The burden of liver disease in Europe: A review of available epidemiological data

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 593-608

  Blachier, Martin ^a   Leleu, Henri ^a   Peck Radosavljevic, Markus ^b   Valla, Dominique Charles ^c   Roudot Thoraval, Françoise ^a  

^a HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c BEAUJON HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Alcohol related liver disease; Burden; Cirrhosis; Epidemiology; Hepatitis; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver disease; NAFLD; Primary liver cancer

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; AUSTRIA; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; BELGIUM; BULGARIA; CANCER INCIDENCE; CZECH REPUBLIC; DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; DENMARK; ESTONIA; EUROPE; FINLAND; FRANCE; GENE FREQUENCY; GERMANY; GREECE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS E; HUMAN; HUNGARY; INCIDENCE; IRELAND; ITALY; LATVIA; LITHUANIA; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUXEMBOURG; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORTALITY; NETHERLANDS; NORWAY; OBESITY; POLAND; PORTUGAL; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROMANIA; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLOVAKIA; SLOVENIA; SPAIN; SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOXIC HEPATITIS; UNITED KINGDOM;

COST OF ILLNESS; EUROPE; FEMALE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER NEOPLASMS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MALE; PREVALENCE;

EID: 84874053088     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. W. Zatonski, and J. Prabhat The health transformation in Eastern Europe after 1990: a second look 2000 Warsaw Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology < http://www.andc.hem.waw.pl/?idm=58 >
2. W.A. Zatonski, U. Sulkowska, M. Manczuk, J. Rehm, P. Boffetta, and A.B. Lowenfels Liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe, with special attention to Central and Eastern Europe Eur Addict Res 16 2010 193 201
3. R.E. Mann, R.G. Smart, and R. Govoni The epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease Alcohol Res Health 27 2003 209 219
4. J. Rehm, B. Taylor, S. Mohapatra, H. Irving, D. Baliunas, and J. Patra Alcohol as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Drug Alcohol Rev 29 2010 437 445
5. T. Poynard, P. Lebray, P. Ingiliz, A. Varaut, B. Varsat, and Y. Ngo Prevalence of liver fibrosis and risk factors in a general population using non-invasive biomarkers (FibroTest) BMC Gastroenterol 10 2010 40
6. F.X. Bosch, J. Ribes, M. Diaz, and R. Cleries Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends Gastroenterology 127 2004 S5 S16
7. D.M. Parkin, F. Bray, J. Ferlay, and P. Pisani Estimating the world cancer burden: globocan 2000 Int J Cancer 94 2001 153 156
8. M.C. Yu, and J.M. Yuan Environmental factors and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology 127 2004 S72 S78
9. G. Fattovich, T. Stroffolini, I. Zagni, and F. Donato Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors Gastroenterology 127 2004 S35 S50
10. M. Sherman Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors, and screening Semin Liver Dis 25 2005 143 154
11. J. Ferlay, D.M. Parkin, and E. Steliarova-Foucher Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008 Eur J Cancer 46 2010 765 781
12. Evolution of liver tranplantations in Europe from 05/1968 to 12/2009. European Liver Transplant Registry [cited 28 June 2012]. Available from: < http://www.eltr.org >.
13. R. Arulraj, and J. Neuberger Liver transplantation: filling the gap between supply and demand Clin Med 11 2011 194 198
14. L. Roels, and A. Rahmel The European experience Transpl Int 24 2011 350 367
15. R. Adam, V. Cailliez, P. Majno, V. Karam, P. McMaster, and R.Y. Caine Normalised intrinsic mortality risk in liver transplantation: European liver transplant registry study Lancet 356 2000 621 627
16. R. Adam, P. McMaster, J.G. O'Grady, D. Castaing, J.L. Klempnauer, and N. Jamieson Evolution of liver transplantation in Europe: report of the European liver transplant registry Liver transpl 9 2003 1231 1243
17. WHO. European status report on alcohol and health: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2010.
18. F. Borie, B. Tretarre, A.M. Bouvier, J. Faivre, F. Binder, and G. Launoy Primitive liver cancers: epidemiology and geographical study in France Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 2009 984 989
19. K. Parna, and K. Rahu Dramatic increase in alcoholic liver cirrhosis mortality in Estonia in 1992-2008 Alcohol Alcohol 45 2010 548 551
20. P. Jepsen, H. Vilstrup, P.K. Andersen, T.L. Lash, and H.T. Sorensen Comorbidity and survival of Danish cirrhosis patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study Hepatology 48 2008 214 220
21. T.D. Sandahl, P. Jepsen, K.L. Thomsen, and H. Vilstrup Incidence and mortality of alcoholic hepatitis in Denmark 1999-2008: a nationwide population based cohort study J Hepatol 54 2011 760 764
22. G. Hendrickx, K. Van Herck, A. Vorsters, S. Wiersma, C. Shapiro, and J.K. Andrus Has the time come to control hepatitis A globally? Matching prevention to the changing epidemiology J Viral Hepat 15 2008 1 15
23. E. Rajan, A.G. Shattock, and J.F. Fielding Cost-effective analysis of hepatitis A prevention in Ireland Am J Gastroenterol 95 2000 223 226
24. J. Castkova, and C. Benes Increase in hepatitis A cases in the Czech Republic in 2008-an update Euro Surveill 14 2009
25. K. Fabianova, J. Castkova, C. Benes, J. Kyncl, and B. Kriz Increase in hepatitis A cases in the Czech Republic in 2008-preliminary report Euro Surveill 13 2008
26. J. Perevoscikovs, I. Lucenko, S. Magone, A. Brila, and J. Curikova Community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in Latvia, in 2008 Euro Surveill 13 2008
27. M. Broman, S. Jokinen, M. Kuusi, M. Lappalainen, M. Roivainen, and K. Liitsola Epidemiology of hepatitis A in Finland in 1990-2007 J Med Virol 82 2010 934 941
28. J. Luyten, and P. Beutels Costing infectious disease outbreaks for economic evaluation: a review for hepatitis A Pharmacoeconomics 27 2009 379 389
29. European Liver Patients Association. Report on hepatitis patient self-help in Europe; 2011. < http://www.hepbcppa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/ 11/Report-on-Patient-Self-Help.pdf >.
30. J.F. Cadranel, P. Lahmek, X. Causse, G. Bellaiche, L. Bettan, and T. Fontanges Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B infection in France. Risk factors for significant fibrosis-results of a nationwide survey Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 2007 565 576
31. A. Mota, J. Areias, and M.F. Cardoso Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis among patients with hepatitis B virus infection in northern Portugal with reference to the viral genotypes J Med Virol 83 2011 71 77
32. A. Hatzakis, S. Wait, J. Bruix, M. Buti, M. Carballo, and M. Cavaleri The state of hepatitis B and C in Europe: report from the hepatitis B and C summit conference J Viral Hepat 18 2011 1 16
33. A.S. Duberg, A. Torner, L. Davidsdottir, S. Aleman, A. Blaxhult, and A. Svensson Cause of death in individuals with chronic HBV and/or HCV infection, a nationwide community-based register study J Viral Hepat 15 2008 538 550
34. A. Garcia-Fulgueiras, R. Garcia-Pina, C. Morant, V. Garcia-Ortuzar, R. Genova, and E. Alvarez Hepatitis C and hepatitis B-related mortality in Spain Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 2009 895 901
35. P. Marcellin, F. Pequignot, E. Delarocque-Astagneau, J.P. Zarski, N. Ganne, and P. Hillon Mortality related to chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C in France: evidence for the role of HIV coinfection and alcohol consumption J Hepatol 48 2008 200 207
36. L. Salleras, A. Dominguez, M. Bruguera, P. Plans, J. Espunes, and J. Costa Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain) J Clin Virol 44 2009 329 332
37. G. Zacharakis, S. Kotsiou, M. Papoutselis, N. Vafiadis, F. Tzara, and E. Pouliou Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection following the implementation of immunisation programmes in northeastern Greece Euro Surveill 14 2009
38. A.J. Freeman, G.J. Dore, M.G. Law, M. Thorpe, J. Von Overbeck, and A.R. Lloyd Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection Hepatology 34 2001 809 816
39. N. Muhlberger, R. Schwarzer, B. Lettmeier, G. Sroczynski, S. Zeuzem, and U. Siebert HCV-related burden of disease in Europe: a systematic assessment of incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality BMC Public Health 9 2009 34
40. V.L. Demetriou, D.A. van de Vijver, J. Hezka, L.G. Kostrikis, I.N. Cyprus, and L.G. Kostrikis Hepatitis C infection among intravenous drug users attending therapy programs in Cyprus J Med Virol 82 2010 263 270
41. M. Jauffret-Roustide, Y. Le Strat, E. Couturier, D. Thierry, M. Rondy, and M. Quaglia A national cross-sectional study among drug-users in France: epidemiology of HCV and highlight on practical and statistical aspects of the design BMC Infect Dis 9 2009 113
42. L. Camoni, V. Regine, M.C. Salfa, G. Nicoletti, P. Canuzzi, and N. Magliocchetti Continued high prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV among injecting and noninjecting drug users in Italy Ann Ist Super Sanita 46 2010 59 65
43. J. Reimer, J. Lorenzen, B. Baetz, B. Fischer, J. Rehm, and C. Haasen Multiple viral hepatitis in injection drug users and associated risk factors J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2007 80 85
44. M.J. Alter Epidemiology of hepatitis C Hepatology 26 1997 62S 65S
45. A.M. Di Bisceglie Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatology 26 1997 34S 38S
46. S.A. McDonald, S.J. Hutchinson, S.M. Bird, P.R. Mills, P. Hayes, and J.F. Dillon Excess morbidity in the hepatitis C-diagnosed population in Scotland, 1991-2006 Epidemiol Infect 139 2011 344 353
47. K.R. Neal, C.S.G. Trent Hepatitis, S. Ramsay, B.J. Thomson, and W.L. Irving Excess mortality rates in a cohort of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus: a prospective study Gut 56 2007 1098 1104
48. Saflo O. Haj-Ali, and J.M. Hernandez Guijo [Cost-effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C treatment in Spain] Gastroenterol Hepatol 32 2009 472 482
49. S. Liu, L.E. Cipriano, M. Holodniy, D.K. Owens, and J.D. Goldhaber-Fiebert New protease inhibitors for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a cost-effectiveness analysis Ann Intern Med 156 2012 279 290
50. M.J. Sweeting, D. De Angelis, L.J. Brant, H.E. Harris, A.G. Mann, and M.E. Ramsay The burden of hepatitis C in England J Viral Hepat 14 2007 570 576
51. S. Deuffic-Burban, P. Mathurin, and A.J. Valleron Modelling the past, current and future HCV burden in France: detailed analysis and perspectives Stat Methods Med Res 18 2009 233 252
52. E. Delarocque-Astagneau, C. Meffre, F. Dubois, C. Pioche, Y. Le Strat, and F. Roudot-Thoraval The impact of the prevention programme of hepatitis C over more than a decade: the French experience J Viral Hepat 17 2010 435 443
53. M. Rizzetto Hepatitis D: thirty years after J Hepatol 50 2009 1043 1050
54. S. Govindarajan, K.P. Chin, A.G. Redeker, and R.L. Peters Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta agent Gastroenterology 86 1984 1417 1420
55. S.C. Hadler, M. De Monzon, A. Ponzetto, E. Anzola, D. Rivero, and A. Mondolfi Delta virus infection and severe hepatitis. An epidemic in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela Ann Intern Med 100 1984 339 344
56. G. Fattovich, S. Boscaro, F. Noventa, E. Pornaro, D. Stenico, and A. Alberti Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B J Infect Dis 155 1987 931 935
57. G. Saracco, F. Rosina, M.R. Brunetto, P. Amoroso, F. Caredda, and P. Farci Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection J Hepatol 5 1987 274 281
58. R. Romeo, E. Del Ninno, M. Rumi, A. Russo, A. Sangiovanni, and R. de Franchis A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis Delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology 136 2009 1629 1638
59. S.A. Hughes, H. Wedemeyer, and P.M. Harrison Hepatitis delta virus Lancet 378 2011 73 85
60. V. Soriano, D. Grint, A. d'Arminio Monforte, A. Horban, C. Leen, and E. Poveda Hepatitis delta in HIV-infected individuals in Europe AIDS 25 2011 1987 1992
61. D. Genne, and I. Rossi Hepatitis delta in Switzerland: a silent epidemic Swiss Med Wkly 141 2011 w13176
62. A. Erhardt, M. Hoernke, U. Heinzel-Pleines, A. Sagir, T. Gobel, and D. Haussinger Retrospective analysis of chronic hepatitis D in a West German university clinic over two decades: migratory pattern, prevalence and clinical outcome Z Gastroenterol 48 2010 813 817
63. P. Piccolo, I. Lenci, C. Telesca, D. Di Paolo, F. Bandiera, and L. De Melia Patterns of chronic hepatitis B in Central Italy: a cross-sectional study Eur J Public Health 20 2010 711 713
64. E. Sagnelli, T. Stroffolini, A. Mele, M. Imparato, P.L. Almasio Italian Hospitals' Collaborating G Chronic hepatitis B in Italy: new features of an old disease-approaching the universal prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen-negative cases and the eradication of hepatitis D infection Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 110 113
65. F. Torre, M. Basso, E.G. Giannini, M. Feasi, S. Boni, and A. Grasso Clinical and virological survey of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen in an Italian region: clinical considerations and disease burden J Med Virol 81 2009 1882 1886
66. T.J. Cross, P. Rizzi, M. Horner, A. Jolly, M.J. Hussain, and H.M. Smith The increasing prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in South London J Med Virol 80 2008 277 282
67. D. FitzSimons, G. Hendrickx, A. Vorsters, and P. Van Damme Hepatitis A and E: update on prevention and epidemiology Vaccine 28 2010 583 588
68. M. Buti, A. Dominguez, P. Plans, R. Jardi, M. Schaper, and J. Espunes Community-based seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis E virus infection in Catalonia Spain. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13 2006 1328 1332
69. M. Buti, P. Plans, A. Dominguez, R. Jardi, F. Rodriguez Frias, and R. Esteban Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in children in the northeast of Spain Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 2008 732 734
70. M. Fogeda, A. Avellon, and J.M. Echevarria Prevalence of specific antibody to hepatitis E virus in the general population of the community of Madrid, Spain J Med Virol 84 2012 71 74
71. A. Kenfak-Foguena, F. Schoni-Affolter, P. Burgisser, A. Witteck, K.E. Darling, and H. Kovari Hepatitis E Virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with HIV, Switzerland Emerg Infect Dis 17 2011 1074 1078
72. A. Kaufmann, A. Kenfak-Foguena, C. Andre, G. Canellini, P. Burgisser, and D. Moradpour Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence among blood donors in Southwest Switzerland PLoS One 6 2011 e21150
73. A. Boutrouille, L. Bakkali-Kassimi, C. Cruciere, and N. Pavio Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in French blood donors J Clin Microbiol 45 2007 2009 2010
74. M. Kaba, H. Richet, I. Ravaux, J. Moreau, I. Poizot-Martin, and A. Motte Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus J Med Virol 83 2011 1704 1716
75. J.M. Mansuy, F. Legrand-Abravanel, J.P. Calot, J.M. Peron, L. Alric, and S. Agudo High prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors from South West France J Med Virol 80 2008 289 293
76. A. Vulcano, M. Angelucci, E. Candelori, V. Martini, A.M. Patti, and C. Mancini HEV prevalence in the general population and among workers at zoonotic risk in Latium Region Ann Ig 19 2007 181 186
77. G. Bedogni, L. Miglioli, F. Masutti, A. Castiglione, L.S. Croce, and C. Tiribelli Incidence and natural course of fatty liver in the general population: the Dionysos study Hepatology 46 2007 1387 1391
78. C. Castellares, P. Barreiro, L. Martin-Carbonero, P. Labarga, M.E. Vispo, and R. Casado Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome J Viral Hepat 15 2008 165 172
79. R. Haring, H. Wallaschofski, M. Nauck, M. Dorr, S.E. Baumeister, and H. Volzke Ultrasonographic hepatic steatosis increases prediction of mortality risk from elevated serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels Hepatology 50 2009 1403 1411
80. C. Radu, M. Grigorescu, D. Crisan, M. Lupsor, D. Constantin, and L. Dina Prevalence and associated risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hospitalized patients J Gastrointest Liver Dis 17 2008 255 260
81. C.D. Zois, G.H. Baltayiannis, A. Bekiari, A. Goussia, P. Karayiannis, and M. Doukas Steatosis and steatohepatitis in postmortem material from Northwestern Greece World J Gastroenterol 16 2010 3944 3949
82. C.A. Caserta, G.M. Pendino, A. Amante, C. Vacalebre, M.T. Fiorillo, and P. Surace Cardiovascular risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and carotid artery intima-media thickness in an adolescent population in southern Italy Am J Epidemiol 171 2010 1195 1202
83. A. Imhof, W. Kratzer, B. Boehm, K. Meitinger, G. Trischler, and G. Steinbach Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver and characteristics in overweight adolescents in the general population Eur J Epidemiol 22 2007 889 897
84. A. Sartorio, A. Del Col, F. Agosti, G. Mazzilli, S. Bellentani, and C. Tiribelli Predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children Eur J Clin Nutr 61 2007 877 883
85. G. Targher, L. Bertolini, R. Padovani, S. Rodella, R. Tessari, and L. Zenari Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients Diabetes Care 30 2007 1212 1218
86. R.M. Williamson, J.F. Price, S. Glancy, E. Perry, L.D. Nee, and P.C. Hayes Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 2 diabetes: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study Diabetes Care 34 2011 1139 1144
87. P. Jepsen, H. Vilstrup, L. Mellemkjaer, A.M. Thulstrup, J.H. Olsen, and J.A. Baron Prognosis of patients with a diagnosis of fatty liver-a registry-based cohort study Hepatogastroenterology 50 2003 2101 2104
88. C. Soderberg, P. Stal, J. Askling, H. Glaumann, G. Lindberg, and J. Marmur Decreased survival of subjects with elevated liver function tests during a 28-year follow-up Hepatology 51 2010 595 602
89. G. Calori, G. Lattuada, F. Ragogna, M.P. Garancini, P. Crosignani, and M. Villa Fatty liver index and mortality: the Cremona study in the 15th year of follow-up Hepatology 54 2011 145 152
90. S.E. Baumeister, H. Volzke, P. Marschall, U. John, C.O. Schmidt, and S. Flessa Impact of fatty liver disease on health care utilization and costs in a general population: a 5-year observation Gastroenterology 134 2008 85 94
91. R.J. Andrade, M.I. Lucena, M.C. Fernandez, G. Pelaez, K. Pachkoria, and E. Garcia-Ruiz Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period Gastroenterology 129 2005 512 521
92. D. Larrey Epidemiology and individual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions affecting the liver Semin Liver Dis 22 2002 145 155
93. M.B. De Valle, V. Av Klinteberg, N. Alem, R. Olsson, and E. Bjornsson Drug-induced liver injury in a Swedish university hospital out-patient hepatology clinic Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 2006 1187 1195
94. F.J. de Abajo, D. Montero, M. Madurga, and L.A. Garcia Rodriguez Acute and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury: a population based case-control study Br J Clin Pharmacol 58 2004 71 80
95. C. Sgro, F. Clinard, K. Ouazir, H. Chanay, C. Allard, and C. Guilleminet Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study Hepatology 36 2002 451 455
96. E. Bjornsson, P. Jerlstad, A. Bergqvist, and R. Olsson Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden Scand J Gastroenterol 40 2005 1095 1101
97. D. Larrey, and G.P. Pageaux Drug-induced acute liver failure Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 2005 141 143
98. Larrey D, Pageaux GP, Gulmez E, et al. Rôle des causes médicamenteuses dans l'indication de transplantation hépatique pour hépatite aiguë grave chez les adultes en France. Journées francophones d'hepato-gastoentérologie et d'oncologie digestive 2011.
99. A. Suzuki, R.J. Andrade, E. Bjornsson, M.I. Lucena, W.M. Lee, and N.A. Yuen Drugs associated with hepatotoxicity and their reporting frequency of liver adverse events in VigiBase: unified list based on international collaborative work Drug Saf 33 2010 503 522
100. M.L. Cowan, S. Westlake, S.J. Thomson, T.M. Rahman, A. Majeed, and J.D. Maxwell The increasing hospital disease burden of haemochromatosis in England Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31 2010 247 252
101. A.R. Broderstad, T. Smith-Sivertsen, I.M. Dahl, O.C. Ingebretsen, and E. Lund Low prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis in multiethnic populations in Northern Norway Scand J Gastroenterol 46 2011 350 357
102. P.M. Voicu, C. Cojocariu, E. Petrescu-Danila, M. Covic, C. Stanciu, and M. Rusu Prevalence of HFE (hemochromatosis) gene mutations C282Y and H63D in a Romanian population Blood Cells Mol Dis 42 2009 14 15
103. P. Aguilar-Martinez, M. Bismuth, F. Blanc, P. Blanc, S. Cunat, and O. Dereure The Southern French registry of genetic hemochromatosis: a tool for determining clinical prevalence of the disorder and genotype penetrance Haematologica 95 2010 551 556
104. P. Pedersen, and N. Milman Genetic screening for HFE hemochromatosis in 6,020 Danish men: penetrance of C282Y, H63D, and S65C variants Ann Hematol 88 2009 775 784
105. C.P. Strassburg, and M.P. Manns Autoimmun hepat T.D. Boyer, M.P. Manns, A.J. Sanyal, Zakim and Boyer's hepatology 2011 Elsevier Health Sciences Philadelphia (PA)
106. A. Teufel, A. Weinmann, C. Centner, A. Piendl, A.W. Lohse, and P.R. Galle Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis World J Gastroenterol 15 2009 578 582
107. D. Ray-Chadhuri, E. Rigney, and K. McComack Epidemiology of PBC in Sheffield updated: demographics and relation to water supply 2001 British Association for the Study of the Liver p. 42
108. O.F. James, R. Bhopal, D. Howel, J. Gray, A.D. Burt, and J.V. Metcalf Primary biliary cirrhosis once rare, now common in the United Kingdom? Hepatology 30 1999 390 394
109. M. Myszor, and O.F. James The epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis in north-east England: an increasingly common disease? Q J Med 75 1990 377 385
110. H. Rautiainen, V. Salomaa, S. Niemela, A.L. Karvonen, H. Nurmi, and H. Isoniemi Prevalence and incidence of primary biliary cirrhosis are increasing in Finland Scand J Gastroenterol 42 2007 1347 1353
111. J. Springer, K. Cauch-Dudek, K. O'Rourke, I.R. Wanless, and E.J. Heathcote Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: a study of its natural history and prognosis Am J Gastroenterol 94 1999 47 53
112. B. Lindkvist, M. Benito de Valle, B. Gullberg, and E. Bjornsson Incidence and prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a defined adult population in Sweden Hepatology 52 2010 571 577
113. J.G. Kingham, N. Kochar, and M.B. Gravenor Incidence, clinical patterns, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in South Wales, United Kingdom Gastroenterology 126 2004 1929 1930
114. T.R. Card, M. Solaymani-Dodaran, and J. West Incidence and mortality of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the UK: a population-based cohort study J Hepatol 48 2008 939 944
115. P. Jepsen, H. Vilstrup, and H.T. Sorensen Alcoholic cirrhosis in Denmark-population-based incidence, prevalence, and hospitalization rates between 1988 and 2005: a descriptive cohort study BMC Gastroenterol 8 2008 3
116. S.A. Gunnarsdottir, R. Olsson, S. Olafsson, N. Cariglia, J. Westin, and B. Thjodleifsson Liver cirrhosis in Iceland and Sweden: incidence, aetiology and outcomes Scand J Gastroenterol 44 2009 984 993
117. K.M. Fleming, G.P. Aithal, M. Solaymani-Dodaran, T.R. Card, and J. West Incidence and prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom, 1992-2001: a general population-based study J Hepatol 49 2008 732 738
118. B. Liu, A. Balkwill, A. Roddam, A. Brown, V. Beral Million Women Study C Separate and joint effects of alcohol and smoking on the risks of cirrhosis and gallbladder disease in middle-aged women Am J Epidemiol 169 2009 153 160
119. R. Erichsen, P. Jepsen, J. Jacobsen, M. Norgaard, H. Vilstrup, and H.T. Sorensen Time trends in incidence and prognosis of primary liver cancer and liver metastases of unknown origin in a Danish region, 1985-2004 Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 2008 104 110
120. J.L. Caumes, J.B. Nousbaum, C. Bessaguet, J. Faycal, M. Robaszkiewicz, and H. Gouerou Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Finistere. Prospective study from June 2002 to May 2003 Gastroenterol Clin Biol 31 2007 259 264
121. F. Binder-Foucard, M. Doffoel, and M. Velten Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Bas-Rhin: analysis of all incident cases from 1990 to 1999 Gastroenterol Clin Biol 31 2007 838 843
122. L. Dal Maso, M. Lise, P. Zambon, E. Crocetti, D. Serraino, and F. Ricceri Incidence of primary liver cancer in Italy between 1988 and 2002: an age-period-cohort analysis Eur J Cancer 2008 44 1988 285 292
123. M.E. Tosti, E. Spada, L. Romano, A. Zanetti, A. Mele Group Sc Acute hepatitis A in Italy: incidence, risk factors and preventive measures J Viral Hepat 15 2008 26 32
124. A.W. Suijkerbuijk, R. Lindeboom, J.E. van Steenbergen, G.J. Sonder, and Y. Doorduyn Effect of hepatitis A vaccination programs for migrant children on the incidence of hepatitis A in The Netherlands Eur J Public Health 19 2009 240 244
125. A. Baumann Hepatitis A in Poland in the years 2006-2007 Przegl Epidemiol 63 2009 241 244
126. A. Baumann Hepatitis A in Poland in 2008 Przegl Epidemiol 64 2010 235 237
127. A. Arteaga, P. Carrasco-Garrido, A.L. de Andres, A.G. de Miguel, and R. Jimenez-Garcia Trends of hepatitis A hospitalizations and costs associated with the hospitalization in Spain (2000-2005) J Viral Hepat 16 2009 286 291
128. A. Arteaga-Rodriguez, P. Carrasco-Garrido, A.L. de Andres, A.G. de Miguel, J. Santos, and R. Jimenez-Garcia Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis A in Spain (2005-2008): trends of acute hepatitis A hospitalizations, comorbidities, and costs associated with the hospitalization Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2010 1284 1289
129. S. Quoilin, V. Hutse, H. Vandenberghe, F. Claeys, E. Verhaegen, and L. De Cock A population-based prevalence study of hepatitis A, B and C virus using oral fluid in Flanders, Belgium Eur J Epidemiol 22 2007 195 202
130. A. Kyrka, A. Tragiannidis, D. Cassimos, K. Pantelaki, M. Tzoufi, and M. Mavrokosta Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A among Greek children indicates that the virus is still prevalent: implications for universal vaccination J Med Virol 81 2009 582 587
131. R. D'Amelio, A. Mele, A. Mariano, L. Romano, R. Biselli, and F. Lista Hepatitis A, Italy Emerg Infect Dis 11 2005 1155 1156
132. A. Nardone, C.G. Anastassopoulou, H. Theeten, B. Kriz, I. Davidkin, and W. Thierfelder A comparison of hepatitis B seroepidemiology in ten European countries Epidemiol Infect 137 2009 961 969
133. Sanitaire IdV. Prevalence of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in France. 2004.
134. M.P. Czarkowski, and D. Bobel Hepatitis B in Poland in 2006 Przegl Epidemiol 62 2008 317 324
135. M.P. Czarkowski, and M. Rosinska Hepatitis B in Poland in 2005 Przegl Epidemiol 61 2007 273 279
136. D. Pitigoi, A. Rafila, A. Pistol, V. Arama, V. Molagic, and A. Streinu-Cercel Trends in hepatitis B incidence in Romania, 1989-2005 Euro Surveill 13 2008
137. C. Meffre, Y. Le Strat, E. Delarocque-Astagneau, F. Dubois, D. Antona, and J.M. Lemasson Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in France in 2004: social factors are important predictors after adjusting for known risk factors J Med Virol 82 2010 546 555
138. V. Papaevangelou, C. Hadjichristodoulou, D.C. Cassimos, K. Pantelaki, A. Tzivaras, and A. Hatzimichael Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B in Greek children 6 years after the implementation of universal vaccination Infection 36 2008 135 139
139. P. Fabris, V. Baldo, T. Baldovin, E. Bellotto, M. Rassu, and R. Trivello Changing epidemiology of HCV and HBV infections in Northern Italy: a survey in the general population J Clin Gastroenterol 42 2008 527 532
140. G.G. Baaten, G.J. Sonder, N.H. Dukers, R.A. Coutinho, and J.A. Van den Hoek Population-based study on the seroprevalence of hepatitis A, B, and C virus infection in Amsterdam, 2004 J Med Virol 79 2007 1802 1810
141. M. Voiculescu, L. Iliescu, C. Ionescu, L. Micu, G. Ismail, and D. Zilisteanu A cross-sectional epidemiological study of HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV prevalence in the SubCarpathian and South-Eastern regions of Romania J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 19 2010 43 48
142. L. Salleras, A. Dominguez, M. Bruguera, P. Plans, J. Costa, and N. Cardenosa Declining prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Catalonia (Spain) 12 years after the introduction of universal vaccination Vaccine 25 2007 8726 8731
143. R. Cozzolongo, A.R. Osella, S. Elba, J. Petruzzi, G. Buongiorno, and V. Giannuzzi Epidemiology of HCV infection in the general population: a survey in a southern Italian town Am J Gastroenterol 104 2009 2740 2746
144. L. Gheorghe, I.E. Csiki, S. Iacob, C. Gheorghe, G. Smira, and L. Regep The prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in adult population in Romania: a nationwide survey 2006-2008 J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 19 2010 373 379
145. A. Gastaldelli, M. Kozakova, K. Hojlund, A. Flyvbjerg, A. Favuzzi, and A. Mitrakou Fatty liver is associated with insulin resistance, risk of coronary heart disease, and early atherosclerosis in a large European population Hepatology 49 2009 1537 1544
146. L. Caballeria, G. Pera, M.A. Auladell, P. Toran, L. Munoz, and D. Miranda Prevalence and factors associated with the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population in Spain Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22 2010 24 32
147. K.M. Boberg, E. Aadland, J. Jahnsen, N. Raknerud, M. Stiris, and H. Bell Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population Scand J Gastroenterol 33 1998 99 103
148. J. Primo, N. Maroto, M. Martinez, M.D. Anton, A. Zaragoza, and R. Giner Incidence of adult form of autoimmune hepatitis in Valencia (Spain) Acta Gastroenterol Belg 72 2009 402 406
149. M. Werner, H. Prytz, B. Ohlsson, S. Almer, E. Bjornsson, and A. Bergquist Epidemiology and the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis in Sweden: a nationwide study Scand J Gastroenterol 43 2008 1232 1240