Hypertriglyceridemia secondary to obesity and diabetes

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids

Volumn 1821, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 819-825

  Subramanian, Savitha ^a   Chait, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Free fatty acids; Insulin resistance; Small dense LDL; Visceral obesity; VLDL overproduction

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DIURETIC AGENT; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PIOGLITAZONE; PROTEOGLYCAN; ROSIGLITAZONE;

ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEGRADATION; DIET; ENDOTHELIUM; EXERCISE; GENETIC DISORDER; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE 1; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPODYSTROPHY; LIPOGENESIS; LIPOLYSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OXIDATION; PANCREATITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FIBRIC ACIDS; HUMANS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84859157035     PISSN: 13881981     EISSN: 18792618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.003     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. M.D. Carroll, D.A. Lacher, P.D. Sorlie, J.I. Cleeman, D.J. Gordon, M. Wolz, S.M. Grundy, and C.L. Johnson Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002 JAMA 294 2005 1773 1781
2. R.B. D'Agostino Jr., R.F. Hamman, A.J. Karter, L. Mykkanen, L.E. Wagenknecht, and S.M. Haffner Cardiovascular disease risk factors predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study Diabetes Care 27 2004 2234 2240
3. H.E. Resnick, G.L. Foster, J. Bardsley, and R.E. Ratner Achievement of American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1999-2002: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Diabetes Care 29 2006 531 537
4. J.D. Brunzell, H.G. Schrott, A.G. Motulsky, and E.L. Bierman Myocardial infarction in the familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia Metabolism 25 1976 313 320
5. P.N. Hopkins, G. Heiss, R.C. Ellison, M.A. Province, J.S. Pankow, J.H. Eckfeldt, and S.C. Hunt Coronary artery disease risk in familial combined hyperlipidemia and familial hypertriglyceridemia: a case-control comparison from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Circulation 108 2003 519 523
6. I.J. Goldberg, R.H. Eckel, and R. McPherson Triglycerides and heart disease: still a hypothesis? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 31 2011 1716 1725
7. H.N. Ginsberg Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease J. Clin. Invest. 106 2000 453 458
8. B.L. Wajchenberg Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome Endocr. Rev. 21 2000 697 738
9. J.R. Zierath, J.N. Livingston, A. Thorne, J. Bolinder, S. Reynisdottir, F. Lonnqvist, and P. Arner Regional difference in insulin inhibition of non-esterified fatty acid release from human adipocytes: relation to insulin receptor phosphorylation and intracellular signalling through the insulin receptor substrate-1 pathway Diabetologia 41 1998 1343 1354
10. J.P. Despres, and I. Lemieux Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome Nature 444 2006 881 887
11. A.H. Kissebah, N. Vydelingum, R. Murray, D.J. Evans, A.J. Hartz, R.K. Kalkhoff, and P.W. Adams Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54 1982 254 260
12. J.C. Seidell, A. Oosterlee, P. Deurenberg, J.G. Hautvast, and J.H. Ruijs Abdominal fat depots measured with computed tomography: effects of degree of obesity, sex, and age Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42 1988 805 815
13. R. Malmstrom, C.J. Packard, M. Caslake, D. Bedford, P. Stewart, H. Yki-Jarvinen, J. Shepherd, and M.R. Taskinen Defective regulation of triglyceride metabolism by insulin in the liver in NIDDM Diabetologia 40 1997 454 462
14. G.F. Lewis, A. Carpentier, K. Adeli, and A. Giacca Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes Endocr. Rev. 23 2002 201 229
15. G.F. Lewis Fatty acid regulation of very low density lipoprotein production Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8 1997 146 153
16. D.C. Chan, G.F. Watts, T.G. Redgrave, T.A. Mori, and P.H. Barrett Apolipoprotein B-100 kinetics in visceral obesity: associations with plasma apolipoprotein C-III concentration Metabolism 51 2002 1041 1046
17. P. Mauriege, A. Marette, C. Atgie, C. Bouchard, G. Theriault, L.K. Bukowiecki, P. Marceau, S. Biron, A. Nadeau, and J.P. Despres Regional variation in adipose tissue metabolism of severely obese premenopausal women J. Lipid Res. 36 1995 672 684
18. M.R. Taskinen Diabetic dyslipidaemia: from basic research to clinical practice Diabetologia 46 2003 733 749
19. C.D. Byrne, N.J. Wareham, N.E. Day, R. McLeish, D.R. Williams, and C.N. Hales Decreased non-esterified fatty acid suppression and features of the insulin resistance syndrome occur in a sub-group of individuals with normal glucose tolerance Diabetologia 38 1995 1358 1366
20. C.N. Sadur, T.J. Yost, and R.H. Eckel Insulin responsiveness of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase is delayed but preserved in obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59 1984 1176 1182
21. H.N. Ginsberg, and E.A. Fisher The ever-expanding role of degradation in the regulation of apolipoprotein B metabolism J. Lipid Res. 50 2009 S162 166 Suppl.
22. M. Adiels, S.O. Olofsson, M.R. Taskinen, and J. Boren Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28 2008 1225 1236
23. B. Verges Abnormal hepatic apolipoprotein B metabolism in type 2 diabetes Atherosclerosis 211 2010 353 360
24. A.H. Kissebah, S. Alfarsi, D.J. Evans, and P.W. Adams Integrated regulation of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein-B kinetics in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Diabetes 31 1982 217 225
25. M. Adiels, M.R. Taskinen, C. Packard, M.J. Caslake, A. Soro-Paavonen, J. Westerbacka, S. Vehkavaara, A. Hakkinen, S.O. Olofsson, H. Yki-Jarvinen, and J. Boren Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man Diabetologia 49 2006 755 765
26. J.M. Schwarz, P. Linfoot, D. Dare, and K. Aghajanian Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 2003 43 50
27. A. Vedala, W. Wang, R.A. Neese, M.P. Christiansen, and M.K. Hellerstein Delayed secretory pathway contributions to VLDL-triglycerides from plasma NEFA, diet, and de novo lipogenesis in humans J. Lipid Res. 47 2006 2562 2574
28. M. Matsubara, S. Maruoka, and S. Katayose Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 2764 2769
29. C. Lara-Castro, N. Luo, P. Wallace, R.L. Klein, and W.T. Garvey Adiponectin multimeric complexes and the metabolic syndrome trait cluster Diabetes 55 2006 249 259
30. M. Neumeier, A. Sigruener, E. Eggenhofer, J. Weigert, T.S. Weiss, A. Schaeffler, H.J. Schlitt, C. Aslanidis, P. Piso, T. Langmann, G. Schmitz, J. Scholmerich, and C. Buechler High molecular weight adiponectin reduces apolipoprotein B and E release in human hepatocytes Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 352 2007 543 548
31. L. Qiao, C. Zou, D.R. van der Westhuyzen, and J. Shao Adiponectin reduces plasma triglyceride by increasing VLDL triglyceride catabolism Diabetes 57 2008 1824 1833
32. H.N. Ginsberg, Y.L. Zhang, and A. Hernandez-Ono Metabolic syndrome: focus on dyslipidemia Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 Suppl. 1 2006 41S 49S
33. M. Adiels, J. Boren, M.J. Caslake, P. Stewart, A. Soro, J. Westerbacka, B. Wennberg, S.O. Olofsson, C. Packard, and M.R. Taskinen Overproduction of VLDL1 driven by hyperglycemia is a dominant feature of diabetic dyslipidemia Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 2005 1697 1703
34. B.O. Schneeman, L. Kotite, K.M. Todd, and R.J. Havel Relationships between the responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in blood plasma containing apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 to a fat-containing meal in normolipidemic humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 1993 2069 2073
35. L.M. Federico, M. Naples, D. Taylor, and K. Adeli Intestinal insulin resistance and aberrant production of apolipoprotein B48 lipoproteins in an animal model of insulin resistance and metabolic dyslipidemia: evidence for activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, extracellular signal-related kinase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c in the fructose-fed hamster intestine Diabetes 55 2006 1316 1326
36. G. Annuzzi, R. Giacco, L. Patti, L. Di Marino, C. De Natale, G. Costabile, M. Marra, C. Santangelo, R. Masella, and A.A. Rivellese Postprandial chylomicrons and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase are altered in type 2 diabetes independently of obesity and whole-body insulin resistance Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 18 2008 531 538
37. J.D. Brunzell, W.R. Hazzard, D. Porte Jr., and E.L. Bierman Evidence for a common, saturable, triglyceride removal mechanism for chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins in man J. Clin. Invest. 52 1973 1578 1585
38. A.P. Beigneux GPIHBP1 and the processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins Clin. Lipidol. 5 2010 575 582
39. A.D. Cooper Hepatic uptake of chylomicron remnants J. Lipid Res. 38 1997 2173 2192
40. Lipid and lipoprotein levels in patients with IDDM diabetes control and complication. Trial experience. The DCCT Research Group Diabetes Care 15 1992 886 894
41. S.W. Weidman, J.B. Ragland, J.N. Fisher Jr., A.E. Kitabchi, and S.M. Sabesin Effects of insulin on plasma lipoproteins in diabetic ketoacidosis: evidence for a change in high density lipoprotein composition during treatment J. Lipid Res. 23 1982 171 182
42. J.Q. Purnell, J.E. Hokanson, S.M. Marcovina, M.W. Steffes, P.A. Cleary, and J.D. Brunzell Effect of excessive weight gain with intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes on lipid levels and blood pressure: results from the DCCT. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial JAMA 280 1998 140 146
43. J.Q. Purnell, R.K. Dev, M.W. Steffes, P.A. Cleary, J.P. Palmer, I.B. Hirsch, J.E. Hokanson, and J.D. Brunzell Relationship of family history of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, and autoantibodies to weight gain and lipids with intensive and conventional therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Diabetes 52 2003 2623 2629
44. B. Verges Lipid disorders in type 1 diabetes Diab. Metab. 35 2009 353 360
45. G.F. Lewis, N.M. O'Meara, V.G. Cabana, J.D. Blackman, W.L. Pugh, A.F. Druetzler, J.R. Lukens, G.S. Getz, and K.S. Polonsky Postprandial triglyceride response in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is not altered by short-term deterioration in glycaemic control or level of postprandial insulin replacement Diabetologia 34 1991 253 259
46. J. Guy, L. Ogden, R.P. Wadwa, R.F. Hamman, E.J. Mayer-Davis, A.D. Liese, R. D'Agostino Jr., S. Marcovina, and D. Dabelea Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in youth with and without type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth case-control study Diabetes Care 32 2009 416 420
47. A.J. Jenkins, T.J. Lyons, D. Zheng, J.D. Otvos, D.T. Lackland, D. McGee, W.T. Garvey, and R.L. Klein Lipoproteins in the DCCT/EDIC cohort: associations with diabetic nephropathy Kidney Int. 64 2003 817 828
48. M.B. Mattock, N. Cronin, P. Cavallo-Perin, B. Idzior-Walus, G. Penno, S. Bandinelli, E. Standl, A. Kofinis, and J.H. Fuller Plasma lipids and urinary albumin excretion rate in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Diabet. Med. 18 2001 59 67
49. S. Rashid, T. Watanabe, T. Sakaue, and G.F. Lewis Mechanisms of HDL lowering in insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic states: the combined effect of HDL triglyceride enrichment and elevated hepatic lipase activity Clin. Biochem. 36 2003 421 429
50. A. Nicoll, and B. Lewis Evaluation of the roles of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in lipoprotein metabolism: in vivo and in vitro studies in man Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 10 1980 487 495
51. C.J. Packard, and J. Shepherd Lipoprotein heterogeneity and apolipoprotein B metabolism Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17 1997 3542 3556
52. N.F. Galeano, M. Al-Haideri, F. Keyserman, S.C. Rumsey, and R.J. Deckelbaum Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity J. Lipid Res. 39 1998 1263 1273
53. N.F. Galeano, R. Milne, Y.L. Marcel, M.T. Walsh, E. Levy, T.D. Ngu'yen, A. Gleeson, Y. Arad, L. Witte, M. Al-Haideri, S.C. Rumsey, and R.J. Deckelbaum Apoprotein B structure and receptor recognition of triglyceride-rich low density lipoprotein (LDL) is modified in small LDL but not in triglyceride-rich LDL of normal size J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 511 519
54. C. Zheng, C. Khoo, J. Furtado, and F.M. Sacks Apolipoprotein C-III and the metabolic basis for hypertriglyceridemia and the dense low-density lipoprotein phenotype Circulation 121 2010 1722 1734
55. M.A. Austin, J.L. Breslow, C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Buring, W.C. Willett, and R.M. Krauss Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction JAMA 260 1988 1917 1921
56. B. Lamarche, A. Tchernof, S. Moorjani, B. Cantin, G.R. Dagenais, P.J. Lupien, and J.P. Despres Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study Circulation 95 1997 69 75
57. T. Bjornheden, A. Babyi, G. Bondjers, and O. Wiklund Accumulation of lipoprotein fractions and subfractions in the arterial wall, determined in an in vitro perfusion system Atherosclerosis 123 1996 43 56
58. J. de Graaf, H.L. Hak-Lemmers, M.P. Hectors, P.N. Demacker, J.C. Hendriks, and A.F. Stalenhoef Enhanced susceptibility to in vitro oxidation of the dense low density lipoprotein subfraction in healthy subjects Arterioscler. Thromb. 11 1991 298 306
59. D.L. Tribble, M. Rizzo, A. Chait, D.M. Lewis, P.J. Blanche, and R.M. Krauss Enhanced oxidative susceptibility and reduced antioxidant content of metabolic precursors of small, dense low-density lipoproteins Am. J. Med. 110 2001 103 110
60. K. Olin-Lewis, R.M. Krauss, M. La Belle, P.J. Blanche, P.H. Barrett, T.N. Wight, and A. Chait ApoC-III content of apoB-containing lipoproteins is associated with binding to the vascular proteoglycan biglycan J. Lipid Res. 43 2002 1969 1977
61. K.K. Berneis, and R.M. Krauss Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity J. Lipid Res. 43 2002 1363 1379
62. M.R. Taskinen, E.A. Nikkila, M. Valimaki, T. Sane, T. Kuusi, A. Kesaniemi, and R. Ylikahri Alcohol-induced changes in serum lipoproteins and in their metabolism Am. Heart J. 113 1987 458 464
63. J.D. Brunzell Clinical practice. Hypertriglyceridemia N. Engl. J. Med. 357 2007 1009 1017
64. A. Chait, and J.D. Brunzell Severe hypertriglyceridemia: role of familial and acquired disorders Metabolism 32 1983 209 214
65. A. Chait, H.T. Robertson, and J.D. Brunzell Chylomicronemia syndrome in diabetes mellitus Diabetes Care 4 1981 343 348
66. K.L. Herbst, L.R. Tannock, S.S. Deeb, J.Q. Purnell, J.D. Brunzell, and A. Chait Kobberling type of familial partial lipodystrophy: an underrecognized syndrome Diabetes Care 26 2003 1819 1824
67. M.A. Austin, J.E. Hokanson, and K.L. Edwards Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor Am. J. Cardiol. 81 1998 7B 12B
68. A. Chait, and J.D. Brunzell Chylomicronemia syndrome Adv. Intern. Med. 37 1992 249 273
69. R.J. Havel Pathogenesis, differentiation and management of hypertriglyceridemia Adv. Intern. Med. 15 1969 117 154
70. I. Lemieux, A. Pascot, C. Couillard, B. Lamarche, A. Tchernof, N. Almeras, J. Bergeron, D. Gaudet, G. Tremblay, D. Prud'homme, A. Nadeau, and J.P. Despres Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation 102 2000 179 184
71. H.S. Kahn, and R. Valdez Metabolic risks identified by the combination of enlarged waist and elevated triacylglycerol concentration Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78 2003 928 934
72. S. Bansal, J.E. Buring, N. Rifai, S. Mora, F.M. Sacks, and P.M. Ridker Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women JAMA 298 2007 309 316
73. B.G. Nordestgaard, M. Benn, P. Schnohr, and A. Tybjaerg-Hansen Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women JAMA 298 2007 299 308
74. A.F. Stalenhoef, and J. de Graaf Association of fasting and nonfasting serum triglycerides with cardiovascular disease and the role of remnant-like lipoproteins and small dense LDL Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 19 2008 355 361
75. R. Ross, D. Dagnone, P.J. Jones, H. Smith, A. Paddags, R. Hudson, and I. Janssen Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial Ann. Intern. Med. 133 2000 92 103
76. R. Ross, I. Janssen, J. Dawson, A.M. Kungl, J.L. Kuk, S.L. Wong, T.B. Nguyen-Duy, S. Lee, K. Kilpatrick, and R. Hudson Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial Obes. Res. 12 2004 789 798
77. J.A. Kanaley, C. Sames, L. Swisher, A.G. Swick, L.L. Ploutz-Snyder, C.M. Steppan, K.S. Sagendorf, D. Feiglin, E.B. Jaynes, R.A. Meyer, and R.S. Weinstock Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: the impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status Metabolism 50 2001 976 982
78. J.E. Donnelly, J.O. Hill, D.J. Jacobsen, J. Potteiger, D.K. Sullivan, S.L. Johnson, K. Heelan, M. Hise, P.V. Fennessey, B. Sonko, T. Sharp, J.M. Jakicic, S.N. Blair, Z.V. Tran, M. Mayo, C. Gibson, and R.A. Washburn Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial Arch. Intern. Med. 163 2003 1343 1350
79. R. Ross, J. Rissanen, H. Pedwell, J. Clifford, and P. Shragge Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men J. Appl. Physiol. 81 1996 2445 2455
80. G.E. Duncan, S.D. Anton, S.J. Sydeman, R.L. Newton Jr., J.A. Corsica, P.E. Durning, T.U. Ketterson, A.D. Martin, M.C. Limacher, and M.G. Perri Prescribing exercise at varied levels of intensity and frequency: a randomized trial Arch. Intern. Med. 165 2005 2362 2369
81. E.L. Thomas, A.E. Brynes, J. McCarthy, A.P. Goldstone, J.V. Hajnal, N. Saeed, G. Frost, and J.D. Bell Preferential loss of visceral fat following aerobic exercise, measured by magnetic resonance imaging Lipids 35 2000 769 776
82. D.F. Williamson, M.K. Serdula, R.F. Anda, A. Levy, and T. Byers Weight loss attempts in adults: goals, duration, and rate of weight loss Am. J. Public Health 82 1992 1251 1257
83. W.C. Knowler, E. Barrett-Connor, S.E. Fowler, R.F. Hamman, J.M. Lachin, E.A. Walker, and D.M. Nathan Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N. Engl. J. Med. 346 2002 393 403
84. J. Tuomilehto, J. Lindstrom, J.G. Eriksson, T.T. Valle, H. Hamalainen, P. Ilanne-Parikka, S. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, M. Laakso, A. Louheranta, M. Rastas, V. Salminen, and M. Uusitupa Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance N. Engl. J. Med. 344 2001 1343 1350
85. H.M. Colhoun, D.J. Betteridge, P.N. Durrington, G.A. Hitman, H.A. Neil, S.J. Livingstone, M.J. Thomason, M.I. Mackness, V. Charlton-Menys, and J.H. Fuller Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 364 2004 685 696
86. R. Collins, J. Armitage, S. Parish, P. Sleigh, and R. Peto MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 361 2003 2005 2016
87. J. Shepherd, P. Barter, R. Carmena, P. Deedwania, J.C. Fruchart, S. Haffner, J. Hsia, A. Breazna, J. LaRosa, S. Grundy, and D. Waters Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study Diabetes Care 29 2006 1220 1226
88. S.M. Grundy, J.I. Cleeman, C.N. Merz, H.B. Brewer Jr., L.T. Clark, D.B. Hunninghake, R.C. Pasternak, S.C. Smith Jr., and N.J. Stone Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines Circulation 110 2004 227 239
89. C.A. Dane-Stewart, G.F. Watts, S. Pal, D. Chan, P. Thompson, J. Hung, and J.C. Mamo Effect of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein B48 metabolism and low-density lipoprotein receptor activity in normolipidemic patients with coronary artery disease Metabolism 52 2003 1279 1286
90. A. Keech, R.J. Simes, P. Barter, J. Best, R. Scott, M.R. Taskinen, P. Forder, A. Pillai, T. Davis, P. Glasziou, P. Drury, Y.A. Kesaniemi, D. Sullivan, D. Hunt, P. Colman, M. d'Emden, M. Whiting, C. Ehnholm, and M. Laakso Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial Lancet 366 2005 1849 1861
91. H.N. Ginsberg, M.B. Elam, L.C. Lovato, J.R. Crouse III, L.A. Leiter, P. Linz, W.T. Friedewald, J.B. Buse, H.C. Gerstein, J. Probstfield, R.H. Grimm, F. Ismail-Beigi, J.T. Bigger, D.C. Goff Jr., W.C. Cushman, D.G. Simons-Morton, and R.P. Byington Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus N. Engl. J. Med. 362 2010 1563 1574
92. V.S. Kamanna, and M.L. Kashyap Mechanism of action of niacin on lipoprotein metabolism Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2 2000 36 46
93. M.B. Elam, D.B. Hunninghake, K.B. Davis, R. Garg, C. Johnson, D. Egan, J.B. Kostis, D.S. Sheps, and E.A. Brinton Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial JAMA 284 2000 1263 1270
94. S.M. Grundy, G.L. Vega, M.E. McGovern, B.R. Tulloch, D.M. Kendall, D. Fitz-Patrick, O.P. Ganda, R.S. Rosenson, J.B. Buse, D.D. Robertson, and J.P. Sheehan Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial Arch. Intern. Med. 162 2002 1568 1576
95. B.G. Brown, X.Q. Zhao, A. Chait, L.D. Fisher, M.C. Cheung, J.S. Morse, A.A. Dowdy, E.K. Marino, E.L. Bolson, P. Alaupovic, J. Frohlich, and J.J. Albers Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease N. Engl. J. Med. 345 2001 1583 1592
96. P.L. Canner, K.G. Berge, N.K. Wenger, J. Stamler, L. Friedman, R.J. Prineas, and W. Friedewald Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8 1986 1245 1255
97. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00120289?term=aim-high&rank=3 2011
98. http://public.nhlbi.nih.gov/newsroom/home/GetPressRelease.aspx?id=2792 2011
99. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00461630 2011
100. R.B. Goldberg, D.M. Kendall, M.A. Deeg, J.B. Buse, A.J. Zagar, J.A. Pinaire, M.H. Tan, M.A. Khan, A.T. Perez, and S.J. Jacober A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia Diabetes Care 28 2005 1547 1554
101. A. Hsiao, D.S. Worrall, J.M. Olefsky, and S. Subramaniam Variance-modeled posterior inference of microarray data: detecting gene-expression changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Bioinformatics 20 2004 3108 3127
102. D.J. Betteridge Effects of pioglitazone on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism Diab. Obes. Metab. 9 2007 640 647
103. S.J. Nicholls, E.M. Tuzcu, K. Wolski, O. Bayturan, A. Lavoie, K. Uno, S. Kupfer, A. Perez, R. Nesto, and S.E. Nissen Lowering the triglyceride/high- density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression of Intravascular Sonographic Coronary Obstruction Prospective Evaluation) study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57 2010 153 159
104. J.A. Dormandy, B. Charbonnel, D.J. Eckland, E. Erdmann, M. Massi-Benedetti, I.K. Moules, A.M. Skene, M.H. Tan, P.J. Lefebvre, G.D. Murray, E. Standl, R.G. Wilcox, L. Wilhelmsen, J. Betteridge, K. Birkeland, A. Golay, R.J. Heine, L. Koranyi, M. Laakso, M. Mokan, A. Norkus, V. Pirags, T. Podar, A. Scheen, W. Scherbaum, G. Schernthaner, O. Schmitz, J. Skrha, U. Smith, and J. Taton Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 366 2005 1279 1289
105. J.D. Lewis, A. Ferrara, T. Peng, M. Hedderson, W.B. Bilker, C.P. Quesenberry Jr., D.J. Vaughn, L. Nessel, J. Selby, and B.L. Strom Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study Diabetes Care 34 2011 916 922
106. S.E. Nissen, and K. Wolski Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes N. Engl. J. Med. 356 2007 2457 2471
107. S.E. Nissen, and K. Wolski Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality Arch. Intern. Med. 170 2011 1191 1201