Vascular biology of ageing-Implications in hypertension

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology

Volumn 83, Issue , 2015, Pages 112-121

  Harvey, Adam ^a   Montezano, Augusto C ^a   Touyz, Rhian M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Endothelial dysfunction; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress; Vascular remodeling

Indexed keywords

MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA; PROTEIN P66; SIRTUIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO; CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; PPARGC1A PROTEIN, HUMAN; SHC SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEIN; SHC TRANSFORMING PROTEIN 1; SHC1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

AGING; AUTOPHAGY; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; SENESCENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VASCULAR BIOLOGY; VASCULARIZATION; VASCULITIS; AGED; ANIMAL; BLOOD VESSEL; CARDIAC MUSCLE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

AGED; AGING; ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSELS; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MYOCARDIUM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1-ALPHA; SHC SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SRC HOMOLOGY 2 DOMAIN-CONTAINING, TRANSFORMING PROTEIN 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

EID: 84937969068     PISSN: 00222828     EISSN: 10958584     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.011     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Wang M., Monticone R.E., Lakatta E.G. Arterial aging: a journey into subclinical arterial disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19(2):201-207.
2. Barja G. Updating the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging: an integrated view, key aspects, and confounding concepts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013, 19(12):1420-1445.
3. Bachschmid M.M., Schildknecht S., Matsui R., Zee R., Haeussler D., Cohen R.A., et al. Vascular aging: chronic oxidative stress and impairment of redox signalling-consequences for vascular homeostasis and disease. Ann Med 2013, 45(1):17-36.
4. Kotsis V., Stabouli S., Karafillis I., Nilsson P. Early vascular aging and the role of central blood pressure. J Hypertens 2011, 29(10):1847-1853.
5. Gerhard-Herman M., Smoot L.B., Wake N., Kieran M.W., Kleinman M.E., Miller D.T., et al. Mechanisms of premature vascular aging in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Hypertension 2012, 59(1):92-97.
6. Collins J.A., Munoz J.V., Patel T.R., Loukas M., Tubbs R.S. The anatomy of the aging aorta. Clin Anat 2014, 27(3):463-466.
7. Donato A.J., Gano L.B., Eskurza I., Silver A.E., Gates P.E., Jablonski K., et al. Vascular endothelial dysfunction with aging: endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009, 297:H425-H432.
8. Lakatta E.G., Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: aging arteries: a "set up" for vascular disease. Circulation 2003, 107(1):139-146.
9. Lakatta E.G. The reality of aging viewed from the arterial wall. Artery Res 2013, 7(2):73-80.
10. Gerstenblith G., Frederiksen J., Yin F.C., Fortuin N.J., Lakatta E.G., Weisfeldt M.L. Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. Circulation 1977, 56(2):273-278.
11. Virmani R., Avolio A.P., Mergner W.J., Robinowitz M., Herderick E.E., Cornhill J.F., et al. Effect of aging on aortic morphology in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Comparison between occidental and Chinese communities. Am J Pathol 1991, 139(5):1119-1129.
12. Sugawara J., Hayashi K., Yokoi T., Tanaka H. Age-associated elongation of the ascending aorta in adults. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1(6):739-748.
13. Nilsson P.M., Khalili P., Franklin S.S. Blood pressure and pulse wave velocity as metrics for evaluating pathologic ageing of the cardiovascular system. Blood Press 2014, 23(1):17-30.
14. Michel J., Heudes D., Michel O., Poitevin P., Philippe M., Scalbert E., et al. Effect of chronic ANG I-converting enzyme inhibition on aging processes. II. Large arteries. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:R124-R124.
15. Wang M., Takagi G., Asai K., Resuello R.G., Natividad F.F., Vatner D.E., et al. Aging increases aortic MMP-2 activity and angiotensin II in nonhuman primates. Hypertension 2003, 41(6):1308-1316.
16. Li Z., Froehlich J., Galis Z.S., Lakatta E.G. Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the thickened intima of aged rats. Hypertension 1999, 33(1):116-123.
17. Jiang L., Zhang J., Monticone R.E., Telljohann R., Wu J., Wang M., et al. Calpain-1 regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity in vascular smooth muscle cells facilitates age-associated aortic wall calcification and fibrosis. Hypertension 2012, 60(5):1192-1199.
18. Shanahan C.M. Mechanisms of vascular calcification in CKD-evidence for premature ageing?. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013, 9(11):661-670.
19. Alam M.U., Kirton J.P., Wilkinson F.L., Towers E., Sinha S., Rouhi M., et al. Calcification is associated with loss of functional calcium-sensing receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2009, 81(2):260-268.
20. Rosito G.A., Massaro J.M., Hoffmann U., Ruberg F.L., Mahabadi A.A., Vasan R.S., et al. Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117(5):605-613.
21. McCarty M.F., DiNicolantonio J.J. The molecular biology and pathophysiology of vascular calcification. Postgrad Med 2014, 126(2):54-64.
22. Trebak M., Ginnan R., Singer H.A., Jourd'heuil D. Interplay between calcium and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species: an essential paradigm for vascular smooth muscle signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010, 12(5):657-674.
23. Louvet L., Büchel J., Steppan S., Passlick-Deetjen J., Massy Z.A. Magnesium prevents phosphate-induced calcification in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013, 28(4):869-878.
24. Montezano A.C., Zimmerman D., Yusuf H., Burger D., Chignalia A.Z., Wadhera V., et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype involves TRPM7 modulation by magnesium. Hypertension 2010 Sep, 56(3):453-462.
25. McClelland R.L., Chung H., Detrano R., Post W., Kronmal R.A. Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 2006, 113(1):30-37.
26. Sweatt A., Sane D., Hutson S., Wallin R. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in aortic calcified lesions of aging rats. J Thromb Haemost 2003, 1(1):178-185.
27. Rutsch F., Nitschke Y., Terkeltaub R. Genetics in arterial calcification: pieces of a puzzle and cogs in a wheel. Circ Res 2011, 109(5):578-592.
28. Leopold J.A. Vascular calcification: an age-old problem of old age. Circulation 2013, 127(24):2380-2382.
29. Lomashvili K.A., Khawandi W., O'Neill W.C. Reduced plasma pyrophosphate levels in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16(8):2495-2500.
30. O'Neill W.C., Sigrist M.K., McIntyre C.W. Plasma pyrophosphate and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25(1):187-191.
31. Wang M., Monticone R.E., Lakatta E.G. Proinflammation of aging central arteries: a mini-review. Gerontology 2014, 60(6):519-529.
32. Csiszar A., Ungvari Z., Edwards J.G., Kaminski P., Wolin M.S., Koller A., et al. Aging induced phenotypic changes and oxidative stress impair coronary arteriolar function. Circ Res 2002, 90(11):1159-1166.
33. Bruunsgaard H., Skinhøj P., Pedersen A.N., Schroll M., Pedersen B. Ageing, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2000, 121(2):255-260.
34. Csiszar A., Ungvari Z. Synergistic effects of vascular IL-17 and TNFα may promote coronary artery disease. Med Hypotheses 2004, 63(4):696-698.
35. Csiszar A., Labinskyy N., Smith K., Rivera A., Orosz Z., Ungvari Z. Vasculoprotective effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α treatment in aging. Am J Pathol 2007, 170(1):388-398.
36. Arenas I.A., Xu Y., Davidge S.T. Age-associated impairment in vasorelaxation to fluid shear stress in the female vasculature is improved by TNF-alpha antagonism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 290(3):H1259-H1263.
37. Ungvari Z., Orosz Z., Labinskyy N., Rivera A., Xiangmin Z., Smith K., et al. Increased mitochondrial H2O2 production promotes endothelial NF-kappaB activation in aged rat arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007, 293(1):H37-H47.
38. Paneni F., Costantino S., Cosentino F. Molecular pathways of arterial aging. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015, 128(2):69-79.
39. Zicha J., Behuliak M., Pintérová M., Bencze M., Kuneš J., Vaněčková I. The interaction of calcium entry and calcium sensitization in the control of vascular tone and blood pressure of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Physiol Res 2014, 63:S19-S27.
40. Davidge S.T., Hubel C.A., McLaughlin M.K. Impairment of vascular function is associated with an age-related increase of lipid peroxidation in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1996, 271(6):R1625-R1631.
41. Reyes-Toso C.F., Obaya-Naredo D., Ricci C.R., Planells F.M., Pinto J.E., Linares L.M., et al. Exp Gerontol 2007, 42(4):337-342.
42. Lloréns S., de Mera Raquel M., Melero-Fernandez, Pascual A., Prieto-Martín A., Mendizábal Y., et al. The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM-P8) as a model for the study of vascular functional alterations during aging. Biogerontology 2007, 8(6):663-672.
43. de Andrade C.R., Correa F.M., de Oliveira A.M. Aging and total stenosis triggers differential responses of carotid and basilar arteries to endothelin-1 and phenylephrine. J Smooth Muscle Res 2009, 45(6):307-321.
44. Marchand A., Abi-Gerges A., Saliba Y., Merlet E., Lompré A. Calcium signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells: from physiology to pathology. Adv Exp Med Biol 2012, 740:795-810.
45. Kitamura-Sasaka F., Ueda K., Kawai Y. Effects of aging on contraction and Ca2 mobilization in smooth muscle cells of the rat coronary artery. Yonago Acta Med 2001, 44(1):61-68.
46. Celermajer D.S., Sorensen K.E., Spiegelhalter D.J., Georgakopoulos D., Robinson J., Deanfield J.E. Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24(2):471-476.
47. Dohi Y., Kojima M., Sato K., Lüscher T.F. Age-related changes in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. Drugs Aging 1995, 7(4):278-291.
48. Favero G., Paganelli C., Buffoli B., Rodella L.F., Rezzani R. Endothelium and its alterations in cardiovascular diseases: life style intervention. Biomed Res Int 2014, 1-28.
49. Taddei S., Virdis A., Mattei P., Ghiadoni L., Gennari A., Fasolo C.B., et al. Aging and endothelial function in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1995, 91(7):1981-1987.
50. Sindler A.L., Delp M.D., Reyes R., Wu G., Muller-Delp J.M. Effects of ageing an exercise training on eNOS uncoupling in skeletal muscle resistance arterioles. J Physiol 2009, 587(Pt 15):3885-3897.
51. Mostoslavsky R., Chua K.F., Lombard D.B., Pang W.W., Fischer M.R., Gellon L., et al. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 2006, 124(2):315-329.
52. Vakhrusheva O., Braeuer D., Liu Z., Braun T., Bober E. Sirt7-dependent inhibition of cell growth and proliferation might be instrumental to mediate tissue integrity during aging. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008, 59(Suppl. 9):201-212.
53. Zu Y., Liu L., Lee M.Y., Xu C., Liang Y., Man R.Y., et al. SIRT1 promotes proliferation and prevents senescence through targeting LKB1 in primary porcine aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 2010, 106(8):1384-1393.
54. Takemura A., Iijima K., Ota H., Son B.K., Ito Y., Ogawa S., et al. Sirtuin 1 retards hyperphosphatemia-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011, 31(9):2054-2062.
55. Hafner A.V., Dai J., Gomes A.P., Xiao C.Y., Palmeira C.M., Rosenzweig A., et al. Regulation of the mPTP by SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of CypD at lysine 166 suppresses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Aging (Albany NY) 2010, 2(12):914-923.
56. Tseng P., Hou S., Chen R., Peng H., Hsieh C., Kuo M., et al. Resveratrol promotes osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells by upregulating RUNX2 gene expression via the SIRT1/FOXO3A axis. J Bone Miner Res 2011, 26(10):2552-2563.
57. Mukherjee S., Basar M.A., Davis C., Duttaroy A. Emerging functional similarities and divergences between Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 and mammalian PGC-1 protein. Front Genet 2014, 5:216.
58. Mohamed S.A., Hanke T., Erasmi A.W., Bechtel M.J., Scharfschwerdt M., Meissner C., et al. Mitochondrial DNA deletions and the aging heart. Exp Gerontol 2006, 41(5):508-517.
59. Ungvari Z., Parrado-Fernandez C., Csiszar A., de Cabo R. Mechanisms underlying caloric restriction and lifespan regulation: implications for vascular aging. Circ Res 2008, 102(5):519-528.
60. Zinovkin R.A., Romaschenko V.P., Galkin I.I., Zakharova V.V., Pletjushkina O.Y., Chernyak B.V., et al. Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in age-related inflammatory activation of endothelium. Aging (Albany NY) 2014, 6(8):661-674.
61. Reznick R.M., Zong H., Li J., Morino K., Moore I.K., Yu H.J., et al. Aging-associated reductions in AMP-activated protein kinase activity and mitochondrial biogenesis. Cell Metab 2007, 5(2):151-156.
62. van den Berg Maaike C.W., Burgering B.M. Integrating opposing signals toward Forkhead box O. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011, 14(4):607-621.
63. Oellerich M.F., Potente M. FOXOs and sirtuins in vascular growth, maintenance, and aging. Circ Res 2012, 110(9):1238-1251.
64. Tseng A.H., Shieh S., Wang D.L. SIRT3 deacetylates FOXO3 to protect mitochondria against oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2013, 63:222-234.
65. Willcox B.J., Donlon T.A., He Q., Chen R., Grove J.S., Yano K., et al. FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105(37):13987-13992.
66. Anselmi C.V., Malovini A., Roncarati R., Novelli V., Villa F., Condorelli G., et al. Association of the FOXO3A locus with extreme longevity in a southern Italian centenarian study. Rejuvenation Res 2009, 12(2):95-104.
67. Castrillon D.H., Miao L., Kollipara R., Horner J.W., DePinho R.A. Suppression of ovarian follicle activation in mice by the transcription factor Foxo3a. Science 2003, 301(5630):215-218.
68. Remmen H.V., Richardson A. Oxidative damage to mitochondria and aging. Exp Gerontol 2001, 36(7):957-968.
69. Lebiedzinska M., Duszynski J., Rizzuto R., Pinton P., Wieckowski M. Age-related changes in levels of p66Shc and serine 36-phosphorylated p66Shc in organs and mouse tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009, 486(1):73-80.
70. Migliaccio E., Giorgio M., Mele S., Pelicci G., Reboldi P., Pandolfi P.P., et al. The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature 1999, 402(6759):309-313.
71. Francia P., delli Gatti C., Bachschmid M., Martin-Padura I., Savoia C., Migliaccio E., et al. Deletion of p66shc gene protects against age-related endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2004, 110(18):2889-2895.
72. Minamino T., Yoshida T., Tateno K., Miyauchi H., Zou Y., Toko H., et al. Ras induces vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and inflammation in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2003, 108(18):2264-2269.
73. Campisi J., Robert L. Cell senescence: role in aging and age-related diseases. Interdiscip Top Gerontol 2014, 39:45-61.
74. Lauri A., Pompilio G., Capogrossi M.C. The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2014, 18C:1-15.
75. Rivard A., Principe N., Andres V. Age-dependent increase in c-fos activity and cyclin A expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. A potential link between aging, smooth muscle cell proliferation and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2000, 45(4):1026-1034.
76. Vazquez-Padron R.I., Lasko D., Li S., Louis L., Pestana I.A., Pang M., et al. Aging exacerbates neointimal formation, and increases proliferation and reduces susceptibility to apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in mice. J Vasc Surg 2004, 40(6):1199-1207.
77. Salabei J.K., Hill B.G. Autophagic regulation of smooth muscle cell biology. Redox Biol 2014, 4C:97-103.
78. Gao L., Qi H.B., Kc K., Zhang X.M., Zhang H., Baker P.N. Excessive autophagy induces the failure of trophoblast invasion and vasculature: possible relevance to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J Hypertens 2015, 33(1):106-117.
79. Force T., Hajjar R., Del Monte F., Rosenzweig A., Choukroun G. Signaling pathways mediating the response to hypertrophic stress in the heart. Gene Expr 1999, 7(4-6):337.
80. Cheng H., Force T. Why do kinase inhibitors cause cardiotoxicity and what can be done about it?. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010, 53(2):114-120.
81. Robinson M.J., Cobb M.H. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997, 9(2):180-186.
82. Bueno O.F., De Windt L.J., Tymitz K.M., Witt S.A., Kimball T.R., Klevitsky R., et al. The MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling pathway promotes compensated cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice. EMBO J 2000, 19(23):6341-6350.
83. Zhang S., Weinheimer C., Courtois M., Kovacs A., Zhang C.E., Cheng A.M., et al. The role of the Grb2-p38 MAPK signaling pathway in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2003, 111(6):833-842.
84. Rice K.M., Kinnard R., Harris R., Wright G., Blough E. Effects of aging on pressure-induced MAPK activation in the rat aorta. Pflugers Arch 2005, 450(3):192-199.
85. Chung H.Y., Cesari M., Anton S., Marzetti E., Giovannini S., Seo A.Y., et al. Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2009, 8(1):18-30.
86. Montezano A.C., Touyz R.M. Reactive oxygen species, vascular Noxs, and hypertension: focus on translational and clinical research. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014, 20(1):164-182.
87. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 1956, 11:298-300.
88. Harman D. Free radical theory of aging: an update: increasing the functional life span. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1067:10-21.
89. Fan Q., Chen L., Cheng S., Li F., Lau W.B., Wang Le F., et al. Aging aggravates nitrate-mediated ROS/RNS changes. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014, 2014:376515.
90. Tatchum-Talom R1, Martin D.S. Tempol improves vascular function in the mesenteric vascular bed of senescent rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2004, 82(3):200-207.
91. Ungvari Z., Bailey-Downs L., Sosnowska D., Gautam T., Koncz P., Losonczy G. Vascular oxidative stress in aging: a homeostatic failure due to dysregulation of NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011, 301:H363-H372.
92. Spencer N.F., Poynter M.E., Im S.Y., Daynes R.A. Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B in an animal model of aging. Int Immunol 1997, 9(10):1581-1588.
93. Krause K.H. Aging: a revisited theory based on free radicals generated by NOX family NADPH oxidases. Exp Gerontol 2007, 42(4):256-262.
94. Brandes R.P., Weissmann N., Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases: molecular mechanisms of activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014, 76C:208-226.
95. Cencioni C., Spallotta F., Martelli F., Valente S., Mai A., Zeiher A.M., et al. Oxidative stress and epigenetic regulation in ageing and age-related diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013, 14(9):17643-17663.
96. Wind S., Beuerlein K., Armitage M.E., Taye A., Kumar A.H., Janowitz D., et al. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in aortas of aged spontaneously hypertensive rats by NOX1/2 is reversed by NADPH oxidase inhibition. Hypertension 2010, 56(3):490-497.
97. Touyz R.M., Briones A.M., Sedeek M., Burger D., Montezano A.C. NOX isoforms and reactive oxygen species in vascular health. Mol Interv 2011, 11(1):27-35.
98. Montezano A.C., Touyz R.M. Molecular mechanisms of hypertension-reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: a basic science update for the clinician. Can J Cardiol 2012, 28(3):288-295.
99. Montezano A.C., Burger D., Ceravolo G.S., Yusuf H., Montero M., Touyz R.M. Novel Nox homologues in the vasculature: focusing on Nox4 and Nox5. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011, 120(4):131-141.
100. Eskurza I., Kahn Z.D., Seals D.R. Xanthine oxidase does not contribute to impaired peripheral conduit artery endothelium-dependent dilatation with ageing. J Physiol 2006, 571(Pt 3):661-668.
101. Kokoszka J.E., Coskun P., Esposito L.A., Wallace D.C. Increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in the Sod2 (+/-) mouse results in the age-related decline of mitochondrial function culminating in increased apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:2278-2283.
102. Naidoo N., Ferber M., Master M., Zhu Y., Pack A.I. Aging impairs the unfolded protein response to sleep deprivation and leads to proapoptotic signaling. J Neurosci 2008, 28:6539-6548.
103. Lenna S., Han R., Trojanowska M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and endothelial dysfunction. IUBMB Life 2014, 66(8):530-537.
104. Panganiban R.A., Mungunsukh O., Day R.M. X-irradiation induces ER stress, apoptosis, and senescence in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2013, 89(8):656-667.
105. Galán M., Kassan M., Kadowitz P.J., Trebak M., Belmadani S., Matrougui K. Mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014, 1843(6):1063-1075.
106. Najjar S.S., Scuteri A., Lakatta E.G. Arterial aging: is it an immutable cardiovascular risk factor?. Hypertension 2005, 46(3):454-462.
107. Hinojosa-Laborde C., Craig T., Zheng W., Ji H., Haywood J.R., Sandberg K. Ovariectomy augments hypertension in aging female Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 2004, 44(4):405-409.
108. Savoia C., Burger D., Nishigaki N., Montezano A., Touyz R.M. Angiotensin II and the vascular phenotype in hypertension. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011, 13:e11.
109. Chugh G., Lokhandwala M.F., Asghar M. Altered functioning of both renal dopamine D1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptors causes hypertension in old rats. Hypertension 2012 May, 59(5):1029-1036.
110. Osako M.K., Nakagami H., Shimamura M., Koriyama H., Nakagami F., Shimizu H., et al. Cross-talk of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand signaling with renin-angiotensin system in vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013, 33(6):1287-1296.
111. Gonzalez G.E., Rhaleb N.E., D'Ambrosio M.A., Nakagawa P., Liu Y., Leung P., et al. Deletion of interleukin-6 prevents cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and dysfunction without affecting blood pressure in angiotensin II-high salt-induced hypertension. J Hypertens 2015, 33(1):144-152.
112. Imanishi M., Tomita S., Ishizawa K., Kihira Y., Ueno M., Izawa-Ishizawa Y., et al. Smooth muscle cell-specific Hif-1alpha deficiency suppresses angiotensin II-induced vascular remodelling in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2014, 102(3):460-468.
113. AlGhatrif M., Lakatta E.G. The conundrum of arterial stiffness, elevated blood pressure, and aging. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015, 17(2):1-9.
114. Montezano A.C., Nguyen Dinh Cat A., Rios F.J., Touyz R.M. Angiotensin II and vascular injury. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014, 16(6):43.
115. de Cavanagh E.M.V., Piotrkowski B., Basso N., Stella I., Inserra F., Ferder L., et al. Enalapril and losartan attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in aged rats. FASEB J 2003, 17:1096-1098.
116. Gohlke P., Linz W., Schölkens B.A., Wiemer G., Unger T. Cardiac and vascular effects of long-term losartan treatment in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1996, 28(3):397-402.
117. Brown K.A., Didion S.P., Andresen J.J., Faraci F.M. Effect of aging, MnSOD deficiency, and genetic background on endothelial function: evidence for MnSOD haploinsufficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007, 27:1941-1946.
118. Basso N., Paglia N., Stella I., de Cavanagh E.M., Ferder L., del Rosario Lores Arnaiz M., et al. Protective effect of the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on aging. Regul Pept 2005, 128(3):247-252.
119. Benigni A., Corna D., Zoja C., Sonzogni A., Latini R., Salio M., et al. Disruption of the Ang II type 1 receptor promotes longevity in mice. J Clin Invest 2009, 119(3):524-530.
120. Meyer M.R., Fredette N.C., Barton M., Prossnitz E.R. Endothelin-1 but not angiotensin II contributes to functional aging in murine carotid arteries. Life Sci 2014, 118(2):213-218.
121. Barton M. Aging and endothelin: determinants of disease. Life Sci 2014, 118(2):97-109.
122. Hannemann A., Wallaschofski H., Lüdemann J., Völzke H., Markus M.R., Rettig R., et al. Plasma aldosterone levels and aldosterone-to-renin ratios are associated with endothelial dysfunction in young to middle-aged subjects. Atherosclerosis 2011, 219(2):875-879.
123. Paar M., Pavenstädt H., Kusche-Vihrog K., Drüppel V., Oberleithner H., Kliche K. Endothelial sodium channels trigger endothelial salt sensitivity with aging. Hypertension 2014, 64(2):391-396.
124. Brown J.M., Underwood P.C., Ferri C., Hopkins P.N., Williams G.H., Adler G.K., et al. Aldosterone dysregulation with aging predicts renal vascular function and cardiovascular risk. Hypertension 2014, 63(6):1205-1211.
125. Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne CM, Quyyumi AA. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 993;87(5):1468-1474.
126. Sumimoto T., Hamada M., Kawakami H., Suzuki M., Abe M., Matsuoka H., et al. Effects of glyceryl trinitrate on blood pressure and arterial compliance. Angiology 1993, 44(12):951-957.
127. Kanno Y., Into T., Lowenstein C.J., Matsushita K. Nitric oxide regulates vascular calcification by interfering with TGF-signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2008, 77(1):221-230.
128. Vasa M., Breitschopf K., Zeiher A.M., Dimmeler S. Nitric oxide activates telomerase and delays endothelial cell senescence. Circ Res 2000, 87(7):540-542.
129. Hayashi T., Matsui-Hirai H., Miyazaki-Akita A., Fukatsu A., Funami J., Ding Q.F., et al. Endothelial cellular senescence is inhibited by nitric oxide: implications in atherosclerosis associated with menopause and diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(45):17018-17023.
130. Chunyu Z., Junbao D., Dingfang B., Hui Y., Xiuying T., Chaoshu T. The regulatory effect of hydrogen sulfide on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 302(4):810-816.
131. Ahmad Fu.D., Sattar M.A., Rathore H.A., Abdullah M.H., Tan S., Abdullah N.A., et al. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reduces blood pressure and prevents the progression of diabetic nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ren Fail 2012, 34(2):203-210.
132. Yang G., Zhao K., Ju Y., Mani S., Cao Q., Puukila S., et al. Hydrogen sulfide protects against cellular senescence via S-sulfhydration of Keap1 and activation of Nrf2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013, 18(15):1906-1919.
133. Yang G., Wu L., Jiang B., Yang W., Qi J., Cao K., et al. H2S as a physiologic vasorelaxant: hypertension in mice with deletion of cystathionine gamma-lyase. Science 2008, 322(5901):587-590.
134. Suo R., Zhao Z., Tang Z., Ren Z., Liu X., Liu L., et al. Hydrogen sulfide prevents H2O2-induced senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through SIRT1 activation. Mol Med Rep 2013, 7(6):1865-1870.
135. Chen Y., Yao W., Geng B., Ding Y., Lu M., Zhao M., et al. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide in patients with COPD. CHEST J 2005, 128(5):3205-3211.
136. Zhang Y., Tang Z.H., Ren Z., Qu S.L., Liu M.H., Liu L.S., et al. Hydrogen sulfide, the next potent preventive and therapeutic agent in aging and age-associated diseases. Mol Cell Biol 2013, 33(6):1104-1113.
137. Wu S., Pan C., Geng B., Zhao J., Yu F., Pang Y., et al. Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates vascular calcification induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006, 27(3):299-306.
138. Zavaczki E., Jeney V., Agarwal A., Zarjou A., Oros M., Katkó M., et al. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 2011, 80(7):731-739.
139. Pan L., Liu X., Gong Q., Wu D., Zhu Y. Hydrogen sulfide attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammatory signaling and dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011, 6(5):e19766.
140. Zanardo R.C., Brancaleone V., Distrutti E., Fiorucci S., Cirino G., Wallace J.L. Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous modulator of leukocyte-mediated inflammation. FASEB J 2006, 20(12):2118-2120.
141. Franklin S.S., Gustin W., Wong N.D., Larson M.G., Weber M.A., Kannel W.B., et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1997, 96(1):308-315.
142. Miles E.A., Rees D., Banerjee T., Cazzola R., Lewis S., Wood R., et al. Age-related increases in circulating inflammatory markers in men are independent of BMI, blood pressure and blood lipid concentrations. Atherosclerosis 2008, 196(1):298-305.
143. Blacher J., Guerin A.P., Pannier B., Marchais S.J., London G.M. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001, 38(4):938-942.
144. AlGhatrif M., Strait J.B., Morrell C.H., Canepa M., Wright J., Elango P., et al. Longitudinal trajectories of arterial stiffness and the role of blood pressure: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension 2013, 62(5):934-941.
145. Litwin M., Feber J., Niemirska A., Michałkiewicz J. Primary hypertension is a disease of premature vascular aging associated with neuro-immuno-metabolic abnormalities. Pediatr Nephrol Feb. 28 2015, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1007/s00467-015-3065-y.
146. Feber J., Ahmed M. Hypertension in children: new trends and challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010, 119(4):151-161.
147. Falkner B. Hypertension in children and adolescents: epidemiology and natural history. Pediatr Nephrol 2010, 25(7):1219-1224.
148. Ferreira I., Twisk J.W., van Mechelen W., Kemper H.C., Seidell J.C., Stehouwer C.D. Current and adolescent body fatness and fat distribution: relationships with carotid intima-media thickness and large artery stiffness at the age of 36years. J Hypertens 2004, 22(1):145-155.
149. Wang M., Zhang J., Jiang L.Q., Spinetti G., Pintus G., et al. Proinflammatory profile within the grossly normal aged human aortic wall. Hypertension 2007, 50:219-227.
150. Wang M., Takagi G., Asai K., Resuello R.G., Natividad F.F., et al. Aging increases aortic MMP-2 activity and angiotensin II in nonhuman primates. Hypertension 2003, 41:1308-1316.
151. Alpert B.S., Bain H.H., Balfe J.W., Kidd B.L., Olley P.M. Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive children with coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 1979, 43(4):828-834.
152. Rimoldi S.F., Sartori C., Rexhaj E., Cerny D., Von Arx R., Soria R., et al. Vascular dysfunction in children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: underlying mechanisms and future implications. Swiss Med Wkly 2014, 144:w13973.