Mouse models for filovirus infections

Viruses

Volumn 4, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 1477-1508

  Bradfute, Steven B ^a   Warfield, Kelly L ^b   Bray, Mike ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Integrated BioTherapeutics Inc   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

Ebola; Filovirus; Hemorrhagic fever; Marburg; Mouse models

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BETA INTERFERON; CD45 ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; DNA VACCINE; EBOLA VACCINE; SMALL INTERFERING RNA;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; APOPTOSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; EBOLA VIRUS; FILOVIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RESISTANCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; MARBURG HEMORRHAGIC FEVER; NONHUMAN; PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EBOLAVIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, EBOLA; MARBURG VIRUS DISEASE; MARBURGVIRUS; MICE;

ANIMALIA; CAVIA; MARBURGVIRUS; MURINAE; MUS; PRIMATES; RODENTIA;

EID: 84866985444     PISSN: 19994915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v4091477     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Kuhn, J.H. Filoviruses. A compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 2008, 20, 13-360.
2. Kuhn, J.H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T.W.; Johnson, K.M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W.I.; Negredo, A.I.; Netesov, S.V.; Nichol, S.T.; et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Arch. Virol. 2010, 155, 2083-2103.
3. Kuhn, J.H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T.W.; Jahrling, P.B.; Kawaoka, Y.; Netesov, S.V.; Nichol, S.T.; Peters, C.J.; Volchkov, V.E.; Ksiazek, T.G. Family Filoviridae. In Virus Taxonomy-Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; Elsevier/Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2011; pp. 665-671.
4. Adams, M.J.; Carstens, E.B. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012). Arch. Virol. 2012, 157, 1411-1422.
5. Kuhn, J.H.; Dodd, L.E.; Wahl-Jensen, V.; Radoshitzky, S.R.; Bavari, S.; Jahrling, P.B. Evaluation of perceived threat differences posed by filovirus variants. Biosecur. Bioterror. 2011, 9, 361-371.
6. Bowen, E.T.; Platt, G.S.; Simpson, D.I.; McArdell, L.B.; Raymond, R.T. Ebola haemorrhagic fever: Experimental infection of monkeys. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1978, 72, 188-191.
7. Hofmann, H.; Kunz, C. A strain of "Marburg virus" (Rhabdovirus simiae) pathogenic to mice. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970, 32, 244-248.
8. Pattyn, S.; van der Groen, G.; Courteille, G.; Jacob, W.; Piot, P. Isolation of Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Lancet 1977, 1, 573-574.
9. Geisbert, T.W.; Young, H.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Davis, K.J.; Kagan, E.; Hensley, L.E. Mechanisms underlying coagulation abnormalities in ebola hemorrhagic fever: Overexpression of tissue factor in primate monocytes/macrophages is a key event. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188, 1618-1629.
10. van der Groen, G.; Jacob, W.; Pattyn, S.R. Ebola virus virulence for newborn mice. J. Med. Virol. 1979, 4, 239-240.
11. Bowen, E.T.; Lloyd, G.; Harris, W.J.; Platt, G.S.; Baskerville, A.; Vella, E.E. Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire. Preliminary studies on the aetiological agent. Lancet 1977, 1, 571-573.
12. Moe, J.B.; Lambert, R.D.; Lupton, H.W. Plaque assay for Ebola virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1981, 13, 791-793.
13. Bray, M. The role of the Type I interferon response in the resistance of mice to filovirus infection. J. Gen. Virol. 2001, 82, 1365-1373.
14. Warfield, K.L.; Bradfute, S.B.; Wells, J.; Lofts, L.; Cooper, M.T.; Alves, D.A.; Reed, D.K.; VanTongeren, S.A.; Mech, C.A.; Bavari, S. Development and characterization of a mouse model for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J. Virol. 2009, 83, 6404-6415.
15. Bray, M.; Davis, K.; Geisbert, T.; Schmaljohn, C.; Huggins, J. A mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 178, 651-661.
16. Ebihara, H.; Takada, A.; Kobasa, D.; Jones, S.; Neumann, G.; Theriault, S.; Bray, M.; Feldmann, H.; Kawaoka, Y. Molecular determinants of Ebola virus virulence in mice. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2, e73.
17. Ramanan, P.; Shabman, R.S.; Brown, C.S.; Amarasinghe, G.K.; Basler, C.F.; Leung, D.W. Filoviral immune evasion mechanisms. Viruses 2011, 3, 1634-1649.
18. Gibb, T.R.; Bray, M.; Geisbert, T.W.; Steele, K.E.; Kell, W.M.; Davis, K.J.; Jaax, N.K. Pathogenesis of experimental Ebola Zaire virus infection in BALB/c mice. J. Comp. Pathol. 2001, 125, 233-242.
19. Bradfute, S.B.; Warfield, K.L.; Bavari, S. Functional CD8+ T cell responses in lethal Ebola virus infection. J. Immunol. 2008, 180, 4058-4066.
20. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Gibb, T.R.; Steele, K.E.; Jaax, N.K.; Jahrling, P.B. Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lab. Invest. 2000, 80, 171-186.
21. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Larsen, T.; Young, H.A.; Reed, D.S.; Geisbert, J.B.; Scott, D.P.; Kagan, E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Davis, K.J. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: Evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. Am. J. Pathol. 2003, 163, 2347-2370.
22. Bradfute, S.B.; Braun, D.R.; Shamblin, J.D.; Geisbert, J.B.; Paragas, J.; Garrison, A.; Hensley, L.E.; Geisbert, T.W. Lymphocyte death in a mouse model of Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S296-S304.
23. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bull. World Health Organ. 1978, 56, 271-293.
24. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team. Bull. World Health Organ. 1978, 56, 247-270.
25. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Capron, M.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Debre, P.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; McCormick, J.B.; Georges, A.J. Defective humoral responses and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients. Nat. Med. 1999, 5, 423-426.
26. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Georges, A.J.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Capron, M.; Bedjabaga, I.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Mavoungou, E. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2002, 128, 163-168.
27. Villinger, F.; Rollin, P.E.; Brar, S.S.; Chikkala, N.F.; Winter, J.; Sundstrom, J.B.; Zaki, S.R.; Swanepoel, R.; Ansari, A.A.; Peters, C.J. Markedly elevated levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha associated with fatal Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S188-S191.
28. Wauquier, N.; Becquart, P.; Padilla, C.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M. Human fatal zaire ebola virus infection is associated with an aberrant innate immunity and with massive lymphocyte apoptosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010, 4, pii:e837.
29. Bradfute, S.B.; Bavari, S. Correlates of immunity to filovirus infection. Viruses 2011, 3, 982-1000.
30. Bradfute, S.B.; Greiner, D.L.; Shultz, L.D.; Bavari, S. USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD, USA. Humanized mice as models for ebolavirus infection. Unpublished work, manuscript in preparation, 2012.
31. Geisbert, T.W.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Young, H.A.; Formenty, P.; Fritz, E.A.; Larsen, T.; Hensley, L.E. Marburg virus Angola infection of rhesus macaques: Pathogenesis and treatment with recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S372-S381.
32. Raymond, J.; Bradfute, S.; Bray, M. Filovirus infection of STAT-1 knockout mice. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, S986-S990.
33. Warfield, K.L.; Alves, D.A.; Bradfute, S.B.; Reed, D.K.; VanTongeren, S.; Kalina, W.V.; Olinger, G.G.; Bavari, S. Development of a model for marburgvirus based on severe-combined immunodeficiency mice. Virol. J. 2007, 4, 108.
34. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Larsen, T.; Geisbert, J.B.; Paragas, J.; Young, H.A.; Fredeking, T.M.; Rote, W.E.; Vlasuk, G.P. Treatment of Ebola virus infection with a recombinant inhibitor of factor VIIa/tissue factor: A study in rhesus monkeys. Lancet 2003, 362, 1953-1958.
35. Hensley, L.E.; Stevens, E.L.; Yan, S.B.; Geisbert, J.B.; Macias, W.L.; Larsen, T.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Cassell, G.H.; Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W. Recombinant human activated protein C for the postexposure treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S390-S399.
36. Bradfute, S.B.; Swanson, P.E.; Smith, M.A.; Watanabe, E.; McDunn, J.E.; Hotchkiss, R.S.; Bavari, S. Mechanisms and consequences of ebolavirus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. J. Immunol. 2010, 184, 327-335.
37. Reed, D.S.; Hensley, L.E.; Geisbert, J.B.; Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W. Depletion of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and NK cells during the course of ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques. Viral Immunol. 2004, 17, 390-400.
38. Lofts, L.L.; Wells, J.B.; Bavari, S.; Warfield, K.L. Key genomic changes necessary for an in vivo lethal mouse marburgvirus variant selection process. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 3905-3917.
39. Lever, M.S.; Piercy, T.J.; Steward, J.A.; Eastaugh, L.; Smither, S.J.; Taylor, C.; Salguero, F.J.; Phillpotts, R.J. Lethality and pathogenesis of airborne infection with filoviruses in A129 alpha/beta-/-interferon receptor-deficient mice. J. Med. Microbiol. 2012, 61, 8-15.
40. de Wit, E.; Munster, V.J.; Metwally, S.A.; Feldmann, H. Assessment of rodents as animal models for Reston ebolavirus. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, S968-S972.
41. Bray, M.; Raymond, J.L.; Geisbert, T.; Baker, R.O. 3-deazaneplanocin A induces massively increased interferon-alpha production in Ebola virus-infected mice. Antivir. Res. 2002, 55, 151-159.
42. Miranda, T.B.; Cortez, C.C.; Yoo, C.B.; Liang, G.; Abe, M.; Kelly, T.K.; Marquez, V.E.; Jones, P.A. DZNep is a global histone methylation inhibitor that reactivates developmental genes not silenced by DNA methylation. Mol. Canc. Therapeut. 2009, 8, 1579-1588.
43. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Swearengen, J.R.; Bray, M.; Jaax, N.K.; Huggins, J.W.; LeDuc, J.W.; Peters, C.J. Evaluation of immune globulin and recombinant interferon-alpha2b for treatment of experimental Ebola virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S224-S234.
44. Mahanty, S.; Gupta, M.; Paragas, J.; Bray, M.; Ahmed, R.; Rollin, P.E. Protection from lethal infection is determined by innate immune responses in a mouse model of Ebola virus infection. Virology 2003, 312, 415-424.
45. Gupta, M.; Mahanty, S.; Greer, P.; Towner, J.S.; Shieh, W.J.; Zaki, S.R.; Ahmed, R.; Rollin, P.E. Persistent infection with ebola virus under conditions of partial immunity. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 958-967.
46. Kalina, W.V.; Warfield, K.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Bavari, S. Discovery of common marburgvirus protective epitopes in a BALB/c mouse model. Virol. J. 2009, 6, 132.
47. Sanchez, A.; Wagoner, K.E.; Rollin, P.E. Sequence-based human leukocyte antigen-B typing of patients infected with Ebola virus in Uganda in 2000: Identification of alleles associated with fatal and nonfatal disease outcomes. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S329-S336.
48. Parrino, J.; Hotchkiss, R.; Bray, M. Prevention of immune cell apoptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for severe infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13, 191-198.
49. Hensley, L.E.; Young, H.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W. Proinflammatory response during Ebola virus infection of primate models: Possible involvement of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Immunol. Lett. 2002, 80, 169-179.
50. Gupta, M.; Spiropoulou, C.; Rollin, P.E. Ebola virus infection of human PBMCs causes massive death of macrophages, CD4 and CD8 T cell sub-populations in vitro. Virology 2007, 364, 45-54.
51. Geisbert, T.W.; Young, H.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Davis, K.J.; Larsen, T.; Kagan, E.; Hensley, L.E. Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in primate models: Evidence that hemorrhage is not a direct effect of virus-induced cytolysis of endothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 2003, 163, 2371-2382.
52. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Mavoungou, E.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P. Apoptosis in fatal Ebola infection. Does the virus toll the bell for immune system? Apoptosis 2000, 5, 5-7.
53. Sanchez, A.; Lukwiya, M.; Bausch, D.; Mahanty, S.; Sanchez, A.J.; Wagoner, K.D.; Rollin, P.E. Analysis of human peripheral blood samples from fatal and nonfatal cases of Ebola (Sudan) hemorrhagic fever: Cellular responses, virus load, and nitric oxide levels. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 10370-10377.
54. Aman, M.J.; Kinch, M.S.; Warfield, K.; Warren, T.; Yunus, A.; Enterlein, S.; Stavale, E.; Wang, P.; Chang, S.; Tang, Q.; et al. Development of a broad-spectrum antiviral with activity against Ebola virus. Antivir. Res. 2009, 83, 245-251.
55. Warfield, K.L.; Perkins, J.G.; Swenson, D.L.; Deal, E.M.; Bosio, C.M.; Aman, M.J.; Yokoyama, W.M.; Young, H.A.; Bavari, S. Role of natural killer cells in innate protection against lethal ebola virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 2004, 200, 169-179.
56. Wilson, J.A.; Hart, M.K. Protection from Ebola virus mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the viral nucleoprotein. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 2660-2664.
57. Warfield, K.L.; Olinger, G.; Deal, E.M.; Swenson, D.L.; Bailey, M.; Negley, D.L.; Hart, M.K.; Bavari, S. Induction of humoral and CD8+ T cell responses are required for protection against lethal Ebola virus infection. J. Immunol. 2005, 175, 1184-1191.
58. Warfield, K.L.; Posten, N.A.; Swenson, D.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Esposito, D.; Gillette, W.K.; Hopkins, R.F.; Costantino, J.; Panchal, R.G.; Hartley, J.L.; et al. Filovirus-like particles produced in insect cells: Immunogenicity and protection in rodents. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S421-S429.
59. Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Kalina, W.V.; Viard, M.; Aitichou, M.; Chi, X.; Ibrahim, S.; Blumenthal, R.; Raviv, Y.; et al. Ebola virus inactivation with preservation of antigenic and structural integrity by a photoinducible alkylating agent. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S276-S283.
60. Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Nichols, D.K.; Pratt, W.D.; Blouch, R.; Stein, D.A.; Aman, M.J.; Iversen, P.L.; Bavari, S. Gene-specific countermeasures against Ebola virus based on antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. PLoS Pathog. 2006, 2, e1.
61. Gupta, M.; Greer, P.; Mahanty, S.; Shieh, W.J.; Zaki, S.R.; Ahmed, R.; Rollin, P.E. CD8-mediated protection against Ebola virus infection is perforin dependent. J. Immunol. 2005, 174, 4198-4202.
62. Panchal, R.G.; Ulrich, R.L.; Bradfute, S.B.; Lane, D.; Ruthel, G.; Kenny, T.A.; Iversen, P.L.; Anderson, A.O.; Gussio, R.; Raschke, W.C.; et al. Reduced expression of CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase provides protection against anthrax pathogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 12874-12885.
63. Panchal, R.G.; Bradfute, S.B.; Peyser, B.D.; Warfield, K.L.; Ruthel, G.; Lane, D.; Kenny, T.A.; Anderson, A.O.; Raschke, W.C.; Bavari, S. Reduced levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 protect mice from the lethal effects of Ebola virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 2009, 6, 162-173.
64. Bradfute, S.B.; Dye, J.M., Jr.; Bavari, S. Filovirus vaccines. Hum. Vaccin. 2011, 7, 701-711.
65. Vanderzanden, L.; Bray, M.; Fuller, D.; Roberts, T.; Custer, D.; Spik, K.; Jahrling, P.; Huggins, J.; Schmaljohn, A.; Schmaljohn, C. DNA vaccines expressing either the GP or NP genes of Ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. Virology 1998, 246, 134-144.
66. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Vanderzanden, L.; Tammariello, R.F.; Geisbert, J.; Schmaljohn, C.; Smith, J.F.; Jahrling, P.B.; Schmaljohn, A. Marburg virus vaccines, comparing classical and new approaches. Vaccine 2002, 20, 586-593.
67. Riemenschneider, J.; Garrison, A.; Geisbert, J.; Jahrling, P.; Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Schmaljohn, A.; Lee, J.; Hart, M.K.; Vanderzanden, L.; et al. Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2003, 21, 4071-4080.
68. Bavari, S.; Bosio, C.M.; Wiegand, E.; Ruthel, G.; Will, A.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Hevey, M.; Schmaljohn, C.; Schmaljohn, A.; Aman, M.J. Lipid raft microdomains: A gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 195, 593-602.
69. Swenson, D.L.; Warfield, K.L.; Kuehl, K.; Larsen, T.; Hevey, M.C.; Schmaljohn, A.; Bavari, S.; Aman, M.J. Generation of Marburg virus-like particles by co-expression of glycoprotein and matrix protein. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2004, 40, 27-31.
70. Warfield, K.L.; Bosio, C.M.; Welcher, B.C.; Deal, E.M.; Mohamadzadeh, M.; Schmaljohn, A.; Aman, M.J.; Bavari, S. Ebola virus-like particles protect from lethal Ebola virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100, 15889-15894.
71. Swenson, D.L.; Warfield, K.L.; Negley, D.L.; Schmaljohn, A.; Aman, M.J.; Bavari, S. Virus-like particles exhibit potential as a pan-filovirus vaccine for both Ebola and Marburg viral infections. Vaccine 2005, 23, 3033-3042.
72. Warfield, K.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Deal, E.M.; Swenson, D.L.; Bailey, M.; Negley, D.L.; Hart, M.K.; Bavari, S. Induction of humoral and CD8+ T cell responses are required for protection against lethal Ebola virus infection. J. Immunol. 2005, 175, 1184-1191.
73. Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Olinger, G.G.; Kalina, W.V.; Aman, M.J.; Bavari, S. Ebola virus-like particle-based vaccine protects nonhuman primates against lethal Ebola virus challenge. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S430-S437.
74. Swenson, D.L.; Wang, D.; Luo, M.; Warfield, K.L.; Woraratanadharm, J.; Holman, D.H.; Dong, J.Y.; Pratt, W.D. Vaccine to confer to nonhuman primates complete protection against multistrain Ebola and Marburg virus infections. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2008, 15, 460-467.
75. Konduru, K.; Bradfute, S.B.; Jacques, J.; Manangeeswaran, M.; Nakamura, S.; Morshed, S.; Wood, S.C.; Bavari, S.; Kaplan, G.G. Ebola virus glycoprotein Fc fusion protein confers protection against lethal challenge in vaccinated mice. Vaccine 2011, 29, 2968-2977.
76. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; VanderZanden, L.; Tammariello, R.F.; Geisbert, J.; Schmaljohn, C.; Smith, J.F.; Jahrling, P.B.; Schmaljohn, A.L. Marburg virus vaccines: Comparing classical and new approaches. Vaccine 2001, 20, 586-593.
77. Sullivan, N.J.; Sanchez, A.; Rollin, P.E.; Yang, Z.Y.; Nabel, G.J. Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates. Nature 2000, 408, 605-609.
78. Martin, J.E.; Sullivan, N.J.; Enama, M.E.; Gordon, I.J.; Roederer, M.; Koup, R.A.; Bailer, R.T.; Chakrabarti, B.K.; Bailey, M.A.; Gomez, P.L.; et al. A DNA vaccine for Ebola virus is safe and immunogenic in a phase I clinical trial. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2006, 13, 1267-1277.
79. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Pushko, P.; Smith, J.; Schmaljohn, A. Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Virology 1998, 251, 28-37.
80. Geisbert, T.W.; Pushko, P.; Anderson, K.; Smith, J.; Davis, K.J.; Jahrling, P.B. Evaluation in nonhuman primates of vaccines against Ebola virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 8, 503-507.
81. Olinger, G.G.; Hart, M.K. Filoviruses: Recent advances and future challenges. In Protective Immunity to Ebola Infection by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicons Expressing Ebola Virus Proteins; An ICID Global Symposium, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 2006.
82. Croyle, M.A.; Patel, A.; Tran, K.N.; Gray, M.; Zhang, Y.; Strong, J.E.; Feldmann, H.; Kobinger, G.P. Nasal delivery of an adenovirus-based vaccine bypasses pre-existing immunity to the vaccine carrier and improves the immune response in mice. PLoS One 2008, 3, e3548.
83. Kobinger, G.P.; Feldmann, H.; Zhi, Y.; Schumer, G.; Gao, G.; Feldmann, F.; Jones, S.; Wilson, J.M. Chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine protects against Zaire Ebola virus. Virology 2006, 346, 394-401.
84. Patel, A.; Zhang, Y.; Croyle, M.; Tran, K.; Gray, M.; Strong, J.; Feldmann, H.; Wilson, J.M.; Kobinger, G.P. Mucosal delivery of adenovirus-based vaccine protects against Ebola virus infection in mice. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S413-S420.
85. Sullivan, N.J.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Shedlock, D.J.; Xu, L.; Lamoreaux, L.; Custers, J.H.; Popernack, P.M.; Yang, Z.Y.; Pau, M.G.; et al. Immune protection of nonhuman primates against Ebola virus with single low-dose adenovirus vectors encoding modified GPs. PLoS Med. 2006, 3, e177.
86. Wang, D.; Hevey, M.; Juompan, L.Y.; Trubey, C.M.; Raja, N.U.; Deitz, S.B.; Woraratanadharm, J.; Luo, M.; Yu, H.; Swain, B.M.; et al. Complex adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs from three strains of Marburg virus challenges. Virology 2006, 353, 324-332.
87. Wang, D.; Schmaljohn, A.L.; Raja, N.U.; Trubey, C.M.; Juompan, L.Y.; Luo, M.; Deitz, S.B.; Yu, H.; Woraratanadharm, J.; Holman, D.H.; et al. De novo syntheses of Marburg virus antigens from adenovirus vectors induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccine 2006, 24, 2975-2986.
88. Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Negley, D.L.; Schmaljohn, A.L.; Aman, M.J.; Bavari, S. Marburg virus-like particles protect guinea pigs from lethal Marburg virus infection. Vaccine 2004, 22, 3495-3502.
89. Sun, Y.; Carrion, R., Jr.; Ye, L.; Wen, Z.; Ro, Y.T.; Brasky, K.; Ticer, A.E.; Schwegler, E.E.; Patterson, J.L.; Compans, R.W.; et al. Protection against lethal challenge by Ebola virus-like particles produced in insect cells. Virology 2009, 383, 12-21.
90. Bukreyev, A.; Marzi, A.; Feldmann, F.; Zhang, L.; Yang, L.; Ward, J.M.; Dorward, D.W.; Pickles, R.J.; Murphy, B.R.; Feldmann, H.; et al. Chimeric human parainfluenza virus bearing the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the sole surface protein is immunogenic and highly protective against Ebola virus challenge. Virology 2009, 383, 348-361.
91. Bukreyev, A.; Rollin, P.E.; Tate, M.K.; Yang, L.; Zaki, S.R.; Shieh, W.J.; Murphy, B.R.; Collins, P.L.; Sanchez, A. Successful topical respiratory tract immunization of primates against Ebola virus. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 6379-6388.
92. Bukreyev, A.; Yang, L.; Zaki, S.R.; Shieh, W.J.; Rollin, P.E.; Murphy, B.R.; Collins, P.L.; Sanchez, A. A single intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine protects guinea pigs against a lethal-dose Ebola virus challenge. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 2267-2279.
93. Geisbert, T.W.; Daddario-Dicaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Reed, D.S.; Feldmann, F.; Grolla, A.; Stroher, U.; Fritz, E.A.; Hensley, L.E.; Jones, S.M.; et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with Ebola and Marburg viruses. Vaccine 2008, 26, 6894-6900.
94. Jones, S.M.; Stroher, U.; Fernando, L.; Qiu, X.; Alimonti, J.; Melito, P.; Bray, M.; Klenk, H.D.; Feldmann, H. Assessment of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine by use of the mouse model of Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S404-S412.
95. Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Stroher, U.; Hensley, L.E.; Grolla, A.; Fritz, E.A.; Feldmann, F.; Feldmann, H.; Jones, S.M. Cross-protection against Marburg virus strains by using a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine. J. Virol. 2006, 80, 9659-9666.
96. Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Geisbert, T.W.; Stroher, U.; Geisbert, J.B.; Grolla, A.; Fritz, E.A.; Fernando, L.; Kagan, E.; Jahrling, P.B.; Hensley, L.E.; et al. Postexposure protection against Marburg haemorrhagic fever with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates: An efficacy assessment. Lancet 2006, 367, 1399-1404.
97. Geisbert, T.W.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.M.; Williams, K.J.; Geisbert, J.B.; Leung, A.; Feldmann, F.; Hensley, L.E.; Feldmann, H.; Jones, S.M. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector mediates postexposure protection against Sudan Ebola hemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primates. J. Virol. 2008, 82, 5664-5668.
98. Hart, M.K. Vaccine research efforts for filoviruses. Int. J. Parasitol. 2003, 33, 583-595.
99. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Geisbert, J.; Jahrling, P.; Schmaljohn, A. Antigenicity and vaccine potential of Marburg virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus recombinants. Virology 1997, 239, 206-216.
100. Lupton, H.W.; Lambert, R.D.; Bumgardner, D.L.; Moe, J.B.; Eddy, G.A. Inactivated vaccine for Ebola virus efficacious in guineapig model. Lancet 1980, 2, 1294-1295.
101. Mikhailov, V.V.; Borisevich, I.V.; Chernikova, N.K.; Potryvaeva, N.V.; Krasnianskii, V.P. The evaluation in hamadryas baboons of the possibility for the specific prevention of Ebola fever. Vopr. Virusol. 1994, 39, 82-84.
102. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Pushko, P.; Smith, J.; Schmaljohn, A. Marburg virus vaccines based upon alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Virology 1998, 251, 28-37.
103. Wilson, J.A.; Bray, M.; Bakken, R.; Hart, M.K. Vaccine potential of Ebola virus VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40 proteins. Virology 2001, 286, 384-390.
104. Pushko, P.; Geisbert, J.; Parker, M.; Jahrling, P.; Smith, J. Individual and bivalent vaccines based on alphavirus replicons protect guinea pigs against infection with Lassa and Ebola viruses. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 11677-11685.
105. Pushko, P.; Bray, M.; Ludwig, G.V.; Parker, M.; Schmaljohn, A.; Sanchez, A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Smith, J.F. Recombinant RNA replicons derived from attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus protect guinea pigs and mice from Ebola hemorrhagic fever virus. Vaccine 2000, 19, 142-153.
106. Sullivan, N.J.; Geisbert, T.W.; Geisbert, J.B.; Xu, L.; Yang, Z.Y.; Roederer, M.; Koup, R.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; Nabel, G.J. Accelerated vaccination for Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever in non-human primates. Nature 2003, 424, 681-684.
107. Garbutt, M.; Liebscher, R.; Wahl-Jensen, V.; Jones, S.; Moller, P.; Wagner, R.; Volchkov, V.; Klenk, H.D.; Feldmann, H.; Stroher, U. Properties of replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing glycoproteins of filoviruses and arenaviruses. J. Virol. 2004, 78, 5458-5465.
108. Wilson, J.A.; Hart, M.K. Protection from Ebola virus mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the viral nucleoprotein. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 2660-2664.
109. Rao, M.; Bray, M.; Alving, C.R.; Jahrling, P.; Matyas, G.R. Induction of immune responses in mice and monkeys to Ebola virus after immunization with liposome-encapsulated irradiated Ebola virus: Protection in mice requires CD4(+) T cells. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 9176-9185.
110. Xu, L.; Sanchez, A.; Yang, Z.; Zaki, S.R.; Nabel, E.G.; Nichol, S.T.; Nabel, G.J. Immunization for Ebola virus infection. Nat. Med. 1998, 4, 37-42.
111. Vanderzanden, L.; Bray, M.; Fuller, D.; Roberts, T.; Custer, D.; Spik, K.; Jahrling, P.; Huggins, J.; Schmaljohn, A.; Schmaljohn, C. DNA vaccines expressing either the GP or NP genes of Ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. Virology 1998, 246, 134-144.
112. Simmons, G.; Lee, A.; Rennekamp, A.J.; Fan, X.; Bates, P.; Shen, H. Identification of murine T-cell epitopes in Ebola virus nucleoprotein. Virology 2004, 318, 224-230.
113. Warfield, K.L.; Olinger, G.G. Protective role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in filovirus hemorrhagic fever. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 2011, 984241.
114. Baize, S.; Leroy, E.M.; Georges-Courbot, M.C.; Capron, M.; Lansoud-Soukate, J.; Debre, P.; Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; McCormick, J.B.; Georges, A.J. Defective humoral responses and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome in Ebola virus-infected patients. Nat. Med. 1999, 5, 423-426.
115. Chupurnov, A.A.; Chernukhin, I.V.; Ternovoi, V.A.; Kudoiarova, N.M.; Makhova, N.M.; Azaev, M.; Smolina, M.P. Attempts to develop a vaccine against Ebola fever. Vopr. Virusol. 1995, 40, 257-260.
116. Huggins, J.; Zhang, Z.X.; Bray, M. Antiviral drug therapy of filovirus infections: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors inhibit Ebola virus in vitro and in a lethal mouse model. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S240-S247.
117. Bray, M.; Driscoll, J.; Huggins, J.W. Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Antivir. Res. 2000, 45, 135-147.
118. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, J.B.; Swearengen, J.R.; Larsen, T.; Geisbert, T.W. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Evaluation of passive immunotherapy in nonhuman primates. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, S400-S403.
119. Mupapa, K.; Massamba, M.; Kibadi, K.; Kuvula, K.; Bwaka, A.; Kipasa, M.; Colebunders, R.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J.J. Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. International Scientific and Technical Committee. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S18-S23.
120. Shahhosseini, S.; Das, D.; Qiu, X.; Feldmann, H.; Jones, S.M.; Suresh, M.R. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of Ebola virus antigens. J. Virol. Methods 2007, 143, 29-37.
121. Takada, A.; Ebihara, H.; Jones, S.; Feldmann, H.; Kawaoka, Y. Protective efficacy of neutralizing antibodies against Ebola virus infection. Vaccine 2007, 25, 993-999.
122. Bray, M.; Davis, K.; Geisbert, T.; Schmaljohn, C.; Huggins, J. A mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S248-S258.
123. Gupta, M.; Mahanty, S.; Bray, M.; Ahmed, R.; Rollin, P.E. Passive transfer of antibodies protects immunocompetent and imunodeficient mice against lethal Ebola virus infection without complete inhibition of viral replication. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 4649-4654.
124. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, J.; Swearengen, J.R.; Jaax, G.P.; Lewis, T.; Huggins, J.W.; Schmidt, J.J.; LeDuc, J.W.; Peters, C.J. Passive immunization of Ebola virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys with immunoglobulin from hyperimmune horses. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 1996, 11, 135-140.
125. Dye, J.M.; Herbert, A.S.; Kuehne, A.I.; Barth, J.F.; Muhammad, M.A.; Zak, S.E.; Ortiz, R.A.; Prugar, L.I.; Pratt, W.D. Postexposure antibody prophylaxis protects nonhuman primates from filovirus disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109, 5034-5039.
126. Oswald, W.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Davis, K.J.; Geisbert, J.B.; Sullivan, N.J.; Jahrling, P.B.; Parren, P.W.; Burton, D.R. Neutralizing antibody fails to impact the course of Ebola virus infection in monkeys. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3, e9.
127. Parren, P.W.; Geisbert, T.W.; Maruyama, T.; Jahrling, P.B.; Burton, D.R. Pre-and postexposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus infection in an animal model by passive transfer of a neutralizing human antibody. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 6408-6412.
128. Swenson, D.L.; Warfield, K.L.; Warren, T.K.; Lovejoy, C.; Hassinger, J.N.; Ruthel, G.; Blouch, R.E.; Moulton, H.M.; Weller, D.D.; Iversen, P.L.; et al. Chemical modifications of antisense morpholino oligomers enhance their efficacy against Ebola virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 2089-2099.
129. Warfield, K.L.; Panchal, R.G.; Aman, M.J.; Bavari, S. Antisense treatments for biothreat agents. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 2006, 8, 93-103.
130. Geisbert, T.W.; Hensley, L.E.; Kagan, E.; Yu, E.Z.; Geisbert, J.B.; Daddario-DiCaprio, K.; Fritz, E.A.; Jahrling, P.B.; McClintock, K.; Phelps, J.R.; et al. Postexposure protection of guinea pigs against a lethal ebola virus challenge is conferred by RNA interference. J. Infect. Dis. 2006, 193, 1650-1657.
131. Geisbert, T.W.; Lee, A.C.; Robbins, M.; Geisbert, J.B.; Honko, A.N.; Sood, V.; Johnson, J.C.; de Jong, S.; Tavakoli, I.; Judge, A.; et al. Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: A proof-of-concept study. Lancet 2010, 375, 1896-1905.
132. Kinch, M.S.; Yunus, A.S.; Lear, C.; Mao, H.; Chen, H.; Fesseha, Z.; Luo, G.; Nelson, E.A.; Li, L.; Huang, Z.; et al. FGI-104: A broad-spectrum small molecule inhibitor of viral infection. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2009, 1, 87-98.
133. Warren, T.K.; Warfield, K.L.; Wells, J.; Enterlein, S.; Smith, M.; Ruthel, G.; Yunus, A.S.; Kinch, M.S.; Goldblatt, M.; Aman, M.J.; et al. Antiviral activity of a small-molecule inhibitor of filovirus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54, 2152-2159.
134. Wilson, J.A.; Hevey, M.; Bakken, R.; Guest, S.; Bray, M.; Schmaljohn, A.L.; Hart, M.K. Epitopes involved in antibody-mediated protection from Ebola virus. Science 2000, 287, 1664-1666.
135. Qiu, X.; Alimonti, J.B.; Melito, P.L.; Fernando, L.; Stroher, U.; Jones, S.M. Characterization of Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Immunol. 2011, 141, 218-227.
136. Qiu, X.; Fernando, L.; Melito, P.L.; Audet, J.; Feldmann, H.; Kobinger, G.; Alimonti, J.B.; Jones, S.M. Ebola GP-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice and guinea pigs from lethal Ebola virus infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6, e1575.
137. Kudoyarova-Zubavichene, N.M.; Sergeyev, N.N.; Chepurnov, A.A.; Netesov, S.V. Preparation and use of hyperimmune serum for prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola virus infections. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S218-S223.
138. Hevey, M.; Negley, D.; Schmaljohn, A. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Marburg virus (strain Musoke) glycoprotein and identification of two protective epitopes. Virology 2003, 314, 350-357.
139. Borisevich, I.V.; Mikhailov, V.V.; Krasnianskii, V.P.; Gradoboev, V.N.; Lebedinskaia, E.V.; Potryvaeva, N.V.; Timan'kova, G.D. Development and study of the properties of immunoglobulin against Ebola fever. Vopr. Virusol. 1995, 40, 270-273.
140. Takada, A.; Kawaoka, Y. Antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection: Molecular mechanisms and in vivo implications. Rev. Med. Virol. 2003, 13, 387-398.
141. Takada, A.; Feldmann, H.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Kawaoka, Y. Antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 7539-7544.
142. Marzi, A.; Yoshida, R.; Miyamoto, H.; Ishijima, M.; Suzuki, Y.; Higuchi, M.; Matsuyama, Y.; Igarashi, M.; Nakayama, E.; Kuroda, M.; et al. Protective efficacy of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in a nonhuman primate model of ebola hemorrhagic Fever. PLoS One 2012, 7, e36192.
143. Qiu, X.; Audet, J.; Wong, G.; Pillet, S.; Bello, A.; Cabral, T.; Strong, J.E.; Plummer, F.; Corbett, C.R.; Alimonti, J.B.; et al. Successful treatment of ebola virus-infected cynomolgus macaques with monoclonal antibodies. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012, 4, 138ra181.
144. Bray, M.; Driscoll, J.; Huggins, J.W. Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Antivir. Res. 2000, 45, 135-147.
145. Barrientos, L.G.; O'Keefe, B.R.; Bray, M.; Sanchez, A.; Gronenborn, A.M.; Boyd, M.R. Cyanovirin-N binds to the viral surface glycoprotein, GP1,2 and inhibits infectivity of Ebola virus. Antivir. Res. 2003, 58, 47-56.
146. Aman, M.J.; Kinch, M.S.; Warfield, K.; Warren, T.; Yunus, A.; Enterlein, S.; Stavale, E.; Wang, P.; Chang, S.; Tang, Q.; et al. Development of a broad-spectrum antiviral with activity against Ebola virus. Antivir. Res. 2009, 83, 245-251.
147. Spurgers, K.B.; Sharkey, C.M.; Warfield, K.L.; Bavari, S. Oligonucleotide antiviral therapeutics: Antisense and RNA interference for highly pathogenic RNA viruses. Antivir. Res. 2008, 78, 26-36.
148. Warren, T.K.; Warfield, K.L.; Wells, J.; Swenson, D.L.; Donner, K.S.; van Tongeren, S.A.; Garza, N.L.; Dong, L.; Mourich, D.V.; Crumley, S.; et al. Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections. Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 991-994.
149. Enterlein, S.; Warfield, K.L.; Swenson, D.L.; Stein, D.A.; Smith, J.L.; Gamble, C.S.; Kroeker, A.D.; Iversen, P.L.; Bavari, S.; Muhlberger, E. VP35 knockdown inhibits Ebola virus amplification and protects against lethal infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006, 50, 984-993.
150. Riabchikova, E.I.; Kolesnikova, L.V.; Rassadkin Iu, N. Microscopic study of species specific features of hemostatic impairment in Ebola virus infected monkeys. Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. 1998, 3, 51-55.
151. Ryabchikova, E.I.; Kolesnikova, L.V.; Luchko, S.V. An analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S199-S202.
152. Luchko, S.V.; Dadaeva, A.A.; Ustinova, E.N.; Sizikova, L.P.; Riabchikova, E.I.; Sandakhchiev, L.S. Experimental study of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in baboon models. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 1995, 120, 302-304.
153. P'Iankov O, V.; Sergeev, A.N.; P'Iankova O, G.; Chepurnov, A.A. Experimental Ebola fever in Macaca mulatta. Vopr. Virusol. 1995, 40, 113-115.
154. Baskerville, A.; Bowen, E.T.; Platt, G.S.; McArdell, L.B.; Simpson, D.I. The pathology of experimental Ebola virus infection in monkeys. J. Pathol. 1978, 125, 131-138.
155. Carrion, R., Jr.; Ro, Y.; Hoosien, K.; Ticer, A.; Brasky, K.; de la Garza, M.; Mansfield, K.; Patterson, J.L. A small nonhuman primate model for filovirus-induced disease. Virology 2011, 420, 117-124.
156. Fisher-Hoch, S.P.; Brammer, T.L.; Trappier, S.G.; Hutwagner, L.C.; Farrar, B.B.; Ruo, S.L.; Brown, B.G.; Hermann, L.M.; Perez-Oronoz, G.I.; Goldsmith, C.S.; et al. Pathogenic potential of filoviruses: Role of geographic origin of primate host and virus strain. J. Infect. Dis. 1992, 166, 753-763.
157. Reed, D.S.; Lackemeyer, M.G.; Garza, N.L.; Sullivan, L.J.; Nichols, D.K. Aerosol exposure to Zaire ebolavirus in three nonhuman primate species: Differences in disease course and clinical pathology. Microbes Infect. 2011, 13, 930-936.
158. Jahrling, P.B.; Geisbert, T.W.; Dalgard, D.W.; Johnson, E.D.; Ksiazek, T.G.; Hall, W.C.; Peters, C.J. Preliminary report: Isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet 1990, 335, 502-505.
159. Connolly, B.M.; Steele, K.E.; Davis, K.J.; Geisbert, T.W.; Kell, W.M.; Jaax, N.K.; Jahrling, P.B. Pathogenesis of experimental Ebola virus infection in guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 179, S203-S217.
160. Tsuda, Y.; Safronetz, D.; Brown, K.; LaCasse, R.; Marzi, A.; Ebihara, H.; Feldmann, H. Protective efficacy of a bivalent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine in the Syrian hamster model of lethal Ebola virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2011, 204, S1090-S1097.
161. Olinger, G.G.; Bailey, M.A.; Dye, J.M.; Bakken, R.; Kuehne, A.; Kondig, J.; Wilson, J.; Hogan, R.J.; Hart, M.K. Protective cytotoxic T-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing Ebola virus proteins. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 14189-14196.
162. Reid, S.P.; Valmas, C.; Martinez, O.; Sanchez, F.M.; Basler, C.F. Ebola virus VP24 proteins inhibit the interaction of NPI-1 subfamily karyopherin alpha proteins with activated STAT1. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 13469-13477.
163. Valmas, C.; Basler, C.F. Marburg virus VP40 antagonizes interferon signaling in a species-specific manner. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 4309-4317.
164. Martinez, O.; Leung, L.W.; Basler, C.F. The role of antigen-presenting cells in filoviral hemorrhagic fever: Gaps in current knowledge. Antivir. Res. 2012, 93, 416-428.
165. Shultz, L.D.; Ishikawa, F.; Greiner, D.L. Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2007, 7, 118-130.
166. Pearson, T.; Greiner, D.L.; Shultz, L.D. Humanized SCID mouse models for biomedical research. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2008, 324, 25-51.