Metabolomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 122, Issue , 2015, Pages 53-80

  Botas, Alejandro ^a   Campbell, Hannah Moore ^b   Han, Xu ^b,c   Maletic Savatic, Mirjana ^b,c  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Mass spectrometry; Metabolomics; Neurodegeneration

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BRAIN TISSUE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; METABOLOMICS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URINALYSIS; BRAIN; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

BIOMARKERS; BRAIN; HUMANS; METABOLOMICS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

EID: 84945452514     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Aasly J., Garseth M., Sonnewald U., Zwart J.A., White L.R., Unsgard G. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate and glutamine are reduced in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1997, 95(1):9-12.
2. Allen G.I., Maletic-Savatic M. Sparse non-negative generalized PCA with applications to metabolomics. Bioinformatics 2011, 27(21):3029-3035. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr522.
3. Allen G.I., Peterson C., Vannucci M., Maletić-Savatić M. Regularized partial least squares with an application to NMR spectroscopy. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2013, 6(4):302-314.
4. Alonso Vilatela M.E., López-López M., Yescas-Gómez P. Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Medical Research 2012, 43:622-631.
5. Alzheimer's Disease International The global economic impact of dementia. World Alzheimer Report 2010, 1-50.
6. Amara A.W., Standaert D.G. Metabolomics and the search for biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2013, 28(12):1620-1621.
7. Andreasson U., Vanmechelen E., Shaw L.M., Zetterberg H., Vanderstichele H. Analytical aspects of molecular Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Biomarkers in Medicine 2012, 6:377-389.
8. Ascherio A., LeWitt P.A., Xu K., Eberly S., Watts A., Matson W.R., et al. Urate as a predictor of the rate of clinical decline in Parkinson disease. Archives of Neurology 2009, 66(12):1460-1468. Parkinson Study Group DATATOP Investigators.
9. Astarita G., Jung K.M., Vasilevko V., Dipatrizio N.V., Martin S.K., Cribbs D.H., et al. Elevated stearoyl-CoA desaturase in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. PloS One 2011, 6(10):e24777. 10.1371/journal.pone.0024777.
10. Beach T.G., Monsell S.E., Phillips L.E., Kukull W. Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease at National Institute on Aging Alzheimer Disease Centers, 2005-2010. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2012, 71(4):266-273. 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31824b211b.
11. Blasco H., Corcia P., Pradat P.F., Bocca C., Gordon P.H., Veyrat-Durebex C., et al. Metabolomics in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An untargeted approach via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Journal of Proteome Research 2013, 12(8):3746-3754. 10.1021/pr400376e.
12. Blasco H., Corcia P., Moreau C., Veau S., Fournier C., Vourc'h P., et al. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic profiling of CSF in early amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2010, 5(10):e13223.
13. Bogdanov M., Matson W.R., Wang L., Matson T., Saunders-Pullman R., Bressman S.S., et al. Metabolomic profiling to develop blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2008, 131(Pt 2):389-396.
14. Castro-Perez J., Roddy T.P., Nibbering N.M., Shah V., McLaren D.G., Previs S., et al. Localization of fatty acyl and double bond positions in phosphatidylcholines using a dual stage CID fragmentation coupled with ion mobility mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2011, 22:1552-1567.
15. Chan R.B., Oliveira T.G., Cortes E.P., Honig L.S., Duff K.E., Small S.A., et al. Comparative lipidomic analysis of mouse and human brain with Alzheimer disease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2012, 287(4):2678-2880. 10.1074/jbc.M111.274142.
16. Cloarec O., Dumas M.E., Craig A., Barton R.H., Trygg J., Hudson J., et al. Statistical total correlation spectroscopy: An exploratory approach for latent biomarker identification from metabolic 1H NMR data sets. Analytical Chemistry 2005, 77(5):1282-1289. 10.1021/ac048630x.
17. Coen M., Holmes E., Lindon J.C., Nicholson J.K. NMR-based metabolic profiling and metabonomic approaches to problems in molecular toxicology. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2008, 21(1):9-27. 10.1021/tx700335d.
18. Compston A., Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008, 372(9648):1502-1517.
19. Cudjoe E., Bojko B., de Lannoy I., Saldivia V., Pawliszyn J. Solid-phase microextraction: A complementary in vivo sampling method to microdialysis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 2013, 52(46):12124-12126. 10.1002/anie.201304538.
20. Cunnane S., Nugent S., Roy M., Courchesne-Loyer A., Croteau E., Tremblay S., et al. Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2011, 27:3-20.
21. Czech C., Berndt P., Busch K., Schmitz O., Wiemer J., Most V., et al. Metabolite profiling of Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PloS One 2012, 7(2):e31501. 10.1371/journal.pone.0031501.
22. de Graaf R.A. In vivo NMR spectroscopy: Principles and techniques 2007, Wiley, Chichester.
23. Di Carlo M., Giacomazza D., San Biagio P.L. Alzheimer's disease: Biological aspects, therapeutic perspectives and diagnostic tools. Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter 2012, 24:244102.
24. Dunn W.B., Bailey N.J., Johnson H.E. Measuring the metabolome: Current analytical technologies. Analyst 2005, 130(5):606-625. 10.1039/b418288j.
25. Ebbels T.M.D., Cavill R. Bioinformatic methods in NMR-based metabolic profiling. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2009, 55(4):361-374. 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.07.003.
26. Elias-Sonnenschein L.S., Bertram L., Visser P.J. Relationship between genetic risk factors and markers for Alzheimer's disease pathology. Biomarkers in Medicine 2012, 6:477-495.
27. Fagan A.M., Perrin R.J. Upcoming candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Biomarkers in Medicine 2012, 6:455-476.
28. Fiehn O. Metabolomics-The link between genotypes and phenotypes. Plant Molecular Biology 2002, 48(1-2):155-171.
29. Funayama M., Li Y., Tomiyama H., Yoshino H., Imamichi Y., Yamamoto M., et al. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 among the Japanese population. The G2385R (c.7153G>A) variant was reported as a risk factor for sporadic Parkinson. Neuroreport 2007, 18:273-275.
30. German J.B., Hammock B.D., Watkins S.M. Metabolomics: Building on a century of biochemistry to guide human health. Metabolomics 2005, 1:3-9.
31. Gika H.G., Theodoridis G.A., Plumb R.S., Wilson I.D. Current practice of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in metabolomics and metabonomics. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2014, 87:12-25. 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.032.
32. Glazko G.V., Emmert-Streib F. Unite and conquer: Univariate and multivariate approaches for finding differentially expressed gene sets. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(18):2348-2354. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp406.
33. Goodacre R., Vaidyanathan S., Dunn W.B., Harrigan G.G., Kell D.B. Metabolomics by numbers: Acquiring and understanding global metabolite data. Trends in Biotechnology 2004, 22(5):245-252. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.007.
34. Graham S.F., Chevallier O.P., Roberts D., Holscher C., Elliott C.T., Green B.D. Investigation of the human brain metabolome to identify potential markers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets of Alzheimer's disease. Analytical Chemistry 2013, 85(3):1803-1811. 10.1021/ac303163f.
35. Greenberg N., Grassano A., Thambisetty M., Lovestone S., Legido-Quigley C. A proposed metabolic strategy for monitoring disease progression in Alzheimer's disease. Electrophoresis 2009, 30(7):1235-1239. 10.1002/elps.200800589.
36. Grimm M.O., Grösgen S., Riemenschneider M., Tanila H., Grimm H.S., Hartmann T. From brain to food: Analysis of phosphatidylcholines, lyso-phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogens derivates in Alzheimer's disease human post mortem brains and mice model via mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. A 2011, 1218(42):7713-7722. 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.073.
37. Haas R.H., Nasirian F., Nakano K., Ward D., Pay M., Hill R., et al. Low platelet mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology 1995, 37:714-722.
38. Hampel H., Lista S., Khachaturian Z.S. Development of biomarkers to chart all Alzheimer's disease stages: The royal road to cutting the therapeutic Gordian knot. Alzheimers Dement 2012, 8:312-336.
39. Han J., Datla R., Chan S., Borchers C.H. Mass spectrometry-based technologies for high-throughput metabolomics. Bioanalysis 2009, 1(9):1665-1684. 10.4155/bio.09.158.
40. Han X., Rozen S., Boyle S.H., Hellegers C., Cheng H., Burke J.R., et al. Metabolomics in early Alzheimer's disease: Identification of altered plasma sphingolipidome using shotgun lipidomics. PloS One 2011, 6(7):e21643. 10.1371/journal.pone.0021643.
41. Hauser M.A., Li Y.-J., Takeuchi S., Walters R., Noureddine M., Maready M., et al. Genomic convergence: Identifying candidate genes for Parkinson's disease by combining serial analysis of gene expression and genetic linkage. Human Molecular Genetics 2003, 12:671-677.
42. Hejazi L., Wong J.W., Cheng D., Proschogo N., Ebrahimi D., Garner B., et al. Mass and relative elution time profiling: Two-dimensional analysis of sphingolipids in Alzheimer's disease brains. Biochemical Journal 2011, 438(1):165-175. 10.1042/BJ20110566.
43. Hollywood K., Brison D.R., Goodacre R. Metabolomics: Current technologies and future trends. Proteomics 2006, 6(17):4716-4723. 10.1002/pmic.200600106.
44. Ibanez C., Simo C., Martin-Alvarez P.J., Kivipelto M., Winblad B., Cedazo-Minguez A., et al. Toward a predictive model of Alzheimer's disease progression using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Analytical Chemistry 2012, 84(20):8532-8540. 10.1021/ac301243k.
45. Iwasaki Y., Ikeda K., Shiojima T., Kinoshita M. Increased plasma concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glycine in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience Letters 1992, 145:175-177.
46. Jack C., Knopman D., Jagust W., Shaw L., Aisen P., Weiner M., et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurology 2010, 9:119-128.
47. Jankovic J. Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of parkinsonian symptoms and signs. Handbook of Parkinson's disease 2003, 71-98. Informa, Health Care, New York. 3rd ed. R. Pahwa, K. Lyons, W.C. Koller (Eds.).
48. Jimenez-Jimenez F.J., Molina J.A., Vargas C., Gomez P., Navarro J.A., Benito-Leon J., et al. Neurotransmitter amino acids in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1996, 15:39-44.
49. Jove M., Portero-Otin M., Naudi A., Ferrer I., Pamplona R. Metabolomics of human brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2014, 73(7):640-657. 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000091.
50. Kaddurah-Daouk R., Rozen S., Matson W., Han X., Hulette C.M., Burke J.R., et al. Metabolomic changes in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers & Dementia 2011, 7:309-317.
51. Kaddurah-Daouk R., Zhu H., Sharma S., Bogdanov M., Rozen S.G., Matson W., et al. Alterations in metabolic pathways and networks in Alzheimer's disease. Translational Psychiatry 2013, 3:e244. Pharmacometabolomics Research Network.
52. Kiernan M.C., Vucic S., Cheah B.C., Turner M.R., Eisen A., Hardiman O., et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 2011, 377(9769):942-955.
53. Kline A. Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-ß clearance and therapeutic opportunities in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2012, 4:32.
54. Kumar A., Bala L., Kalita J., Misra U.K., Singh R.L., Khetrapal C.L., et al. Metabolomic analysis of serum by (1)H NMR spectroscopy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2010, 411(7-8):563-567.
55. Kumar K.K., Goodwin C.R., Uhouse M.A., Bornhorst J., Schwerdtle T., Aschner M., et al. Untargeted metabolic profiling identifies interactions between Huntington's disease and neuronal manganese status. Metallomics 2015, 7(2):363-370.
56. Lawton K.A., Brown M.V., Alexander D., Li Z., Wulff J.E., Lawson R., et al. Plasma metabolomic biomarker panel to distinguish patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from disease mimics. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration 2014, 15(5-6):362-370.
57. LeWitt P. Recent advances in CSF biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2012, 18(Suppl. 1):S49-S51. 10.1016/S1353-8020(11)70017-7.
58. Lewitt P.A., Li J., Lu M., Beach T.G., Adler C.H., Guo L. 3-hydroxykynurenine and other Parkinson's disease biomarkers discovered by metabolomic analysis. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society 2013, 28(12):1653-1660. Arizona Parkinson's Disease Consortium.
59. LeWitt P., Schultz L., Auinger P., Lu M. CSF xanthine, homovanillic acid, and their ratio as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Brain Research 2011, 1408:88-97. Parkinson Study Group, D. I. 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.057.
60. Li N.J., Liu W.T., Li W., Liu S.Q., Chen X.H., Bi K.S., et al. Plasma metabolic profiling of Alzheimer's disease by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Clinical Biochemistry 2010, 43(12):992-997. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.072.
61. Liu C.C., Kanekiyo T., Xu H., Bu G. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: Risk, mechanisms, and therapy. Nature Reviews Neurology 2013, 9:106-118.
62. Lutz N.W., Viola A., Malikova I., Confort-Gouny S., Audoin B., Ranjeva J.P., et al. Inflammatory multiple-sclerosis plaques generate characteristic metabolic profiles in cerebrospinal fluid. PloS One 2007, 2(7):e595. 10.1371/journal.pone.0000595.
63. Lynch J., Peeling J., Auty A., Sutherland G.R. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 1993, 20(3):194-198.
64. Ma L.H., Li Y., Djurić P.M., Maletić-Savatić M. Systems biology approach to imaging of neural stem cells. Methods in Molecular Biology 2011, 711:421-434.
65. Maletic-Savatic M., Vingara L.K., Manganas L.N., Li Y., Zhang S., Sierra A., et al. Metabolomics of neural progenitor cells: A novel approach to biomarker discovery. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 2008, 73:389-401. 10.1101/sqb.2008.73.021.
66. Mally J., Szalai G., Stone T.W. Changes in the concentration of amino acids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1997, 151:159-162.
67. Mangalam A., Poisson L., Nemutlu E., Datta I., Denic A., Dzeja P., et al. Profile of circulatory metabolites in a relapsing-remitting animal model of multiple sclerosis using global metabolomics. Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology 2013, 4:150.
68. Manganas L., Maletic-Savatic M. Stem cell therapy for CNS demyelinating diseases. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Report 2005, 5(3):225-231.
69. Mapstone M., Cheema A.K., Fiandaca M.S., Zhong X., Mhyre T.R., MacArthur L.H., et al. Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nature Medicine 2014, 20(4):415-418. 10.1038/nm.3466.
70. Marjanska M., Curran G.L., Wengenack T.M., Henry P.G., Bliss R.L., Poduslo J.F., et al. Monitoring disease progression in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102(33):11906-11910.
71. Mason S., Barker R.A. Progress in Huntington's disease: The search for markers of disease onset and progression. Journal of Neurology 2015, [Epub ahead of print].
72. Metz T. Metabolic profiling: Methods and protocols 2011, Springer Verlag, New York.
73. Mishur R.J., Rea S.L. Applications of mass spectrometry to metabolomics and metabonomics: Detection of biomarkers of aging and of age-related diseases. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2012, 31:70-95.
74. Myint K.T., Aoshima K., Tanaka S., Nakamura T., Oda Y. Quantitative profiling of polar cationic metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid by reversed-phase nanoliquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 2009, 81(3):1121-1129. 10.1021/ac802259r.
75. Nevedomskaya E., Ramautar R., Derks R., Westbroek I., Zondag G., van der Pluijm I., et al. CE-MS for metabolic profiling of volume-limited urine samples: Application to accelerated aging TTD mice. Journal of Proteome Research 2010, 9:4869-4874.
76. Nicoli F., Vion-Dury J., Confort-Gouny S., Maillet S., Gastaut J.L., Cozzone P.J. Cerebrospinal fluid metabolic profiles in multiple sclerosis and degenerative dementias obtained by high resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Série III 1996, 319(7):623-631.
77. Noga M.J., Dane A., Shi S., Attali A., van Aken H., Suidgeest E., et al. Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in the central nervous system metabolism in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. Metabolomics 2012, 8(2):253-263.
78. Oresic M., Hyotylainen T., Herukka S.K., Sysi-Aho M., Mattila I., Seppanan-Laakso T., et al. Metabolome in progression to Alzheimer's disease. Translational Psychiatry 2011, 1:e57. 10.1038/tp.2011.55.
79. Paisán-Ruíz C., Jain S., Evans E.W., Gilks W.P., Simón J., Brug M., et al. Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2004, 18:575-577.
80. Penn A.M., Roberts T., Hodder J., Allen P.S., Zhu G., Martin W.R. Generalized mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of muscle. Neurology 1995, 45:2097-2099.
81. Peterson C., Vannucci M., Karakas C., Choi W., Ma L., Maletic-Savatic M. Inferring metabolic networks using the Bayesian adaptive graphical lasso with informative priors. Statistics and Its Interface 2013, 6(4):547-558. 10.4310/SII.2013.v6.n4.a12.
82. Pieragostino D., D'Alessandro M., di Ioia M., Rossi C., Zucchelli M., Urbani A., et al. An integrated metabolomics approach for the research of new cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of multiple sclerosis. Molecular BioSystems 2015, 11(6):1563-1572.
83. Pringsheim T., Jette N., Frolkis A., Steeves T.D. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders 2014, 29(13):1583-1590.
84. Ramos L. Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. Journal of Chromatography A 2012, 1221:84-98. 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011.
85. Regenold W.T., Phatak P., Makley M.J., Stone R.D., Kling M.A. Cerebrospinal fluid evidence of increased extra-mitochondrial glucose metabolism implicates mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple sclerosis disease progression. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2008, 275(1-2):106-112. 10.1016/j.jns.2008.07.032.
86. Reinke S.N., Broadhurst D.L., Sykes B.D., Baker G.B., Catz I., Warren K.G., et al. Metabolomic profiling in multiple sclerosis: Insights into biomarkers and pathogenesis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 2014, 20(10):1396-1400.
87. Richards S.E., Dumas M.-E., Fonville J.M., Ebbels T.M.D., Holmes E., Nicholson J.K. Intra- and inter-omic fusion of metabolic profiling data in a systems biology framework. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2010, 104(1):121-131. 10.1016/j.chemolab.2010.07.006.
88. Roede J.R., Uppal K., Park Y., Lee K., Tran V., Walker D., et al. Serum metabolomics of slow vs. rapid motor progression Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. PLoS One 2013, 8(10):e77629.
89. Rozen S., Cudkowicz M.E., Bogdanov M., Matson W.R., Kristal B.S., Beecher C., et al. Metabolomic analysis and signatures in motor neuron disease. Metabolomics 2005, 1(2):101-108. 10.1007/s11306-005-4810-1.
90. Salek R.M., Xia J., Innes A., Sweatman B.C., Adalbert R., Randle S., et al. A metabolomic study of the CRND8 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochemistry International 2010, 56(8):937-947.
91. Sato Y., Suzuki I., Nakamura T., Bernier F., Aoshima K., Oda Y. Identification of a new plasma biomarker of Alzheimer's disease using metabolomics technology. Journal of Lipid Research 2012, 53(3):567-576. 10.1194/jlr.M022376.
92. Scherzer C.R., Eklund A.C., Morse L.J., Liao Z., Locascio J.J., Fefer D., et al. Molecular markers of early Parkinson's disease based on gene expression in blood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:955-960.
93. Shaw L.M., Korecka M., Clark C.M., Lee V.M., Trojanowski J.Q. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutics. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2007, 6(4):295-303. 10.1038/nrd2176.
94. Simone I.L., Federico F., Trojano M., Tortorella C., Liguori M., Giannini P., et al. High resolution proton MR spectroscopy of cerebrospinal fluid in MS patients. Comparison with biochemical changes in demyelinating plaques. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1996, 144(1-2):182-190.
95. Sinclair A.J., Viant M.R., Ball A.K., Burdon M.A., Walker E.A., Stewart P.M., et al. NMR-based metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and serum in neurological diseases-a diagnostic tool?. NMR in Biomedicine 2010, 23(2):123-132.
96. Small G., Mazziotta J., Collins M., Baxter L., Phelps M., Mandelkern M., et al. Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and cerebral glucose metabolism in relatives at risk for familial Alzheimer disease. JAMA: The journal of the American Medical Association 1995, 273(12):942-947.
97. Sowell R.A., Koeniger S.L., Valentine S.J., Moon M.H., Clemmer D.E. Nanoflow LC/IMS-MS and LC/IMS-CID/MS of protein mixtures. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2004, 15:1341-1353.
98. Takeuchi K., Ohishi M., Ota S., et al. Metabolic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Journal of Proteome Research 2013, 12:1399-1407.
99. Trushina E., Dutta T., Persson X.M., Mielke M.M., Petersen R.C. Identification of altered metabolic pathways in plasma and CSF in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using metabolomics. PloS One 2013, 8(5):e63644. 10.1371/journal.pone.0063644.
100. Trushina E., Nemutlu E., Zhang S., Christensen T., Camp J., Mesa J., et al. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolomic signatures of evolving energetic stress in mouse models of familial Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012, 7(2):e32737.
101. Trushina E., Mielke M.M. Recent advances in the application of metabolomics to Alzheimer's Disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2014, 1842(8):1232-1239. 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.014.
102. Tsang T.M., Woodman B., McLoughlin G.A., Griffin J.L., Tabrizi S.J., Bates G.P., et al. Metabolic characterization of the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease by high-resolution MAS 1H NMR spectroscopy. Journal of Proteome Research 2006, 5(3):483-492.
103. Ulrich E.L., Akutsu H., Doreleijers J.F., Harano Y., Ioannidis Y.E., Lin J., et al. BioMagResBank. Nucleic Acids Research 2008, 36(Database issue):D402-D408. 10.1093/nar/gkm957.
104. Underwood B.R., Broadhurst D., Dunn W.B., Ellis D.I., Michell A.W., Vacher C., et al. Huntington disease patients and transgenic mice have similar pro-catabolic serum metabolite profiles. Brain: A Journal of Neurology 2006, 129:877-886.
105. Verwaest K.A., Vu T.N., Laukens K., Clemens L.E., Nguyen H.P., Van Gasse B., et al. (1)H NMR based metabolomics of CSF and blood serum: A metabolic profile for a transgenic rat model of Huntington disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011, 1812(11):1371-1379.
106. Vingara L.K., Yu H.J., Wagshul M.E., Serafin D., Christodoulou C., Pelczer I., et al. Metabolomic approach to human brain spectroscopy identifies associations between clinical features and the frontal lobe metabolome in multiple sclerosis. NeuroImage 2013, 82:586-594. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.125.
107. Walker F.O. Huntington's disease. Lancet 2007, 369(9557):218-228.
108. Weckwerth W., Morgenthal K. Metabolomics: From pattern recognition to biological interpretation. Drug Discovery Today 2005, 10(22):1551-1558. 10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03609-3.
109. Weljie A.M., Newton J., Mercier P., Carlson E., Slupsky C.M. Targeted profiling: Quantitative analysis of 1H NMR metabolomics data. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78(13):4430-4442. 10.1021/ac060209g.
110. Wishart D.S. Current progress in computational metabolomics. Briefings in Bioinformatics 2007, 8(5):279-293. 10.1093/bib/bbm030.
111. Wishart D.S., Tzur D., Knox C., Eisner R., Guo A.C., Young N., et al. HMDB: The Human Metabolome Database. Nucleic Acids Research 2007, 35(Database issue):D521-D526. 10.1093/nar/gkl923.
112. Wuolikainen A., Moritz T., Marklund S.L., Antti H., Andersen P.M. Disease-related changes in the cerebrospinal fluid metabolome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis detected by GC/TOFMS. PLoS One 2011, 6(4):e17947.
113. Yin P., Xu G. Current state-of-the-art of nontargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with special emphasis in clinical applications. Journal of Chromatography A 2014, 1374C:1-13. 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.050.
114. Zilka N., Novak M. The tangled story of Alois Alzheimer. Bratislavské Lekárske Listy 2006, 107:343-345.
115. Zinnel N.F., Pai P.J., Russell D.H. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for top-down proteomics: Increased dynamic range affords increased sequence coverage. Analytical Chemistry 2012, 84:3390-3397.