Sweet taste receptor TAS1R2 polymorphism (VAl191VAl) is associated with a higher carbohydrate intake and hypertriglyceridemia among the population of west Mexico

Nutrients

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2016, Pages

  Ramos Lopez, Omar ^a,b   Panduro, Arturo ^a,b   Martinez Lopez, Erika ^a,b   Roman, Sonia ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL CIVIL DE GUADALAJARA FRAY ANTONIO ALCALDE   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUADALAJARA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Carbohydrate intake; Hypertriglyceridemia; Ile191Val polymorphism; TAS1R2 gene; West Mexico

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; TASTE RECEPTORS, TYPE 1;

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREAL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIETARY FIBER; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA EXTRACTION; FEMALE; GENE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; LIPID ANALYSIS; MACRONUTRIENT; MALE; MEXICO; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; OBESITY; SWEETNESS; TAS1R2 GENE; TASTE BUD; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ALLELE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TASTE;

ADULT; ALLELES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; MALE; MEXICO; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RISK FACTORS; TASTE; TASTE BUDS;

EID: 84958982886     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu8020101     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Roman, S.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Ramos-Lopez, O.; Panduro, A. Genome-based nutrition: An intervention strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 3449–3461. [CrossRef][PubMed]
2. Román, S.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Panduro, A. Genética y evolución de la alimentación de la población en México. Rev. Endocrinol. Nutr. 2013, 21, 42–51.
3. Barrera-Cruz, A.; Rodríguez-González, A.; Molina-Ayala, M.A. Escenario actual de la obesidad en México. Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Segurol. Soc. 2013, 51, 292–299.
4. Ramos-López, O.; Román, S.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Sepúlveda-Villegas, M.; Martínez-López, E.; Torres-Valadez, R.; Trujillo-Trujillo, E.; Panduro, A. Patrón de ingesta alimentaria y actividad física en pacientes hepatópatas en el Occidente de México. Rev. Endocrinol. Nutr. 2013, 21, 7–15.
5. Ramos-López, O.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Román, S.; Panduro, A. Influencia genética en las preferencias alimentarias. Rev. Endocrinol. Nutr. 2013, 21, 74–83.
6. Flores, M.; Macias, N.; Rivera, M.; Lozada, A.; Barquera, S.; Rivera-Dommarco, J.; Tucker, K.L. Dietary patterns in Mexican adults are associated with risk of being overweight or obese. J. Nutr. 2010, 140, 1869–1873. [CrossRef][PubMed]
7. Rtveladze, K.; Marsh, T.; Barquera, S.; Sanchez, R.L.M.; Levy, D.; Melendez, G.; Webber, L.; Kilpi, F.; McPherson, K.; Brown, M. Obesity prevalence in Mexico: Impact on health and economic burden. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 17, 233–239. [CrossRef][PubMed]
8. Parks, E.J.; Hellerstein, M.K. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: Historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 412–433. [PubMed]
9. Rutledge, J.C.; Hyson, D.A.; Garduno, D.; Cort, D.A.; Paumer, L.; Kappagoda, C.T. Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: The clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 1999, 19, 226–234. [CrossRef]
10. Hudgins, L.C. Effect of high-carbohydrate feeding on triglyceride and saturated fatty acid synthesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 2000, 225, 178–183. [CrossRef][PubMed]
11. Hudgins, L.C.; Hellerstein, M.; Seidman, C.; Neese, R.; Diakun, J.; Hirsch, J. Human fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by a eucaloric low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J. Clin. Investig. 1996, 97, 2081–2091. [CrossRef][PubMed]
12. Fried, S.K.; Rao, S.P. Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 873S–880S. [PubMed]
13. Subramanian, S.; Chait, A. Hypertriglyceridemia secondary to obesity and diabetes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1821, 819–825. [CrossRef][PubMed]
14. Schult, A.; Eriksson, H.; Wallerstedt, S.; Kaczynski, J. Overweight and hypertriglyceridemia are risk factors for liver cirrhosis in middle-aged Swedish men. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46, 738–744. [CrossRef][PubMed]
15. Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Canizales-Quinteros, S.; Rojas-Martínez, R.; García-García, E.; Olaiz-Fernández, G.; Gómez-Pérez, F.J.; Tusié-Luna, M.T. Colaboraciones exitosas entre tres instituciones mexicanas en el estudio de las dislipidemias, la obesidad y la diabetes. Gac. Méd. Méx. 2007, 143, 355–364. [PubMed]
16. Gómez-Dantés, O.; Sesma, S.; Becerril, V.M.; Knaul, F.M.; Arreola, H.; Frenk, J. Sistema de salud de México. Salud Publica Mex. 2011, 53, 220–232.
17. Garcia-Bailo, B.; Toguri, C.; Eny, M.; El-Sohemy, A. Genetic variation in taste and its influence on food selection. OMICS 2009, 13, 69–80. [CrossRef][PubMed]
18. Bachmanov, A.A.; Bosak, N.P.; Floriano, W.B.; Inoue, M.; Li, X.; Lin, C.; Murovets, V.O.; Reed, D.R.; Zolotarev, V.A.; Beauchamp, G.K. Genetics of sweet taste preferences. Flavour Fragr. J. 2011, 26, 286–294. [CrossRef][PubMed]
19. Cui, M.; Jiang, P.; Maillet, E.; Max, M.; Margolskee, R.F.; Osman, R. The heterodimeric sweet taste receptor has multiple potential ligand binding sites. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2006, 12, 4591–4600. [CrossRef][PubMed]
20. Toda, Y.; Nakagita, T.; Hayakawa, T.; Okada, S.; Narukawa, M.; Imai, H.; Ishimaru, Y.; Misaka, T. Two distinct determinants of ligand specificity in T1R1/T1R3 (the umami taste receptor). J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288, 36863–36877. [CrossRef][PubMed]
21. Drewnowski, A. Taste preferences and food intake. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1997, 17, 237–253. [CrossRef][PubMed]
22. Liao, J.; Schultz, P.G. Three sweet receptor genes are clustered in human chromosome 1. Mamm. Genome 2003, 14, 291–301. [CrossRef][PubMed]
23. Kim, U.K.; Wooding, S.; Riaz, N.; Jorde, L.B.; Drayna, D. Variation in the human TAS1R taste receptor genes. Chem. Senses 2006, 31, 599–611. [CrossRef][PubMed]
24. Eny, K.M.; Wolever, T.M.; Corey, P.N.; El Sohemy, A. Genetic variation in TAS1R2 (Ile191Val) is associated with consumption of sugars in overweight and obese individuals in 2 distinct populations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 92, 1501–1510. [CrossRef][PubMed]
25. Tremblay, A.J.; Morrissette, H.; Gagné, J.M.; Bergeron, J.; Gagné, C.; Couture, P. Validation of the Friedewald formula for the determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with beta-quantification in a large population. Clin. Biochem. 2004, 37, 785–790. [CrossRef][PubMed]
26. Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-037-SSA2–2002, Para la Prevención, Tratamiento y Control de las Dislipidemias. Available online: Http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo= 5285372&fecha=22/01/2013NOM (accessed on 5 June 2015).
27. Miller, S.A.; Dykes, D.D.; Polesky, H.F. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988, 16, 1215. [CrossRef][PubMed]
28. Aguilar-Barojas, S. Fórmulas para el cálculo de la muestra en investigaciones de salud. Salud en Tabasco 2005, 11, 333–338.
29. Ramos-Lopez, O.; Martinez-Lopez, E.; Roman, S.; Fierro, N.A.; Panduro, A. Genetic, metabolic and environmental factors involved in the development of liver cirrhosis in Mexico. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 11552–11566. [CrossRef][PubMed]
30. Rangel-Villalobos, H.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; González-Martín, A.; Gorostiza, A.; Magaña, M.T.; Páez Riberos, L.A. Genetic admixture, relatedness, and structure patterns among Mexican populations revealed by the Y-chromosome. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 135, 448–461. [CrossRef][PubMed]
31. Martínez-Cortés, G.; Salazar-Flores, J.; Haro-Guerrero, J.; Rubi-Castellanos, R.; Velarde-Félix, J.S.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; López-Casamichana, M.; Carrillo-Tapia, E.; Canseco-Avila, L.M.; Bravi, C.M. et al. Maternal admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on mtDNA haplogroups. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2013, 151, 526–537. [CrossRef][PubMed]
32. International HapMap Consortium. The International HapMap Project. Nature 2003, 426, 789–796.
33. Rubi-Castellanos, R.; Martínez-Cortés, G.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F.; González-Martín, A.; Cerda-Flores, R.M.; Anaya-Palafox, M.; Rangel-Villalobos, H. Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican demography approximates the present-day ancestry of Mestizos throughout the territory of Mexico. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2009, 139, 284–294. [CrossRef][PubMed]
34. Aceves, D.; Ruiz, B.; Nuño, P.; Roman, S.; Zepeda, E.; Panduro, A. Heterogeneity of apolipoprotein E polymorphism in different Mexican populations. Hum. Biol. 2006, 78, 65–75. [CrossRef][PubMed]
35. Martinez-Lopez, E.; Garcia-Garcia, M.R.; Gonzalez-Avalos, J.M.; Maldonado-Gonzalez, M.; Ruiz-Madrigal, B.; Vizmanos, B.; Hernandez-Nazara, Z.; Roman, S.; Panduro, A. Effect of Ala54Thr polymorphism of FABP2 on anthropometric and biochemical variables in response to a moderate-fat diet. Nutrition 2013, 29, 46–51. [CrossRef][PubMed]
36. Ramos-Lopez, O.; Panduro, A.; Martinez-Lopez, E.; Fierro, N.A.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Sepulveda-Villegas, M.; Roman, S. Genetic variant in the CD36 Gene (rs1761667) is associated with higher fat intake and high serum cholesterol among the population ofWest Mexico. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2015, 5, 353.
37. Ramos Lopez, O.; Roman, S.; Martinez-Lopez, E.; Gonzalez-Aldaco, K.; Ojeda-Granados, C.; Sepulveda-Villegas, M.; Panduro, A. Association of a novel TAS2R38 haplotype with alcohol intake among Mexican-Mestizo population. Ann. Hepatol. 2015, 14, 729–734. [PubMed]
38. Roman, S.; Zepeda-Carrillo, E.A.; Moreno-Luna, L.E.; Panduro, A. Alcoholism and liver disease in Mexico: Genetic and environmental factors. World J. Gastroenterol. 2013, 19, 7972–7982. [CrossRef][PubMed]
39. Salguero, M.L.; Leon, R.E.; Santos, A.; Roman, S.; Segura-Ortega, J.E. The role of FABP2 gene polymorphism in alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatol. Res. 2005, 33, 306–312. [CrossRef][PubMed]
40. Dias, A.G.; Eny, K.M.; Cockburn, M.; Chiu, W.; Nielsen, D.E.; Duizer, L.; El Sohemy, A. Variation in the TAS1R2 Gene, Sweet Taste Perception and Intake of Sugars. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics 2015, 8, 81–90. [CrossRef][PubMed]
41. Izakovicova Holla, L.; Borilova Linhartova, P.; Lucanova, S.; Kastovsky, J.; Musilova, K.; Bartosova, M.; Kukletova, M.; Kukla, L.; Dusek, L. GLUT2 and TAS1R2 Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Dental Caries. Caries Res. 2015, 49, 417–424. [CrossRef][PubMed]
42. Haznedaroğlu, E.; Koldemir Gündüz, M.; Bakır Coşkun, N.; Bozkuş, H.M.; Çağatay, P.; Süsleyici Duman, B.; Menteş, A. Association of sweet taste receptor gene polymorphisms with dental caries experience in school children. Caries Res. 2015, 49, 275–281. [CrossRef][PubMed]
43. Robino, A.; Bevilacqua, L.; Pirastu, N.; Situlin, R.; Di Lenarda, R.; Gasparini, P.; Navarra, C.O. Polymorphisms in sweet taste genes (TAS1R2 and GLUT2), sweet liking, and dental caries prevalence in an adult Italian population. Genes Nutr. 2015, 10, 485. [CrossRef][PubMed]
44. Nie, Y.; Vigues, S.; Hobbs, J.R.; Conn, G.L.; Munger, S.D. Distinct contributions of T1R2 and T1R3 taste receptor subunits to the detection of sweet stimuli. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15, 1948–1952. [CrossRef][PubMed]
45. Pin, J.P.; Galvez, T.; Prézeau, L. Evolution, structure, and activation mechanism of family 3/C G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 98, 325–354. [CrossRef]
46. Xu, H.; Staszewski, L.; Tang, H.; Adler, E.; Zoller, M.; Li, X. Different functional roles of T1R subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 14258–14263. [CrossRef][PubMed]
47. Salanti, G.; Southam, L.; Altshuler, D.; Ardlie, K.; Barroso, I.; Boehnke, M.; Cornelis, M.C.; Frayling, T.M.; Grallert, H.; Grarup, N. et al. Underlying genetic models of inheritance in established type 2 diabetes associations. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 170, 537–545. [CrossRef][PubMed]
48. Mejía-Benítez, M.A.; Bonnefond, A.; Yengo, L.; Huyvaert, M.; Dechaume, A.; Peralta-Romero, J.; Klünder-Klünder, M.; García Mena, J.; El-Sayed Moustafa, J.S.; Falchi, M.; et al. Beneficial effect of a high number of copies of salivary amylase AMY1 gene on obesity risk in Mexican children. Diabetologia 2015, 58, 290–294. [CrossRef][PubMed]
49. Parks, E.J. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on triglyceride metabolism in humans. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 2772S–2774S. [PubMed]
50. Roberts, R.; Bickerton, A.S.; Fielding, B.A.; Blaak, E.E.; Wagenmakers, A.J.; Chong, M.F.; Gilbert, M.; Karpe, F.; Frayn, K.N. Reduced oxidation of dietary fat after a short term high-carbohydrate diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 824–831. [PubMed]
51. Chong, M.F.; Fielding, B.A.; Frayn, K.N. Metabolic interaction of dietary sugars and plasma lipids with a focus on mechanisms and de novo lipogenesis. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2007, 66, 52–59. [CrossRef][PubMed]
52. Hudgins, L.C.; Hellerstein, M.K.; Seidman, C.E.; Neese, R.A.; Tremaroli, J.D.; Hirsch, J. Relationship between carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia and fatty acid synthesis in lean and obese subjects. J. Lipid Res. 2000, 41, 595–604. [PubMed]
53. Schwarz, J.M.; Linfoot, P.; Dare, D.; Aghajanian, K. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 43–50. [PubMed]
54. Chong, M.F.; Hodson, L.; Bickerton, A.S.; Roberts, R.; Neville, M.; Karpe, F.; Frayn, K.N.; Fielding, B.A. Parallel activation of de novo lipogenesis and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity after 3 d of high-carbohydrate feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 817–823. [PubMed]
55. Mittendorfer, B.; Sidossis, L.S. Mechanism for the increase in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations after consumption of short-term, high-carbohydrate diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 892–899. [PubMed]
56. Marques-Lopes, I.; Ansorena, D.; Astiasaran, I.; Forga, L.; Martínez, J.A. Postprandial de novo lipogenesis and metabolic changes induced by a high-carbohydrate, low-fat meal in lean and overweight men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 73, 253–261. [PubMed]
57. Parks, E.J.; Parks, E.J. Changes in fat synthesis influenced by dietary macronutrient content. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2002, 61, 281–286. [CrossRef][PubMed]
58. Baum, C.L.; Brown, M. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets and atherogenic risk. Nutr. Rev. 2000, 58, 148–151. [CrossRef][PubMed]
59. Schernhammer, E.S.; Hu, F.B.; Giovannucci, E.; Michaud, D.S.; Colditz, G.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Fuchs, C.S. Sugar-sweetened soft drink and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2005, 14, 2098–2105. [CrossRef][PubMed]
60. Larsson, S.C.; Bergkvist, L.; Wolk, A. Consumption of sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 1171–1176. [PubMed]
61. Schulze, M.B.; Manson, J.E.; Ludwig, D.S.; Colditz, G.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; Hu, F.B. Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 2004, 292, 927–934. [CrossRef][PubMed]
62. Malik, V.S.; Schulze, M.B.; Hu, F.B. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 274–288. [PubMed]
63. Martinez-Lopez, E.; Curiel-Lopez, F.; Hernandez-Nazara, A.; Moreno-Luna, L.E.; Ramos-Marquez, M.E.; Roman, S.; Panduro, A. Influence of ApoE and FABP2 polymorphisms and environmental factors in the susceptibility to gallstone disease. Ann. Hepatol. 2015, 14, 515–523. [PubMed]
64. Hernández Nazará, Z.H.; Ruiz-Madrigal, B.; Martínez López, E.; Roman, S.; Panduro, A. Association of the epsilon 2 allele of APOE gene to hypertriglyceridemia and to early-onset alcoholic cirrhosis. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2008, 32, 559–566. [CrossRef][PubMed]
65. Bo, S.; Cavallo-Perin, P.; Gentile, L.; Repetti, E.; Pagano, G. Low HDL-cholesterol: A component of the metabolic syndrome only in the presence of fasting hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2001, 27, 31–35. [PubMed]
66. Weissglas-Volkov, D.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Nikkola, E.; Deere, K.A.; Cruz-Bautista, I.; Arellano-Campos, O.; Muñoz-Hernandez, L.L.; Gomez-Munguia, L.; Ordoñez-Sánchez, M.L.; Reddy, P.M. et al. Genomic study in Mexicans identifies a new locus for triglycerides and refines European lipid loci. J. Med. Genet. 2013, 50, 298–308. [CrossRef][PubMed]
67. Villarreal-Molina, M.T.; Aguilar-Salinas, C.A.; Rodríguez-Cruz, M.; Riaño, D.; Villalobos-Comparan, M.; Coral-Vazquez, R.; Menjivar, M.; Yescas-Gomez, P.; Königsoerg-Fainstein, M.; Romero Hidalgo, S. et al. The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 R230C variant affects HDL cholesterol levels and BMI in the Mexican population: Association with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Diabetes 2007, 56, 1881–1887. [CrossRef][PubMed]
68. Ossoli, A.; Gomaraschi, M.; Franceschini, G.; Calabresi, L. Genetic determinants of HDL metabolism. Curr. Med. Chem. 2014, 21, 2855–2863. [CrossRef][PubMed]
69. Ahmad, T.; Chasman, D.I.; Buring, J.E.; Lee, I.M.; Ridker, P.M.; Everett, B.M. Physical activity modifies the effect of LPL, LIPC, and CETP polymorphisms on HDL-C levels and the risk of myocardial infarction in women of European ancestry. Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. 2011, 4, 74–80. [CrossRef][PubMed]
70. Mizuta, E.; Kokubo, Y.; Yamanaka, I.; Miyamoto, Y.; Okayama, A.; Yoshimasa, Y.; Tomoike, H.; Morisaki, H.; Morisaki, T. Leptin gene ad leptin receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with sweet preference and obesity. Hypertens. Res. 2008, 31, 1069–1077. [CrossRef][PubMed]
71. Eny, K.M.; Wolever, T.M.; Fontaine-Bisson, B.; El-Sohemy, A. Genetic variant in the glucose transporter type 2 is associated with higher intakes of sugars in two distinct populations. Physiol. Genomics 2008, 33, 355–360. [CrossRef][PubMed]
72. Eny, K.M.; Corey, P.N.; El-Sohemy, A. Dopamine D2 receptor genotype (C957T) and habitual consumption of sugars in a free-living population of men and women. J. Nutrigenet. Nutrigenomics 2009, 2, 235–242. [CrossRef][PubMed]
73. Anderson, J.W. Dietary fiber prevents carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2000, 2, 536–541. [CrossRef][PubMed]
74. Jenkis, D.J.; Kendall, C.W.; Vuksan, V.; Vidgen, E.; Parker, T.; Faulkner, D.; Mehling, C.C.; Garsetti, M.; Testolin, G.; Cunnane, S.C. et al. Soluble fiber intake at a dose approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for a claim of health benefits: Serum lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease assessed in a randomized controlled crossover trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 834–839.
75. Parks, E.J.; Krauss, R.M.; Christiansen, M.P.; Neese, R.A.; Hellerstein, M.K. Effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on VLDL-triglyceride assembly, production, and clearance. J. Clin. Investig. 1999, 104, 1087–1096. [CrossRef][PubMed]
76. Anderson, J.W.; Baird, P.; Davis, R.H., Jr.; Ferreri, S.; Knudtson, M.; Koraym, A.; Waters, V.; Williams, C.L. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr. Rev. 2009, 67, 188–205. [CrossRef][PubMed]
77. Panduro, A.; Zacarias Castillo, R. ¿Estamos incidiendo en el manejo médico-nutricional del paciente obeso en Mexico? Rev. Mex. Endocrinol. Metabol. Nutr. 2014, 1, 189–192.