Recommendations for development of new standardized forms of cocoa breeds and cocoa extract processing for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease: Role of cocoa in promotion of cognitive resilience and healthy brain aging

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 879-889

  Dubner, Lauren ^a   Wang, Jun ^a,b   Ho, Lap ^a   Ward, Libby ^a   Pasinetti, Giulio M ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Amyloid; chocolate; diet therapy; Lavado; oligomerization; polyphenols; synapses

Indexed keywords

CATECHIN; COCOA EXTRACT; EPICATECHIN; FLAVAN 3 OL DERIVATIVE; FLAVANOL DERIVATIVE; PLANT EXTRACT; PROCYANIDIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; POLYPHENOL;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CACAO; COGNITION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; PLANT BREEDING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; CHEMISTRY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYTOTHERAPY; STANDARDS;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CACAO; HUMANS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYPHENOLS;

EID: 84946027060     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150536     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. MARS, Inc. Cocoa, http://www.mars.com/global/aboutmars/.mars-pia/our-supply-chain/cocoa.aspx, Accessed on July. 14, 2015.
2. Weber J. (2015). To save chocolate, scientists develop new breeds of cacao, Bloomberg Business, http://www.bloom berg.com/news/articles/2014-11-14/to-save-chocolate-scientists-develop-new-breeds-of-cacao, Posted 14 November. 2014, Accessed July. 14, 2015.
3. Lee KW, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee CY. (2003). Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J Agric Food Chem. 51, 7292-7295.
4. Mastroiacovo D, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, Necozione S, Raffaele A, Pistacchio L, Righetti R, Bocale R, Lechiara MC, Marini C, Ferri C, De sideriG(2015) Cocoa flavanol consump tion improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study-A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 101, 538-548.
5. Sorond FA, Hurwitz S, Salat DH, Greve DN, Fisher ND. (2013). Neurovascular coupling, cerebral white matter integrity, and response to cocoa in older people. Neurology. 81, 904-909.
6. Neilson AP, FerruzziMG(2011) Influence of formulation and processing on absorption and metabolism of flavan-3-ols from tea and cocoa. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2, 125-151.
7. Neilson AP, Sapper TN, Janle EM, Rudolph R, Matusheski NV, Ferruzzi MG. (2010). Chocolate matrix factors modulate the pharmacokinetic behavior of cocoa flavan-3-ol phase II metabolites following oral consumption by Sprague-Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem. 58, 6685-6691.
8. Wang J, Varghese M, Ono K, Yamada M, Levine S, Tzavaras N, Gong B, Hurst WJ, Blitzer RD, PasinettiGM(2014) Cocoa extracts reduce oligomerization of amyloid-beta: Implications for cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 41, 643-650.
9. Carnesecchi S, Schneider Y, Lazarus SA, Coehlo D, Gosse F, Raul F. (2002). Flavanols and procyanidins of cocoa and chocolate inhibit growth and polyamine biosynthesis of human colonic cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 175, 147-155.
10. Kwik-Uribe C, Bektash RM. (2008). Cocoa flavanols - measurement, bioavailability and bioactivity. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 17(Suppl 1), 280-283.
11. Hurst WJ, Krake SH, Bergmeier SC, Payne MJ, Miller KB, Stuart DA. (2011). Impact of fermentation, drying, roasting and Dutch processing on flavan-3-ol stereochemistry in cacao beans and cocoa ingredients. Chem Cent J 5, 53.
12. Ottaviani JI, Momma TY, Kuhnle GK, Keen CL, Schroeter H. (2012). Structurally related (-)-epicatechin metabolites in humans: Assessment using de novo chemically synthesized authentic standards. Free Radic Biol Med. 52, 1403-1412.
13. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. (2011). Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Cocoa Growing Regions in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. http://www.eenews. net/assets/2011/10/03/document cw 01.pdf
14. World Health Organization, Alzheimer's Disease International. (2012). De mentia: A public health priority. http://.www.who.int/mental health/publications/dementia report. 2012/en/
15. Cleary JP, Walsh DM, Hofmeister JJ, Shankar GM, Kuskowski MA, Selkoe DJ, Ashe KH. (2005). Natural oligomers of the amyloid-beta protein specifically disrupt cognitive function. Nat Neurosci 8, 79-84.
16. Santacruz K, Lewis J, Spires T, Paulson J, Kotilinek L, Ingelsson M, Guimaraes A, De Ture M, Ramsden M, McGowan E, Forster C, Yue M, Orne J, Janus C, Mariash A, Kuskowski M, Hyman B, Hutton M, Ashe KH. (2005). Tau suppression in a neurodegenerative mouse model improves memory function. Science. 309, 476-481.
17. Gillette-Guyonnet S, Secher M,Vellas B. (2013). Nutrition and neurodegeneration: Epidemiological evidence and challenges for future research. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 75, 738-755.
18. Wang J, Ho L, Zhao Z, Seror I, Humala N, Dickstein DL, Thiyagarajan M, Percival SS, Talcott ST, PasinettiGM(2006) Moderate consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon attenuates Abeta neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 20, 2313-2320.
19. Ho L, Chen LH,Wang J, ZhaoW, Talcott ST, Ono K, Teplow D, Humala N, Cheng A, Percival SS, Ferruzzi M, Janle E, Dickstein DL, PasinettiGM(2009) Heterogeneity in red wine polyphenolic contents differentially influences Alzheimer's disease-Type neuropathology and cognitive deterioration. J Alzheimers Dis. 16, 59-72.
20. Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Ono K, Rosensweig C, Chen L, Humala N, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM. (2008). Grape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 28, 6388-6392.
21. Ho L, Yemul S, Wang J, Pasinetti GM. (2009). Grape seed polyphenolic extract as a potential novel therapeutic agent in tauopathies. J Alzheimers Dis. 16, 433-439.
22. Wang J, Santa-Maria I, Ho L, Ksiezak-Reding H, Ono K, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM. (2010). Grape derived polyphenols attenuate tau neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 22, 653-661.
23. Wang J, et al. (2012). Brain-Targeted proanthocyanidin metabolites for Alzheimer's disease treatment. J Neurosci. 32, 5144-5150.
24. Ferruzzi MG, Lobo JK, Janle EM, Cooper B, Simon JE, Wu QL,Welch C, Ho L,Weaver C, PasinettiGM(2009) Bioavailability of gallic acid and catechins from grape seed polyphenol extract is improved by repeated dosing in rats: Implications for treatment in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 18, 113-124.
25. Fernandez-Fernandez L, Comes G, Bolea I, Valente T, Ruiz J, Murtra P, Ramirez B, Angles N, Reguant J, Morello JR, Boada M, Hidalgo J, Escorihuela RM, UnzetaM(2012)LMN diet, rich in polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids, improves mouse cognitive decline associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res. 228, 261-271.
26. Ho L, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM, Wang J, Gong B, Chen TY, Lobo J, Cooper B,Wu QL, Talcott ST, Percival SS, Simon JE, PasinettiGM(2013) Identification of brain-Targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 27, 769-781.
27. Vingtdeux V, Chandakkar P, Zhao H, Davies P, Marambaud P. (2011). Small-molecule activators of AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK), RSVA314 and RSVA405, inhibit adipogenesis. Mol Med. 17, 1022-1030.
28. Wang J, Tang C, Ferruzzi MG, Gong B, Song BJ, Janle EM, Chen TY, Cooper B, Varghese M, Cheng A, Freire D, Bilski A, Roman J, Nguyen T, Ho L, Talcott ST, Simon JE, Wu Q, Pasinetti GM. (2013). Role of standardized grape polyphenol preparation as a novel treatment to improve synaptic plasticity through attenuation of features of metabolic syndrome in a mouse model. Mol Nutr Food Res. 57, 2091-2102.
29. Liu P, Kemper LJ,Wang J, Zahs KR, Ashe KH, Pasinetti GM. (2011). Grape seed polyphenolic extract specifically decreases abeta 56 in the brains of Tg2576 mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 26, 657-666.
30. Pfleger CM, Wang J, Friedman L, Vittorino R, Conley LM, Ho L, Fivecoat HC, PasinettiGM(2010) Grape-seed polyphenolic extract improves the eye phenotype in a Drosophila model of tauopathy. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010.
31. Gong B, Pan Y, Zhao W, Knable L, Vempati P, Begum S, Ho L, Wang J, Yemul S, Barnum S, Bilski A, Gong BY, Pasinetti GM. (2013). IVIG immunotherapy protects against synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease through complement anaphylatoxin C5a-mediated AMPA-CREB-C/EBP signaling pathway. Mol Immunol. 56, 619-629.
32. Andres-Lacueva C, Monagas M, Khan N, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Urpi-Sarda M, Permanyer J, Lamuela-Raventos RM. (2008). Flavanol and flavonol contents of cocoa powder products: Influence of the manufacturing process. J Agric Food Chem. 56, 3111-3117.
33. Fuentealba J, Dibarrart AJ, Fuentes-Fuentes MC, Saez-Orellana F, Quinones K, Guzman L, Perez C, Becerra J, Aguayo LG. (2011). Synaptic failure and adenosine triphosphate imbalance induced by amyloid-beta aggregates are prevented by blueberry-enriched polyphenols extract. J Neurosci Res. 89, 1499-1508.
34. Santa-Maria I, Az-Ruiz C, Ksiezak-Reding H, Chen A, Ho L, Wang J, PasinettiGM(2012) GSPE interferes with tau aggregation in vivo: Implication for treating tauopathy. Neurobiol Aging. 33, 2072-2081.
35. Masliah E, Mallory M, Alford M, De Teresa R, Hansen LA, McKeel DW Jr, Morris JC. (2001). Altered expression of synaptic proteins occurs early during progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 56, 127-129.
36. Scheff SW, Price DA, Schmitt FA, Mufson EJ (Aging). (2006). Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. 27, 1372-1384.
37. Scheff SW, Price DA, Schmitt FA, De Kosky ST, Mufson EJ. (2007). Synaptic alterations in CA1 in mild Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 68, 1501-1508.
38. Spires TL,Meyer-Luehmann M, Stern EA, McLean PJ, Skoch J, Nguyen PT, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT. (2005). De ndritic spine abnormalities in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice demonstrated by gene transfer and intravital multiphoton microscopy. J Neurosci. 25, 7278-7287.
39. Le R, Cruz L, Urbanc B, Knowles RB, Hsiao-Ashe K, DuffK, Irizarry MC, Stanley HE, Hyman BT. (2001). Plaque-induced abnormalities in neurite geometry in transgenic models of Alzheimer disease: Implications for neural system disruption. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 60, 753-758.
40. Urbanc B, Cruz L, Le R, Sanders J, Ashe KH, Duff K, Stanley HE, Irizarry MC, Hyman BT. (2002). Neurotoxic effects of thioflavin S-positive amyloid deposits in transgenic mice and Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 13990-13995.
41. Tsai J, Grutzendler J, Duff K, Gan WB. (2004). Fibrillar amyloid deposition leads to local synaptic abnormalities and breakage of neuronal branches. Nat Neurosci 7, 1181-1183.
42. McLean CA, Cherny RA, Fraser FW, Fuller SJ, Smith MJ, Beyreuther K, Bush AI, Masters CL. (1999). Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 46, 860-866.
43. Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J. (1999). Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol. 155, 853-862.
44. Wang J, Dickson DW, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. (1999). The levels of soluble versus insoluble brain Abeta distinguish Alzheimer's disease from normal and pathologic aging. Exp Neurol. 158, 328-337.
45. Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE. (2006). Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103, 5161-5166.
46. Mucke L, Masliah E, Yu GQ, Mallory M, Rockenstein EM, Tatsuno G, Hu K, Kholodenko D, Johnson-Wood K, McConlogue L. (2000). High-level neuronal expression of abeta 1-42 in wild-Type human amyloid protein precursor transgenic mice: Synaptotoxicity without plaque formation. J Neurosci. 20, 4050-4058.
47. Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM. (2003). Triple-Transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease with plaques and tangles: Intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron. 39, 409-421.
48. Palop JJ, Chin J, Mucke L. (2006) A network dysfunction perspective on neurodegenerative diseases. Nature. 443, 768-773.
49. Davies CA, Mann DM, Sumpter PQ,YatesPO(1987)Aquantitative morphometric analysis of the neuronal and synaptic content of the frontal and temporal cortex in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci. 78, 151-164.
50. Rocher AB, Kinson MS, Luebke JI. (2008). Significant structural but not physiological changes in cortical neurons of 12-month-old Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Dis. 32, 309-318.
51. Akram A, Christoffel D, Rocher AB, Bouras C, Kovari E, Perl DP, Morrison JH, Herrmann FR, Haroutunian V, Giannakopoulos P, Hof PR. (2008). Stereologic estimates of total spinophilin-immunoreactive spine number in area 9 and the CA1 field: Relationship with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 29, 1296-1307.
52. Letenneur L, Proust-Lima C, Le GA, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. (2007). Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period. Am J Epidemiol. 165, 1364-1371.
53. Nehlig A. (2013). The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 75, 716-727.
54. Field DT, Williams CM, Butler LT. (2011). Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in an acute improvement in visual and cognitive functions. Physiol Behav. 103, 255-260.
55. Mastroiacovo D, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, Necozione S, Raffaele A, Pistacchio L, Righetti R, Bocale R, Lechiara MC, Marini C, Ferri C, De sideriG(2015) Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study-A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 101, 538-548.
56. Massee LA, Ried K, Pase M, Travica N, Yoganathan J, Scholey A, Macpherson H, Kennedy G, Sali A, Pipingas A. (2015). The acute and sub-chronic effects of cocoa flavanols on mood, cognitive and cardiovascular health in young healthy adults: A randomized, controlled trial. Front Pharmacol 6, 93.
57. Brickman AM, Khan UA, Provenzano FA, Yeung LK, Suzuki W, Schroeter H, Wall M, Sloan RP, Small SA. (2014). Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults. Nat Neurosci. 17, 1798-1803.
58. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Franco-Lira M, Cross JV, Engle R, ragon-Flores M, Gomez-Garza G, Jewells V, Medina-Cortina H, Solorio E, Chao CK, Zhu H, Mukherjee PS, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Torres-Jardon R, D'Angiulli A. (2013). Flavonol-rich dark cocoa significantly decreases plasma endothelin-1 and improves cognition in urban children. Front Pharmacol 4, 104.
59. Abd El-Mohsen M, Bayele H, Kuhnle G, Gibson G, De bnam E, Kaila SS, Rice-Evans C, Spencer JP. (2006). Distribution of [3H]trans-resveratrol in rat tissues following oral administration. Br J Nutr. 96, 62-70.
60. Ho L, Pasinetti GM. (2010). Polyphenolic compounds for treating neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding. Expert Rev Proteomics 7, 579-589.
61. Karuppagounder SS, Pinto JT, Xu H, Chen HL, Beal MF, Gibson GE. (2009). Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int. 54, 111-118.
62. Vingtdeux V, Giliberto L, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Wu Q, Simon JE, Janle EM, Lobo J, Ferruzzi MG, Davies P, Marambaud P. (2010). AMP-Activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. J Biol Chem. 285, 9100-9113.
63. Li J, He X, Li M, Zhao W, Liu L, Kong X. (2015). Chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis for quality control of polyphenols extracted from pomegranate peel by HPLC. Food Chem. 176, 7-11.
64. Xu Y, Simon JE,Welch C,Wightman JD, Ferruzzi MG, Ho L, PasinettiGM,WuQ(2011) Survey of polyphenol constituents in grapes and grape-derived products. J Agric Food Chem. 59, 10586-10593.
65. Chen L, Xin X, Yuan Q, Su D, Liu W. (2014). Phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of various colored berries. J Sci Food Agric. 94, 180-188.
66. Stanley TH, Smithson AT, Neilson AP, Anantheswaran RC, Lambert JD. (2015). Analysis of cocoa proanthocyanidins using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection: Application to studies on the effect of alkaline processing. J Agric Food Chem. 63, 5970-5975.
67. Motilva MJ, Serra A, Macia A. (2013). Analysis of food polyphenols by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: An overview. J Chromatogr A. 1292, 66-82.
68. Ignat I, Volf I, Popa VI. (2011) A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. 126, 1821-1835.