Scientific evaluation of medicinal plants used for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding by Avicenna

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Volumn 292, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 21-35

  Mobli, Masumeh ^a   Qaraaty, Marzieh ^b   Amin, Gholamreza ^a   Haririan, Ismaeil ^a   Hajimahmoodi, Mannan ^a   Rahimi, Roja ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b SHAHED UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Abnormal uterine bleeding; Anti inflammatory; Antiproliferative; Avicenna; Estrogenic; Medicinal plants; Prostaglandin

Indexed keywords

PLANT EXTRACT;

CHEMISTRY; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; IRAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; PROCEDURES; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; UTERINE HEMORRHAGE;

FEMALE; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; HUMANS; IRAN; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; UTERINE HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 84939934819     PISSN: 09320067     EISSN: 14320711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3629-x     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Fraser IS, Critchley HOD, Munro MG (2007) Abnormal uterine bleeding: getting our terminology straight. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 19:591–595
2. The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2007) Endometrial bleeding. Hum Reprod Update 13:421–431
3. Critchley HO, Maybin JA (2011) Molecular and cellular causes of abnormal uterine bleeding of endometrial origin. Semin Reprod Med 29:400–409
4. Gibbs RSKB, Haney AF, Nygaard IE (2008) Danforth’s obstetrics and gynecology. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
5. Marret H, Fauconnier A, Chabbert-Buffet N, Cravello L, Golfier F, Gondry J et al (2010) Clinical practice guidelines on menorrhagia: management of abnormal uterine bleeding before menopause. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 152:133–137
6. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS (2011) The FIGO classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years. Fertil Steril 95:2204–2208
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2013) Management of acute abnormal uterine bleeding in nonpregnant reproductive aged women. Obstet Gynecol 12:891–896
8. Ferenczy A (2003) Pathophysiology of endometrial bleeding. Maturitas 45:1–14
9. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Broder MS, Fraser IS (2011) FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 113:3–13
10. Smith RD (1980) Avicenna and the Canon of Medicine: a millennial tribute. West J Med 133:367–370
11. Tabarraei M, Qaraaty M, Eftekhar T, Zafarghandi N, Nazem E et al (2013) Etiologies of hyper menorrhea (the view points of traditional Iranian medicine). J Islam Iran Trad Med 4:25–34
12. Ibn-e-sina AH (2005) Al-Qanun fit-tib. Alaalami Beirut library Press (research of ebrahim shamsedine), Beirut
13. Su S, Hua Y, Wang Y, Gu W, Zhou W, J-A Duan et al (2012) Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from Commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia carterii. J Ethnopharmacol 139:649–656
14. Banno N, Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Tokuda H, Tabata K, Nakamura Y et al (2006) Anti-inflammatory activities of the triterpene acids from the resin of Boswellia carteri. J Ethnopharmacol 107:249–253
15. Verhoff M, Seitz S, Northoff H, Jauch J, Schaible AM, Werz O (2012) A novel C(28)-hydroxylated lupeolic acid suppresses the biosynthesis of eicosanoids through inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2. Biochem Pharmacol 84:681–691
16. Kumazawa S, Taniguchi M, Suzuki Y, Shimura M, Kwon MS, Nakayama T (2002) Antioxidant activity of polyphenols in carob pods. J Agric Food Chem 50:373–377
17. Makris DP, Kefalas P (2004) Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a source of polyphenolic antioxidants. Food Technol Biotechnol 42:105–108
18. Khatib S, Vaya J (2010) Fig, carob, pistachio, and health. In: bioactive foods in promoting health fruits and vegetables. Academic Press, San Francisco
19. Baraldi M (2004) Aqueous extract of Ceratonia siliqua leaves and pods containing polyphenols with antioxidant and antitumor activities. Eur. Patent EP1438058B1
20. Karim AA, Azlan A (2012) Fruit pod extracts as a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Molecules 17:11931–11946
21. Custódio L, Escapa AL, Patarra J, Aligué R, Alberício F, Neng NR et al (2013) Sapwood of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Rec Nat Prod 7:225–229
22. CustódioL EscapaAL, FernandesE FajardoA, AliguéR AlberícioF, Neng N et al (2011) In vitro cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction by a methanol leaf extract of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.). J Med Plants Res 5:1987–1996
23. Ghazanfari T, Naseri M, Shams J, Rahmati B (2013) Cytotoxic effects of Cuscuta extract on human cancer cell lines. Food Agric Immunol 24:87–94
24. Zeraati F, Zamani A, Goodarzi MT, Hashjin SMM, Razzaghi K (2010) In vitro cytotoxic effects of Cuscuta chinensis whole extract on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. IranJ Med Sci 35:310–314
25. Sepehr MF, Jameie SB, Hajijafari B (2011) The Cuscuta kotschyana effects on breast cancer cells line MCF7. J Med Plants Res 5:6344–6351
26. Jafarian A, Ghannadi A, Mohebi B (2014) Cytotoxic effects of chloroform and hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts of Cuscuta chinensis and Cuscuta epithymum on Hela, HT29 and MDA-MB-468 tumor cells. R P S 9:115–122
27. Liao JC, Chang WT, Lee MS, Chiu YJ, Chao WK, Lin YC et al (2014) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Cuscuta chinensis seeds in mice. Am J Chin Med 42:223–242
28. Ke J, Duan R (2013) Effects of flavonoids from semen cuscutae on the hippocampal-hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian sex hormone receptors in female rats exposed to psychological stress. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 40:271–274
29. Ding JX, Li WL, Bai J, Ji YB (2013) Spectrum-effect correlation of mimic estrogenic activity of seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Chin Pharm J48:337–340
30. Tsai YC, Lai WC, Du YC, Wu SF, El-Shazly M, Lee CL, et al. (2012) Lignan and flavonoid phytoestrogens from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. J Nat Prod 75:1424–1424
31. Essafi-Benkhadir K, Refai A, Riahi I, Fattouch S, Karoui H, Essafi M (2012) Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) peel polyphenols modulate LPS-induced inflammation in human THP-1-derived macrophages through NF-κB, p38MAPK and Akt inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:180–185
32. Pacifico S, Gallicchio M, Fiorentino A, Fischer A, Meyer U, Stintzing FC (2012) Antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines of aqueous fermented and lipophilic quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) preparations. Food Chem Toxicol 50:4130–4135
33. Chandrashekar KS, Prasanna KS (2010) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus. Pharmacogn J 2:23–25
34. Figueirinha A, Cruz MT, Francisco V, Lopes MC, Batista MT (2010) Anti-inflammatory activity of cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells: contribution of the polyphenols. J Med Food 13:681–690
35. Francisco V, Costa G, Figueirinha A, Marques C, Pereira P, Miguel Neves B et al (2013) Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaves infusion via proteasome and nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition: contribution of chlorogenic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 148:126–134
36. Francisco V, Figueirinha A, Neves BM, García-Rodríguez C, Lopes MC, Cruz MT et al (2011) Cymbopogon citratus as source of new and safe anti-inflammatory drugs: bio-guided assay using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 133:818–827
37. Leite BLS, Bonfim RR, Antoniolli AR, Thomazzi SM, Araújo AAS, Blank AF et al (2010) Assessment of antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cymbopogon winterianus leaf essential oil. Pharm Biol 48:1164–1169
38. Tsai ML, Lin CC, Lin WC, Yang CH (2011) Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from five selected herbs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75:1977–1983
39. Brito RG, Guimarães AG, Quintans JSS, Santos MRV, De Sousa DP, Badaue-Passos D Jr et al (2012) Citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, reduces nociceptive and inflammatory activities in rodents. J Nat Med 66:637–644
40. Quintans LJ Jr, Guimarães AG, de Santana MT, Araújo BES, Moreira FV, Bonjardim LR et al (2011) Citral reduces nociceptive and inflammatory response in rodents. Braz J Pharmacog 21:497–502
41. Begum S, Saxena B, Goyal M, Ranjan R, Joshi VB, Rao CV et al (2010) Study of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of seeds of Hyoscyamus niger and isolation of a new coumarinolignan. Fitoterapia 81:178–184
42. Moradi M, Ghosian MH, Yaghout poor E (2012) Assessment of Hyoscyamus niger seeds alcoholic extract effects on acute and chronic pain in male NMRI rats. J Basic Clin Pathophysiol 1:29–36
43. Oto G, Ozdemir H, Yaren B, Yetkin Y, Tas A, Tanrıtanır P, Öztürk F (2013) Antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. in mice. AJPCT 1:117–123
44. KumarV Ankit, KshitijA Prem S (2013) In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Juglans regia bark. JDDT 3:122–123
45. Erdemoglu N, Küpeli E, Yeşilada E (2003) Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity assessment of plants used as remedy in Turkish folk medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 89:123–129
46. Ezzat Faris MAI, Takruri HR, Yousef Issa A (2012) Role of lentils (Lens culinaris L.) in human health and nutrition: a review. Mediterr J Nutr Metab 6:3–16
47. Thavarajah D, Thavarajah P, Wejesuriya A, Rutzke M et al (2011) The potential of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) as a whole food for increased selenium, iron, and zinc intake: preliminary results from a 3 year study. Euphytica 180:123–128
48. Zia-Ul-Haq M, Landa P, Kutil Z, Qayum M, Ahmad S (2013) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected legumes from Pakistan: in vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Pak J Pharm Sci 26:185–187
49. Rossi A, Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Genovese T, Caminiti R, Bramanti P et al (2009) Myrtucommulone from Myrtus communis exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effectiveness in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329:76–86
50. Feisst C, Franke L, Appendino G, Werz O (2005) Identification of molecular targets of the oligomeric nonprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Myrtus communis and their implication as anti-inflammatory compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:389–396
51. Koeberle A, Pollastro F, Northoff H, Werz O (2009) Myrtucommulone, a natural acylphloroglucinol, inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E-2 synthase-1. Br J Pharmacol 156:952–961
52. Hosseinzadeh H, Khoshdel M, Ghorbani M (2011) Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L. Aerial parts in mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 4:242–247
53. Qaraaty M, Kamali SH, Dabaghian FH, Zafarghandi N, Mokaberinejad R, Mobli M, Amin G, Naseri M, Kamalinejad M, Amin M, Ghaseminejad A, HosseiniKhabiri SJ, Talei D (2014) Effect of myrtle fruit syrup on abnormal uterine bleeding: a randomized double-blind, placebo- controlled pilot study. Daru 22:1–7
54. Bose A, Dey Ray S, Sahoo M (2012) Evaluation of analgesic and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Nymphaea alba rhizome. Oxid Antioxid Med Sci 1:217–223
55. Jesurun RSJ, Jagadeesh S, Ganesan S, Rao KV, Eerike M (2013) Anti inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Nymphaea alba flower in swiss albino mice. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2:474–478
56. Süntar IP, Akkol EK, Baykal T (2010) Assessment of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Olea europaea L. J Med Food 13:352–356
57. Chebbi Mahjoub R, Khemiss M, Dhidah M, Dellaï A, Bouraoui A, Khemiss F (2011) Chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Olea europaea L. Leaves present anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. ISRN Pharmacol 2011:1–5
58. Eidi A, Moghadam-kia S, Moghadam JZ, Eidi M, Rezazadeh S (2012) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of olive oil (Olea europeae L.) in mice. Pharm Biol 50:332–337
59. Haloui E, Marzouk B, Marzouk Z, Bouraoui A, Fenina N (2011) Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein from olive leaves: potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. J Food Agric Environ 9:128–133
60. Csupor-Löffler B, Hajdú Z, Réthy B, Zupkó I, Máthé I, Rédei T et al (2009) Antiproliferative activity of Hungarian Asteraceae species against human cancer cell lines. Part II. Phytother Res 23:1109–1115
61. Strzelecka M, Bzowska M, Kozieł J, Szuba B, Dubiel O, Rivera Nunez D et al (2005) Anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from some traditional mediterranean diet plants. J Physiol Pharmacol 56:139–156
62. Talhouk RS, Esseili MA, Kogan J, Atallah MR, Talhouk SN, Homaidan FR (2009) Inhibition of endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory markers by water extracts of Onopordum cynarocephalum and Achillea damascena. J Med Plants Res 3:686–696
63. Nikolova P, Ivanovska N (1999) Estimation of immunological properties of flower and root extracts from Paeonia peregrina. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 6:1–9
64. Ravipati AS, Zhang L, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Bartlett J et al (2012) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected Chinese medicinal plants and their relation with antioxidant content. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:1–14
65. Chen N, Liu D, Soromou LW, Sun J, Zhong W, Guo W et al (2014) Paeonol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cells and protects mice from lethal endotoxin shock. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 28:268–276
66. Zhang L, Zhang S (2011) Modulating Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-3 in induction of apoptosis by paeoniflorin in human cervical cancer cells. Phytother Res 25:1551–1557
67. Zhang LL, Zhang SL, Wang SZ (2010) Relevant study on apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa cells induced by paeoniflorin. Natl Med J Chin 90:3371–3375
68. Dellai A, Souissi H, Borgi W, Bouraoui A, Chouchane N (2013) Antiinflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves extracts. Ind Crop Prod 49:879–882
69. Zhou L, Satoh K, Takahashi K, Watanabe S, Nakamura W, Maki J, Hatano H, Takekawa F, Shimada C, Sakagami H (2009) Re-evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of mastic using activated macrophages. In Vivo 23:583–589
70. Bozorgi M, Memariani Z, Mobli M, Salehi Surmaghi MH, Shams-Ardekani MR, Rahimi R (2013) Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): a review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Sci World J 2013:1–33
71. Tunón H, Olavsdotter C, Bohlin L (1995) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosis. J Ethnopharmacol 48:61–76
72. Granica S, Czerwińska ME, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Kiss AK (2013) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonol glucuronides from Polygonum aviculare L. Fitoterapia 9:180–188
73. Shobeiri SF, Sharei S, Heidari A, Kianbakht S (2009) Portulaca oleracea L. in the treatment of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding: a pilot clinical trial. Phytother Res 23:1411–1414
74. Londonkar RL, Nayaka HB (2013) Effect of ethanol extract of Portulaca oleracea L on ovulation and estrous cycle in female albino rats. J Pharm Res 6:431–436
75. Chan K, Islam MW, Kamil M, Radhakrishnan R, Zakaria MNM, Habibullah M et al (2000) The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak. J Ethnopharmacol 73:445–451
76. Zhao R, Gao X, Cai Y, Shao X, Jia G, Huang Y et al (2013) Antitumor activity of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharides against cervical carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydr Polym 96:376–383
77. Rashed AN, Afifi FU, Disi AM (2003) Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. J Ethnopharmacol 88:131–136
78. Bekir J, Mars M, Souchard JP, Bouajila J (2013) Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves. Food Chem Toxicol 55:470–475
79. Bekir J, Mars M, Vicendo P, Fterrich A, Bouajila J (2013) Chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferation activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flowers. J Med Food 16:544–550
80. Ismail T, Sestili P, Akhtar S (2012) Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: a review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. J Ethnopharmacol 143:397–405
81. Ouachrif A, Khalki H, Chaib S, Mountassir M, Aboufatima R, Farouk L et al (2012) Comparative study of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of two varieties of Punica granatum. Pharm Biol 50:429–438
82. Sarker M, Das SC, Saha SK, Al Mahmud Z, Bachar SC (2012) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of flower extracts of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae). J Appl Pharmaceut Sci 2:133–136
83. Bagri P, Ali M, Aeri V, Sultana S, Bhowmik M (2010) Evalution of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Punica granatum linn. Int J Drug Dev Res 2:698–702
84. Lee C-J, Chen L-G, Liang W-L, Wang C-C (2010) Anti-inflammatory effects of Punica granatum Linne in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 118:315–322
85. Madduluri S, Sitaram B, Balasekharan C (2014) In vitro evaluation of anti inflammatory activity of methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of five indigenous plants in South India. Int J PharmTech Research 6:569–574
86. Shukla M, Gupta K, Rasheed Z, Khan KA, Haqqi TM (2008) Bioavailable constituents/metabolites of pomegranate (Punica granatum L) preferentially inhibit COX2 activity ex vivo and IL-1beta-induced PGE2 production in human chondrocytes in vitro. J Inflamm 5:1–10
87. Balwani S, Nandi D, Jaisankar P, Ghosh B (2011) 2-Methyl-pyran-4-one-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside isolated from leaves of Punica granatum inhibits the TNFα-induced cell adhesion molecules expression by blocking nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB). Biochimie 93:921–930
88. Ahangarpour A, Heidari R, Abdolahzadeh M, Oroojan AA (2012) Antispasmodic effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic punica granatum flower extracts on the uterus of non-pregnant rats. J Reprod Infertil 13:140–142
89. Mossa JS, Rafatullah S, Galal AM, Al-Yahya MA (1995) Pharmacological studies of Rhus retinorrhaea. Int J Pharmacogn 33:242–246
90. Lajter I, Zupkó I, Molnár J, Jakab G, Balogh L, Vasas A et al (2013) Antiproliferative activity of polygonaceae species from the Carpathian Basin against human cancer cell lines. Phytother Res 27:77–85
91. Ravi V, Saleem TSM, Patel SS, Raamamurthy J, Gauthaman K (2009) Anti-Inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum linn berries. Int Appl Res Nat Prod 2:33–36
92. Zakaria ZA, Gopalan HK, Zainal H, Mohd Pojan NH, Morsid NA, Aris A, Sulaiman MR (2006) Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Solanum nigrum chloroform extract in animal models. Yakugaku Zasshi 126:1171–1178
93. Li J, Li Q, Feng T, Li K (2008) Aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum inhibit growth of cervical carcinoma (U14) via modulating immune response of tumor bearing mice and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Fitoterapia 79:548–556
94. Li J, Li Q, Peng Y, Zhao R, Han Z, Gao D (2010) Protective effects of fraction 1a of polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne on thymus in tumor-bearing mice. J Ethnopharmacol 129:350–356
95. Li J, Li QW, Gao DW, Han ZS, Lu WZ (2009) Antitumor and immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides isolated from Solanum nigrum Linne. Phytother Res 23:1524–1530
96. Hiermann A, Writzel M (1998) Antiphlogistic glycopeptide from the roots of Symphytum officinale. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 8:154–157
97. Shipochliev T, Dimitrov A, Aleksandrova E (1981) Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant extracts. Vet Med Nauki 18:87–94
98. Hariri EH, Asmar ME, Demirdjian SA, Daher CF, Mroueh MA (2013) Anti-inflammatory effect of the methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Tragopogon porrifolius aerial parts. Planta Med 79:PN67
99. Eldeen IMS, Van Staden J (2008) Cyclooxygenase inhibition and antimycobacterial effects of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. S Afr J Bot 74:225–229
100. Effraim KD, Osunkwo UA, Onyeyilli P, Ngulde A (1998) Preliminary investigation of the possible antinociceptive activity of aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus spina christi (LINN) desf. Indian J Pharmacol 30:271–272
101. Adzu B, Amos S, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K (2001) Antinociceptive activity of Zizyphus spina-christi root bark extract. Fitoterapia 72:344–350
102. Feisst C, Franke L, Appendino G, Werz O (2005) Identification of molecular targets of the oligomeric nonprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Myrtus communis and their implication as anti-inflammatory compounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:389–396
103. Koeberle A, Pollastro F, Northoff H, Werz O (2009) Myrtucommulone, a natural acylphloroglucinol, inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1. Br J Pharmacol 156:952–961
104. Rossi A, Di Paola R, Mazzon E, Genovese T, Caminiti R, Bramanti P et al (2009) Myrtucommulone from Myrtus communis exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effectiveness in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329:76–86
105. Hosseinzadeh H, Khoshdel M, Ghorbani M (2011) Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory effects and acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Myrtus communis L. Aerial parts in mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 4:242–247
106. Suntar IP, Akkol EK, Baykal T (2010) Assessment of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Olea europaea L. J Med Food 13:352–356
107. Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R (2014) Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Arch Dermatol Res 306:601–617
108. Farzaei MH, Shams-Ardekani MR, Abbasabadi Z, Rahimi R (2013) Scientific evaluation of edible fruits and spices used for the treatment of peptic ulcer in traditional Iranian medicine. ISRN Gastroenterol 2013:136932
109. Rahimi R, Baghaei A, Baeeri M, Amin G, Shams-Ardekani MR, Khanavi M et al (2013) Promising effect of Magliasa, a traditional Iranian formula, on experimental colitis on the basis of biochemical and cellular findings. World J Gastroenterol 19:1901–1911
110. Rahimi R, Shams-Ardekani MR, Abdollahi M (2010) A review of the efficacy of traditional Iranian medicine for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 16:4504–4514
111. Vaya J, Mahmood S (2006) Flavonoid content in leaf extracts of the fig (Ficus carica L.), carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and pistachio (Pistacia lentiscus L.). BioFactors 28:169–175
112. Figueirinha A, Paranhos A, Pérez-Alonso JJ, Santos-Buelga C, Batista MT (2008) Cymbopogon citratus leaves: characterization of flavonoids by HPLC–PDA–ESI/MS/MS and an approach to their potential as a source of bioactive polyphenols. Food Chem 110:718–728
113. Zhao MH, Jiang ZT, Liu T, Li R (2014) Flavonoids in Juglans regia L. Leaves and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity via intracellular and chemical methods. Sci World J 2014:1–6
114. Zou Y, Chang SK, Gu Y, Qian SY (2011) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions of lentil (Lens culinaris var. Morton) extract and its fractions. J Agric Food Chem 59:2268–2276
115. Tuberoso CIG, Rosa A, Bifulco E, Melis MP, Atzeri A, Pirisi FM et al (2010) Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. berries extracts. Food Chem 123:1242–1251
116. Jambor J, Skrzypczak L (1991) flavonoids from the flowers of Nymphaea alba L. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 60:119–125
117. de Laurentis N, Stefanizzi L, Milillo MA, Tantillo G (1998) Flavonoids from leaves of Olea europaea L. cultivars. Ann Pharm Fr 56:268–273
118. Vlahov G (1992) Flavonoids in three olive (Olea europaea) fruit varieties during maturation. J Sci Food Agr 58:157–159
119. Li C, Du H, Wang L, Shu Q, Zheng Y, Xu Y et al (2009) Flavonoid composition and antioxidant activity of tree peony (Paeonia section moutan) yellow flowers. J Agric Food Chem 57:8496–8503
120. Zhu H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xia Y, Tang T (2010) Analysis of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L. by UV–vis spectrophotometry with comparative study on different extraction technologies. Food Anal Methods 3:90–97
121. Sudheesh S, Vijayalakshmi NR (2005) Flavonoids from Punica granatum–potential antiperoxidative agents. Fitoterapia 76:181–186
122. Mukherjee G, Gajaraj AJ, Mathias J, Marya D (2005) Treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding with micronized flavonoids. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 89:156–157