Nutritional therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

Volumn 29, Issue , 2016, Pages 1-11

  Dongiovanni, Paola ^a   Lanti, Claudia ^b   Riso, Patrizia ^b   Valenti, Luca ^a,b  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Animal models; Clinical trials; Food bioactives; In vitro studies; Molecular mechanisms; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTHOCYANIN; COPPER; IRON; LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; POLYPHENOL; RESVERATROL; SELENIUM; SILIBININ; VITAMIN D;

DIET THERAPY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID STORAGE; LIVER FIBROSIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT;

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE;

EID: 84958152301     PISSN: 09552863     EISSN: 18734847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.024     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1221-1231.
2. Browning J.D., Szczepaniak L.S., Dobbins R., Nuremberg P., Horton J.D., Cohen J.C., et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004, 40:1387-1395.
3. Blachier M., Leleu H., Peck-Radosavljevic M., Valla D.C., Roudot-Thoraval F. The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data. J Hepatol 2013, 58:593-608.
4. Marchesini G., Brizi M., Morselli-Labate A.M., Bianchi G., Bugianesi E., McCullough A.J., et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999, 107:450-455.
5. Fabbrini E., Mohammed B.S., Magkos F., Korenblat K.M., Patterson B.W., Klein S. Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:424-431.
6. Cohen J.C., Horton J.D., Hobbs H.H. Human fatty liver disease: old questions and new insights. Science 2011, 332:1519-1523.
7. Kleiner D.E., Brunt E.M., Van Natta M., Behling C., Contos M.J., Cummings O.W., et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005, 41:1313-1321.
8. Day C.P. From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:207-210.
9. Bugianesi E., Leone N., Vanni E., Marchesini G., Brunello F., Carucci P., et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:134-140.
10. Liu Y.L., Patman G.L., Leathart J.B., Piguet A.C., Burt A.D., Dufour J.F., et al. Carriage of the PNPLA3 rs738409 C > G polymorphism confers an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014, 61:75-81.
11. Dongiovanni P., Anstee Q.M., Valenti L. Genetic predisposition in NAFLD and NASH: impact on severity of liver disease and response to treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2013, 19:5219-5238.
12. Eslamparast T., Eghtesad S., Poustchi H., Hekmatdoost A. Recent advances in dietary supplementation, in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2015, 7:204-212.
13. Aguirre L., Portillo M.P., Hijona E., Bujanda L. Effects of resveratrol and other polyphenols in hepatic steatosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014, 20:7366-7380.
14. Yamaguchi K., Yang L., McCall S., Huang J., Yu X.X., Pandey S.K., et al. Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2007, 45:1366-1374.
15. Marchesini G., Brizi M., Bianchi G., Tomassetti S., Bugianesi E., Lenzi M., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2001, 50:1844-1850.
16. Day C.P. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"?. Gastroenterology 1998, 114:842-845.
17. Tilg H., Moschen A.R. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology 1836-1846, 52:2010.
18. Valenti L., Ludovica Fracanzani A., Fargion S. The immunopathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: two triggers for one disease?. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31(3):359-369.
19. Miele L., Valenza V., La Torre G., Montalto M., Cammarota G., Ricci R., et al. Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2009, 49(6):1877-1887.
20. Anstee Q.M., Daly A.K., Day C.P. Genetics of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2011, 31(2):128-146.
21. Promrat K., Kleiner D.E., Niemeier H.M., Jackvony E., Kearns M., Wands J.R., et al. Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010, 51:121-129.
22. Sullivan S., Kirk E.P., Mittendorfer B., Patterson B.W., Klein S. Randomized trial of exercise effect on intrahepatic triglyceride content and lipid kinetics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2012, 55:1738-1745.
23. Harrison S.A., Fecht W., Brunt E.M., Neuschwander-Tetri B.A. Orlistat for overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized, prospective trial. Hepatology 2009, 49:80-86.
24. Centis E., Moscatiello S., Bugianesi E., Bellentani S., Fracanzani A.L., Calugi S., et al. Stage of change and motivation to healthier lifestyle in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2014, 58:771-777.
25. St George A., Bauman A., Johnston A., Farrell G., Chey T., George J. Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2009, 50:68-76.
26. Perseghin G., Lattuada G., De Cobelli F., Ragogna F., Ntali G., Esposito A., et al. Habitual physical activity is associated with intrahepatic fat content in humans. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:683-688.
27. Johnson N.A., Sachinwalla T., Walton D.W., Smith K., Armstrong A., Thompson M.W., et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology 2009, 50:1105-1112.
28. Sreenivasa Baba C., Alexander G., Kalyani B., Pandey R., Rastogi S., Pandey A., et al. Effect of exercise and dietary modification on serum aminotransferase levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 21:191-198.
29. Hallsworth K., Fattakhova G., Hollingsworth K.G., Thoma C., Moore S., Taylor R., et al. Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut 2011, 60:1278-1283.
30. Ryan M.C., Desmond P., Wilson A. Reply to: "might some of the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease be mediated by reduced iron stores?". J Hepatol 2013, 59:640.
31. Musso G., Gambino R., De Michieli F., Cassader M., Rizzetto M., Durazzo M., et al. Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003, 37:909-916.
32. Ferder L., Ferder M.D., Inserra F. The role of high-fructose corn syrup in metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2010, 12:105-112.
33. Chiu S., Sievenpiper J.L., de Souza R.J., Cozma A.I., Mirrahimi A., Carleton A.J., et al. Effect of fructose on markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014, 68:416-423.
34. Vos M.B., Lavine J.E. Dietary fructose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2013, 57:2525-2531.
35. Ma J., Fox C.S., Jacques P.F., Speliotes E.K., Hoffmann U., Smith C.E., et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage, diet soda, and fatty liver disease in the Framingham Heart Study cohorts. J Hepatol 2015.
36. Bergheim I., Weber S., Vos M., Kramer S., Volynets V., Kaserouni S., et al. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin. J Hepatol 2008, 48:983-992.
37. Toshimitsu K., Matsuura B., Ohkubo I., Niiya T., Furukawa S., Hiasa Y., et al. Dietary habits and nutrient intake in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutrition 2007, 23:46-52.
38. Lomonaco R., Sunny N.E., Bril F., Cusi K. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current issues and novel treatment approaches. Drugs 2013, 73:1-14.
39. Musso G., Gambino R., Cassader M., Pagano G. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010, 52:79-104.
40. Duseja A., Das A., Dhiman R.K., Chawla Y.K., Thumburu K.T., Bhadada S., et al. Metformin is effective in achieving biochemical response in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) not responding to lifestyle interventions. Ann Hepatol 2007, 6:222-226.
41. Rakoski M.O., Singal A.G., Rogers M.A., Conjeevaram H. Meta-analysis: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 32:1211-1221.
42. Zhu F.S., Liu S., Chen X.M., Huang Z.G., Zhang D.W. Effects of n-polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:6395-6400.
43. Masterton G.S., Plevris J.N., Hayes P.C. Review article: omega-fatty acids - a promising novel therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010, 31:679-692.
44. Capanni M., Calella F., Biagini M.R., Genise S., Raimondi L., Bedogni G., et al. Prolonged n-polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation ameliorates hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006, 23:1143-1151.
45. Spadaro L., Magliocco O., Spampinato D., Piro S., Oliveri C., Alagona C., et al. Effects of n-polyunsaturated fatty acids in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis 2008, 40:194-199.
46. Tanaka N., Sano K., Horiuchi A., Tanaka E., Kiyosawa K., Aoyama T. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid treatment improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008, 42:413-418.
47. Scorletti E., Bhatia L., McCormick K.G., Clough G.F., Nash K., Calder P.C., et al. Design and rationale of the WELCOME trial: A randomised, placebo controlled study to test the efficacy of purified long chainomega-fatty acid treatment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [corrected]. Contemp Clin Trials 2014, 37:301-311.
48. Nobili V., Bedogni G., Alisi A., Pietrobattista A., Rise P., Galli C., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Arch Dis Child 2011, 96:350-353.
49. Nobili V., Alisi A., Della Corte C., Rise P., Galli C., Agostoni C., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid for the treatment of fatty liver: randomised controlled trial in children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013, 23:1066-1070.
50. Parker H.M., Johnson N.A., Burdon C.A., Cohn J.S., O'Connor H.T., George J. Omega-supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2012, 56:944-951.
51. Argo C.K., Patrie J.T., Lackner C., Henry T.D., de Lange E.E., Weltman A.L., et al. Effects of n-fish oil on metabolic and histological parameters in NASH: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Hepatol 2015, 62:190-197.
52. Oh D.Y., Talukdar S., Bae E.J., Imamura T., Morinaga H., Fan W., et al. GPR120 is an omega-fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell 2010, 142:687-698.
53. Nobili V, Carpino G, Alisi A, De Vito R, Franchitto A, Alpini G, et al. Role of docosahexaenoic acid treatment in improving liver histology in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS One 9:e88005.
54. Valenti L., Nobili V. Deciphering the role of omega3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014, 59:423-424.
55. Nagao K., Nakamitsu K., Ishida H., Yoshinaga K., Nagai T., Mizobe H., et al. Comparison of the lipid-lowering effects of four different n-highly unsaturated fatty acids in HepG2 cells. J Oleo Sci 2014, 63:979-985.
56. Di Nunzio M., Valli V., Bordoni A. Pro- and anti-oxidant effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in HepG2 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011, 85:121-127.
57. Shiba S., Tsunoda N., Wakutsu M., Muraki E., Sonoda M., Tam P.S., et al. Regulation of lipid metabolism by palmitoleate and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011, 75:2401-2403.
58. Matsumoto T., Terai S., Oishi T., Kuwashiro S., Fujisawa K., Yamamoto N., et al. Medaka as a model for human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dis Model Mech 2010, 3:431-440.
59. Kajikawa S., Imada K., Takeuchi T., Shimizu Y., Kawashima A., Harada T., et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates progression of hepatic fibrosis with inhibition of reactive oxygen species production in rats fed methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Dig Dis Sci 2011, 56:1065-1074.
60. Kajikawa S., Harada T., Kawashima A., Imada K., Mizuguchi K. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester prevents development of steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2010, 55:631-641.
61. Poudyal H., Panchal S.K., Ward L.C., Brown L. Effects of ALA, EPA and DHA in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013, 24:1041-1052.
62. Tang X., Li Z.J., Xu J., Xue Y., Li J.Z., Wang J.F., et al. Short term effects of different omega-fatty acid formulation on lipid metabolism in mice fed high or low fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2012, 11:70.
63. Lengqvist J., Mata De Urquiza A., Bergman A.C., Willson T.M., Sjovall J., Perlmann T., et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid bind to the retinoid X receptor alpha ligand-binding domain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004, 3:692-703.
64. Vemuri M., Kelley D.S., Mackey B.E., Rasooly R., Bartolini G. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) But Not Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Prevents Trans-10, Cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)-Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2007, 5:315-322.
65. Birringer M., Pfluger P., Kluth D., Landes N., Brigelius-Flohe R. Identities and differences in the metabolism of tocotrienols and tocopherols in HepG2 cells. J Nutr 2002, 132:3113-3118.
66. Takitani K., Miyazaki H., Yoden A., Tamai H. Children's toxicology from bench to bed--Liver Injury (2): mechanism of antioxidant therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Toxicol Sci 2009, 34(Suppl. 2):SP223-SP228.
67. Miyazaki H., Takitani K., Koh M., Yoden A., Tamai H. The alpha-tocopherol status and expression of alpha-tocopherol-related proteins in methionine-choline deficient rats treated with vitamin E. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014, 54:190-197.
68. Sanyal A.J., Campbell-Sargent C., Mirshahi F., Rizzo W.B., Contos M.J., Sterling R.K., et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001, 120:1183-1192.
69. Seki S., Kitada T., Yamada T., Sakaguchi H., Nakatani K., Wakasa K. In situ detection of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Hepatol 2002, 37:56-62.
70. MacDonald G.A., Bridle K.R., Ward P.J., Walker N.I., Houglum K., George D.K., et al. Lipid peroxidation in hepatic steatosis in humans is associated with hepatic fibrosis and occurs predominately in acinar zone 3. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001, 16:599-606.
71. Sanyal A.J., Chalasani N., Kowdley K.V., McCullough A., Diehl A.M., Bass N.M., et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1675-1685.
72. Foster T., Budoff M.J., Saab S., Ahmadi N., Gordon C., Guerci A.D. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011, 106:71-77.
73. Thuma P.E., Mabeza G.F., Biemba G., Bhat G.J., McLaren C.E., Moyo V.M., et al. Effect of iron chelation therapy on mortality in Zambian children with cerebral malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:214-218.
74. Nobili V., Manco M., Devito R., Ciampalini P., Piemonte F., Marcellini M. Effect of vitamin E on aminotransferase levels and insulin resistance in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006, 24:1553-1561.
75. Lavine J.E., Schwimmer J.B., Van Natta M.L., Molleston J.P., Murray K.F., Rosenthal P., et al. Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011, 305:1659-1668.
76. Albanes D., Till C., Klein E.A., Goodman P.J., Mondul A.M., Weinstein S.J., et al. Plasma tocopherols and risk of prostate cancer in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014, 7:886-895.
77. Miller E.R., Pastor-Barriuso R., Dalal D., Riemersma R.A., Appel L.J., Guallar E. Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:37-46.
78. Houglum K., Brenner D.A., Chojkier M. d-alpha-tocopherol inhibits collagen alpha 1(I) gene expression in cultured human fibroblasts. Modulation of constitutive collagen gene expression by lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest 1991, 87:2230-2235.
79. Nieto N., Friedman S.L., Greenwel P., Cederbaum A.I. CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress induces collagen type I expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 1999, 30:987-996.
80. Zaiden N., Yap W.N., Ong S., Xu C.H., Teo V.H., Chang C.P., et al. Gamma delta tocotrienols reduce hepatic triglyceride synthesis and VLDL secretion. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010, 17:1019-1932.
81. Podszun M.C., Grebenstein N., Spruss A., Schlueter T., Kremoser C., Bergheim I., et al. Dietary alpha-tocopherol and atorvastatin reduce high-fat-induced lipid accumulation and down-regulate CD36 protein in the liver of guinea pigs. J Nutr Biochem 2014, 25:573-579.
82. Raso G.M., Esposito E., Iacono A., Pacilio M., Cuzzocrea S., Canani R.B., et al. Comparative therapeutic effects of metformin and vitamin E in a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the young rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 604:125-131.
83. Chung M.Y., Yeung S.F., Park H.J., Volek J.S., Bruno R.S. Dietary alpha- and gamma-tocopherol supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory-related responses in an obese mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem 2010, 21:1200-1206.
84. Tzanetakou I.P., Doulamis I.P., Korou L.M., Agrogiannis G., Vlachos I.S., Pantopoulou A., et al. Water Soluble Vitamin E Administration in Wistar Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2012, 6:88-97.
85. Phung N., Pera N., Farrell G., Leclercq I., Hou J.Y., George J. Pro-oxidant-mediated hepatic fibrosis and effects of antioxidant intervention in murine dietary steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Med 2009, 24:171-180.
86. Alvarez J.A., Ashraf A. Role of vitamin d in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2010, 351385.
87. Zuniga S., Firrincieli D., Housset C., Chignard N. Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor in liver pathophysiology. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011, 35:295-302.
88. Smith H.J., Meremikwu M. Iron chelating agents for treating malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, CD001474.
89. Smotkin-Tangorra M., Purushothaman R., Gupta A., Nejati G., Anhalt H., Ten S. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007, 20:817-823.
90. Bradlee M.L., Singer M.R., Qureshi M.M., Moore L.L. Food group intake and central obesity among children and adolescents in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Public Health Nutr 2010, 13:797-805.
91. Kwok R.M., Torres D.M., Harrison S.A. Vitamin D and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): is it more than just an association?. Hepatology 2013, 58:1166-1174.
92. Kasapoglu B., Turkay C., Yalcin K.S., Carlioglu A., Sozen M., Koktener A. Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased risk for fatty liver disease among non-obese adults. Clin Med 2013, 13:576-579.
93. Targher G., Bertolini L., Scala L., Cigolini M., Zenari L., Falezza G., et al. Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007, 17:517-524.
94. Kitson M.T., Roberts S.K. D-livering the message: the importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2012, 57:897-909.
95. Barchetta I., Carotti S., Labbadia G., Gentilucci U.V., Muda A.O., Angelico F., et al. Liver vitamin D receptor, CYP2R1, and CYP27A1 expression: relationship with liver histology and vitamin D3 levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2012, 56:2180-2187.
96. Foroughi M., Maghsoudi Z., Ghiasvand R., Iraj B., Askari G. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on C-reactive Protein in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver. Int J Prev Med 2014, 5:969-975.
97. Sharifi N., Amani R., Hajiani E., Cheraghian B. Does vitamin D improve liver enzymes, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? A randomized clinical trial. Endocrine 2014, 47:70-80.
98. Nishida S., Ozeki J., Makishima M. Modulation of bile acid metabolism by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 administration in mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2009, 37:2037-2044.
99. Theodoropoulos C., Demers C., Petit J.L., Gascon-Barre M. High sensitivity of rat hepatic vitamin D3-25 hydroxylase CYP27A to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 284:E138-E147.
100. Sakuma T., Miyamoto T., Jiang W., Kakizawa T., Nishio S.I., Suzuki S., et al. Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha signaling by vitamin D receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 312:513-519.
101. Chen Z., Gao C., Hua Y., Keep R.F., Muraszko K., Xi G. Role of iron in brain injury after intraventricular hemorrhage. Stroke 2011, 42:465-470.
102. Ding N., Yu R.T., Subramaniam N., Sherman M.H., Wilson C., Rao R., et al. A vitamin D receptor/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response. Cell 2013, 153:601-613.
103. Kong M., Zhu L., Bai L., Zhang X., Chen Y., Liu S., et al. Vitamin D deficiency promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through impaired enterohepatic circulation in animal model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014, 307:G883-G893.
104. Roth C.L., Elfers C.T., Figlewicz D.P., Melhorn S.J., Morton G.J., Hoofnagle A., et al. Vitamin D deficiency in obese rats exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increases hepatic resistin and Toll-like receptor activation. Hepatology 2012, 55:1103-1111.
105. Yin Y., Yu Z., Xia M., Luo X., Lu X., Ling W. Vitamin D attenuates high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by modulating lipid metabolism. Eur J Clin Invest 2012, 42:1189-1196.
106. Del Rio D., Rodriguez-Mateos A., Spencer J.P., Tognolini M., Borges G., Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013, 18:1818-1892.
107. Tsao R. Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2010, 2:1231-1246.
108. Guo H., Zhong R., Liu Y., Jiang X., Tang X., Li Z., et al. Effects of bayberry juice on inflammatory and apoptotic markers in young adults with features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition 2014, 30:198-203.
109. Chang H.C., Peng C.H., Yeh D.M., Kao E.S., Wang C.J. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation, and improves liver steatosis in humans. Food Funct 2014, 5:734-739.
110. Van De Wier B., Koek G.H., Bast A., Haenen G.R. The Potential of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015, 0.
111. Nakagawa S., Kojima Y., Sekino K., Yamato S. Effect of polyphenols on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase activity in human hepatoma HepG2 cell extracts. Biol Pharm Bull 2013, 36:1902-1906.
112. Liu Y., Wang D., Zhang D., Lv Y., Wei Y., Wu W., et al. Inhibitory effect of blueberry polyphenolic compounds on oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 2011, 59:12254-12263.
113. Vidyashankar S., Sandeep Varma R., Patki P.S. Quercetin ameliorate insulin resistance and up-regulates cellular antioxidants during oleic acid induced hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013, 27:945-953.
114. Priore P., Caruso D., Siculella L., Gnoni G.V. Rapid down-regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by phenolic fraction from extra virgin olive oil. Eur J Nutr 2015.
115. Liao C.C., Ou T.T., Huang H.P., Wang C.J. The inhibition of oleic acid induced hepatic lipogenesis and the promotion of lipolysis by caffeic acid via up-regulation of AMP-activated kinase. J Sci Food Agric 2014, 94:1154-1162.
116. Tsuruta Y., Nagao K., Kai S., Tsuge K., Yoshimura T., Koganemaru K., et al. Polyphenolic extract of lotus root (edible rhizome of Nelumbo nucifera) alleviates hepatic steatosis in obese diabetic db/db mice. Lipids Health Dis 2011, 10:202.
117. Park H.J., Jung U.J., Lee M.K., Cho S.J., Jung H.K., Hong J.H., et al. Modulation of lipid metabolism by polyphenol-rich grape skin extract improves liver steatosis and adiposity in high fat fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013, 57:360-364.
118. Cheng D.M., Pogrebnyak N., Kuhn P., Poulev A., Waterman C., Rojas-Silva P., et al. Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce improves glucose metabolism and liver lipid accumulation in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition 2014, 30:S52-S58.
119. Cui Y., Wang X., Xue J., Liu J., Xie M. Chrysanthemum morifolium extract attenuates high-fat milk-induced fatty liver through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated mechanism in mice. Nutr Res 2014, 34:268-275.
120. Fang J. Bioavailability of anthocyanins. Drug Metab Rev 2014, 46:508-520.
121. Valenti L., Riso P., Mazzocchi A., Porrini M., Fargion S., Agostoni C. Dietary anthocyanins as nutritional therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013, 145421.
122. Suda I., Ishikawa F., Hatakeyama M., Miyawaki M., Kudo T., Hirano K., et al. Intake of purple sweet potato beverage affects on serum hepatic biomarker levels of healthy adult men with borderline hepatitis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62:60-67.
123. Zhang P.W., Chen F.X., Li D., Ling W.H., Guo H.H. A CONSORT-Compliant, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial of Purified Anthocyanin in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015, 94:e758.
124. Chang J.J., Hsu M.J., Huang H.P., Chung D.J., Chang Y.C., Wang C.J. Mulberry anthocyanins inhibit oleic acid induced lipid accumulation by reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance. J Agric Food Chem 2013, 61:6069-6076.
125. Jia Y., Kim J.Y., Jun H.J., Kim S.J., Lee J.H., Hoang M.H., et al. Cyanidin is an agonistic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha reducing hepatic lipid. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013, 1831:698-708.
126. Jiang X., Tang X., Zhang P., Liu G., Guo H. Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside protects primary mouse hepatocytes against high glucose-induced apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2014, 90:135-144.
127. Hwang Y.P., Choi J.H., Han E.H., Kim H.G., Wee J.H., Jung K.O., et al. Purple sweet potato anthocyanins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells and obese mice. Nutr Res 2011, 31:896-906.
128. Salamone F., Li Volti G., Titta L., Puzzo L., Barbagallo I., La Delia F., et al. Moro orange juice prevents fatty liver in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2012, 18:3862-3868.
129. Tang X., Shen T., Jiang X., Xia M., Sun X., Guo H., et al. Purified anthocyanins from bilberry and black currant attenuate hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatohepatitis in mice with methionine and choline deficiency. J Agric Food Chem 2015, 63:552-5561.
130. Cheung C.W., Gibbons N., Johnson D.W., Nicol D.L. Silibinin--promising new treatment for cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2010, 10:186-195.
131. Huseini H.F., Larijani B., Heshmat R., Fakhrzadeh H., Radjabipour B., Toliat T., et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res 2006, 20:1036-1039.
132. Al-Anati L., Essid E., Reinehr R., Petzinger E. Silibinin protects OTA-mediated TNF-alpha release from perfused rat livers and isolated rat Kupffer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009, 53:460-466.
133. Jayaraj R., Deb U., Bhaskar A.S., Prasad G.B., Rao P.V. Hepatoprotective efficacy of certain flavonoids against microcystin induced toxicity in mice. Environ Toxicol 2007, 22:472-479.
134. Esser-Nobis K., Romero-Brey I., Ganten T.M., Gouttenoire J., Harak C., Klein R., et al. Analysis of hepatitis C virus resistance to silibinin in vitro and in vivo points to a novel mechanism involving nonstructural protein 4B. Hepatology 2013, 57:953-963.
135. Milosevic N., Milanovic M., Abenavoli L., Milic N. Phytotherapy and NAFLD--from goals and challenges to clinical practice. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2014, 9:195-203.
136. Flora K., Hahn M., Rosen H., Benner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:139-143.
137. Loguercio C., Andreone P., Brisc C., Brisc M.C., Bugianesi E., Chiaramonte M., et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012, 52:1658-1665.
138. Solhi H., Ghahremani R., Kazemifar A.M., Hoseini Yazdi Z. Silymarin in treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized clinical trial. Caspian J Intern Med 2014, 5:9-12.
139. Zhang Y., Hai J., Cao M., Pei S., Wang J., Zhang Q. Silibinin ameliorates steatosis and insulin resistance during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development partly through targeting IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2013, 17:714-720.
140. Trappoliere M., Caligiuri A., Schmid M., Bertolani C., Failli P., Vizzutti F., et al. Silybin, a component of sylimarin, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic effects on human hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2009, 50:1102-1111.
141. Salamone F., Galvano F., Marino Gammazza A., Paternostro C., Tibullo D., Bucchieri F., et al. Silibinin improves hepatic and myocardial injury in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2012, 44:334-342.
142. Salamone F., Galvano F., Cappello F., Mangiameli A., Barbagallo I., Li Volti G. Silibinin modulates lipid homeostasis and inhibits nuclear factor kappa B activation in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Transl Res 2012, 159:477-486.
143. Yao J., Zhi M., Gao X., Hu P., Li C., Yang X. Effect and the probable mechanisms of silibinin in regulating insulin resistance in the liver of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013, 46:270-277.
144. Faghihzadeh F., Adibi P., Rafiei R., Hekmatdoost A. Resveratrol supplementation improves inflammatory biomarkers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Res 2014, 34:837-843.
145. Chen S., Zhao X., Ran L., Wan J., Wang X., Qin Y., et al. Resveratrol improves insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2015, 47:226-232.
146. Chachay V.S., Macdonald G.A., Martin J.H., Whitehead J.P., O'Moore-Sullivan T.M., Lee P., et al. Resveratrol does not benefit patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014, 12. 2092.e1--2103.e6.
147. Gnoni G.V., Paglialonga G. Resveratrol inhibits fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in rat hepatocytes. Eur J Clin Invest 2009, 39:211-218.
148. Shang J., Chen L.L., Xiao F.X., Sun H., Ding H.C., Xiao H. Resveratrol improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008, 29:698-706.
149. Baur J.A., Pearson K.J., Price N.L., Jamieson H.A., Lerin C., Kalra A., et al. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 2006, 444:337-342.
150. Deng X.Q., Chen L.L., Li N.X. The expression of SIRT1 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high-fat diet in rats. Liver Int 2007, 27:708-715.
151. Pfluger P.T., Herranz D., Velasco-Miguel S., Serrano M., Tschop M.H. Sirt1 protects against high-fat diet-induced metabolic damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:9793-9798.
152. Frescas D., Valenti L., Accili D. Nuclear trapping of the forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 via Sirt-dependent deacetylation promotes expression of glucogenetic genes. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:20589-20595.
153. Zang M., Xu S., Maitland-Toolan K.A., Zuccollo A., Hou X., Jiang B., et al. Polyphenols stimulate AMP-activated protein kinase, lower lipids, and inhibit accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice. Diabetes 2006, 55:2180-2191.
154. Kamei Y., Miura S., Suganami T., Akaike F., Kanai S., Sugita S., et al. Regulation of SREBP1c gene expression in skeletal muscle: role of retinoid X receptor/liver X receptor and forkhead-O1 transcription factor. Endocrinology 2008, 149:2293-2305.
155. Aigner E., Theurl I., Haufe H., Seifert M., Hohla F., Scharinger L., et al. Copper availability contributes to iron perturbations in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2008, 135:680-688.
156. Fields M., Holbrook J., Scholfield D., Smith J.C., Reiser S. Effect of fructose or starch on copper-67 absorption and excretion by the rat. J Nutr 1986, 116:625-632.
157. Aigner E., Strasser M., Haufe H., Sonnweber T., Hohla F., Stadlmayr A., et al. A role for low hepatic copper concentrations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105:1978-1985.
158. Song M., Schuschke D.A., Zhou Z., Chen T., Pierce W.M., Wang R., et al. High fructose feeding induces copper deficiency in Sprague-Dawley rats: a novel mechanism for obesity related fatty liver. J Hepatol 2012, 56:433-440.
159. Prohaska J.R., Geissler J., Brokate B., Broderius M. Copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase protein but not mRNA is lower in copper-deficient mice and mice lacking the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003, 228:959-966.
160. Machado M.V., Ravasco P., Jesus L., Marques-Vidal P., Oliveira C.R., Proenca T., et al. Blood oxidative stress markers in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and how it correlates with diet. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008, 43:95-102.
161. Kang B.P., Bansal M.P., Mehta U. Hyperlipidemia and type I 5'-monodeiodinase activity: regulation by selenium supplementation in rabbits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000, 77:231-239.
162. Clarke C., Baghdadi H., Howie A.F., Mason J.I., Walker S.W., Beckett G.J. Selenium supplementation attenuates procollagen-and interleukin-production in fat-loaded human C3A hepatoblastoma cells treated with TGFbeta1. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1800:611-618.
163. Kaur H.D., Bansal M.P. Studies on HDL associated enzymes under experimental hypercholesterolemia: possible modulation on selenium supplementation. Lipids Health Dis 2009, 8:55.
164. Dongiovanni P., Fracanzani A.L., Fargion S., Valenti L. Iron in fatty liver and in the metabolic syndrome: a promising therapeutic target. J Hepatol 2011, 55:920-932.
165. Valenti L., Fracanzani A.L., Dongiovanni P., Bugianesi E., Marchesini G., Manzini P., et al. Iron depletion by phlebotomy improves insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperferritinemia: evidence from a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:1251-1258.
166. Valenti L., Fracanzani A.L., Bugianesi E., Dongiovanni P., Galmozzi E., Vanni E., et al. HFE genotype, parenchymal iron accumulation, and liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2010, 138:905-912.
167. Dongiovanni P., Valenti L., Ludovica Fracanzani A., Gatti S., Cairo G., Fargion S. Iron depletion by deferoxamine up-regulates glucose uptake and insulin signaling in hepatoma cells and in rat liver. Am J Pathol 2008, 172:738-747.
168. Dongiovanni P., Ruscica M., Rametta R., Recalcati S., Steffani L., Gatti S., et al. Dietary iron overload induces visceral adipose tissue insulin resistance. Am J Pathol 2013, 182:2254-2263.
169. Dongiovanni P., Lanti C., Gatti S., Rametta R., Recalcati S., Maggioni M., et al. High fat diet subverts hepatocellular iron uptake determining dysmetabolic iron overload. PLoS One 2015, 10:e0116855.