Antioxidants and vascular health

Life Sciences

Volumn 143, Issue , 2015, Pages 209-216

  Bielli, Alessandra ^a   Scioli, Maria Giovanna ^a   Mazzaglia, Donatella ^a   Doldo, Elena ^a   Orlandi, Augusto ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Endothelial cells; Nitric oxide; Nox4; Smooth muscle cells; Vascular dysfunction; Vascular remodeling

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; GARLIC EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; LYCIUM EXTRACT; NITRIC OXIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS EXTRACT; THYMUS EXTRACT;

BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEALTH; HUMAN; MICROANGIOPATHY; MICROVASCULATURE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULAR HEALTH; VASCULAR REMODELING; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; HEALTH STATUS; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PHYSIOLOGY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84947246304     PISSN: 00243205     EISSN: 18790631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.11.012     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. M.Y. Lee, and K.K. Griendling Redox signaling, vascular function, and hypertension Antioxid. Redox Signal. 10 2008 1045 1059
2. J.M. Li, and A.M. Shah Endothelial cell superoxide generation: regulation and relevance for cardiovascular pathophysiology Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287 2004 1014 1030
3. M.G. Scioli, A. Bielli, G. Arcuri, A. Ferlosio, and A. Orlandi Ageing and microvasculature Vasc. Cell. 6 2014 19
4. C.X. Santos, L.Y. Tanaka, J. Wosniak, and F.R. Laurindo Mechanisms and implications of reactive oxygen species generation during the unfolded protein response: roles of endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductases, mitochondrial electron transport, and NADPH oxidase Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 2009 2409 2427
5. S. Dikalov Cross talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidases Free Radic. Biol. Med. 51 2011 1289 1301
6. T. Ago, T. Kitazono, H. Ooboshi, T. Iyama, Y.H. Han, J. Takada, M. Wakisaka, S. Ibayashi, H. Utsumi, and M. Iida Nox4 as the major catalytic component of an endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase Circulation 109 2004 227 233
7. C.E. Murdoch, S.P. Alom-Ruiz, M. Wang, M. Zhang, S. Walker, B. Yu, A. Brewer, and A.M. Shah Role of endothelial Nox2 NADPH oxidase in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vasomotor dysfunction Basic Res. Cardiol. 106 2011 527 538
8. L. Serrander, L. Cartier, K. Bedard, B. Banfi, B. Lardy, O. Plastre, A. Sienkiewicz, L. Fórró, W. Schlegel, and K.H. Krause NOX4 activity is determined by mRNA levels and reveals a unique pattern of ROS generation Biochem. J. 406 2007 105 114
9. M.A. Stasi, M.G. Scioli, G. Arcuri, G.G. Mattera, K. Lombardo, M. Marcellini, T. Riccioni, S. De Falco, C. Pisano, L.G. Spagnoli, F. Borsini, and A. Orlandi Propionyl-l-carnitine improves postischemic blood flow recovery and arteriogenetic revascularization and reduces endothelial NADPH-oxidase 4-mediated superoxide production Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30 2010 426 435
10. M.G. Scioli, A. Bielli, S. Agostinelli, C. Tarquini, G. Arcuri, A. Ferlosio, G. Costanza, E. Doldo, and A. Orlandi Antioxidant treatment prevents serum deprivation- and TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase 4 and the restoration of β-oxidation J. Vasc. Res. 51 2014 327 337
11. L.A. Pham-Huy, H. He, and C. Pham-Huy Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 4 2008 89 96
12. S. Sharma, A. Aramburo, R. Rafikov, X. Sun, S. Kumar, P.E. Oishi, S.A. Datar, G. Raff, K. Xoinis, G. Kalkan, S. Fratz, J.R. Fineman, and S.M. Black l-Carnitine preserves endothelial function in a lamb model of increased pulmonary blood flow Pediatr. Res. 74 2013 39 47
13. V. Lobo, A. Patil, A. Phatak, and N. Chandra Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health Pharmacogn. Rev. 4 2010 118 126
14. E.H. Serné, R.T. de Jongh, E.C. Eringa, R.G. IJzerman, and C.D. Stehouwer Microvascular dysfunction: a potential pathophysiological role in the metabolic syndrome Hypertension 50 2007 204 211
15. R.P. Brandes, I. Fleming, and R. Busse Endothelial aging Cardiovasc. Res. 66 2005 286 294
16. T.J. Guzik, and D.G. Harrison Vascular NADPH oxidases as drug targets for novel antioxidant strategies Drug Discov. Today 11 2006 524 533
17. R.E. Huie, and S. Padmaja The reaction of NO with superoxide Free Radic. Res. Commun. 18 1993 195 199
18. M.G. Scioli, V. Cervelli, G. Arcuri, P. Gentile, E. Doldo, A. Bielli, E. Bonanno, and A. Orlandi High insulin-induced down-regulation of Erk-1/IGF-1R/FGFR-1 signaling is required for oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of adipose-derived stem cells J. Cell. Physiol. 229 2014 2077 2087
19. K.K. Griendling, and M. Ushio-Fukai Redox control of vascular smooth muscle proliferation J. Lab. Clin. Med. 132 1998 9 15
20. U. Förstermann, and W.C. Sessa Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function Eur. Heart J. 33 2012 829 837
21. B.C. Smith, E.S. Underbakke, D.W. Kulp, W.R. Schief, and M.A. Marletta Nitric oxide synthase domain interfaces regulate electron transfer and calmodulin activation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110 2013 E3577 E3586
22. H.J. Hsieh, C.A. Liu, B. Huang, A.H. Tseng, and D.L. Wang Shear-induced endothelial mechanotransduction: the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and the pathophysiological implications J. Biomed. Sci. 21 2014 3
23. U. Landmesser, S. Dikalov, S.R. Price, L. McCann, T. Fukai, S.M. Holland, and et al. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in hypertension J. Clin. Invest. 111 2003 1201 1209
24. L.A. Ridnour, D.D. Thomas, D. Mancardi, M.G. Espey, K.M. Miranda, N. Paolocci, M. Feelisch, J. Fukuto, and D.A. Wink The chemistry of nitrosative stress induced by nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxide species. Putting perspective on stressful biological situations Biol. Chem. 385 2004 1 10
25. D.M. Barrett, S.M. Black, H. Todor, R.K. Schmidt-Ullrich, K.S. Dawson, and R.B. Mikkelsen Inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases by mild oxidative stresses is dependent on S-nitrosylation J. Biol. Chem. 280 2005 14453 14461
26. B. Zingarelli, M. O'Connor, H. Wong, A.L. Salzman, and C. Szabó Peroxynitrite-mediated DNA strand breakage activates poly-adenosine diphosphate ribosyl synthetase and causes cellular energy depletion in macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide J. Immunol. 156 1996 350 358
27. G. Weiss, B. Goossen, W. Doppler, D. Fuchs, K. Pantopoulos, G. Werner-Felmayer, H. Wachter, and M.W. Hentze Translational regulation via iron-responsive elements by the nitric oxide/NO-synthase pathway EMBO. J. 12 1993 3651 3657
28. M. Oelze, H. Mollnau, N. Hoffmann, A. Warnholtz, M. Bodenschatz, A. Smolenski, U. Walter, M. Skatchkov, T. Meinertz, and T. Münzel Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein serine 239 phosphorylation as a sensitive monitor of defective nitric oxide/cGMP signaling and endothelial dysfunction Circ. Res. 87 2000 999 1005
29. A. Csiszar, Z. Ungvari, J.G. Edwards, P. Kaminski, M.S. Wolin, A. Koller, and G. Kaley Aging-induced phenotypic changes and oxidative stress impair coronary arteriolar function Circ. Res. 90 2002 1159 1166
30. A. Orlandi, M. Marcellini, and L.G. Spagnoli Aging influences development and progression of early aortic atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 2000 1123 1136
31. T.M. Paravicini, and R.M. Touyz NADPH oxidases, reactive oxygen species, and hypertension: clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities Diabetes Care 31 2008 170 180
32. A. Virdis, E. Duranti, and S. Taddei Oxidative stress and vascular damage in hypertension: role of angiotensin II Int. J. Hypertens. 2011 2011 916310
33. G.K. Kolluru, S.C. Bir, and C.G. Kevil Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2012 2012 918267
34. V. Gambillara, T. Thacher, P. Silacci, and N. Stergiopulos Effects of reduced cyclic stretch on vascular smooth muscle cell function of pig carotids perfused ex vivo Am. J. Hypertens. 21 2008 425 431
35. S. Dimmeler, C. Hermann, J. Galle, and A.M. Zeiher Upregulation of superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide synthase mediates the apoptosis-suppressive effects of shear stress on endothelial cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 1999 656 664
36. M. Flamant, S. Placier, C. Dubroca, B. Esposito, I. Lopes, C. Chatziantoniou, A. Tedgui, J.C. Dussaule, and S. Lehoux Role of matrix metalloproteinases in early hypertensive vascular remodeling Hypertension 50 2007 212 218
37. A. Orlandi, A. Ciucci, A. Ferlosio, A. Pellegrino, L. Chiariello, and L.G. Spagnoli Increased expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases characterize embolic cardiac myxomas Am. J. Pathol. 166 2005 1619 1628
38. W. Eberhardt, and J. Pfeilschifter Nitric oxide and vascular remodeling: spotlight on the kidney Kidney Int. Suppl. 106 2007 9 16
39. C.A. Gunnett, D.D. Lund, A.K. McDowell, F.M. Faraci, and D.D. Heistad Mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated vascular dysfunction Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 2005 1617 1622
40. P. Pacher, A. Vaslin, R. Benko, J.G. Mabley, L. Liaudet, G. Haskó, A. Marton, S. Bátkai, M. Kollai, and C. Szabó A new, potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor improves cardiac and vascular dysfunction associated with advanced aging J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311 2004 485 491
41. J.B. Laursen, M. Somers, S. Kurz, L. McCann, A. Warnholtz, B.A. Freeman, M. Tarpey, T. Fukai, and D.G. Harrison Endothelial regulation of vasomotion in apoE-deficient mice: implications for interactions between peroxynitrite and tetrahydrobiopterin Circulation 103 2001 1282 1288
42. A. Orlandi, A. Francesconi, M. Marcellini, A. Ferlosio, and L.G. Spagnoli Role of ageing and coronary atherosclerosis in the development of cardiac fibrosis in the rabbit Cardiovasc. Res. 64 2004 544 552
43. Y.H. Chen, S.J. Lin, Y.L. Chen, P.L. Liu, and J.W. Chen Anti-inflammatory effects of different drugs/agents with antioxidant property on endothelial expression of adhesion molecules Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets. 6 2006 279 304
44. J. Konradi, M. Mollenhauer, S. Baldus, and A. Klinke Redox-sensitive mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in heart failure Free Radic. Res. 49 2015 721 742
45. M.P. Fournet-Bourguignon, M. Castedo-Delrieu, J.P. Bidouard, S. Leonce, D. Saboureau, I. Delescluse, J.P. Vilaine, and P.M. Vanhoutte Phenotypic and functional changes in regenerated porcine coronary endothelial cells: increased uptake of modified LDL and reduced production of NO Circ. Res. 86 2000 854 861
46. K.K. Galougahi, C.C. Liu, C. Gentile, C. Kok, A. Nunez, A. Garcia, N.A. Fry, M.J. Davies, C.L. Hawkins, H.H. Rasmussen, and G.A. Figtree Glutathionylation mediates angiotensin II-induced eNOS uncoupling, amplifying NADPH oxidase-dependent endothelial dysfunction J. Am. Heart Assoc. 3 2014 e000731
47. J. Jr Wosniak, C.X. Santos, A.J. Kowaltowski, and F.R. Laurindo Cross-talk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase: effects of mild mitochondrial dysfunction on angiotensin II-mediated increase in Nox isoform expression and activity in vascular smooth muscle cells Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 2009 1265 1278
48. B. Lassègue, D. Sorescu, K. Szöcs, Q. Yin, M. Akers, Y. Zhang, S.L. Grant, J.D. Lambeth, and K.K. Griendling Novel gp91(phox) homologues in vascular smooth muscle cells: nox1 mediates angiotensin II-induced superoxide formation and redox-sensitive signaling pathways Circ. Res. 88 2001 888 894
49. Q. Chen, M. Jin, F. Yang, J. Zhu, Q. Xiao, and L. Zhang Matrix metalloproteinases: inflammatory regulators of cell behaviors in vascular formation and remodeling Mediat. Inflamm. 2013 2013 928315
50. C.M. Dollery, and P. Libby Atherosclerosis and proteinase activation Cardiovasc. Res. 69 2006 625 635
51. P.H. Groves, A.P. Banning, W.J. Penny, A.C. Newby, H.A. Cheadle, and M.J. Lewis The effects of exogenous nitric oxide on smooth muscle cell proliferation following porcine carotid angioplasty Cardiovasc. Res. 30 1995 87 96
52. A. Orlandi, A. Francesconi, M. Marcellini, A. Di Lascio, and L.G. Spagnoli Propionyl-l-carnitine reduces proliferation and potentiates Bax-related apoptosis of aortic intimal smooth muscle cells by modulating nuclear factor-kappaB activity J. Biol. Chem. 282 2007 4932 4942
53. A. Dikalova, R. Clempus, B. Lassègue, G. Cheng, J. McCoy, S. Dikalov, A. San Martin, and et al. Nox1 overexpression potentiates angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy in transgenic mice Circulation 11 2005 2668 2676
54. A.E. Dikalova, M.C. Góngora, D.G. Harrison, J.D. Lambeth, S. Dikalov, and K.K. Griendling Upregulation of Nox1 in vascular smooth muscle leads to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation via eNOS uncoupling Am. J. of Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 229 2010 673 679
55. A. Ferlosio, G. Arcuri, E. Doldo, M.G. Scioli, S. De Falco, L.G. Spagnoli, and A. Orlandi Age-related increase of stem marker expression influences vascular smooth muscle cell properties Atherosclerosis 224 2012 51 57
56. A. Orlandi, P. Ropraz, and G. Gabbiani Proliferative activity and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells are differently modulated by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and heparin Exp. Cell Res. 214 1994 528 536
57. C. Fornieri, D. Quaglino, and G. Mori Role of the extracellular matrix in age-related modifications of the rat aorta. Ultrastructural, morphometric, and enzymatic evaluations Arterioscler. Thromb. 12 1992 1008 1016
58. A. Orlandi, A. Mauriello, B. Marino, and L.G. Spagnoli Age-related modifications of aorta and coronaries in the rabbit: a morphological and morphometrical assessment Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 17 1993 37 53
59. A. Orlandi, M.L. Bochaton-Piallat, G. Gabbiani, and L.G. Spagnoli Aging, smooth muscle cells and vascular pathobiology: implications for atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 188 2006 221 230
60. N.L. Sehgel, Z. Sun, Z. Hong, W.C.I. Hunter, M.A. Hill, D.E. Vatner, S.F. Vatner, and G.A. Meininger Augmented vascular smooth muscle cell stiffness and adhesion when hypertension is superimposed on aging Hypertension 65 2015 370 377
61. L.G. Spagnoli, A. Orlandi, A. Mauriello, G. Santeusanio, C. de Angelis, R. Lucreziotti, and M.T. Ramacci Aging and atherosclerosis in the rabbit. 1. Distribution, prevalence and morphology of atherosclerotic lesions Atherosclerosis 89 1991 1991 11 24
62. A. Orlandi, H.P. Ehrlich, P. Ropraz, L.G. Spagnoli, and G. Gabbiani Rat aortic smooth muscle cells isolated from different layers and at different times after endothelial denudation show distinct biological features in vitro Arterioscler. Thromb. 14 1994 982 989
63. A. Ferlosio, and A. Orlandi Diabetes and aging: a different phenotypic commitment of circulating and resident stem cells? Acta Diabetol. 49 2012 493 494
64. A. Orlandi, and M. Bennett Progenitor cell-derived smooth muscle cells in vascular disease Biochem. Pharmacol. 79 2010 1706 1713
65. T. Suvorava, N. Nagy, S. Pick, O. Lieven, U. Ruether, V.T. Dao, J. Fischer, M. Weber, and G. Kojda Impact of eNOS-dependent Oxidative Stress on Endothelial Function and Neointima Formation Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2015
66. P. Li, B. Wang, F. Sun, Y. Li, Q. Li, H. Lang, Z. Zhao, and et al. Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunctions of blood mononuclear cells link with cardiac disturbance in patients with early-stage heart failure Sci. Rep. 5 2015 10229
67. T. Doenst, G. Pytel, A. Schrepper, P. Amorim, G. Färber, Y. Shingu, F.W. Mohr, and M. Schwarzer Decreased rates of substrate oxidation ex vivo predict the onset of heart failure and contractile dysfunction in rats with pressure overload Cardiovasc. Res. 86 2010 461 470
68. C. Csonka, T. Pataki, P. Kovacs, S.L. Müller, M.L. Schroeter, A. Tosaki, and I.E. Blasig Effects of oxidative stress on the expression of antioxidative defense enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29 2000 612 619
69. S. Granata, G. Zaza, S. Simone, G. Villani, D. Latorre, P. Pontrelli, M. Carella, F.P. Schena, G. Grandaliano, and G. Pertosa Mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease BMC Genomics 10 2009 388
70. R. Mizera, D. Hodyc, and J. Herget ROS scavenger decreases basal perfusion pressure, vasoconstriction and NO synthase activity in pulmonary circulation during pulmonary microembolism Physiol. Res. 2015
71. S.A. Barman, F. Chen, Y. Su, C. Dimitropoulou, Y. Wang, J.D. Catravas, W. Han, and et al. NADPH oxidase 4 is expressed in pulmonary artery adventitia and contributes to hypertensive vascular remodeling Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34 2014 1704 1715
72. D.A. Patten, M. Germain, M.A. Kelly, and R.S. Slack Reactive oxygen species: stuck in the middle of neurodegeneration J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 2010 357 367
73. C. Paglieri, D. Bisbocci, M. Caserta, F. Rabbia, C. Bertello, A. Canadè, and F. Veglio Hypertension and cognitive function Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 30 2008 701 710
74. L. Polimeni, M. Del Ben, F. Baratta, L. Perri, F. Albanese, D. Pastori, F. Violi, and F. Angelico Oxidative stress: new insights on the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis World J. Hepatol. 7 2015 1325 1336
75. L.D. DeLeve, X. Wang, L. Hu, M.K. McCuskey, and R.S. McCuskey Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cell phenotype is maintained by paracrine and autocrine regulation Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 287 2004 G757 G763
76. A.C. Straub, K.A. Clark, M.A. Ross, A.G. Chandra, S. Li, X. Gao, P.J. Pagano, D.B. Stolz, and A. Barchowsky Arsenic-stimulated liver sinusoidal capillarization in mice requires NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide J. Clin. Invest. 118 2008 3980 3989
77. B. Xu, U. Broome, M. Uzunel, S. Nava, X. Ge, M. Kumagai-Braesch, K. Hultenby, and et al. Capillarization of hepatic sinusoid by liver endothelial cell-reactive autoantibodies in patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis Am. J. Pathol. 163 4 2003 Oct 1275 1289
78. A.E. Stanhewicz, R.S. Bruning, C.J. Smith, W.L. Kenney, and L.A. Holowatz Local tetrahydrobiopterin administration augments reflex cutaneous vasodilation through nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms in aged human skin J. Appl. Physiol. 112 2012 791 797
79. S.M. Marcovina, C. Sirtori, A. Peracino, M. Gheorghiade, P. Borum, G. Remuzzi, and H. Ardehali Translating the basic knowledge of mitochondrial functions to metabolic therapy: role of l-carnitine Transl. Res. 161 2013 73 84
80. S. Ozkanlar, and F. Akcay Antioxidant vitamins in atherosclerosis-animal experiments and clinical studies Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 21 2012 115 123
81. B. Uttara, A.V. Singh, P. Zamboni, and R.T. Mahajan RT Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options Curr. Neuropharmacol. 7 2009 65 74
82. K. Tran, and A.C. Chan R,R,R-alpha-tocopherol potentiates prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells. Evidence for structural specificity of the tocopherol molecule Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1043 1990 189 197
83. J. Armour, K. Tyml, D. Lidington, and J.X. Wilson Ascorbate prevents microvascular dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of the septic rat J. Appl. Physiol. 90 2001 795 803
84. J.M. May, and F.E. Harrison Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium Antioxid. Redox Signal. 19 2013 2068 2083
85. T. Heitzer, H. Just, and T. Münzel Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers Circulation 94 1996 6 9
86. R. Brigelius-Flohé, and M.G. Traber Vitamin E: function and metabolism FASEB J. 13 1999 1145 1155
87. J.M. Lü, P.H. Lin, Q. Yao, and C. Chen Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems J. Cell. Mol. Med. 14 2010 840 860
88. H. Amagase, B. Sun, and C. Borek Lycium barbarum (goji) juice improves in vivo antioxidant biomarkers in serum of healthy adults Nutr. Res. 29 2009 19 25
89. X.M. Li, Y.L. Ma, and X.J. Liu Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice J. Ethnopharmacol. 111 2007 504 511
90. N. Martins, L. Barros, C. Santos-Buelga, S. Silva, M. Henriques, and I.C. Ferreira Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of cultivated thyme: antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and phenolic characterisation Food Chem. 167 2015 131 137
91. B. Nickavar, and N. Esbati Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of three thymus species J. Acupunct. Meridian. Stud. 5 2012 119 125
92. I.G. Chae, M.H. Yu, N.K. Im, Y.T. Jung, J. Lee, K.S. Chun, and I.S. Lee Effect of Rosemarinus officinalis L. on MMP-9, MCP-1 levels, and cell migration in RAW 264.7 and smooth muscle cells J. Med. Food 15 2012 879 886
93. V.R. Coelho, C.G. Vieira, L.P. de Souza, F. Moysés, C. Basso, D.K. Papke, T.R. Pires, I.R. Siqueira, J.N. Picada, and P. Pereira Antiepileptogenic, antioxidant and genotoxic evaluation of rosmarinic acid and its metabolite caffeic acid in mice Life Sci. 122 2015 65 72
94. T. Murase, S. Haramizu, A. Shimotoyodome, I. Tokimitsu, and T. Hase Green tea extract improves running endurance in mice by stimulating lipid utilization during exercise Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 290 2006 1550 1556
95. Q.Y. Lu, Y. Jin, J.T. Mao, Z.F. Zhang, D. Heber, S.M. Dubinett, and J. Rao Green tea inhibits cycolooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer cells through the induction of annexin-1 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 427 2012 725 730
96. N. Zhou, Y. Tang, R.F. Keep, X. Ma, and J. Xiang Antioxidative effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in brain cells Phytomedicine 21 2014 1189 1195
97. E.J. Im, T. Yayeh, S.J. Park, S.H. Kim, Y.K. Goo, S.B. Hong, Y.M. Son, S.D. Kim, and M.H. Rhee Antiatherosclerotic effect of Korean red ginseng extract involves regulator of g-protein signaling 5 Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014 2014 2014 985174
98. G. Schäfer, and C.H. Kaschula The immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic organosulfur compounds in cancer chemoprevention Anti Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 14 2014 233 240
99. G. Saravanan, and J. Prakash Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on lipid peroxidation in experimental myocardial infarction in rats J. Ethnopharmacol. 94 2004 155 158
100. H. Ishikawa, T. Saeki, T. Otani, T. Suzuki, K. Shimozuma, H. Nishino, S. Fukuda, and K. Morimoto Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer J. Nutr. 136 2006 816 820
101. K.M. Kim, S.B. Chun, M.S. Koo, W.J. Choi, T.W. Kim, Y.G. Kwon, H.T. Chung, T.R. Billiar, and Y.M. Kim Differential regulation of NO availability from macrophages and endothelial cells by the garlic component S-allyl cysteine Free Radic. Biol. Med. 30 2001 747 756
102. H. Liu, P. Mao, J. Wang, T. Wang, and C.H. Xie Allicin protects PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via regulating mitochondrial dynamics Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 36 2015 966 979
103. V.I. Pérez-De La Cruz, C. González-Cortés, J. Pedraza-Chaverrí, P.D. Maldonado, L. Andrés-Martínez, and A. Santamaría Protective effect of S-allylcysteine on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain synaptosomes Brain Res. Bull. 68 2006 379 383
104. S.J. Gustafson, K.L. Dunlap, C.M. McGill, and T.B. Kuhn A nonpolar blueberry fraction blunts NADPH oxidase activation in neuronal cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2012 2012 768101
105. S. Hamlaoui, M. Mokni, N. Limam, K. Zouaoui, M.C. Ben Rayana, A. Carrier, F. Limam, M. Amri, and et al. Protective effect of grape seed and skin extract on garlic-induced erythrocyte oxidative stress J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63 2012 381 388
106. H. Bártíková, L. Skálová, K. Valentová, P. Matoušková, B. Szotáková, J. Martin, V. Kvita, and I. Boušová Effect of oral administration of green tea extract in various dosage schemes on oxidative stress status of mice in vivo Acta Pharma. 65 2015 65 73
107. S. Monzón Ballarín, M.A. López-Matas, D. Sáenz Abad, N. Pérez-Cinto, and J. Carnés Anaphylaxis associated with the ingestion of goji berries (Lycium barbarum) J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 21 2011 567 570
108. J. Bremer Carnitine-metabolism and functions Physiol. Rev. 63 1983 1420 1480
109. S.D. Rodrigues, K.C. França, F.T. Dallin, C.K. Fujihara, A.J. Nascimento, R. Pecoits-Filho, and L.S. Nakao N-acetylcysteine as a potential strategy to attenuate the oxidative stress induced by uremic serum in the vascular system Life Sci. 121 2015 110 116
110. G.S. Ribas, C.R. Vargas, and M. Wajner l-Carnitine supplementation as a potential antioxidant therapy for inherited neurometabolic disorders Gene 533 2014 469 476
111. M.G. Scioli, M.A. Stasi, D. Passeri, E. Doldo, G. Costanza, R. Camerini, P. Fociani, G. Arcuri, K. Lombardo, S. Pace, F. Borsini, and A. Orlandi Propionyl-l-carnitine is efficacious in ulcerative colitis through its action on the immune function and microvasculature Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 5 2014 e55
112. L.G. Spagnoli, A. Orlandi, B. Marino, A. Mauriello, C. De Angelis, and M.T. Ramacci Propionyl-l-carnitine prevents the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in aged hyperlipemic rabbits Atherosclerosis 114 1995 29 44
113. T.L. Mikhailova, E. Sishkova, E. Poniewierka, K.P. Zhidkov, I.G. Bakulin, L. Kupcinskas, K. Lesniakowski, V.B. Grinevich, and et al. Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy and safety of propionyl-l-carnitine therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving stable oral treatment Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 34 2011 1088 1097
114. A. Orlandi, M. Marcellini, D. Pesce, M. Calvani, and L.G. Spagnoli Propionyl-l-carnitine reduces intimal hyperplasia after injury in normocholesterolemic rabbit carotid artery by modulating proliferation and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells Atherosclerosis 160 2002 81 89
115. P. Li, C. Park, R. Micheletti, B. Li, W. Cheng, E.H. Sonnenblick, P. Anversa, and G. Bianchi Myocyte performance during evolution of myocardial infarction in rats: effects of propionyl-l-carnitine Am. J. Phys. 268 1995 1702 1713
116. J. Yu, J. Ye, X. Liu, Y. Han, and C. Wang Protective effect of l-carnitine against H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells Neurol. Res. 33 2011 708 716