Filoviruses: One of these things is (not) like the other

Viruses

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2015, Pages 5172-5190

  Anthony, Scott M ^a   Bradfute, Steven B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Correlates of immunity; Ebola; Ebolavirus; Filoviridae; Filovirus; Hemorrhagic; Marburg; Marburgvirus

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALPHA INTERFERON; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CD40 LIGAND; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; CREATININE; CXCL9 CHEMOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HLA B15 ANTIGEN; HLA B7 ANTIGEN; IMMUCILLIN A; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 7; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1BETA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; MORPHOLINO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN; VIRUS VACCINE; VITAMIN K GROUP;

ANTISENSE THERAPY; ARTICLE; CUEVAVIRUS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FILOVIRUS INFECTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LETHALITY; MARBURGVIRUS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION; WESTERN BLOTTING; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; EPIDEMIC; FILOVIRIDAE; FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; IMMUNOLOGY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TRENDS; VIROLOGY; VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FILOVIRIDAE; FILOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; VIRULENCE;

EID: 84942942512     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v7102867     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Kuhn, J.H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T.W.; Johnson, K.M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W.I.; Negredo, A.I.; Netesov, S.V.; Nichol, S.T. et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Arch. Virol. 2010, 155, 2083–2103. [PubMed]
2. Kuhn, J.H.; Andersen, K.G.; Baize, S.; Bao, Y.; Bavari, S.; Berthet, N.; Blinkova, O.; Brister, J.R.; Clawson, A.N.; Fair, J. et al. Nomenclature-and database-compatible names for the two Ebola virus variants that emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Viruses 2014, 6, 4760–4799. [PubMed]
3. Mire, C.E.; Matassov, D.; Geisbert, J.B.; Latham, T.E.; Agans, K.N.; Xu, R.; Ota-Setlik, A.; Egan, M.A.; Fenton, K.A.; Clarke, D.K. et al. Single-dose attenuated vesiculovax vaccines protect primates against Ebola Makona virus. Nature 2015, 520, 688–691. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Qiu, X.; Wong, G.; Audet, J.; Bello, A.; Fernando, L.; Alimonti, J.B.; Fausther-Bovendo, H.; Wei, H.; Aviles, J.; Hiatt, E. et al. Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. Nature 2014, 514, 47–53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Martini, G.A.; Knauff, H.G.; Schmidt, H.A.; Mayer, G.; Baltzer, G. A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted from monkeys. “Marburg-virus” disease. Ger. Med. Mon. 1968, 13, 457–470. [PubMed]
6. Siegert, R.; Shu, H.L.; Slenczka, H.L.; Peters, D.; Muller, G. The aetiology of an unknown human infection transmitted by monkeys (preliminary communication). Ger. Med. Mon. 1968, 13, 1–2. [PubMed]
7. Bausch, D.G.; Nichol, S.T.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J.J.; Borchert, M.; Rollin, P.E.; Sleurs, H.; Campbell, P.; Tshioko, F.K.; Roth, C.; Colebunders, R. et al. Marburg hemorrhagic fever associated with multiple genetic lineages of virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355, 909–919. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Towner, J.S.; Khristova, M.L.; Sealy, T.K.; Vincent, M.J.; Erickson, B.R.; Bawiec, D.A.; Hartman, A.L.; Comer, J.A.; Zaki, S.R.; Stroher, U. et al. Marburgvirus genomics and association with a large hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Angola. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 6497–6516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. Towner, J.S.; Sealy, T.K.; Khristova, M.L.; Albarino, C.G.; Conlan, S.; Reeder, S.A.; Quan, P.L.; Lipkin, W.I.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J.W. et al. Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS Pathog. 2008, 4, e1000212. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Le Guenno, B.; Formenty, P.; Wyers, M.; Gounon, P.; Walker, F.; Boesch, C. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus. Lancet 1995, 345, 1271–1274. [CrossRef]
11. Miranda, M.E.; Miranda, N.L. Reston Ebolavirus in humans and animals in the Philippines: A review. J. Inf. Dis. 2011, 204, S757–S760. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Negredo, A.; Palacios, G.; Vazquez-Moron, S.; Gonzalez, F.; Dopazo, H.; Molero, F.; Juste, J.; Quetglas, J.; Savji, N.; de la Cruz Martinez, M. et al. Discovery of an Ebolavirus-like filovirus in Europe. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7, e1002304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Kuhn, J.H.; Calisher, C.H. Filoviruses: A compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 2008.
14. Dixon, M.G.; Schafer, I.J. Ebola viral disease outbreak—West Africa, 2014. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2014, 63, 548–551. [PubMed]
15. World Health Organization. Outbreak news. Ebola, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Wkly. Epidemiolog. Rec. 2012, 87, 421–421.
16. Formenty, P.; Hatz, C.; Le Guenno, B.; Stoll, A.; Rogenmoser, P.; Widmer, A. Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: Clinical and biologic presentation. J. Infect Dis. 1999, 179, S48–S53. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Geisbert, T.W.; Jahrling, P.B. Use of immunoelectron microscopy to show Ebola virus during the 1989 United States epizootic. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990, 43, 813–816. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Pan, Y.; Zhang, W.; Cui, L.; Hua, X.; Wang, M.; Zeng, Q. Reston virus in domestic pigs in China. Arch. Virol. 2014, 159, 1129–1132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
19. Bechtelsheimer, H.; Jacob, H.; Solcher, H. The neuropathology of an infectious disease transmitted by African green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). Ger. Med. Mon. 1969, 14, 10–12. [PubMed]
20. Gedigk, P.; Bechtelsheimer, H.; Korb, G. Pathological anatomy of the “Marburg virus” disease (the so-called “Marburg monkey disease”). Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1968, 93, 590–601. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Stille, W.; Bohle, E.; Helm, E.; van Rey, W.; Siede, W. On an infectious disease transmitted by cercopithecus aethiops. (“green monkey disease”). Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1968, 93, 572–582. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. van Paassen, J.; Bauer, M.P.; Arbous, M.S.; Visser, L.G.; Schmidt-Chanasit, J.; Schilling, S.; Olschlager, S.; Rieger, T.; Emmerich, P.; Schmetz, C. et al. Acute liver failure, multiorgan failure, cerebral oedema, and activation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in a case of Marburg haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2012, 12, 635–642. [CrossRef]
23. Fujita, N.; Miller, A.; Miller, G.; Gershman, K.; Gallagher, N.; Marano, N.; Hale, C.; Jentes, E. Imported case of Marburg hemorrhagic fever-Colorado, 2008. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2009, 58, 1377–1381.
24. Johnson, E.D.; Johnson, B.K.; Silverstein, D.; Tukei, P.; Geisbert, T.W.; Sanchez, A.N.; Jahrling, P.B. Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya. Arch. Virol. 1996, 11, 101–114.
25. Varkey, J.B.; Shantha, J.G.; Crozier, I.; Kraft, C.S.; Lyon, G.M.; Mehta, A.K.; Kumar, G.; Smith, J.R.; Kainulainen, M.H.; Whitmer, S. et al. Persistence of Ebola virus in ocular fluid during convalescence. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 372, 2423–2427. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Mackay, I.M.; Arden, K.E. Ebola virus in the semen of convalescent men. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2015, 15, 149–150. [CrossRef]
27. Bausch, D.G.; Towner, J.S.; Dowell, S.F.; Kaducu, F.; Lukwiya, M.; Sanchez, A.; Nichol, S.T.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Rollin, P.E. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S142–S147. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Martini, G.A.; Schmidt, H.A. Spermatogenic transmission of the “Marburg virus”. (Causes of “Marburg simian disease”). Klin. Wochenschr. 1968, 46, 398–400. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Kuming, B.S.; Kokoris, N. Uveal involvement in Marburg virus disease. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 1977, 61, 265–266. [CrossRef]
30. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Capron, M.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Debre, P.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; McCormick, J.B.; Georges, A.J. Defective humoral responses and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in ebola virus-infected patients. Nat. Med. 1999, 5, 423–426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Georges, A.J.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Capron, M.; Bedjabaga, I.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Mavoungou, E. Inflammatory responses in ebola virus-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2002, 128, 163–168. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
32. Wauquier, N.; Becquart, P.; Padilla, C.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M. Human fatal zaire Ebola virus infection is associated with an aberrant innate immunity and with massive lymphocyte apoptosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010, 4, e837. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Villinger, F.; Rollin, P.E.; Brar, S.S.; Chikkala, N.F.; Winter, J.; Sundstrom, J.B.; Zaki, S.R.; Swanepoel, R.; Ansari, A.A.; Peters, C.J. Markedly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-, IFN-_, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-_associated with fatal Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S188–S191. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Leroy, E.M.; Baize, S.; Debre, P.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Mavoungou, E. Early immune responses accompanying human asymptomatic Ebola infections. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2001, 124, 453–460. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
35. Leroy, E.M.; Baize, S.; Volchkov, V.E.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Capron, M.; Debre, P.; McCormick, J.B.; Georges, A.J. Human asymptomatic Ebola infection and strong inflammatory response. Lancet 2000, 355, 2210–2215. [CrossRef]
36. Hutchinson, K.L.; Rollin, P.E. Cytokine and chemokine expression in humans infected with sudan Ebola virus. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S357–S363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. McElroy, A.K.; Erickson, B.R.; Flietstra, T.D.; Rollin, P.E.; Nichol, S.T.; Towner, J.S.; Spiropoulou, C.F. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Novel biomarker correlates of clinical outcome. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 210, 558–566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
38. Gupta, M.; MacNeil, A.; Reed, Z.D.; Rollin, P.E.; Spiropoulou, C.F. Serology and cytokine profiles in patients infected with the newly discovered bundibugyo Ebolavirus. Virology 2012, 423, 119–124. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
39. Bradfute, S.B.; Anthony, S.M.; Stuthman, K.S.; Ayithan, N.; Tailor, P.; Shaia, C.I.; Bray, M.; Ozato, K.; Bavari, S. Mechanisms of immunity in post-exposure vaccination against Ebola virus infection. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0118434. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
40. Ayithan, N.; Bradfute, S.B.; Anthony, S.M.; Stuthman, K.S.; Bavari, S.; Bray, M.; Ozato, K. Virus-like particles activate type I interferon pathways to facilitate post-exposure protection against Ebola virus infection. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0118345. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
41. Ignat'ev, G.M.; Strel'tsova, M.A.; Kashentseva, E.A.; Patrushev, N.A. Effects of tumor necrosis factor antiserum of the course of Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. 1998, 3, 35–38. [PubMed]
42. Hutchinson, K.L.; Villinger, F.; Miranda, M.E.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Peters, C.J.; Rollin, P.E. Multiplex analysis of cytokines in the blood of cynomolgus macaques naturally infected with Ebola virus (reston serotype). J. Med. Virol. 2001, 65, 561–566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
43. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Larsen, T.; Young, H.A.; Reed, D.S.; Geisbert, J.B.; Scott, D.P.; Kagan, E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Davis, K.J. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: Evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. Am. J. Pathol. 2003, 163, 2347–2370. [CrossRef]
44. Hensley, L.E.; Young, H.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W. Proinflammatory response during Ebola virus infection of primate models: Possible involvement of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Immunol. Lett. 2002, 80, 169–179. [CrossRef]
45. Rubins, K.H.; Hensley, L.E.; Wahl-Jensen, V.; Daddario DiCaprio, K.M.; Young, H.A.; Reed, D.S.; Jahrling, P.B.; Brown, P.O.; Relman, D.A.; Geisbert, T.W. The temporal program of peripheral blood gene expression in the response of nonhuman primates to Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Genome Biol. 2007, 8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
46. Fritz, E.A.; Geisbert, J.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Reed, D.S. Cellular immune response to Marburg virus infection in cynomolgus macaques. Viral Immunol. 2008, 21, 355–363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
47. Ignatyev, G.M.; Agafonov, A.P.; Streltsova, M.A.; Kashentseva, E.A. Inactivated Marburg virus elicits a nonprotective immune response in rhesus monkeys. J. Biotechnol. 1996, 44, 111–118. [CrossRef]
48. Ignat’ev, G.M.; Strel’tsova, M.A.; Agafonov, A.P.; Kashentseva, E.A.; Prozorovskii, N.S. Experimental study of possible treatment of Marburg hemorrhagic fever with desferal, ribavirin, and homologous interferon. Vopr. Virusol. 1996, 41, 206–209. [PubMed]
49. Warfield, K.L.; Bradfute, S.B.; Wells, J.; Lofts, L.; Cooper, M.T.; Alves, D.A.; Reed, D.K.; VanTongeren, S.A.; Mech, C.A.; Bavari, S. Development and characterization of a mouse model for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 6404–6415. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
50. Qiu, X.; Wong, G.; Audet, J.; Cutts, T.; Niu, Y.; Booth, S.; Kobinger, G.P. Establishment and characterization of a lethal mouse model for the angola strain of Marburg virus. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 12703–12714. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Sanchez, A.; Wagoner, K.E.; Rollin, P.E. Sequence-based human leukocyte antigen-b typing of patients infected with Ebola virus in Uganda in 2000: Identification of alleles associated with fatal and nonfatal disease outcomes. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S329–S336. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
52. Bray, M. The role of the type I interferon response in the resistance of mice to filovirus infection. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82, 1365–1373. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Raymond, J.; Bradfute, S.; Bray, M. Filovirus infection of STAT-1 knockout mice. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, S986–S990. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
54. O'Brien, L.M.; Stokes, M.G.; Lonsdale, S.G.; Maslowski, D.R.; Smither, S.J.; Lever, M.S.; Laws, T.R.; Perkins, S.D. Vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein elicits protection in the interferon _/_ receptor knock-out mouse. Virology 2014, 324–333. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
55. Lever, M.S.; Piercy, T.J.; Steward, J.A.; Eastaugh, L.; Smither, S.J.; Taylor, C.; Salguero, F.J.; Phillpotts, R.J. Lethality and pathogenesis of airborne infection with filoviruses in a129 _/_-/-interferon receptor-deficient mice. J. Med. Microbiol. 2012, 61, 8–15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
56. Ebihara, H.; Takada, A.; Kobasa, D.; Jones, S.; Neumann, G.; Theriault, S.; Bray, M.; Feldmann, H.; Kawaoka, Y. Molecular determinants of Ebola virus virulence in mice. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2, e73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
57. Kash, J.C.; Muhlberger, E.; Carter, V.; Grosch, M.; Perwitasari, O.; Proll, S.C.; Thomas, M.J.; Weber, F.; Klenk, H.D.; Katze, M.G. Global suppression of the host antiviral response by Ebola-and Marburgviruses: Increased antagonism of the type I interferon response is associated with enhanced virulence. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 3009–3020. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Reid, S.P.; Valmas, C.; Martinez, O.; Sanchez, F.M.; Basler, C.F. Ebola virus VP24 proteins inhibit the interaction of NPI-1 subfamily karyopherin _ proteins with activated STAT1. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 13469–13477. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
59. Reid, S.P.; Leung, L.W.; Hartman, A.L.; Martinez, O.; Shaw, M.L.; Carbonnelle, C.; Volchkov, V.E.; Nichol, S.T.; Basler, C.F. Ebola virus VP24 binds karyopherin _1 and blocks STAT1 nuclear accumulation. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 5156–5167. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Basler, C.F.; Mikulasova, A.; Martinez-Sobrido, L.; Paragas, J.; Muhlberger, E.; Bray, M.; Klenk, H.D.; Palese, P.; Garcia-Sastre, A. The Ebola virus VP35 protein inhibits activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 7945–7956. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
61. Basler, C.F.; Wang, X.; Muhlberger, E.; Volchkov, V.; Paragas, J.; Klenk, H.D.; Garcia-Sastre, A.; Palese, P. The Ebola virus VP35 protein functions as a type I IFN antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 12289–12294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
62. Chang, T.H.; Kubota, T.; Matsuoka, M.; Jones, S.; Bradfute, S.B.; Bray, M.; Ozato, K. Ebola zaire virus blocks type I interferon production by exploiting the host sumo modification machinery. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000493. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Valmas, C.; Grosch, M.N.; Schumann, M.; Olejnik, J.; Martinez, O.; Best, S.M.; Krahling, V.; Basler, C.F.; Muhlberger, E. Marburg virus evades interferon responses by a mechanism distinct from Ebola virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, e1000721. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
64. Bale, S.; Julien, J.P.; Bornholdt, Z.A.; Kimberlin, C.R.; Halfmann, P.; Zandonatti, M.A.; Kunert, J.; Kroon, G.J.; Kawaoka, Y.; MacRae, I.J. et al. Marburg virus VP35 can both fully coat the backbone and cap the ends of dsRNA for interferon antagonism. PLoS Pathog. 2012, 8, e1002916. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
65. Valmas, C.; Basler, C.F. Marburg virus VP40 antagonizes interferon signaling in a species-specific manner. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 4309–4317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
66. Smith, L.M.; Hensley, L.E.; Geisbert, T.W.; Johnson, J.; Stossel, A.; Honko, A.; Yen, J.Y.; Geisbert, J.; Paragas, J.; Fritz, E. et al. Interferon-_ therapy prolongs survival in rhesus macaque models of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 208, 310–318. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Swearengen, J.R.; Bray, M.; Jaax, N.K.; Huggins, J.W.; LeDuc, J.W.; Peters, C.J. Evaluation of immune globulin and recombinant interferon-_2b for treatment of experimental Ebola virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S224–S234. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
68. Qiu, X.; Wong, G.; Fernando, L.; Audet, J.; Bello, A.; Strong, J.; Alimonti, J.B.; Kobinger, G.P. Mabs and ad-vectored IFN-_ therapy rescue Ebola-infected nonhuman primates when administered after the detection of viremia and symptoms. Sci. Tran. Med. 2013, 5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Leung, A.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Hensley, L.E.; Grolla, A.; Feldmann, H. Single-injection vaccine protects nonhuman primates against infection with Marburg virus and three species of Ebola virus. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 7296–7304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Hensley, L.E.; Mulangu, S.; Asiedu, C.; Johnson, J.; Honko, A.N.; Stanley, D.; Fabozzi, G.; Nichol, S.T.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Rollin, P.E. et al. Demonstration of cross-protective vaccine immunity against an emerging pathogenic Ebolavirus species. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6, e1000904. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Baskerville, A.; Bowen, E.T.; Platt, G.S.; McArdell, L.B.; Simpson, D.I. The pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in monkeys. J. Pathol. 1978, 125, 131–138. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
72. Bowen, E.T.; Platt, G.S.; Simpson, D.I.; McArdell, L.B.; Raymond, R.T. Ebola haemorrhagic fever: Experimental infection of monkeys. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1978, 72, 188–191. [CrossRef]
73. Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; Brammer, T.L.; Trappier, S.G.; Hutwagner, L.C.; Farrar, B.B.; Ruo, S.L.; Brown, B.G.; Hermann, L.M.; Perez-Oronoz, G.I.; Goldsmith, C.S. et al. Pathogenic potential of filoviruses: Role of geographic origin of primate host and virus strain. J. Infect. Dis. 1992, 166, 753–763. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Carrion, R., Jr.; Ro, Y.; Hoosien, K.; Ticer, A.; Brasky, K.; de la Garza, M.; Mansfield, K.; Patterson, J.L. A small nonhuman primate model for filovirus-induced disease. Virology 2011, 420, 117–124. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
75. Luchko, S.V.; Dadaeva, A.A.; Ustinova, E.N.; Sizikova, L.P.; Riabchikova, E.I.; Sandakhchiev, L.S. Experimental study of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in baboon models. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1995, 120, 302–304. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
76. Ryabchikova, E.I.; Kolesnikova, L.V.; Luchko, S.V. An analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S199–S202. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Bowen, E.T.; Platt, G.S.; Lloyd, G.; Raymond, R.T.; Simpson, D.I. A comparative study of strains of Ebola virus isolated from southern sudan and northern zaire in 1976. J. Med. Virol. 1980, 6, 129–138. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
78. Connolly, B.M.; Steele, K.E.; Davis, K.J.; Geisbert, T.W.; Kell, W.M.; Jaax, N.K.; Jahrling, P.B. Pathogenesis of experimental Ebola virus infection in guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S203–S217. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Ebihara, H.; Zivcec, M.; Gardner, D.; Falzarano, D.; LaCasse, R.; Rosenke, R.; Long, D.; Haddock, E.; Fischer, E.; Kawaoka, Y. et al. A syrian golden hamster model recapitulating Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 207, 306–318. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
80. Bray, M.; Davis, K.; Geisbert, T.; Schmaljohn, C.; Huggins, J. A mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 178, 651–661. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
81. Geisbert, T.W.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Williams, K.J.; Geisbert, J.B.; Leung, A.; Feldmann, F.; Hensley, L.E.; Feldmann, H.; Jones, S.M. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector mediates postexposure protection against sudan Ebola hemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. 2008, 82, 5664–5668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Ksiazek, T.G.; West, C.P.; Rollin, P.E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Peters, C.J. ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Ebola viruses. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S192–S198. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
83. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Jaax, N.K.; Hanes, M.A.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Peters, C.J. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with Ebola-reston filoviruses from the 1989–1990 U.S. Epizootic. Arch. Virol.. 1996, 11, 115–134.
84. Simpson, D.I.; Zlotnik, I.; Rutter, D.A. Vervet monkey disease. Experiment infection of guinea pigs and monkeys with the causative agent. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1968, 49, 458–464. [PubMed]
85. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Pushko, P.; Smith, J.; Schmaljohn, A. Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Virology 1998, 251, 28–37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Geisbert, J.; Jahrling, P.; Schmaljohn, A. Antigenicity and vaccine potential of Marburg virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus recombinants. Virology 1997, 239, 206–216. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Lofts, L.L.; Wells, J.B.; Bavari, S.; Warfield, K.L. Key genomic changes necessary for an in vivo lethal mouse Marburgvirus variant selection process. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 3905–3917. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Stroher, U.; Hensley, L.E.; Grolla, A.; Fritz, E.A.; Feldmann, F.; Feldmann, H.; Jones, S.M. Cross-protection against Marburg virus strains by using a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 9659–9666. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Barrette, R.W.; Metwally, S.A.; Rowland, J.M.; Xu, L.; Zaki, S.R.; Nichol, S.T.; Rollin, P.E.; Towner, J.S.; Shieh, W.J.; Batten, B. et al. Discovery of swine as a host for the reston Ebolavirus. Science 2009, 325, 204–206. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. Marsh, G.A.; Haining, J.; Robinson, R.; Foord, A.; Yamada, M.; Barr, J.A.; Payne, J.; White, J.; Yu, M.; Bingham, J. et al. Ebola reston virus infection of pigs: Clinical significance and transmission potential. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, S804–S809. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
91. Kobinger, G.P.; Leung, A.; Neufeld, J.; Richardson, J.S.; Falzarano, D.; Smith, G.; Tierney, K.; Patel, A.; Weingartl, H.M. Replication, pathogenicity, shedding, and transmission of Zaire Ebolavirus in pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, 200–208. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Nfon, C.K.; Leung, A.; Smith, G.; Embury-Hyatt, C.; Kobinger, G.; Weingartl, H.M. Immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory disease in Zaire Ebolavirus-infected pigs. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61904. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
93. Weingartl, H.M.; Embury-Hyatt, C.; Nfon, C.; Leung, A.; Smith, G.; Kobinger, G. Transmission of Ebola virus from pigs to non-human primates. Sci. Rep. 2012, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
94. Rasmussen, A.L.; Okumura, A.; Ferris, M.T.; Green, R.; Feldmann, F.; Kelly, S.M.; Scott, D.P.; Safronetz, D.; Haddock, E.; LaCasse, R. et al. Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance. Science 2014, 346, 987–991. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
95. Bradfute, S.B.; Warfield, K.L.; Bray, M. Mouse models for filovirus infections. Viruses 2012, 4, 1477–1508. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
96. Carette, J.E.; Raaben, M.; Wong, A.C.; Herbert, A.S.; Obernosterer, G.; Mulherkar, N.; Kuehne, A.I.; Kranzusch, P.J.; Griffin, A.M.; Ruthel, G. et al. Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter niemann-pick C1. Nature 2011, 477, 340–343. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Cote, M.; Misasi, J.; Ren, T.; Bruchez, A.; Lee, K.; Filone, C.M.; Hensley, L.; Li, Q.; Ory, D.; Chandran, K. et al. Small molecule inhibitors reveal niemann-pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection. Nature 2011, 477, 344–348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
98. Ng, M.; Ndungo, E.; Jangra, R.K.; Cai, Y.; Postnikova, E.; Radoshitzky, S.R.; Dye, J.M.; Ramirez de Arellano, E.; Negredo, A.; Palacios, G. et al. Cell entry by a novel european filovirus requires host endosomal cysteine proteases and niemann-pick C1. Virology 2014, 637–646. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
99. Maruyama, J.; Miyamoto, H.; Kajihara, M.; Ogawa, H.; Maeda, K.; Sakoda, Y.; Yoshida, R.; Takada, A. Characterization of the envelope glycoprotein of a novel filovirus, Lloviu virus. J. Virol. 2014, 88, 99–109. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
100. Mehedi, M.; Falzarano, D.; Seebach, J.; Hu, X.; Carpenter, M.S.; Schnittler, H.J.; Feldmann, H. A new Ebola virus nonstructural glycoprotein expressed through RNA editing. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 5406–5414. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
101. Radoshitzky, S.R.; Warfield, K.L.; Chi, X.; Dong, L.; Kota, K.; Bradfute, S.B.; Gearhart, J.D.; Retterer, C.; Kranzusch, P.J.; Misasi, J.N. et al. Ebolavirus _-peptide immunoadhesins inhibit Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus cell entry. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 8502–8513. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
102. Mohan, G.S.; Li, W.; Ye, L.; Compans, R.W.; Yang, C. Antigenic subversion: A novel mechanism of host immune evasion by Ebola virus. PLoS Pathog. 2012, 8, e1003065. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
103. Escudero-Perez, B.; Volchkova, V.A.; Dolnik, O.; Lawrence, P.; Volchkov, V.E. Shed GP of Ebola virus triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10, e1004509. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Wahl-Jensen, V.M.; Afanasieva, T.A.; Seebach, J.; Stroher, U.; Feldmann, H.; Schnittler, H.J. Effects of Ebola virus glycoproteins on endothelial cell activation and barrier function. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 10442–10450. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Hoenen, T.; Marzi, A.; Scott, D.P.; Feldmann, F.; Callison, J.; Safronetz, D.; Ebihara, H.; Feldmann, H. Soluble glycoprotein is not required for Ebola virus virulence in guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
106. Volchkova, V.A.; Dolnik, O.; Martinez, M.J.; Reynard, O.; Volchkov, V.E. RNA editing of the GP gene of Ebola virus is an important pathogenicity factor. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
107. Volchkov, V.E.; Volchkova, V.A.; Muhlberger, E.; Kolesnikova, L.V.; Weik, M.; Dolnik, O.; Klenk, H.D. Recovery of infectious Ebola virus from complementary DNA: RNA editing of the GP gene and viral cytotoxicity. Science 2001, 291, 1965–1969. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Fausther-Bovendo, H.; Mulangu, S.; Sullivan, N.J. Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and Apes. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012, 2, 324–329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
109. Bradfute, S.B.; Dye, J.M., Jr.; Bavari, S. Filovirus vaccines. Hum. Vaccin. 2011, 7, 701–711. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Pyankov, O.V.; Bodnev, S.A.; Pyankova, O.G.; Solodkyi, V.V.; Pyankov, S.A.; Setoh, Y.X.; Volchkova, V.A.; Suhrbier, A.; Volchkov, V.V.; Agafonov, A.A. et al. A kunjin replicon virus-like particle vaccine provides protection against Ebola virus infection in nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Ledgerwood, J.E.; DeZure, A.D.; Stanley, D.A.; Novik, L.; Enama, M.E.; Berkowitz, N.M.; Hu, Z.; Joshi, G.; Ploquin, A.; Sitar, S. et al. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector Ebola vaccine—preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Agnandji, S.T.; Huttner, A.; Zinser, M.E.; Njuguna, P.; Dahlke, C.; Fernandes, J.F.; Yerly, S.; Dayer, J.A.; Kraehling, V.; Kasonta, R. et al. Phase 1 trials of RVSV Ebola vaccine in Africa and Europe—Preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
113. Regules, J.A.; Beigel, J.H.; Paolino, K.M.; Voell, J.; Castellano, A.R.; Munoz, P.; Moon, J.E.; Ruck, R.C.; Bennett, J.W.; Twomey, P.S. et al. A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus Ebola vaccine—Preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
114. Zhu, F.C.; Hou, L.H.; Li, J.X.; Wu, S.P.; Liu, P.; Zhang, G.R.; Hu, Y.M.; Meng, F.Y.; Xu, J.J.; Tang, R. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant adenovirus type-5 vector-based Ebola vaccine in healthy adults in China: Preliminary report of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2015, 385, 2272–2279. [CrossRef]
115. Rampling, T.; Ewer, K.; Bowyer, G.; Wright, D.; Imoukhuede, E.B.; Payne, R.; Hartnell, F.; Gibani, M.; Bliss, C.; Minhinnick, A. et al. A monovalent chimpanzee adenovirus Ebola vaccine —Preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Borisevich, I.V.; Mikhailov, V.V.; Krasnianskii, V.P.; Gradoboev, V.N.; Lebedinskaia, E.V.; Potryvaeva, N.V.; Timan'kova, G.D. Development and study of the properties of immunoglobulin against Ebola fever. Vopr. Virusol. 1995, 40, 270–273. [PubMed]
117. Kudoyarova-Zubavichene, N.M.; Sergeyev, N.N.; Chepurnov, A.A.; Netesov, S.V. Preparation and use of hyperimmune serum for prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S218–S223. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
118. Oswald, W.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Davis, K.J.; Geisbert, J.B.; Sullivan, N.J.; Jahrling, P.B.; Parren, P.W.; Burton, D.R. Neutralizing antibody fails to impact the course of Ebola virus infection in monkeys. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3, e9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
119. Dye, J.M.; Herbert, A.S.; Kuehne, A.I.; Barth, J.F.; Muhammad, M.A.; Zak, S.E.; Ortiz, R.A.; Prugar, L.I.; Pratt, W.D. Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, 109, 5034–5039. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
120. Marzi, A.; Yoshida, R.; Miyamoto, H.; Ishijima, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Higuchi, M.; Matsuyama, Y.; Igarashi, M.; Nakayama, E.; Kuroda, M. et al. Protective efficacy of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in a nonhuman primate model of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e36192. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
121. Olinger, G.G., Jr.; Pettitt, J.; Kim, D.; Working, C.; Bohorov, O.; Bratcher, B.; Hiatt, E.; Hume, S.D.; Johnson, A.K.; Morton, J. et al. Delayed treatment of Ebola virus infection with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies provides protection in rhesus macaques. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, 109, 18030–18035. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
122. Qiu, X.; Audet, J.; Wong, G.; Pillet, S.; Bello, A.; Cabral, T.; Strong, J.E.; Plummer, F.; Corbett, C.R.; Alimonti, J.B. et al. Successful treatment of Ebola virus-infected cynomolgus macaques with monoclonal antibodies. Sci. Tran. Med. 2012, 4, 138ra81. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
123. van Griensven, J.; De Weiggheleire, A.; Delamou, A.; Smith, P.G.; Edwards, T.; Vandekerckhove, P.; Bah, E.I.; Colebunders, R.; Herve, I.; Lazaygues, C. et al. The use of Ebola convalescent plasma to treat Ebola virus disease in resource-constrained settings: A perspective from the field. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
124. Lyon, G.M.; Mehta, A.K.; Varkey, J.B.; Brantly, K.; Plyler, L.; McElroy, A.K.; Kraft, C.S.; Towner, J.S.; Spiropoulou, C.; Stroher, U. et al. Clinical care of two patients with Ebola virus disease in the united states. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 371, 2402–2409. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
125. Warren, T.K.; Wells, J.; Panchal, R.G.; Stuthman, K.S.; Garza, N.L.; Van Tongeren, S.A.; Dong, L.; Retterer, C.J.; Eaton, B.P.; Pegoraro, G. et al. Protection against filovirus diseases by a novel broad-spectrum nucleoside analogue BCX4430. Nature 2014, 508, 402–405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
126. Panchal, R.G.; Reid, S.P.; Tran, J.P.; Bergeron, A.A.; Wells, J.; Kota, K.P.; Aman, J.; Bavari, S. Identification of an antioxidant small-molecule with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Antiviral Res. 2012, 93, 23–29. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
127. Warren, T.K.; Warfield, K.L.; Wells, J.; Enterlein, S.; Smith, M.; Ruthel, G.; Yunus, A.S.; Kinch, M.S.; Goldblatt, M.; Aman, M.J. et al. Antiviral activity of a small-molecule inhibitor of filovirus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54, 2152–2159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
128. Aman, M.J.; Kinch, M.S.; Warfield, K.; Warren, T.; Yunus, A.; Enterlein, S.; Stavale, E.; Wang, P.; Chang, S.; Tang, Q. et al. Development of a broad-spectrum antiviral with activity against Ebola virus. Antiviral Res. 2009, 83, 245–251. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
129. Bray, M.; Driscoll, J.; Huggins, J.W. Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Antiviral Res. 2000, 45, 135–147. [CrossRef]
130. Bray, M.; Raymond, J.L.; Geisbert, T.; Baker, R.O. 3-deazaneplanocin a induces massively increased interferon-_ production in Ebola virus-infected mice. Antiviral Res. 2002, 55, 151–159. [CrossRef]
131. Thi, E.P.; Mire, C.E.; Ursic-Bedoya, R.; Geisbert, J.B.; AC, H.L.; Agans, K.N.; Robbins, M.; Deer, D.J.; Fenton, K.A.; MacLachlan, I. et al. Marburg virus infection in nonhuman primates: Therapeutic treatment by lipid-encapsulated siRNA. Sci. Tran. Med. 2014, 6, 250ra116. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
132. Ursic-Bedoya, R.; Mire, C.E.; Robbins, M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Judge, A.; MacLachlan, I.; Geisbert, T.W. Protection against lethal Marburg virus infection mediated by lipid encapsulated small interfering RNA. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 209, 562–570. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Geisbert, T.W.; Lee, A.C.; Robbins, M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Honko, A.N.; Sood, V.; Johnson, J.C.; de Jong, S.; Tavakoli, I.; Judge, A. et al. Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: A proof-of-concept study. Lancet 2010, 375, 1896–1905. [CrossRef]
134. Iversen, P.L.; Warren, T.K.; Wells, J.B.; Garza, N.L.; Mourich, D.V.; Welch, L.S.; Panchal, R.G.; Bavari, S. Discovery and early development of Avi-7537 and Avi-7288 for the treatment of Ebola virus and Marburg virus infections. Viruses 2012, 4, 2806–2830. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
135. Warren, T.K.; Warfield, K.L.; Wells, J.; Swenson, D.L.; Donner, K.S.; Van Tongeren, S.A.; Garza, N.L.; Dong, L.; Mourich, D.V.; Crumley, S. et al. Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections. Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 991–994. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
136. Warren, T.K.; Whitehouse, C.A.; Wells, J.; Welch, L.; Heald, A.E.; Charleston, J.S.; Sazani, P.; Reid, S.P.; Iversen, P.L.; Bavari, S. A single phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer targeting VP24 protects rhesus monkeys against lethal Ebola virus infection. mBio 2015, 6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
137. Heald, A.E.; Charleston, J.S.; Iversen, P.L.; Warren, T.K.; Saoud, J.B.; Al-Ibrahim, M.; Wells, J.; Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Welch, L.S. et al. Avi-7288 for Marburg virus in nonhuman primates and humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 373, 339–348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
138. Reid, S.P.; Shurtleff, A.C.; Costantino, J.A.; Tritsch, S.R.; Retterer, C.; Spurgers, K.B.; Bavari, S. Hspa5 is an essential host factor for Ebola virus infection. Antiviral Res. 2014, 109, 171–174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
139. Geisbert, T.W.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Young, H.A.; Formenty, P.; Fritz, E.A.; Larsen, T.; Hensley, L.E. Marburg virus Angola infection of rhesus macaques: Pathogenesis and treatment with recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein C2. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S372–S381. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
140. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Larsen, T.; Geisbert, J.B.; Paragas, J.; Young, H.A.; Fredeking, T.M.; Rote, W.E.; Vlasuk, G.P. Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor viia/tissue factor: A study in rhesus monkeys. Lancet 2003, 362, 1953–1958. [CrossRef]
141. Hensley, L.E.; Stevens, E.L.; Yan, S.B.; Geisbert, J.B.; Macias, W.L.; Larsen, T.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Cassell, G.H.; Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W. Recombinant human activated protein C for the postexposure treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S390–S399. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Neumann, G.; Feldmann, H.; Watanabe, S.; Lukashevich, I.; Kawaoka, Y. Reverse genetics demonstrates that proteolytic processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is not essential for replication in cell culture. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 406–410. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
143. Enterlein, S.; Volchkov, V.; Weik, M.; Kolesnikova, L.; Volchkova, V.; Klenk, H.D.; Muhlberger, E. Rescue of recombinant Marburg virus from cDNA is dependent on nucleocapsid protein VP30. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 1038–1043. [CrossRef] [PubMed]