.) 2015, 53:85-92.
159. Zawilska J.B. "Legal highs" - new players in the old drama. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 2011, 4:122-130.
160. Zawilska J.B. Methoxetamine - a novel recreational drug with potent hallucinogenic properties. Toxicol. Lett. 2014, 230:402-407.
161. Zawilska J.B., Wojcieszak J. Designer cathinones - an emerging class of novel recreational drugs. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013, 231:42-53.
162. Zawilska J.B., Wojcieszak J. Spice/K2 drugs - more than innocent substitutes for marijuana. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014, 17:509-525.
163. Zuba D., Sekuła K., Buczek A. 25C-NBOMe - new potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market. Forensic Sci. Int. 2013, 227:7-14.